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Corporation 


?3  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


4, 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
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une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


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Pages  endommagdes 


D 


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Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pagos  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul^es 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


D 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
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D 
D 


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D 
D 


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26X 

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^/ 

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tails 
du 

sdifier 
une 
nage 


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la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

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et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


rrata 
to 


pelure, 

n  d 


D 


32X 


1  2  3 


;■■ 

i      <  ■    ■ 

2 

3 

1                    - 

4 

5 

6 

THE   WORKS 


or 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


mmm 


r 


THE    WORKS 


Of 


HUBERT  PIOWE  BANCROFT. 


VOLUME  X. 


IIISTOEY  OF  MEXICO. 

Vol.  II.     1J21-1G00. 


SAX  FRA^X'ISCO  : 
A.  L.  BA.\Ci;OFT  &  COmWKY,  I'UBLISUEKS. 

1883. 


■■PMBP 


Knforrd  according  to  Act  of  CongrcBS  In  tl.o  Year  1883,  by 

HUBERT  II.  BANCROFr. 

In  Oio  Omce  of  tlu^  Librarian  of  CougrcsB,  at  Washington. 


All  n'iijhts  Reserved, 


COOTES^^S  OF  THIS  YOLmiE. 


CHAPTER  I. 

REBUILDiyo    OF   MEXICO. 


PAiir. 


Unoclititlau 


CHAPTER  II. 

PREPARATIOX   FOR  FrRTIIER  COXQrE.ST. 


lo21-13-J2. 
Coutralization  and  its  EfToct-A  Fallon  Afl„ 
Can 


UT^c-S  :'  ^  lt;^'?'7"  '  l^^len.ma-Alva..ado  Ov^n-un.  Tutu- 
i^v     oi^iiia  I'ouuucd  Anew 

CHAPTER  III. 

r.AIDS  ALONO    THE   SOCTU   SEA. 


11) 


vi  CONTENTS. 

T\r,r.. 

Imidinf,'  at  Zacatnla— Tho  r.mitn  totho  Spice  lHlan(l.-i— Alvaivz'  Mi-^- 
li,,l.  i!i"(JnUi.ia-{)lia  Avcni'cs  llim— Cl.imiillniacan  Itc ji  n-lsl.;  of 
tlic  Auwi/mis  -Ontrs  Hastens  to  Ai>iin.i.riato  a  IVnh  I'i.  lil— The 
Qucuii  of  J aliaco— Tradition  of  a  Sliipwreckcd  Civ.ss l.'"' 

CHAPTER  IV. 

T  A  r  I  A  '  S     I)  I  S  C(  I  M  F  I  T  C  IL  E . 

Wlazqucz  still  Longing  for  Mexico— A  Clovcrnor  Sent  from  Spain— In- 
tii','nc3  of  Tapia-C.mntcr-intri;:uc.s— Conference  of  Cenipuala— tlic 
Claimant  Ousted— Bono  de  Qu(jo\s  Mission— llevolt  of  the  Aztces- 
A  TerriUo  Lesson— Conspiracies  n-ainst  Cortts— Xurvaez  at  Ins 
Feet 

CHAPTER  V. 

AITAIK3  OF  C;onTi;S   IN    SPAIK. 

1  :.-!•_'. 

Corti-'s  Finds  Favor  ^vith  the  Audieneia— His  Tliird  Letter— Treasures  for 
tlio  F.niiieror- An  Ominous  Loss— Clla^:ed  by  Corsairs— Wliut  King 
Francis  Said— Tlie  Curse  of  J^Iontczuma— Cardinal  Adri^m  luter- 
f(,,.es— Corti's'  Case  before  the  Sovereign— His  Achievements  Ite- 
viowcd-Ucfutation  of  Charges-Velaz-ine/.  Crushed  and  I'ouseca 
Humbled- Cortes  Appointed  Clovernor  and  Captain  General 


(Jo 


70 


CHAPTER  YI. 

C0RTK3  AM)   CAF.AY   IN'    I'ANrCO. 

i,vj-j-i.vj;i. 

Rivalry  for  r.inuco-Cortc^s  Hastens  to  Occupy  It-Battle  at  Ayotocliti- 
tlan— Operations  at  Ciiila-Xativc  Tactics-Founding  of  Sau  Kste- 
van  d=.l  Fuerto— A  Sliipwrecl;  lu-ndcnt-Disappointing  Results— 
Campaign  in  Tntntepee  Mountains-licjoicings  on  the  Fa-cript  of 
Cortes' \'onnuission— Alluring  Frojects  for  Southern  Comiuests— 
Startling  Xe\vs— Oaray  Freparcs  to  Hescend  on  Fauueo-His  Lack 
of  Abili'ty  and  Fu'nuiess— March  from  L.is  Faluias— Xegotiutions 
with  Vallejo '  • 

CHAPTER  YII. 

THE  rANueo  aitaih  ani>  its  sf.qukl. 
15j;!-l.")-24. 
Alvavado  Appears  upon  the  Scene-Xaval  Straterry-Donble  Healings- 
How  CovtCs  Settled  tlie  AtVair-tiaray's  Sudden  Heath-(;eneral 
Fprisiu;;  in  Fi'nmeo—:Massacres-  Desiderate  I'.lTorts  of  the  Settlers— 
Sandovid  to  the  Fescue— His  Fuse  at  tlie  Fass— Tcriil)le  F.etalia- 
tion-Burning  of  the  Fatriots-C.arayan  Conspiracy- An  I'stimr-ble 


0-1 


Lit 


CO?CTi:XT.S. 


(Jo 


vli 

PAOC. 


Jiul'T! — V.lri  Shipwreck  iv.\i\  IAmuX  Lifo  -Alrarr.ilo  nnil  Ollil  Popart 
for  SdiuIktu  Ci)ii(|iiests — Marin's ('iimi.ii^jn  iuCIiiiipa-t,  iiiul  ll:in,"rrt 
Entry  into  ZniioiccMiuin Ill 

CHAPTER  YIII. 

OKDiNANcrs  ANi>  s r.\i  i:sMANSiiii'  OP  cor.Tr.^. 
l.V.':3-ir.uU. 
Cortt'a  as  Clovcnior — TIIh  Onliiiancea— Ariniiiiu'iit  of  S<'ttlci'3— Promoting 
Agricu'.tun.; — I'uIlaH  nml  Dcniotcr — Aiitilkan  Jealousy  -  Social  Ko- 
forms— Sumjittiary  Laws — Takin,!,'  Wives— Corti'a  SlioiiMcra  his 
Cross — Suspicitnis  Death  of  Catalina — Local  Oovcrnnicnt — l^li'orts  to 
Kxcludu  Lawyers — Removal  of  Vera  Cruz — Markets  nml  Trndo  Rej*- 
illations— Riiyal  Ollicials  Ari-ive— Tr.iits  imd  Intri;,';ics— Colonial 
I'olicy— I]nslavcnv.'nt  <if  Xative  Anv  rieans— Supjire.  sion  of  Reiiarti- 
iiiicntos  Opposed — Euconilcnda  Ileyulations — Work  I'.iid  I'iiy  of 
Serf.) — I'ntrapping  Slaves — Reprcaentatious  of  t!io  Council— Extort' 
in;'  Tribute DO 


70 


•)4 


4 


CHAPTEU  IX. 

Ai'OSTor,  u;     i,  at.  ons, 
1, -/.'•-•-]."•_'(!. 

Keli^'ioua  Feolinj;  among  tho  Compierors- The  Eir^st  ^riiiistor.?— .Jnnn 
I)iuz  and  Eriar  Olmcdo — Papal  Interest  iJisplayed— I'ranri.-co  do 
Los  Anijek's'  Proposed  Jli.ssiou— ]>rolher  (lantu  and  lii.i  Cjmvan- 
ions — Eatlier Valencia — Franciscan Ruks and  Privile^jes — TheTv.clvo 
Apostles — Indian  Astonishment — Cor.es  at  the  Ecet  of  llio  Eriars — 
Politic  Self-ukasement — Eirst  Syno.l  -Monastic  I)isci[iliuc — Con- 
vents and  Hospitals— Methods  of  Conversion— Choirs  and  Orehea- 
trus — Tricks  of  Trade — Eriars  and  I)iscip!cs — Stubl)ornness  of  Prose- 
lytcj— Tiaptism  en  niassii  and  llestowal  of  Xanies — Legality  of  Iho 
Kite — Tho  Marriage  Question — Native  Ca'.echiblsand  Missionaries — 
Iconoclasts  and  Martyrs — Progress  of  Conversion  and  its  Causes — 
('hri.^tiandikc  Rites  among  the  Natives — Attractive  Features  of  the 
Uoniau  Cliurch — Festivals— Character  of  the  Eriars 

CHAPTEU  X. 

INTIUCriCS    AliAINST    COI  TKS. 

l.r2L 

Intrigues  of  Disappointed  OlTicials— Iiidnnations  against  Cortc's — ITis 
T'ourth  Letter — TIk;  SilverCannon — Convoy  System — Deferred  Con- 
tract Mitli  the  Sovereign — Cortes  under  a  Cloud  — I'repares  f'T  tho 
March  to  Homluras— Acting  ( loveruors  Appiinted— Maehinati  ms  of 
Salazar--Thc  Hypocrite  and  the  Tool— Attempt  to  Oust  the  Treas- 
urer—.Sidjtle  l)upii,'ity_Zua;:a  Made  Prisoner— Casas  and  (lonzalcz 
Appear  on  ihe  Sci  ne 


loii 


1!J3 


vm 


COXTENTS. 


CJIAPTKU  XI. 

SAI.A/AU's    I  Sllil'AlION    AM)    OVKIminOW, 

l.V_'.Vl.VJ(i.  TM-.E. 

Ovirlliniw  I'f  r.i;'— His  Tcnililc  Fato-Tcrsi'i'iitioa  of  tlio  l^'iiciids  of 
Ciiitis  Alv.njiilo  ('i)ii.si(l(i'.s  till!  Mill tif— Si'iinli  fur  Corti's — Ilia 
J''uiiii,il  llijiini-M— Spoliatinu  of  His  rrin>iity — La^liiiii,'  a  Wi/i — 
'J"viMaiiii:iI  1'nM'f'i'<lin;,'8  of  Sala/nr — It  l.ca'ls  to  Ituvolt — (liintal 
.M.niii  KxiH'ilitioii.s  iiL;aiiist  iluhuls — (,'liiiiiioa'  Fiasco — I'lio  I'liars 
Hull  Aiiatlu'iiiaa — Tlio  (lovcniora  HuiiiIjIuiI — Tlio  Mysterious  Mcs- 
M'iiL.'t  r-Kisiii,^  of  the  Muu  of  ('orti's — I'^lcction  of  K.-strada  and  Al- 
l)oino/. — At-.-iault  on  tlio  (iovcnimciit  llousu — Salazar  Jhicayeil— 
Cous^iiia'-y  to  llulcase  J liiu 21 ."« 

ClIAl'TEK  XII. 

THE   I'O.St'K    UE    I.EOX    KriSOUE, 

irv.'G. 

Altaiiiiiaiio  S(  lit  to  liiiiig  Corti's — IIi.i  Arriv;.!  at  Mi'dciliri — Dt'inonstra- 
tivo  lirfiption — llrfonn  Measures — A  Jucz  do  Itesideiicia  Scut  to 
New  S[>iiin — I'once  do  Leon  and  His  Instinctii  vs — How  Corti'M  lie- 
ceived  tlio  ]5Io\v— Tlio  IjaiKjuot — A  Seliciuinj,'  Friar — I'oiuc  do  Leon 
AssuiiR's  the  ( ioverniiient— The  llesidencia  of  Covtus — Death  of  I'oiico 
do  Leon — A;,'iular  Siiceetils  Him— His  L'lilitiuss  and  J)eatli '2.">S 


CHAPTEPv  XIII. 

I-.STKAI'A's    kilt. — CC)UTJ';S    UUIVK\   TO    S1:LK   JrSTICE   IS'    Sl'AT.V. 

1.V27. 
Campaign  in  P^apotccapnn— Spico  Island  J''rojccts — Loaisa's  Expedition— 
(Jiievara  Finils  tlie  AVay  to  Zieatula — Saavedra's  Voya;4C  to  tlio 
Mohioeas — t'ortes  .Slighted — Hj  is  Exiled  from  the  Capital— Ftecon- 
ciliatiiin  with  I'^strada — (Ju/man  Appointed  Governor  of  IVmiico — 
Fiudiag  Xo  (Jold  'lo  Turns  Oppressor — luicroaehnicnts  on  Mexico — 
llaid  into  Las  Pai  as  Kegioii— Slave-trade  Horrors — Cortes  to  Plead 
liefore  the  Sovereign — Fears  that  Ho  will  Ficvolt — Preparing  for  the 
Voyage  to  Spa iu 2jI 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

TIIK   riKST  ALDIKNTIA  AND   ITS    MISRULE. 

lo2S-lo-20. 
Oidores  Appointed — Sti'ingent  Pleasures  Proposed  against  Corti's — Guz- 
man Made  President — Power  and  Jurisdiction  of  the  Audiencia — Its 
Instructions— Laws  of  Alfonso  the  Wise — Reception  of  the  X'ew 
Rulers— Their  Avarice  Excited — Intrigue  against  Cortifs — J!ol)bcry 
and  Jvxtortion — Abuse  of  Friars  and  Clergy — llesidencia  of  Corti's — 
The  Bishop "s  Anathema — Shameless  Conduct  of  Oidores — Ciuzman's 
Palliative  Schcnits  of  Conipest— Smuggling  Despatches 273 


I 


CONTFA'T^. 


n5 


C'ir.VPTF.U   XV. 

EIIECTION    or   LISlIOI'KIlS— C'()UTi;S    l>^    JSPAIV. 

l."J7-l.V29.  r-*"!"- 
Vicissitii'lt'S  (if  tho  First  Sec — llisliop  .Julian  f!arci'« — Tlio  IcoiiiHla.st 
Ziiiii;lrnii:n— Ijiincntjililo  Viiiuialism — Cliuractor  of  tlic  CliT^'y — Ar- 
riv.iliif  I)i)iiiiiiicaiis— Itivalry  of  tli(!  Onlirs— IntriMlui'f  ion  of  Vuiia — 
Miitiii;,' (if  <  jirti'.s  anil  I'l/avvn — l)iatli(if  an  Ideal  Sulclicr — Mxciti^- 
inLii'.  over  Ciirti's'  Airiv.il  in  Sjiain — I'layin;;  the  (!..llant  — Ilin 
K(N''iii.  '  )iy  till!  Ihnpcnir — Marks  (if  F.ivor — Hi?  is  MaiK^  a  Maniuia 
uiili  l-aru'u  v  .!>ts — IVilitiu  SoDtliiuLTS  of  Discontent —A\'liy  lie  l.<).-<t 
the  (l()vi'rnois;!iii — ilia  C'ontm(;t  for  .South  Sta  I)iseovcn(}3— His 
llridi!  and  .iL'Wet-i — I'ajial  Concessions — Kttuni  to  New  Sjiain — Ova- 
tion to  thu  Hero — Hostility  of  thu  Uidoios 'J90 


2r.s 


CIIArTEFi  XYI. 

TIIK   SECOND   AfDIKNC'IV   AM>    i.3   Ur.FOliM?!. 

i.j.'so  ir.r)2. 

Thn  New  I'resident  and  Oidorcs — Thtir  ''astrncMons — Mer  les  fi  r  Set- 
tiers  and  Xativos— S'lniptitaiy  ..as — Iinpressiv>  Kntiy  of  tho 
Uidores — Thu  (.iovc'i'Minent  ilorsrj — Swuarii.' AiR^iiiancu  to  the  8ov- 
erciy;n— Itcsidcncia  and  1' it-  of  Matiunzo  uijd  Delgadillo — Corrogi- 
liiienti)  System  IiiirodncMl— A  Cheek  Ld  Slavery  — AdvaJieenicnt  of 
Natives — Soeial  lleluri:  .;— Foundinij  of  I'lielihuif  tho  An.^'ids— Secret 
Order  to  llestrict  Kneoniiondas — General  Cianior  a^^'ainst  It — 'iiiu 
Conijuerors  and  their  Howard .  S'JO 


:,->t 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

COXQCEST   OF   Nri'.VV   OALICLV. 

1,V2G-15:J1. 
Corufia's  Mission— Advance  of  the  Cross— Ijitrj-  of  Ciizm.nn  into  ^liolioa- 
e;in — Ilia  Atrocities — Torrildo  Fate  of  King  Tanu'axoan — Canipaigu 
in  Cuinas,  Cuitzeo,  and  along  Chapala  Lake — IJiittlo  of  Tonala — 
liaids  froni  Nociiistlan — Kl  Gran  Teul — Operations  in  Jalisco— In 
Quest  of  tlie  Ania/.oiis — Tlie  (iroater  Spain— Cros.sing  tho  Fspiritu 
Santo— On  to  KtiuUlan— Devastating  Floods — Branding  Slaves— The 
Amazon  Myth — Change  of  Plans — Founding  of  Tov.-ns — Guzman 
Deliea  the  Audiencia— Castilla's  Di.^coinOture— Nemesis — Lihliog- 
riiphy 341 


•273 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

ESTABLISHMENT   OF  A   VICEREGAL  GOVEIINMENT. 

ior..->-i.".i7. 

Appointment  of  Mendo/a— Ilis  Instructions  ami  rrero-atives— Arrival 
ami  litciptibn  oi  the  I'i. -t  \iceroy — liiaUj^ural  Cereniouies— liet.irc- 


ciiArT]:n  xix. 

A    DKCADi;   (II-    Clirucu   MATTi;i;.S. 

l.VJO-l.VtO. 

TioiiMcs  of  j'.isliop  Zuniiirrac'.'i — Jle  (lues  to  Spain — His  Ccm>ccration 
Jiiid  Itctiini  to  M(,'.\ico— First  (.'limxlics  in  the  (^jiitul— Uiicirtain 
I'rioiity  and  Situs — Tliu  I'ir.st  Catlii'dial — Xcccssity  of  More  lii.slmp- 
J'ics — Dioci'sca  of  Oajaca  and  Miilioauan  lOstaldisliod — Franciscan 
rroLjross — Custodia  of  Santo  ICvani^cIio  liaised  to  a,  I'lovinco — Lahors 
of  the  Padres — IJonnnicaii  I'ro\  iin  ia  I'stahlishod — Unseemly  Strife— 
Succcssfnl  IVopagandisiii — Arrival  of  Aii,^'ustinians— I^diois  and 
Hardships — Fi'ovincia  Ivstahlished  — MiraLnloii.s  Siirim'  at  Chalma— 
iJagijn  Ovcrtlirown — Tlie  Viigin  of  (luaihdupe — A  (Jlorious  Vision — • 
A  ^lodest  Siirino  and  ii  Cosily  Church — A  AVondci'l'id  F:.inting — 
Multitmles  of  Converts — Secret  Idolatiy SSG 

CILVl'TEll  XX. 

I'TTir.K  AlTi;.MI'TS   To\VAI:l>   ]ilSCO\'i:UY. 

]r.;w -1,110. 

Aiilhni  ity  (f  Cortes  Curtailed — Indian  Conspirnej'  Suppressed — T)istiirl)- 
anees  in  Oajaea — An  limply  'J'itlc — Cortes  and  the  Colonists  of  Ante- 
(jutra — I'nrthcr  Disputes  \\itli  the  Audiencia — Cortes  l\i>ist«nt— 
IJallled  F]l!uits  at  ])iseovery  -High  Hopes  and  a  Lowly  Dwellin,.; — 
^lisfortunc  Follows  Misfortune — Guzman'H  Animosity — ('(jrtes  l)e- 
llant— lie  Sails  Xorthward  — l*'ailur<;  of  the  ]'"Mtei'i)i  ise — Rivalry  of 
ilendoza— Curtes  Disgusted — lie  Itcturnii  to  Spain -110 


CONTENTS. 


rAr.E. 


mcnt  of  the  Oidores — Didicnltiea  of  the  AdMiini>trati>in — City 
Improvements — Det'ensivc  Measiires — Ap;jarent  Weakness  of  the 
Spaniaiils  — rroclivities  and  Condition  of  Negroes — Their  Consjiiiaey 
and  its  Suppression — Muster  of  S[janiards  in  the  Capital IJTj 


CIIAPTJ:!!  XXI. 

CONyfi;ST   Ol'-  YIXATAX. 

l.VJT   l.VI!). 
Aliori_L:inal  Yucatan — Franc.isco  de  Montejo  Appointed  flovernur 


i;at;lo 


of  Aliif — The  Spaniards  March  on  (  liiclieu  It/a — Alonso  de  A\  ila  and 
his  liand  in  (}uest  of  (iold  -His  .Messau'c  to  the  Loi'd  of  Clietunial — 
The  Cideftain's  Jle|>ly — Avila's  Conniiand  ]Jesie,i,'ed — 'J'iieir  Fseapo 
and  Departure  for  Honduras  Minilejo  !>(  leated— The  Caniiu'  llcll- 
rinaer^Fli,L;ht  i.'f  the  Spaniards — The  Ailelantado's  Xai  row  Fscipe — 
Callantry  of  Dlas  tlon/ale/ — The  (ioveriior  Depaits  for 'i'atiasco — The 
Spandiards  ])riven  into  the  Sea — Montejo  Transfers  his  ]{ij,ht3  to 
liis  Sou — TlicS]iaiuards  A^'ain  r>esie;_'ed -Torture  of  Di'uoaud  >luan 
Causino— SantiUaa  Takes  Montejo'sKcsideuciu,— Missiunary  Labors.  4'23 


Cal 


OlO 


;5so 


CONTEXTS. 
CIIAPTrill  XXTI. 

Ml;VA    CAM.  lA     AM,    M  I,  IIoACAX. 

i.'.'k;  I.-,!-. 


Si 


r.\i;E. 


Mllui>w,.s,„_Vi.i„„.s   of  CniMiuost  iuul 


Wruhl,     TrouMrs    r.„vsl,-,  1  7,"— '  ■■^"■"•■*    ot    (  n„,,uo,st   ,uul 

"--i..^i«,,,H;;:;^::;;:i;.,;:^■;;:4-«;;'-■■^.'«|,. 

-io 


CIIAPTEU  XXIII. 

IMiATil    01'  Colirij.s. 

I'll  0-1,, 17. 


CHAPTER  XXn-. 

iHi:  Mi.xnix  WAu. 
l.''ll-l.->i_'. 


^^-1  i.^  A,,,„.aU.,l  to  for  A    1  ...  """''^,  -^'■''^■^•^   ■•^*   Xavi.!,-.,!, 

'""I    lM--ts  fo,.  Ti    :    t  ^'^"■'■'^•"-'^^-"">"".Hfr,„„M,.„,l,„,,, 


to 


Causes  for  Ki,;,c(i„,  nt  <.f  \,.,v  J 


niAPTEi:  XXV. 

'JHi;  m:w  f.AWs, 

i">i;i-i. ")■!(;. 


ti 


'iws — S 


M\\       l.(,!,_.'J] 


y   ( 


iiiti' 


j;> 


IllHTSSof  1.;ihC: 


ISfIS— I 


rovisinii.s  of 


■^ntiiiui.t    imuiig  the    Coloiiibta- 


'"^ 


Xll 


CONTEXTS. 


KfTort  to  Iiitroilucc  Tlicni  in  Xcw  Spain — Visitailor  Francis.cn  Tollo  >le 
Sandoval — IFu  rnljli.-lics  the  Xcw  Laws  in  Mexico — Imligniition  of 
the  Enconiendci'os — Tliey  Send  Procuradors  to  Spain — Who  Olitain 
the  Ucvocation  of  a  Portion  of  the  Xcw  I..a\v.s — Tlie  ]''nipcroi's  Views 
on  the  Stlliject — Ravages  of  Pestilence — Kiiiptions  of  N'olcanoes — • 
Itednctiou  of  Tiilnite — Small  Coins — Iiitercstcdncss  of  tiie  Clergy- 
Land  Grants — Andiignous  Attitude  of  Mendt)za — Convention  of  ]lish- 
ops — Arrival  of  Las  Ca.sas — Mendoza  Prohihits  I)i.scussion  on  Lulian 
Atl'airs  —  Decision  of  Ecelesiastios  Declaring  Slavery  Unlawful  — 
lleturn  of  the  Visitailor  to  Spain ulG 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

END    OF    MENDOZa's    RULE. 

General  Tinprovcmcnts— Ac;ricnlturc,  Lidnstrj',  and  Commerce — Encniir- 
aginicnt  of  Marriages — Aid  to  Pern — Conspiracy  and  Itevoll — Clii- 
ehiiiiecs  and  Otoniis — Conquest  of  Qnoretaro — Picmoval  of  (luada- 
lajara — Coronado  Iletni'ns— His  Pesignation — Audiencia  at  Cmnpos- 
tela — Itenioval  to  Cuadalajaia — I)iseovery  of  Mines — Settlement  of 
Zacatecas — The  Archdiocese  of  Mexico — Death  of  llisliop  Ziimarraga 
— His  Last  Will — Cliaracter  of  the  Prelate  and  the  Man — A  I'also 
Visitador's  Audacity — Last  Acts  of  the  Viceroy — lie  is  Appointed 
to  Peru  and  is  Superseded  by  Luis  de\'elasco — Meuduza's  Departure 
for  Peru — And  his  Death 53o 


Tl 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

i.ndiax  policy. 

IojO-IoGO. 

Luis  dc  Vclafsco,  Second  Viceroy — Royal  Instructions  anil  Suhsequcnt 
Regulations — Enforcement  of  the  New  Laws — Consternation  Caused 
by  their  Execution — Slaves  Set  Free — Diego  Ramirez'  Commission — 
Ciciipies'  Abuses  Cliccked — The  Crown  Assumes  Full  Jurisdiction — 
Encouiienda  Entail — t)pposition  of  the  Audiencia — liad  Elleets  of 
the  Xew  Laws  on  Mining  and  Revenue — Population  and  its  Cliarac- 
ter— Reform  Measures — Powers  of  the  Viceroy  Restricteil— The 
Audiencia  Made  his  Council — Piiilipll.  Proclaimed  King — He  Regs 
for  Money >'>(  :3 


Tein 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

VlCrilOV    VKLASCO'S    liULE. 

ir.r.i-io(J4. 

Arrival  of  Martin  Cortc's,  Second  Marcpu's  del  Vallc — Visitador  Valder- 
rama  and  his  Ri'lations  with  Cortes— Xew  Policj-  Regardin;;  E;k-o- 
miendas— Cortes'  Troubles — Threatened  Revolt  and  Wlasco's  Wise 


ArcliI 
u! 
]' 

wi 


I 


^'^ 


CONTEXTS. 


Mil 


110 


D35 


rnnrsc — Riiyal  Oi-lora  AlTccting  the  Audicncia— The  Visitador's 
K\artionsiif  tin;  Imlians— Ui.s  i;;inrts  toClieck  Abuses,  :\n>\  rmposed 
111  forms— IIisl)i.sagrecincnt.s\\itli  tlic  Vieeroy — CoinlitidU  !i;ul  Cluir- 
mtiT  (if  W'l.i.sco — His  ])i.'atli,  Ijiuial,  and  (ionuial  ]U'grct — I'uMio 
Kiliication— rinods  in  tht-'  ^^o.\icau  Valley — TlUastrous  IvNinilitioii  to 
ridi'ida — Sfttli'itic'iits  in  Zaeateeas  and  (Juanajuato — C'<'inijiK.st  of  tlio 
North-Avestcni  Region — Kingdom  of  Xuev;i  Viscaya — Kxpedition  to 
the  rhilippiue.s  and  its  Results "70 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

THE    AVILA-COIiTKS    CONSPIItACY. 
l.j(U-ir.()S. 

The  Audieneia's  Weali  Rule — Ill-feeling  toward  the  Marqui'a  del  Vallo — 
Kncomienda  I'oliej'— Alonso  tie  Avila's  Mas(jueradc — Riot  against  the 
(.ViAvn — Vald-rrama  Returns  to  Spain — Conspiracy  Iteported — Great 
(.'lu'istcning  of  the  Manpus'  Twins — Arrest  of  the  Marqiies  and 
Others — Trial  and  Kxeciition  of  the  IJrotliers  Avila — Marcpii  s  cle 
Falccs,  Third  Vieoroy — Marques  del  Vallo  .Sent  to  Spain  -Falees 
lleiiosed  liy  Munoz  and  (.'arrillo — Their  Cniel  Course — Martin  Cortes 
Tortured — His  Courage — Complaints  Reach  the  Crown — Sunnnary 
lleiiioval  of  Munoz  and  Carrillo — Their  Fate — Falees  Vindicated — 
Second  Rule  of  the  Audie'ueia — Snti'erings  of  the  Marqius  -l-'inal 
Aeipiittal — Loss  of  Domain  and  Property — His  ])eath — Ketiirn  <jf 
Luis  Cortes — Later  Liie  ot  Mart  in  Cortes (l!  I-J 

CILVrTEll   XXX. 

IirLE    OF    VICEUOY    EMUQCEZ. 

L'.CS-loSO. 
Teniporarj'  novernniont  of  the  xKudieneia — .lolm  Hawkins  Livades  Vera 
(Vuz — His  Hefeat  and  ]].\pul.-ion — Fate  of  tlio  Fnglish  I'li.Miners — 
Vi./eroy  Martin  IjU'iquez  do  Alniansa — T>rake's  Operations — Foreign 
Fiaids — Yucatan.  Hs  (iovernuient  and  Indian  AH'airs — First  Acts  of 
Fnriquez — Organization  of  Military  I'orees— ("'anipaigns  a"ainst  the 
Chichi inees—l'residios  and  MoValilo  liloekd.ouses— Mallalzahuatl 
Fpidt^niic  and  its  Havoc — I'aniiai. — Inundation — Recall  of  Furiqr.ez — 
His  Cioverunicut  I'olicy — Tiis  I)eath C;i7 


r)(';3 


ciiAriErv  XXXI. 

c  in;  i:  (■  II  (i  c)  V  i:  u  n  m  e  n  t . 
l.'joO-KRtO. 
Archbishop  Alonso  de  Mont li far— Jealousy  l)etween  the  Secular  and  Reg- 
idar  Clergy— Foyal  Support  of  tlie  Friars— Dillerenees  between  the 
Friars  and  t!ie  Civil  i'ouer— Father  i.enJniino  de  .Mi  ndicui  I'e'.'ends 
till'  Hiligiuus — His  \\  orUs  -  i'cjsition  of  the  Friars  aiii'i  their  In.Iueneo 
witli   the  Natives— I'lrsons  Kxcluded  from  the  I'l  iesthooil— Rdig- 


CONTENTS. 


/ 


PAOB. 


ii)us  Flint  ill  Mrxici) — Tlio  S.-icraiiicntal  Di  -piito — Fir-t  nml  SiTond 
K('cli'.siastic  (.'ouiiuils  cf  Mexico— ArcliM.'^hdp  Montiifar's  JJcatli — 
I'iic  Iii()\ii.sitioii — fts  ]''stiil)li.'sliiiii'nt,  Privilo^'cs,  (Jlijuct.s.  ami  Act.'i — 
Vatlitr  I^aiiila'H  'J"i'i'aliii<,'iit  oi  lilohiturs — Aii'!il)i.shii|)  Mcpya  y  (Ajii- 
tri'ias  -'I'liii'd  Kcclc.sias!.ic  Council  anil  its  Acts — Ai'cli!jis!n);i  Mufi- 
tufar's  l)ciiartiir(' — Alonsu  Furuanikz  tic  iJoiiilla  iSucccctl  •  li'iin — 
Other  Dioecocs  in  the  Coiuitry  and  their  History ijCi'.i 

CHAPTER  XXXII. 

liKi.ioiors  oni)i:i:s. 
l.V)0-l(;00. 
Tlie  Society  of  .Tcsna  in  New  Spain — Distinjruislioil  Patrons  of  tlu;  Order 
and  their  Services — Importation  of  Holy  Ile'.ics — Spread  of  the 
Jesuits  thronyli  the  Country — lirotiiers  of  L'liarity  and  St  Jlypjio- 
lytus — Purposes  of  the  Association — Tlie  Carmelites— 'i'heir  ]-;'.!ior.s 
anil  Advancement — llcncdictincs  and  their  Piiory  in  Mc:;ico--Tlie 
Franciscans  and  their  Se\eral  Provinces  -'Iheir  A\drk  itiid  In!hi- 
C'uce — TrouMes  wiih  tlie  A'iceroys — Noted  Franciscans  in  tlie  Several 
Provinces — Order  of  IJarefooted  I'ranciscaiis — 'i'lieir  Custodial  and 
I'rovint'ial  Organization — The  Dominicans  and  their  Suceco'^cs — 
Their  Oistinynished  Men— Thi;  Order  of  St  Augustine — Strict 
Kuk's — The  ilereenarios,  or  (.)rder  (;i  ?.Iercy — 'J"hiir  Settlement  in 
Mexico — Ileligious  Prothcrhooils  and  t'lc  Ohjeets  of  tin  ir  IJevo- 
tion — Nunneries  iu  Mexico,  Oajaca,  and  Michoacan,  and  tlu.ir  U.es. .   700 

ClIAPTEU   XXXIII. 

riFTH,  siM'ir,  AMI  si;vi:niji  vici:!;ovs. 
l.".sO-ir;Sl). 
Suaroz  de  ]\rcndo;^n,  Count  do  la  Corufia — A  too  P,enignanb  Pult — Colden 
Times  for  t'.ie  Corrujit  Oliicials — Suarez  well  out  of  It — Archhishop 
Moya  y  Contreras  Made  \'isitador — Tiieu  Viceroy — A  Stern  Iluler — 
lie  !MaUes  Monej-  f>)r  his  M.istcr — Hard  Times  for  llio  Wiekeil  0:ii- 
eials — They  Jjcg  Ilelivcrancc  from  Moya — .\nd  iici'cive  It — /'aiii'i, 
Mari[Ui's  de  Villaniani'iipU'. — A  .lust  and  Moderate  KcJe — Pirates  on 
tlui  West  (,'oast — Cavendish  Caplines  a  (lallcon-A  Fare  Pri:.e — 
California  Coast  Defences — Comniereo  on  the  Atlantic — Fpi^'.iinic, 
I'larthiiu.-.kes,  and  Social  ])isvupliiin — Villanianriijue  I)e[;o.jCil  and 
Ilnmiliutcd T^.O 

c'liAra^ii  XXXIV. 

CLOSK   OF  Tin:   CKNTrUV. 

i:.S9- 11)00. 
Rumored  Insurrection— Fears  of  Vclasco,  the  New  Viceroy — Reception — 
City  Improvements — The  Ciiichimecs — The  Mines  of  ( li;an 'jnato, 
S:in  Luis  Potosi,  and  Zacatecas — Founding  of  Towns — Philip  Wants 
^lore  Money — Vclasco 's  .\stuto  Measure — Conde  de  Monterey,  \"iee- 
roy — Futile  KH'orts  to  Move  the  Indian — Faee  Intermixtures — 
Nuevo  Leon — Occupation  of  the  Northern  Country — (iovernor  (,'ara- 
bajal — Iteview  of  the  Century— Fi'.ilio^rraphical— Writers  Sulise- 
(|Uent  to  the  Com^uest— Toniuenuula  amony  Others 7o7 


'  '"t/fifp 


awi 


iOl 


c 


l^ 


ll   ,rf. 


3  ^ 

I        V 


i.'h 


■-sse 


ne 


114 


112 


ilt/riii'j    (/if 

SIXTEENTH    CENTURY. 

ScilP 
I 

7  t      (til        ( I    o     t> 

.Stiitiitr     III  1 1 1  X    1 1>    till     I II I 


114 


IlL' 


104 


102 


100 


,r  I  .  ,      \    -"'•■■"■"0«J 


i'     ■    .  (^  -■  '--V-i-y  'T*  \  \       f     '  ■'     •        >  K       ~^'  Si 


f 


HISTORY  OF  MEXICO. 


CHAPTER.  I. 


REBUILDING  OF  MEXICO. 
1521-lo23. 

QfARREI-LIXO  OVER  THE  BoOTY— PoOR  PiESCLTS — ToRTCRE  OF  QrAritTKMO- 
TZIN— TrEASI-RE-IICNTIXG — ADlSAPPOINTMEKT— rASQriNAriKS— FlVAN- 

ciAi,  Measiuks— A  Sabine  CArxcRE — Looking  for  a  Capital — Mex- 
ico  SeLICTEU — MCNICIPALITV    FoRMED — rLANNIMl   THE   CiTY — ArCHI- 

TECTfRAL  Features — Cohtes'  Palaces — BriLUiNii  Material — Fort 
AND  Aqiedict— Attracting  Serfs  anu  Settlers — Merry  Toilers — 
Arms  of  Tenocutitlan. 

Famed  Tcnochtitlan  had  fallen,  its  splendor  buried 
with  the  blood-stained  altars  that  had  so  long  been  a 
terror  to  Anjihuac.  And  the  proud  Aztecs  lay  trodden 
under  foot,  beaten  back  into  their  original  abasement, 
as  serfs  and  refugees,  to  form  with  their  emblazoned 
prestige  a  pedestal  for  the  victor's  fame.  The  promise 
of  Cortes  to  the  king,  made  two  years  before,  was 
fuliilled,  and  his  prospects  were  very  bright.  Little 
fear  now  of  dungeons,  of  a  traitor's  fate;  he  could 
boldly  face  his  arch-enemy  and  rival,  and  point  to  all- 
justifying  success  as  an  advocate  for  the  attainment 
even  of  the  coveted  governorship  of  this  empire,  the 
largest  and  richest  so  far  acquired  for  his  sovereign. 
Proudly  exultant,  he  hugged  himself  as  his  mind 
dwelt  upon  the  foremost  conqueror  in  the  Indies. 

But  his  cup  was  not  wholly  free  from  bitterness 
oven  now;  whose  is?  His  soldiers  and  companions 
expected  also  their  reward,  and  that  quickly  and  in 

Vol.  II.    1 


rEBUILDIXG  OF  MFAICO. 


taii^iMc  fonn;  Cor  this  llicy  liad  lisl^cd  life,  jiiid  had 
iKviuircd  l"ur  liini  wcaUh  and  imnioi'tality.  A  dciuaiid 
\vas  iiiad(3  loi'  an  cxhihitioii  helon;  royal  ollicials  of  the 
booty  caiitured  hy  the  troops  duriii<jc  the  ])illaiL,'e,  aii<l 
the  eai)tives  were  ordered  to  reveal  and  surrender 
^vlultever  treasui'es  tlu'V  kiunv  of.  ])ut  those  who 
had  seeured  valuahlc  artieles  wei'e  hy  no  means  pre- 
pared to  j^nve  them  up,  partieularly  since  the  k'a<lt'rs 
were  justly  suspected  of  wronL,dul  a[)pi'opriat  ion.  The 
hrinantine  crews  were  supposed  to  have  had  the  hest 
chance  of  securinLj  spoils.  Of  course  they  (K-nicd  the 
insinuations  made,  and  sou-'ht  to  divert  the  outci  v  in 
another  dii'cction.  The  allies  were  the  cul{)rits,  who 
with  their  i''Mncnse  numbers  and  knowledi^x;  of  lan- 
•juaixe  and  locality  had  penetrated  into  evei'V  corner 
and  carried  olf  the  great  pri/es  while  tlie  soldiers 
were  liL^hting",  leavinu;-  them  the  n^leanin^s.  There 
mii;ht  still  be  lart^e  treasures  which  the  Aztecs  had 
liidden  to  spite  their  foes,  as  intimated  more  than  once 
duriuij^  the  siege.  When  threatened,  the  captives 
revealed  ii  Certain  amount,  declaring*  that  they  pos- 
sessed no  more.  As  for  the  spoils  lost  during  the 
retreat  of  tlie  SpaniaT-ds,  they  had  been  swallowed  by 
the  lakes  or  scattered  among  the  thousantls  of  pur- 
suers.^ 

When  finally  the  royal  oflicials  gave  their  report,  it 
appeared  that  the  total  gold  collected  from  the  cap- 
tives and  sacking  parties,  and  smelted  into  bar.s, 
amounted  to  one  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  caste- 
llanos.  ]^esides  this  there  were  a  number  of  pieces 
of  too  fine  a  workmanship  to  be  broken  u]),  and  many 
jewels  and  pearls,  besides  feather-work  and  fabrics,-'  but 

'  Saliagun'a  native  record  tlescinbos  the  conference  witli  the  captives  to 
have  taken  jilace  on  tlie  day  after  the  fall,  in  tlie  rjuarter  last  caiitiired.  for- 
tes was  seated  in  great  state  under  a  canopy,  with  tlie  kind's  and  |iriiii'es  on 
either  side,  ll'txt.  Com/.,  it' A).   "Huiio  faiiia  ipie  lo  (jiold)  inandi)  eciiar  tiiui- 

.'    nrntdl  J)m:,   JliM.    Vcitml.,   I.kS. 
lib.  ii.  caj).  viii.     AccoicUiil;  to  Da- 


teniaz  en 


la  li 


iirnna  onatro  dias  antes 


lliezdias,'  corrects  llei 


era,  iiec.   ii 


ran,  it  was  east  into  ii  deep  sacred  well,  and  never  <liscovered,  It'ixt.  liul. 
MS.,  ii.  ,")|;!-I4,  the  devil  assistini'  to  shield  it,  so  that  no  Christian  shonld 


enjoy 


the  treasure.   I'lnilta,  yut.  Jii-l.,  IKS. 


ofi 


'^  t'vrks,  Curtad,  '2o~-S,    Ovicdo,  Cioniara,  and  Herrcva  follow,  and  Fonscca 


WniTvE  IS  THE  COLD? 


K^'t,  it 
cap- 
bars, 
Icastc- 
pioocs 
ImaiiV 
;-  but 

kive^*  to 

Hiii'is  on 
Jiiir  Cawi- 
},/.,   l.'S. 

Ir    to     I'U- 

Isl.   Jll'l-, 

li  phoulil 
Fonscca 


altonfotlier  far  below  tlio  ex})(>rtation  of  oven  tlio  most 
lucnlrrato  aiiioii!^  the  fortiiiK'-liuntri-s.  'I'alk  of  fraud 
Mas  luanl,  aud  ujany  tlirrateucd  to  conijilaiu  to  tho 
kiui^  of  the  niauncr  in  which  their  services  wei'o  re- 
wai'ded. 

Xo:io  would  believe  the  stateuient  of  tlie  ca]iti\o 
princes  that  tlu\y  knew  of  no  more  treasures,  and  it 
was  demanded  that  torture  should  bo  ajiplied  to  ex- 
tort the  secri't  from  them.  To  the  credit  of  Corles 
be  it  said  that  he  remonstrated  ajj^ainst  this  .sui^'^'^es- 
tiun,  though  chielly  because  his  word  had  been  niveu 
to  respect  the  j)risoners.  Or,  indeed,  his  opposition 
may  liave  been  for  eifect.  At  all  events  tJiis  effort 
to  shield  tlu'  princes  directed  the  outburst  oi'  the  sol- 
diers anainst  himself  "  He  is  coimivinj;'  with  (}uauhte- 
motzin,"  they  said,  "  in  order  to  secure  possession  of 
the  treasures."*  Thus  pressed,  the  oreneral  yielded  a 
perhaj)s  not  unwillini^  assent,  and  to  his  never  eiidin;if 
shame  he  surrendered  the  em{)eror  and  the  hiuL;'  of 
'i'lacopan'*  to  the  executioners.  Their  method  was 
sim[)le  and  elfective  :  the  roasting  of  tlie  i'eet  before 
a  slow  lire,  oil  being  applied  to  prevent  a  too  rapid 
charring  of  the  flesh,  for  this  might  lessen  the  j)ain 
and  defeat  the  purjiose.^ 

(.)uauhtcmot/in  is  said  to  have  borne  his  sufleriiig 
with  the  usual  stoicism  of  an  Indian,  ami  when  his 

and  UiTutia,  Uinl.  flac,  i.  ">.  The  bar  poll  was  equivalent  to  '10.200  om-io.' 
(/("•■;;,,(>,  S'ori'i  .!/('.•(,<.,  iii.  "JIVJ.  Dciiial  Diaz  iippeais  to  e  liinaie  the  liaia 
alone  at  ;iSi).(li)0  ])csos  «lo  oro.  yet  Kubseqiient  lines  inilicate  tlii;;  t  >  i-(;ii('t;i'nt 
nil  the  trt'asuie,  lix'.  cit.  'Ins  ineNii'aiios  \.\  saearou  todas  las  joyas  ([Uo  tcniau 
eseondid:'..!  ( :i  una  ea)ioa  I'.ena.'  S((/iiiiiuii,  iibi  .sup. 

^'Ili"  <'liief  ;ici'ns('r.  .-^ay.s  llenera.  was  the  treasurer  Allien  te,  a  ereaturo 
of  tlie  1)1:. li(>;>  of  r.iiij,'o.s  the  enemy  of  Cortes,    dee.  iii.  lib.  ii.  eap.  viii. 

M'hinialpein  euiinierates  ( 'olnuuieoeli,  tiic  ex-kin,i^  of  Te;'eueo,  tlio  Ciliua- 
coatl,  Acjuiei  tile  priuee  of  Azeapuzaleo,  tLe  eity  of  foldsniillis,  and  Kcveral 
otliers.  iilst.  ('()«'/.,  ii.  70.  Ovieilo.  iii.  iiVJ,  im  iitioiis  the  tiipai;..o  lover- 
ei  ;n:i,  while  (ioiiiara,  foUoweil  l)y  lierrera,  allows  merely  the  i  inpenir  and 
bis  favorite  courtier  to  be  torluVed,  IJurnal  Diaz  ealliii;'"  the  lalier  kin'.;  of 
ilaeopan. 

■"'Ihe  feet  and  hands  were  burned.'  Testimony  of  Doctor  Ojeda,  x\  lio 
eared  for  t!ie  wounds.  Curl.i,  /.'■.-;(/.»«■;«,  i.  IIM),  I'Jli.  'liruclargli  a,  poco  a 
jMiea  i  iiiedi  doiio  aver-li  unti  d'olio.'  ('hvhjiro.  Stnria  Me-"  ,  iii.  JiH.  '  I'or 
io  cpie  <iued('«  easi  inipossibilitado  de  aiidar.'  JJiittluinaiitc,  h\  SafKn/ini,  il'.^t. 
roiiq.  (ed.  1S4(»),  'I'M.  'Un  violeiite  ecjamen,'  is  the  mild  term  u^.cd  by 
runes,  in  Monuiiuntog  Dombi.  Esp.,  ;MS.,  oS.     liobertsou  cuudeu.na  the  tor- 


REIJUILDIXf}  OF  MEXICO. 


fillow-victim  tnriuKl  in  aii<,niisli  as  if  aj>|K'aliniL,'  for 
coiniK.ssioii,  lu!  <'X('l.'iiiiic'(l    I'dnikiiii'lv:    "Think  voii 

I  '  lit/  «.' 

that  1  t'lijov  it!'"*'  Ni'W'j'thclcss  (,)uauhtoni()t/.in  ciid- 
p'llcd  Ills  hi'aiii  to  hutiiiiik  liiinst-lt"  how  to  es(a[)o  tor- 
iiiijiit,  and  pointed  out  a  niunlxT  of  places  \vht'ro 
treasures  nii^iit  ho  found.  Thereupon  Cortes  stepped 
forward,  thinkiiiL,'  if  jiossihle  to  rec^over  liis  nanu;  I'roni 
foul  dishonor,  and  said:  "Such  l)eliavi(»r  to  a  kiiii,^  is 
cruel,  inhuman;  1  will  have  none  of  it."  Nevertheless 
Quauhteniotzin  went  on  to  tell  how  the  canoo  of  some 
rich  fugitives  was  upset  by  a  brigantinc,  indicating 
that  and  other  spots  where  treasures  might  be  found. 
Search  was  made  and  divers  employed,  but  with  insig- 
iiiHcant  results. 

The  king  of  Tlacopan  offered  himself  to  point  out 
th(>  }»laces  where  gold  had  been  hidden  some  distance 
fi'om  the  citv.  Alvarado  went  with  him  and  at  their 
lieels  a  crowd  of  Spaniards.  Arrived  at  the  s]»ot 
the  captive  declared  that  his  statenuMit  was  but  an  ui- 
vention  to  save  himself  from  further  torture,  lie  had 
lioped  to  die  on  the  way.  ]3ut  Alvarado  permitted 
the  king  to  live,  though  in  truth  he  was  reserved  for 
a  fate  worse  than  inunediate  death.'  1'he  seairh  con- 
tinued: houses  were  again  ransacked,  gardens  u|)- 
turned,  cellars  and  passages  examined,  and  graves  were 
opened  and  the  lake  was  dragged.^ 

tnre  as  '  a  dcctl  wliich  stained  the  glory  of  all  his  great  actions.'  Ifiif.  Am., 
ii.  l"J(i.  'An  in(lL'lil)lu  stain' oil  liid  iionor.  J'nscotl'/i  Mcx.,  in.  '2'.ii-'>.  Ala- 
inan  oxpri'ssfs  himself  in  a  similar  manner,  while  ]>ustaniante  charges  tho 
deed  lierccly  to  CoitOs'  extreme  greed,  uhi  sup. 

Tliis  ntteranei!  has  beeom.'  I'ammi.s  in  llobertson's  free  rendering:  'Am  I 
liov  reposing  on  a  bed  of  llowcrs?'  I/isf.  A»i.,  ii.  I"_'7.  (Jthers  sulistituto 
*ro  s'  for  flowers,  llerrera  writes  simply :  'Xor  am  I  in  delight.'  llerrera 
als      ay.^  that  tho  eonipani(jn  of  Quauhteniotzin  died  dnring  the  tortuie. 

ec  /list.  Ceiif.  Am.,  i.  ;">.">] -;"»,  this  series.  Testimony  in  Curt.K,  Uo.il- 
tfi'if  ,  i.  I(i7,  declares  that  the  prisoners  revealed  several  rich  deposits  which 
Cor'  '  quietly  appropriated;  and  Alvarado  may  have  Ijeen  suspected  of  a 
simi    .'  act. 

*  a  the  reservoir  of  Quanhtemotzin's  residence  was  found  a  sun  disk  of 
gol('  and  a  nundjerof  jewels.  Jienntl ]>Ur.,  Ui^it.  I'cnluiL.l'tS.  A  noble  indi- 
cated an  idol  in  the  same  place  as  probably  containing  gold,  but  a  lung  search 
iT;vealing  nothing,  CortOs  ordered  him  to  l)e  roasted  alive  and  then  ciist  half- 
dea<l  into  the  lake.  Seeing  this  and  other  outrages  the  emiicior  in  his  fear 
and  despair  attempted  to  hang  himself.  Sworn  testimony  of  Zamora  tind 
Orduua,  iu  Cortes,  liesidencia,  ii.  203-4,  nevertheless  to  be  takeu  with  allow- 


:?. 


fii 

t'l 


RESULTS  OF  TORTURK. 


for 

•u.l- 
tnr- 

from 
[\if  is 
I'less 
souio 
utiufJC 


1 


A  irillinfjf  amount  was  thus  obtaiiu-d,  wliicli  was 
jnjnidunlly  iiicroasctl  ))y  presents  and  tril>utes  from 
iici^;hl)oriiii(  provinces;  hut  this  proved  Httle  anionic  so 
manv,  ie(hu'ed  as  it  was  l)y  the  nyal  iil'th  and  tho 
assignment  secured  by  tho  opportune  manieuvr*'  on 
Cortes'  part  of  oU'eiiin^  tlio  ehoict'st  pieces  of  jewelry 
as  a  present  t<»  the;  emperor."  "^Plie  shai'e  of  the  horst-- 
inen  was  about  one  huiuh'ed  pesos  di;  oro,'"  ;ind  that  of 
others  proportionately  less.  Indij^nation  now  hurst 
Ibrth  anew,  and  many  scorned  to  acce[»t  tlieir  share. 
Tlie  treasuivr  Aldereto  was  included  amouL?  those 
suspected  of  Iraud  and  to  exonerate  himself,  cast  the 
blame  on  Cortes/' 


it  out 
stance 
b  their 

U     S]H)t 

an  in- 
lie  had 
liltctl 
ed  for 
I  con- 
ns u\)- 
;s  were 


Ala- 
lai-ea  tho 

•  Am  1 

sulistituto 
Herri'ia 
i-tvne. 

luctuil   oi  a, 

iun  <Usli  (>} 

\\nh\c  iiuU- 

,„^  seiiich 

I  cast  liuU- 

with  allow- 


U 


niifo.  IxtlilNocliitl  tl.'iiins  to  liavo  scnirod  tlip  n-loafc  of  ;i  torturi'd  ooiirtuT 
]iy  txpiistulatiiiL;  with  Corti's,  ami  rcju-isL'ntiii!,'  that  tlu'  ^h■\icall:^  iiiir'iti 
)ivo!t  if  Muli  liic'iisiiiX'.-f  ooiitimieil.  JIo  iilso  >iou;;lit  to  ]irocuic  tlio  iclca  o  of 
liis  liiDtlu  r  t'nliiiaiiMi'o(  h  from  prison.  'J'o  tliis  cncl  ho  iaiisacl;t'l  all  'I'c/i'uoo 
for  (iia.iuics,  ami  l)oi  rowid  from  his  ivlativi's,  jiinl  tlicii  aloiir  diil  ho  .su.cl'-  d. 
.SLiaiki(.s  mid  CDiiliiiciiiciit  liad  rcducid  tlio  ]iriiKO  to  a  iiitial.!«  comlition. 
J/iii:  ('ric I'l'i'li'n,  ri4-."i.  llo  wa.s  aftiTWard  liaptizril  as  I'cdio  Al\aiado. 
Cnlnlii,  l.Vd;  l>ii:i'.  I'lih'.,  iv.  1(1.").  'J'iif  disociiuiou  of  j.'rav(s  hy  tnaMin^- 
liiiiitcr.i  had  Ihmu  ]iractisfd  hi'foro  tlic  fall,  and  wlitii  tin;  iriilral  t"iii|ilo  wa.s 
ca|ptlii\(l  .1  di  ^i-i)Vi  TV  <if  a  gravo  tln.'roiii  \\  itli  1,.")U0  ea»t(.'llaiio.<  mtvliI  to  diici  ti 
cupiilily  ill  lliis  divcilioli.   Curti'K,  (,'iirltii,  "Jh"!. 

"'tjac  valia  dos  vc/cs  iiia.s  i\\U'  la  ijiio  aiiia  sacado  para  ii'pattir  il  Kcal 
quiiito.'  Jli  null  J  Jilt'.,  hn\  cit.  Ovicdo,  iii.  4'Jl,  cstiniatcs  tlio  total  royal  tit'th 
at  over  .'I ),()()!)  ]ic.so:idc  oro,  otlicrs  at  hss;  while  a  witness  in  ( 'nj/r.-,',  llfiiih  iii'm, 
i.  I'Jl,  ■_'(!(>,  states  tliat  Cortes  defrauded  the  erown  of  tlu;  liftli  duo  on  soiiio 
2(M),()() )  eastelluuos  (;f  valiiahles  wliieh  eaiiie  in  from  the  pii)\  iliee.s.  In  tho 
ueeouiit  of  tho  royal  otlieials  of  .luiie,  ).")•_'■_',  tho  total  f,'old  meltecl  lietwceii 
Sejpteinl)er  l.'):_'l  and  May  Id,  \7vll,  is  <,'iven  at  1(14,404  ]ies(n  (evidently  do 
oro)  iiieludiii'ii  idl  i;htained  since  the  lli;,'ht  from  Mexioo.  Tin;  royal  lifth  on 
this,  on  laves,  etc.,  hut  not  on  niihroUeii  jewels,  uiuoiintcd  to  48,Ul(0  and  odd. 
I'mlii '■■m\\i\  ('.irili-itnx.  Col.  JJar.,  xii.  '2'M  S. 

'"('aliian  los  de  a  eauallo  a  cien  pesos.'  Ih'niiil  Diaz,  \\\A  sup.  .TikIi'iiil; 
from  f'lnncr  statt'iiieuts  this  sliouM  rea<l  pesos  di;  oro.  A  horse  at  this  tliiio 
cost  fi'oln4."iOto.")Uv)i  esos.alircloeU  |()0[)esos,ote.  rrobaiizadu  Lejahle,  in  /(•  .z- 
lntln!(u  I'ol.  J)'i,:,  i.  417;  C.iinam,  /lis/.  .1/-r.,  -Ji:!. 

"  Ainon^  the  secret  ihar;;es  l)i'ou;.rht  out  at  the  later  resiih^neia  was  that 
Cortes  had  tho  custody  of  tho  ollieial  dies  f.  ir  t  narking' gold,  and  liy  llii  i  mi;Mi.4 
defrauded  tho  crown  of  si.nie  70,0(10  cistellanos.  i ',,,■!■'■■•',  /'r<:(/iiiriii,  i.  Ki.'i, 
'Jo7.  ■'■eo  alio  note  U.  A  little  consideration  vould  have  shown  tho  credulous 
soldier:!  <'iat  their  estimate  of  treasures  wa.s  inordinate.  ])urin^'  .Montezuiiia"ti 
time,  v.lieii  tlio  treasury  was  li;lle,;t,  the'  suneuder  of  its  oiitiro  contents, 
toLCetlur  n.di  eontriliutious  from  provincial  towns  and  riihi.^,  brou,'j;ht  ahoiit 
(j(i:),0!JJ  j)c;s.):(  do  oro  to  t!ie  ex]ieililioii  coU'ers.  A  consideralile  part  of  this  wn.-t 
eariieil  away  hy  the  lleeiii;,'  army,  and  a  larL;or  portion  of  it  lost  in  tho  lake. 
The  prcicnt  s]ioil  must  he  assumed  to  have  come  iumi  Vvliat  tho  .Vztecs  rooov- 
ored  of  tho  lost  ]iortion,  ami  from  tlu;  contrilmtious  since  rc^ci  ived  from  tho 
provinces.  'I'hese  mu.  t  have  heon  mea^'rc,  .'-.ineo  tho  towns  and  rulers  iiad  heeii 
pluiid(;red  of  most  valuahles,  and  since  hut  Uw  would  conlrilmto  to  tho  now 
luunhlod  and  idoiatod  capital  city.    From  those  existing  treasures  the  maraud- 


0  REBUILDING  OF  MEXICO. 

It  was  rcatlilj  believed  that  lie  had  secured  for  him- 
selt',  l>esides  the  iii'th  granted  to  him  by  the  agreement 
at  Villa  llica,  and  a  sum  to  repay  him  ibr  certain  losses, 
the  ricl)cst  treasures  revealed  by  the  tortured  cap- 
tives. The  exaggerated  estimate  ot'xVztec  wealth,  based 
on  native  testimony,  and  impressed  by  the  bombast  of 
the  adherents  of  Cortes,  was  too  deeply  rooted  in  the 
minds  of  the  soldiers  to  be  eradicated  by  argument, 
although  a  little  reflection  convinced  a  few  of  the 
more  thoughtful  how  unreasonable  their  expectations 
had  been. 


The  general  occupied  at  this  time  a  palace  at  Coyu- 
huacan,  and  on  its  white  coating  the  soldiers  i'ound  an 
outlet  for  their  feelings  which  they  dared  not  openly 
exjiress.  Inscribed  upon  the  wall,  for  several  morn- 
ings, in  prose  and  verse,  appeared  honest  comj)laints 
and  malicious  attacks.  ]\lost  of  them  were  irom  the 
men  of  Narvaez,  to  judge  from  the  allusions  to  Cortes 
as  an  upstart  and  usurper,  who  hatl  come  to  reaj)  Vvhat 
Velazcpiez  had  sown,  and  who  would  soon  descend  to 
his  proper  low  level.  l*ridiug  himself  b(.)th  on  his  wit 
and  poetry,  Cortes  stooped  to  add  Jiis  couplets  of 
retort,  only  to  encourage  the  libellers  to  more  out- 
raii'eous  utterances.  Finallv,  at  Father  Ulmedo's 
suggestion,  a  notice  was  posted  forbidding  such  pas- 
(piinades  under  heavy  penalty.^- 

The  discontent  was  partly  due  to  the  inability  of 

inn  allies  must  have  secured  n  portion,  and  the  fortunate  white  sackcrs  another. 
lli'iiLC  i\u)  ;iiiiouiit  socured  for  the  i'S]K(lilioi'  cauuot  ho  coiit^idurcd  mucli  hclow 
V  li;it  bhoukl  have  been  extieeted.  Little  could  havo  been  cast  iulo  llio  l;.ke, 
or  itarpoaely  hidden  jjy  the  Aztecs,  ,iltIiou,^di  ii  eoiitiiiry  opinion  is  li.iU  videly 
ehcrisliud  even  hy  staid  historians.  As  fur  the  amounts  ti.i])i)o'".-d  lo  have  hoe'u 
jiri\iitcly  Bceured  liy  Cortes,  ehii'lly  fi-oni  the  treasures  tilun  iiway  dm  in.<  iho 
Sorrowful  Xi,i;ht,  no  proof  vasever  hrouglitto substantiate  tlien;  lieiioihjulit 
took  care  to  (jbtain  a.  certain  share,  but  lie  al.-o  exjuiiucd  it  freely,  in  ij  iidin<f 
to  tlio  Islands  for  war  stoi'cs,  horsis,  and  ])i\)visi<ins,  in  bu]ipl\  iu.;  t  ;:en;s  in 
bribery,  and  what  not.  It  is  not  likely  that  ho  eoiiltl  have  aeeateel  iiuy  largo 
uniounts  for  himself  from  tin;  ])reheiit  npoils. 

'-liernal  Diaz  names  several  \'ela/(|Uez  men  who  led  in  this  word  likirniish. 
Alvarado,  Dlmedo,  ;;nd  othei-.s  itropobed  that  the  total  treasure  shuuld  be  t;et 
iipart  for  the  wounded  an<l  disabled,  ami  it  was  hoprd  that  this  would  indueu 
Coitts  to  fiurreuder  iigoo.tly  share;  but  nothing  was  done.  Jkntal  Jjin:,  JJUt. 
Wrdad.,  lotj. 


THE  rOOn  ROBBERS. 


lity  of 

another. 

Ii-'.l  hcloW 
IlIio  l;.kc, 
ll  wi.U'ly 
lavo  I  icon 
luiii,-,'  ii>" 

|l'.()ll'iullt 
{l  \;   l\diu<^ 

I  ;;oii'.3  in 

^kinuish. 
JiUl  be  i;et 
iiuUioo 
Iffc;,  Hid, 


the  soldiers  to  pay  for  the  clothes,  arms,  and  other 
supplies  obtained  on  credit  in  Cuba  and  from  sup- 
ply vessels,  or  to  satisfy  doctors  and  other  per- 
sons clamoring  for  money.  The  remedy  ai)plied  by 
Cortes  was  to  appoint  two  able  and  esteemed  aj)- 
praisers,  who  determined  upon  the  validity  and  amount 
of  every  claim,  and  on  finding  the  debtor  unable  to 
pay  granted  him  a  ivspito  of  two  years.  Another 
measure  to  relieve  the  linaneial  strait  was  to  lower 
the  standard  of  goltl  by  three  carats,  so  as  to  counter- 
act the  rapacity  of  the  tradei's;  but  the  latter  raised 
tlvir  pilces  even  more  than  enough  to  cover  the  <lif- 
feri'iice,  and  the  soldiers  rt.inained  the  losers.  This 
gold,  known  as  tcpuzqitc,  the  native  name  for  copper, 
fell  more;  and  more  into  discredit  as  unprinci[)led  })er- 
soiis  acKled  to  the  alloy,  and  some  years  later  it  was 
willuhawn  from  circulation  in  jmyment  of  certain  dues 
and  lines.  The  name  of  tepuzque  lingered  in  the 
vocal  lularv,  however,  and  was  ajiplied  also  to  persons 
and  tliin<j[s  luivinu"  a  false  ufloss." 

Fm tiler  disc(jntent  was  caused  by  an  order  for  the 
surrender  of  the  wives  and  daughters  of  prominent 
Azt(>rs  seized  by  the  soldiers.  The  demand  had  been 
made  ly  (^uauhtcmotziu  and  other  leading  captives, 
in  accordance  with  the  promises  extended  at  the 
capitulation,  and  could  hardly  be  ignored,  though  the 
(.'tlorts  to  carry  out  the  order  were  ivluctant  enough, 
^lany  of  the  fair  captives  were  hidden;  others  had 
aleady  Ix'cn  reconciled  to  a  I'hange  of  lords  with  the 
aid  of  baubles  and  blandishments,  and  the  rest  wei-e 
nearly  all  induced  to  declare  their  unwillingness  to 

"  III  ( liiiiniijiKito  silver  of  inferior  staniliird  is  still  culled  ptntn  dp  tepiizron, 
AhiiiKiii.  hi-^'i-t..  i.  i.")S.  The  niuni(.i;>ality  of  Mt'viio  on  April  IJ,  l.V-'fi, 
ordered  the  eoinay.i  of  tepu/mio  ),'old  into  iiiecen  of  1,  '_>,  ai\d  4  toniiiies,  and  I, 
ii,  and  4  pesos.  Jly  Alienist  nearly  ;{,(»()()  j)csos  liad  heen  isj^iied.  Lihntih'  Cii- 
I'dilo,  Mn.  The  icmetlies  weio  extended  also  to  the  soldiers  at  Villa  liiea  and 
other  i>laees,  whi.so  share  in  tlie  spoils  had  lieeii  made  eipial  to  that  of  the 
netivo  l)esien;ers,  in  order  to  keep  them  content  with  j,'arrisoii  life.  I'lirhiro 
and  ( '•u-iliiriin,  ( 'ol.  J)i,c.,  xxvi.  .">  10.  In  the  following  i>a,i,'es  is  given  the  ti'xt 
of  tho  eoutr.iet  hetueeii  ('(jrtes  and  the  expedition  foree;),  wherein  ht  is 
uranled  one  'iltli  in  consideration  for  his  duties  and  extra  cxpeusea.  It  iu 
dated  August  (i,  lult). 


8  REBUILDING  OF  MEXICO. 

return,  chieflv  under  tlic  shielding  excuse  that  idola- 
try had  become  unendurahle  after  the  revelations  of 
Christian  doctrines  and  practices.'^ 

The  question  of  pai amount  interest  now  was,  what 
to  do  with  the  captured  city,  and  in  order  to  scrUle  it 
a  conference  was  held  at  Coyuliuacan.  A  stronij^l'old 
was  certainly  needeil  in  the  valley  to  assure  its  ]);)sses- 
sion,  and  since  this  must  evidently  become  llie  capital 
of  the  new  em[)ire,  the  site  required  careful  consider- 
ation. The  majority  at  once  inclined  towaul  Mexico, 
endeared  to  their  mind  by  the  recollection  of  lier 
architectural  beauties  and  by  her  strikini'"  situation, 
all  eidianced  by  the  difficulties  and  cost  of  life  con- 
nected with  the  capture.  This  l>ias  was  suj^jxnted  by 
the  undeniable  strategic  value  of  the  positit)n  in  l)eing 
prt)tected  on  all  sides  by  water,  the  j)rim;ny  induce- 
ment, indeed,  which  had  led  the  Aztecs  to  choose  the 
site.  This  also  nlforded  free  play  to  the  movements 
of  the  imposing  fleet,  both  for  defence  and  lor  con- 
trolling the  lake  districts.  There  were  several  ])ers()ns, 
jiowever,  who  t)bjected  to  the  site.  In  case  of  re\()]t 
the  natives  might  cut  the  cnu^eways,  and  by  aid  of 
the  besieging  mana'uvres  taught  I)}"  the  Spaniards 
render  their  situation  on  the  island  most  precarious. 
Kven  if  the  fleet  jirevented  this  danger  to  a  certain 
extent,  it  would  be  difficult  to  obtain  su})plies,  and, 
above  all,  the  cavalry,  the  most  effective  instrument 
for  intimidation  and  control,  would  be  rendered  useless, 
while  allies  would  be  less  able  to  cooperate.  A  minor 
objection  was  the  prospect  of  inundations,  wliich  after- 
ward became  the  most  serious  danger  of  the  city. 
This  party  prefei'red  Ccyuhuacan,  or  rather  I'ezcuco, 
which,  stiengthened  with  a  wall  on  the  land  sicK-,  and 
open  to  the  lake,  offered  equal  facilities  to  fleet  and 
cavalry  movements,  and   to   intercourse  with  allies, 

'*'Y(lcsta  manera  no  UcMinroii  siiio  tivs.'  licnuil  Diaz,  /lint.  Vn-dinl., 
l-'iiS,  I>\ir:in  jisMiiiH's  tliiit  iiidst  of  those  taken  ilurin  tho  last  days  uf  tlio 
6iege  wciiis  nrrendei't'il.   HiM.  IiuL,  Ms.,  ii.  510. 


MUXICirALITY  CREATED. 


;n  (it  \.\w 


•while  supplies  would  be  olieaper  and  of  ready  aocoas.^^ 
Cortes  decided  in  i'avor  of  the  inajority,  ho\vev(!r,  and 
jnaiiitaiued  that  the  presti'j^e  of  the  city  throughout 
the  country  was  also  a  matter  of  consecjuenc-e."^ 

^fexico  being  accordingly  chosen  for  the  capital, 
nuuiicij)al  oHicers  were  apj)(»inted  by  Cortes  I'roni 
among  the  Uviding  men,  witii  Pedro  do  Alvarado  as 
leading  alcalde.''  l^rompt  measures  were  taken  to  open 
the  streets  and  remove  the  ruins,  l^cfore  this  a  host 
of  nati\es  had  been  sent  in  to  take  away  the  dead 
and  clean  the  houses,  while  largo  fires  througlujut  the 
inf(>cted  quarters  assisted  to  purity  the  atmosjihere. 
These  sanitary  measures  wore  the  more  neces.sary  in 
view  of  the  prospective  diseases  to  follow  in  the  wake 
of  disper.-  ing  denizens  of  the  ca[)ital,  and  to  arise  from 

'■'''.)/'/•.•(,  Jt'ciii/iiirifi,  i.  07.  Thc^io  olijcL'tioiis  were  renewed  nt  intervals, 
nnd  in  u  lolti  r  to  ilu;  kin;,'  of  ])ec.  l.">,  1. >'_'."»,  Contailor  A'lioino/.  repic  luad 
tiiiit  u,  nuinlji-  ul  the  eiti/.onrt  desireil  a  removal  to  eiilier  ( '.iynliu:;can  or  'IV.:- 
ineo,  xisinv;  iu  tlie  main  the  aryumentH  fiivon.  1'iie  removed  eouM  lio  eli'ei-!ed 
wiiiiin  >  i\  months,  and  the  name  of  the  eity  niiLjht  Ih^  retained.  ( '(irt't,  in  I'-:  z- 
hiliiti,  Cul,  Jjoi'.,  i.  .'iUii-S.  Jiater  projeetrt  for  removal  v.ero  ha.ied  on  tlio 
danger  I'rom  inuniiaiion.s  an  will  lie  seen,  tlioiiudi  the  extent  then  acepiin  d  l.y 
the  eiiy  made  il  more  diliieult.   See  ('■jia/n.  /,'(!.,  i.  -l-d. 

'"  J  nil  he  addiicers  as  a  main  rea-:oii  i:i  tlie  letter  to  the  kincj.  Cirln",  'I'^'l, 
WW.  'i'ur  tener  ;dli  sugetos  .'i  Ioh  Vnilion  |ior(jiieno  .so  le  relje!a'-;eu  miidaiidi) 
•5uin,'  is  the  aildilional  reason  of  Duraii.    Hist.  Iml.,  M.S.,  ii.  ol.'l. 

'As  siieh  he  li;^uri3  already  in  1  )ee.  l.VJl.  /'tic/n  m  inii\  <  'lirtlciinn.  Col. 
/)<)■■.,  wvi.  iiO-l,  so  tiiat  the  rehnildim,'  nuist  have  l)(\L;un  iu  that  year,  and 
lull  laier,  HA  many  supiiose.  ( )\\  ini;  to  tiie  los.s  of  the  lir.st  year'.s  reeord  in  iho 
Lie  of  liiic',  ihe  namea  of  the  lirst  reiiidoreMare  unknown.    At  lir.st  no  i'e;,fular 

I Iv  v>....i  kept,  v,  herein  to  reeord  their  nets,  'sino  itapele.s  e  nvjnioiias.'  I/Jirn 

lie  I  'nil,  III  I,  .Ni.S.,  Dee.  l!d,  I.VJ7.  The  lirst  of  the  preservi  d  reeonhiisdaUd  March 
S.  l.")J-l,  and  jrive.i  tlic  altendin;.,'  mendier.i  of  the  eoiiueil  a;;:  Franeisi-o  di'  laH 
( ',i.>as,  aleaUU;  mayor,  llaehuler  ()rteL;a,  alcalde  ordinario,  liernaldiiio  Va::.iuez 
de  'lapia,  llouzalo  do  (Jcampo,  llodri:;o  ih  I'a/,  ,Iuan  do  llinojoui,  ;:nd  AIoHjO 
Xaramiilo,  rei:idores,  Irauei.seo  de  Orduiia.  aclinL;  usi  secretary.  Tiie  fx'.ssiona 
v.ire  f.ir  ii  1  m^  time  held  in  (/orte.s'  house.  Tne  nio.;t  interestin;,' are  those 
irom  l.i-Jl  to  l.iJi)  inclusive,  whicli  take  up  the  history  of  Mexico,  io  to  Kpeak, 
from  the  time  CortO.i  liuve.s  it  in  his  eeh  Imited  letters,  recordin;.,'  the  ac:*  (  f 
the  eventful  inti'rre;,'iium  peiiods  lunler'  Sa!a;:ar,  I'once  de  liion,  A^uilar,  and 
J!str.id;i,  and  incliidmi,'  the  doings  of  tin-  lir- 1  uudiencia.  .My  copy,  ipiot;  il  a.s 
J.iliro  ill'  (  uliilili,  ia  il  manuscript  in  'idO  folio  pa;res,  taken  fidmthe  volume 
rescued  hy  tile  savant  Si„'ueu/a  y(ion';or:i  from  the  liie  of  .luue  S,  ]i\'.)J, 
starteil  liy  a  lnin';ry  rabble.  He.  i'des  the  mites  from  his  hand,  it  coniains 
aato_'i,iph  annotaiiuns  by  tlie  Ic.uncl  .''iih.'irdo,  and  fornw  a  jrem  in  llie  col- 
lection oluained  by  me  lioin  the  Maximi.ian  Idiiraiy.  l>y  roy;d  decree  of 
Oetobci'  -22,  I.j;i,  Mexico  v,as  aUowed  I'J  rc.^'idore.s,  as  a  token  of  f.iMir.  and 
two  yean  later  tlie  t,overei,'n  himself  appointeil  one  in  the  jierson  of  Alonso 
rere/..  .1/r  <•.,  i'.jlrn-t^)itil,-  Vidi'l'it,  .MS.,  'J,  :t,  all  of  v.hieh  relate.!  to  the  decreed 
tonijiiii','  the  city.  Lh'mv,  all  leai.ing  ciiiea  were  alK)V,ed  l'2  regidorcs.  Uifup. 
t/.  Jiiilris,  ii,  ;,;l. 


10 


REBUILDING  OF  JIEXICO. 


a  scarcity  of  provisions  in  the  valley,  whore  the  fields 
had  heen  ravo'j^ed  to  sonic  extent  bclbre  the  sieixc,  a.nd 
since  despoiled  by  army  foraj^ers.'^ 

A  plan  was  drawn  for  a  Spanish  quarter,  centring 
round  (he  S(juarc  already  jn-eiiniinent  with  imperial 
})alaces  and  the  loading-  temple  in  Anuliiiac,  once  con- 
secrated to  Christian  worship.  This  v.'as  the  aristo- 
cratic Tenochtitlan,  a  name  long-  preserved  even  in 
otiicial  I'ccords  under  the  corrupt  form  of  Temixtitan. 
It  was  separated  by  si  wide  canal  from  tlie  Indian 
quarter,  which  centred  chiefly  round  Tlatelulco,  re- 
garded as  plebeian  long  before  the  conquest.  Only  a 
small  part  was  covered  by  the  plan,^*^  beyond  which 
the  houses  afterward  extended  in  strikincr  irreuularity 
as  compared  with  those  in  the  older  quarters.  In 
addition  to  the  throe  regular  causeways  two  more 
were  added,  the  support  along  the  aqueduct  from 
Chapultepec  being  enlarged  to  a  road.'"^  The  'I'laco- 
pau  road,  or  rather  Tacuba,  as  it  was  henceforth 
termed,  soon  became  a  sort  of  elongated  suburb, 
owing  to  the  numerous  vegetable  gardens  which 
sprang  up  on  either  side  of  it.  The  famous  levee 
v\hich  protected  the  southern  front  of  the  city  from 
the  waters  of  Xochimilco  Lake,  and  had  served  as  a 
resort  for  traders  and  jtromenaders,  was  strengthened 
and  named  San  Lazaro."^ 

The  (juarter  was  laid  out  in  rectangular  blocks,  the 


'.'V 

I 


a. 


'"  'I,a  tcrccra  placra  iii6  una  mny  pi'an  hainln'o  liic^o  como  fiu'  tomada  la 
ciiulad,'  irt  .Mnioliiiia'H  strong,'  dcscriiition  of  it,  and  even  tlic  Spaniards  wore 
pressi'd  fcr  v.ant  (if  maize.   J/i.-^f.  Jml.,  i.  17. 

'"  'I'lio  limits  ajijicar  to  have  been  nearly,  t'alle  dc  la  Santifima  on  ttio  cast, 
San  <  leidnimo  or  San  .Mi;,'uel  on  the  south,  Santo  Domingo  on  the  north,  Santa 
Ibaliel  un  the  west.  Akuitnii,  J'l-^i'it.,  ii.  ]!)8. 

-"WtaiK'urt  writes  tuvard  the  eloso  of  tiic  17th  century:  '  I'ntrase  en  la 
Ciudad  ]ior  sei.s  ealsadas,  las  tres  antlLTuas  de  (iuadalupo  a  el  Norte,  dc  Ta- 
cuba ill  roniente,  y  la  de  S.  Anton  al  Medio  dia,  y  pnr  otras  tres  <]  lii/ieroii 
los  llspanoles,  {or  la  de  la  I'ied.ad,  jior  la  de  la  Chaindteiiec.  y  la  de  Santi;igo 


A  I 


oniente. 


Traf.  J/r 


(  ep 


da.  Hi  I.  Ml  .v.,  i.  ;<,  4,  half  a  eciitnrv  earlier, 


n 


gives  the  Santia,i,'0  mad  a  Icnu'tli  of  ."),."i()()  varas  and  a  width  of  10;  the  Sa 
Anton,  7.lliiOliy  1(1;  its  I/.ta]ialai)an  extension  ."i,'_'llO  by  11;  the  ('lia]inltepeo 
y.OOi)  by  7;  the  Taeuba  •_*,.')()0  liy  \i.  'I'lie  latter  is  noiv  known  as  S.ui  Cosmc. 
^'  It  was  !l, 1)00  varas  long,  and  (i  wide,  and  had  7  o]Hiiinj:s,  eorres]M)nding 
to  t;o  many  <'anals  which  iiassed  thiouuli  to  tlie  lake.  These laiials  weie  from 
1,000  to  UjSOO  varas  louy.  /(/.     iSci:  Native  J!uctf,  ii.  500,  ct  bcij^.,  lor  dcscrip 


rUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE  HOUSES. 


11 


easforn  extension  being  twice  as  long  as  the  nortlicrn," 
and  (listiil)ute(l  among  the  intended  settlers,  with  tho 
usual  reservations  lor  public  buildings.-''  In  the  cen- 
tral part  hardly  any  (jf  tho  tilled  canals  were  reopened, 
but  beyond  tiic  main  channels  were  left  intact,  and 
spanned  by  stone  bridges.-*  Ot"  the  two  S(|uares  in 
the  Spanish  ([uarter  by  tar  the  largest  was  the  i'ormer 
central  temple  court,  serving  now  also  for  market- 
])lace,  round  which  were  reserved  sites  tor  church,  con- 
vent, gubernatorial  palace,  town-hall,  jirison,  and  other 
public  buildings.-''  The  town-hall  was  begun  in  1528, 
only,  and  linished  four  years  later,  enlargements  hav- 
ing s])ee(lily  to  be  made.*"  Private  houses  were  erected 
on  a  scale  proportionate  to  the  means  and  aspirations 
oi"  tlie  owner,  both  large  in  so  far  as  an  abundance  of 
iVee  labor  and  material  was  concerned.     Tlie    main 


the.  cast, 
|h,  Santa 

li'ie  on  lii 
I.  do  Ta- 

li/.icroii 
■imitiMgi) 
■  carlitT, 

tho  San 
pultt'poo 
|i  Cii.snic. 

]i.iniUng 
li'vo  frt'iii 

ilcsciip 


ti"ii  (if  (iM  ^Mcxioo.  Orozco  y  Bcrra  incoiTcetly  places  the  central  tcnijilo 
1hi\vc(1i  ihc  main  Himtlurn  and  noi'tlicrn  avenues  instead  of  facin:,'  l)(it!i.  Tlii.s 
mill  suHie  cither  minor  errur.s  arc  iiroliaWy  due  to  a  liii>reailin;4  of  l.ilmj  do 
L'aliildo.     I  must  express  my  admiration  for  the  researc!ies  of  this  seliolar. 

'--Tlio  streets  Were  hut  Jl  vaias  wide,  Kuliieient  for  the  tralhe  of  early 
days,  hr.t  iineomfoi'tahly  narrow  in  later  times,  so  mueli  so  that  lit  villa  ( liu'edo, 
in  the  ei ;;!i!.eenth  lentury.  iiroposed  to  widen  them,  thouLlh  the  scheme  was  not 


carried  out.   Sec 

'■■  i: 

.•^1(1,  with  til 


Vil. 


am  VI 


/,  1 


oc.  ci 


t.;  Air 


iiiian. 


Disvit.,  ii.  ItH). 


coiKiuero 


ir  received  two  lots,  other  settlers 


Ccirtfx,   ''aiiii.^ 


ditionof  hnildinu'  a  house. 


niiiiiiii'r  iiossessio 


nf. 


r  ,1  vea'.s. 


V>\  ei'dula  of  l."):;^  two  (■nliaV(  riat  of  land  weie  j,'rantt-d  to  each  erinijuiror  near 
t'lc  town  ehosen  for  re:-idence.     'J'he  conditions  were  freipiently  cvaihd  Ly 


]'.iyMi;,'  an  indeiimity.  Sec  Liiiio  tin  t'nl 

June  1(1,  Xovendjcr  4.  l.-ii24,  and  iiassim;  JIc 

tenn  ijf  residence  was  aftcrtvard  reduced  to  4  years.   Ufop.  <le  Ltdl 


il'llQ  tin   i'llhildo,  MS.,  M, 
k 


ircli 


■r<  rii,  lice,  in 


lib. 


il  1, 
V.  ca]i.  ii. 


Tho 

III.,  i.  4'.(,i-!),  ior  laws  coni'crnin  ,'  the  loundim;  of  settlenients. 

•'  One  rea  ;on  for  lillin;^  tho  smaller  channels  was  the  fetid  odory  which  rose 

from  their  iludlow  waters.  Gumani,  JJi^t.  Jle.c,  "JJJo-O.     Cedar  piles  wore 


Ji.'st.  c<„t.  A 


jft  1 


oniuemai 


ii'.teic^ 


la's  d 


'i 


cscription  in 


the  be 


liti''  of  the  seventeenth  century  ia 


lO  plazas  are  ;!,  all  connected,  the  principal  being  in  front  of  tho 


cathedral.  The  northern  extension  is  the  I'lazuela,  del  .^ 


lanpics,  so  named  Ironi 


CorUo'  I'.ouses,  while  the  south-eastern  is  the  i>Ur.iul't  il</  rlr,  y,  fomu  rly  known 
as  ('/  vi./fulir,  liwtl  now  also  known  as  (/c  Id.tr.-inn-.'if,  from  theschool  i,  the  lli'sfc 

leof 


li'^  wc:;a'rn  ri 


name  comiir,'  from  the  viceregal  palace  with  its  oliicers.     T 

the  main  pki;:a  was  occupied  liy  traders,  the  southern  by  tho  citydiall  and 


I" 


•7.  Jiiil 


1.   -l'.!'.). 


The  lirst  reservation  for  it  covered  0  lots.     The  neglect  to  build 


causiM 


I 


the  lots  to  be  occupied  by  citizens,  but  a  decree  ot  December  10,  l"i7.  resforccl 
them  to  the  city.     IJuildin^  bc;:an  April  17,  l.VJS,  and  the  cnr.ncil  took  ]io«ses- 


.May  10,  1. 1:\-2.     Adjoiuin,'  buildings  were  jairchased  at  dil.'erenl  times, 
) ."")  .\eais  later,  so  as  to  contain  also  jiublie  ;.'i'anury  and  sl,-iu,uhtcr-house. 


;i'.»t. 

In  lOlUihebuil 


dnig  uas  lircd  by  a  f:imine-stricken  mob.   See  Lifjfii  da  Cuhlli/u, 


MS.;  aLo  Mexican  supplement" to  X'/cc.  i'liiv.,  viii.  i>- 


12 


HKBUILDINfJ  OF  MKXICO. 


effort  wns  to  rciidor  the  buildiniifs  strong*  in  casi'  of 
an  n])risiii<j^,  and  with  this  view  stone  and  masonry 
^vol•k  was  th(>  rule,  and  towers  could  he  erected  at  each 
ct)rner,  wliicli  assistiul  to  oive  thcni  an  iiu])osiiitr 
ai)|)earan(^e.  The  ])ains  bestowed  on  architeetui'al 
enilx'll'shnuMits,  wlierein  churches  and  convents  al'tei'- 
ward  look  the  lead,  jjroved  a  salutary  exani])le  to  tiic 
(•onnnuiiity,  to  jud«^'e  i'roni  Cortes'  enthusiastic;  assui-- 
ance  to  the  eini)eror  that  within  a  few  years  the  citv 
would  take  the  lirst  I'ank  in  the  world  lor  po[)ulation 
and  fine  edifices.-^ 

Tlu^  ^cnei'al  Jiimself  built  two  fine  houses  on  the 
sites  of  the  old  and  new  ]>alaces  of  Montezuma,  located 
ri'sjicctively  in  tlie  western  and  south-eastein  parts 
of  the  ancient  square.-'  "^rhey  were  constructed  with 
ij^i'eat  sti'enn'tli,  particularly  the*  ''outh-eastern,  which 
contained  more  than  one  interior  court,  and  was  ])ro- 
tected  by  a  projectlniv  tower  at  each  corner,  and  lihcr- 
ally  ])rovi(led  with  embrasures  and  loop-hoK's.  SevcMi 
thousand  beams  are  saitl  to  have  been  employeil  in  the 
construction.'-'  Streno-tli  was  not  the  only  object  of 
these  ('(Mitrally  located  Iiouses,  l)ut  also  proht,  tlie 
lower  story  of  one  at  least  beiny  divided  into  shops, 


-■  'Do  lioy  en  tiiu'o  afioa  spr.i  l;i  iiiii:^  nolilc  y  populosa  ciiuLid  quo  liaya  cii 
lo  polilailo  ilcl  iiuiiulo,  y  ilo  incjivrcs  {ililit  io:;.'  (  V(/V(/y,  ."ilO.  'Xiiiiui  I'iit.i  in 
S[>a;^';na  per  ^i  j;i'au  tratU)  Ilia  ini^'lioit-  no  ])iii  ;;i;ii!o.'  Anon.  I'dniiuoror,  in 
Ji(i.,:i/si ),  V'di'i'j',  iii.  .''lO;).     llo  oxlolj  pai'tioularly  ilio  lator  DdUiinioan  cnnvont. 

'-''Soo  vol.  i.  tliap.  xvi.  In  tlio  royal  o,  ilnla  of  July  l.l'jl),  /.;i;;nlin^,'  to 
Corto.s  those  r.itos,  tlionow  ]ialaoo  is  tlosorilinl  a:)  hounil'.'il  liy  t!io  !(j(iaro  and 
tlio  l.:tap:-,!ap;!n  roiul,  and  ( -ouih  and  oast)  liy  tlio  stroot.i  <f  (lon/alo/.  kV'  'Iru- 
jillo  and  .M:ntin  J-opo/.  tlio  .^liiiwri^lit.  'J'lu'  old  jialaoo  v.i  houmloil  l>y  tlio  now 
stroot  of  Taonha,  and  that  loa.lin;.;  to  San  ]"r;;noisco.  and  (^^•o:it\\al■^l)  liy  tlio 
liousts  of  ItanTol,  l'aif:in,  Torrazas,  and  /anindio.  Jc'i'J)"Jc(  'ii.  Col.  J)iic.,  ii. 
12>i-".l;  y'(.'(/i(  'oand  t'dnleiKis,  Col.  JJoc,  xiii.  i!l,'i-14.  Tho  now  ]ialaoo-^itc  wad 
Bold  by  Corti's'  .son  to  tho  yovornniont  on  Jann;irv  'J!),  l.>()_',  and  tho  viooiv_;;d 
Jialaoo  I'oso  nj.on  it.  Tlio  oM  palaoo  liountU'd  to  the  sido  ind  loaf  liy  tho 
Btrcotii  of  rialoros  and  La  Fiofosa,  or  S:'.n  .ioso  ol  Iloal,  soi'vod  r.p  to  that  time 
for  govornniont  ])urpos(-.s.  linnihr-.,  y^uliciaK  tic  Mi.c.,  in  Mouiiiiuiito.i  J)oiiiiii. 
L'.ijK,  ^IS.,  Xo.  (!,  ;n;il,  ctsoii;  ('(ir'cjal  L'.^/ihio-ity  IH<'.  M(.>:.  ii.  'JJI---_'.  Tho 
Iztapalajiau  road  was  afterward  eallod  ilol  Koloj.  ('alio  di'  la  CoLula,  loading' 
to  tlio  ro  ir  of  tho  ni'W  j-alaoo,  sonthward,  v.as  t-.o  oallod  from  an  i'liilmsli 
diiiiiii^  tho  .«io;^e.  Almiifiii,  J)!.<(  rl.,  ii.  'J!/,"- 1  ■_',  "J.-iT  -•'!.  Huniholdt.  J'<ai  Pol.,  i. 
l!ti>,  mi.  loads  Tresoott  and  olhei':i  about  the  location  of  the  old  palace,  and 
])hu'os  tho  now  wlioro  tho  old  really  stood. 

'-•' '  (^>uo  \  n;i  vi;,'a  do  eodro  ton,i,'a  cionto  y  voyntc  pios  do  largo,  y  doze  do 
gordo. .  .^]uadnldil.'  Uoinuro,  Wist.  JIcv.,  '2oo, 


FURTIIKR  DICSTRUCTIOX. 


IS 


linya  ni 
L'iita  in 
HUTor,  ill 
■(invent, 
ntin:;  to 
Kuv  iniil 
do  'Iru- 
{]m  ni'W 
liy  t'.io 
J ),,'(-.,  ii. 
-.■-itc  wa.-i 
ioi'iv,.;;'.! 
ly  tlK! 
.hat  time 
I  iviii'm. 
•J.    Tho 
,  leading,' 
i'lnlmsli 
a\PvL.\. 
ikao,  ami 

Joze  do 


wliicli  vic'Mod  ji  c()iisi(K>ral)lt'  rcvcMUU"."''  ^^tv  similar 
to  the  houses  of  (  'oi'tcs  was  lliat  of  l?(>(lro(l(^  Alvara(l(», 
situated  iu  IVont  of  the  arsenal.  This  [u-oxiiuity  was 
ohji'cted  to  l>v  tho  royal  ollici'rs,  wlio  suspended  tho 
construction  till  [>otent  reasons  were  produced  to  over- 
ruK'  th(!  ordi-r."'' 

A  ereat  proportion  of  tho  material  was  obtained 
from  tho  existint^  edilices  an<l  I'uins,  tho  incentive 
foi'  tt-arinj^  them  down  IjoiiiL''  inci'eased  by  tin?  hope 
of  lindinj.^  treasurt>.  At  this  ])ait  of  the  work  tho 
Spaniards  wi're  Ibivuiost,  and  in  their  vandalistio 
strife  monument  after  monument  of  Nahua  art  was 
ra/ed,  ])articularly  the  iiner  edilices.  J*]ven  the  hui^-o 
])yraiuidal  structures  supportinj^  the  tem])les  disap- 
))rai'i'd,  for  within  them  were  graves  of  princes  and 
nobles,  known  to  contain  treasure.  Materials,  es[)e- 
cially  lor  facades,  were  also  obtained  from  tho  many 
(piarrles  in  tho  neij^liborbood,  notably  tetzontli,  a  I'ed, 
])orous,  Vet  hard  stone,  and  a  kind  of  porphyry."*'  Oak, 
cedar,  and  ey[)i-ess  were  abundant  round  tho  lake,  and 
ill  till'  surroundinj^  hills.  Althouj^di  tliei-e  was  no  lack 
of  carriei's  to  fell  and  convey  timber,  the  Spaniards, 
with  ;i  disrei^ard  fostered  by  tho  nude  and  arid  soil 
of  Castile,  allowed  the  eroves  and  foi'ests  near  the 
lake-shores  to  be  ruthlessly  cut  down,  thus  increasini^ 
the  evaporation  which  soon  left  the  lake  ports  high 
and  dry,  bonK^red  by  salt-marshes. 

The  lirst  and  most  im])oitant  structure  in  the  <'ity 
M'as  the  arsenal,  with  its  f»)i'tiiie(l  docks  for  shelterin<j^ 
the  fleet.  ]t  was  situatc^l  north-east  of  tho  main 
S(piare,  at  tho  Ibi-mcr  terminus  of  the  Calle  do  la 
Perpetua,''"'  round  a  basin  which  had  been  used  for 

'"  Fiftenn  tliousanil  ciistcllanos  a  year,  says  a  witness  ('nirin;,'  the  lator  rcsi- 
(loncia.  Another  iiuints  to  the  strong  eonHtruetioii,  with  towers,  as  a  si,i.'n  of 
(lish)yal  intentions  (.n  t'.iites'  jiart.  Tlio  two  houses  oicupieil  'Jl  hits',  ami 
were  creeted  with  aid  of  crown  nhives— Ijoth  exa;,';,'e rated  Bt.ilcnients  as  will 
bo  shown  atterward.  Ci, rt,.<^  Jli^iil,  iirki,  i.  47,  1)1),  1 1  l-l'J. 

^'  The  niarriaj,'o  of  f;overnor  Estrada's  tUuii^hter  to  .Toi-gc;  ilc  Alvaraih).   A/. 

'"  ■  ')■  iL'hl-siiatii  vitreiix  et  di'pourvu  du  (quartz.'  Jlumlioklt,  L'.t.wi  Pvl.,  i. 
1(7.      See  also  _\'(t/irf  Jt'tt-tx,  ii.  'u>~. 

''  This  was  at  lirst  called  the  street,  of  the  atarazanas  (arsenal).  The  direc- 
tion IS  pretty  clear  in  Llbro  dc  CubiUfo,  MS.,  00,  101,  '210,  'JlJl,  'JiO,  iu  cou- 


u 


KEDUILDING  OF  MEXICO. 


ii 


a  harbor  by  the  Aztecs.  Two  battlcmetited  towers 
protected  the  entrance  to  tlie  dock,  and  formed  the 
extremes  of  the  strong  walls  leading  to  the  arsenal, 
which  fliced  the  street.  The  main  feature  of  this 
Iniilding  was  a  large  tower,  known  properly  as  the 
fort,  the  strongest  in  the  city.  Pedro  do  Alvarado  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  first  commandant;  and  Rodri- 
guez do  Villafuerte  took  charge  of  the  flcet.^     The 


W 

m 

^ 
"% 


:'i  I 


Mexico  Rebuilt. 
fort  concluded,  Cortes  regarded  the  city  as  secure;  and 

noction  with  grant  of  lots,  yet  Father  Pichardo,  one  of  tlic  liighcst  authorities 
on  tlic  history  of  Mexico  city,  places  it  at  the  tcrniimis  of  Santa  Teresa  street, 
',i  blocks  below,  wherein  he  is  followed  l)y  many  writers.  The  eastern  location 
was  required  to  give  the  Ucet  free  access  to  the  lake,  without  hiiideranee  from 
causeways. 

"'Oviedo,  iii.  .Tl?.  He  wont  for  a  vime  to  Zacatulaas  lieutenant.  Hcrrcra, 
dec.  iii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  viii.,  intimates  tliat  Villafuerte  was  also  niude  comniiind- 
nnt,  but  not  so  Bernal  Diaz,  Ifi^t.  V<  nlnd.,  ITiS,  whose  indication  of  Alvarado 
is  supported  by  the  fact  that  he  erected  his  house  in  front  of  the  fort.  I'edro 
de  Salazar  <lc  la  Pedrada  was  sent  out  in  \~fH\,  by  the  emperor,  to  take  charge 
of  the  fort,  and  nccure  it  iVoni  the  suspected  partisans  of  Cortes.  Samaniego 
was  lieutenant.  Purhcro  and  Cdnleiiiui,  Vol.  JJoc.,\in.  1571;  ('orti'",  E.frrilos 
Sii(llo<,  1I4-1.">.  Cortes  deseril)es  the  reception  place  for  the  vessels  as  '  un 
euerpo  do  casa  do  tres  naves,,  .y  tienen  la  puerta  pai-a  .salir  y  entrar  entro 
estas  (los  torres. '  (V/r/'i.v,  .'ilO.  The  Ueei  was  long  preserved  for  service,  to 
jud^e  by  MotoUniu's  statement,  '  estdn  boy  dia  en  laa  atarazauas,'  JJivt.  Ind., 
i.  lb. 


NEW  TASK-MASTERS. 


m 


vers 
the 
!nal, 
this 
the 
:» ap- 
kIi'i- 
Tho 


l 


aw 


litliovitics 

^1  street, 

1  location 

luce  fl'OUl 

iHcmia, 

ainniaiul- 
tvivaiiulo 
I'eilio 
IvC  charge 
liinauiogo 

lis  as  '  un 

|rar  eiitro 

prviee,  to 

\iHt,  I  lid.. 


took  foi'iiial  possession  with  the  army.  Xo  effort 
ap[)ears  to  have  been  made  to  erect  a  church,  and  tor 
several  years  a  hall  in  Cortes'  house  served  lor  chaj)el."'''' 
This  seems  a  strange  neglect  on  the  part  of  men  who 
came  in  the  guise  of  crusaders.  They  weio  more 
attentive  to  temporal  comforts  as  nianiicstcd  in  par- 
ticular hy  the  eagerness  to  introduce  water.  Indeed, 
one  of  the  first  measures  had  been  the  restoration  of 
the  aqueduct  which  in  Aztec  times  brought  water 
from  Chapultcpec,  about  two  miles  distant."''' 

"  Iiaze  and  tear  down,  yo  slaves,  but  all  must  bo 
rebuilt  with  your  own  hands  for  the  victor!"  Such 
had  been  the  taunting  prophecy  frequently  thrown 
into  the  teeth  of  the  allies  as  they  paved  a  way  for 
the  S[)aniards  through  the  city  of  the  Aztecs,  and 
tiulv  was  it  fuliilled,  for  the  task  of  rebuilding  Wii3 
ruthlessly  exacted  from  the  lake  allies,  though  the 
Aztecs  had  to  share  in  it.  It  was  also  necessary 
to  populate  the  city  to  obtain  hewers  of  wood  and 
drawers  of  water  and  other  purveyors  for  the  com- 
fort of  tlie  victors.     As  the  best  means  to  promote 

'^Testiuiony  of  Tapia  arnl  Mojia,  and  others,  in  Cortfs,  J^i.^iihwiti,  i. 
48,  !)1,  I'l"-*,  et  sc'cj.  Vetuncurt  leaves  the  impression  that  this  ehajxl  was 
iluilicaled  to  ^tJosepl\:  '  i'arroquia  vnieacjuc  era  do  I'^spafioles.'  Tr(it.M<  .c,  (5. 

^'The  orlLiiiial  was  construetcd  on  fi  causeway  of  solid  masonry  5  feet 
liiixh  and  o  leet  lnoad,  the  water  running  through  2  piiies  of  masonry  to 
diU'ereut  reservoirs  and  liraneli  pipes,  as  described  more  fully  in  Xk/^ci'  l!(Ut^, 
ii.  ."idVO.  Tliu  [ii]ies  w  ere  not  wholly  restored,  so  that  tlie  water  IIo«  ed  jiartly 
in  ojien  cr.nals.  'this  proving  ohjeetionahle  from  dust  and  refuse,  portions 
VI  re  oriU.'red  to  lie  covered,  and  on  August  'J(!,  l.")24,  Juan  <larridi)  -was  em- 
Jihjjed  at  a  salary  of  ."iij  pesos  do  oro  to  watch  over  it,  additional  men  lieing 
iilipointcd  as  tlie  nee<l  became  apparent.  I'art  of  the  beautiful  grove  of  (,'lia- 
pultepee  Vvasjictuaiiy  cut  down  to  prevent  leaves  fi'oiu  falling  into  the  spring. 
'J'lie  aipicduct  dill  not  extend  beycjnd  the  lir.-t  houses  on  the  Taculia  siik;  of 
the  city,  and  it  was  ]iropnsed  in  lo'J?  to  repair  the  aqueducts  of  <  'oynluiaeaii 
or  Huieliilobuseo,  and  extend  them  to  the  southern  suburb.  'J'liis'appeared 
too  cosLly,  and  eliorts  were  made  to  extend  tlie  Chajiultepec  a(|Uediict  to  the 
eenti'o  ot  tlie  city,  as  ap[icars  from  contracts  witli  the  municipalitv,  one 
dated  April  17,  1.V2S.  l/idm  ,!,■  Cahildo,  MS.,  17,  '2:i,  \m,  •22\,  etc.  Nothing 
appears  to  have  lieen  done,  however;  lor  the  ])rjcuradoies  in  Spain  demanded 
sjiecial  legidation,  and  by  order  of  September 'J'J,  l.");!!),  the  extension  to  tlio 
main  iilaza  wastlecreed,  tlu!  cost  to  be  apportioned  among  Spanish  and  native 
settlers.  '  l)e  lo  (water)  que  so  perdiere,  sc  podra  liazcr  vn  molino  para 
pivpios  de  la  dicha  eiiulad.'  J'ln/a,  I'ldularli,  (it;  Ahtmaii,  JJlsirt.,  li. 
'287-!ll.  Tills  work  was  eonehuhd  only  in  l.";{7.  The  iine  ai|ueduct  Tlas- 
paua  was  not  in  operation  till  the  midule  of  the  following  century. 


Id 


REBUILDINC  OF  MKXICO. 


tlic  return  of  the  inhabitants,  and  assuiv  tlnir  tifood 
conduct,  at  one  time  bv  no  means  ,sui)niissi\-e,  the 
cihuacoatl,  or  lieutenant,  ot*  Quauhtemotzin,  ^\ht»m 
Cortes  liad  known  in  ]\[ontczuma's  time,  was  j^iven  a 
similar  position  under  Cortes,  with  instructions  to 
bring  back  and  settle  the  ])eoj)le,  and  rule  them 
according  to  native  laws,  modified  to  some  extent  by 
S[)anish  regulations.  Some  of  these  involved  privi- 
leges which  tended  greatly  to  reconcilo  the  natives 
to  the  new  I'ule.  Special  districts,  with  certain  I'ran- 
chises,  were  also  granted  to  dilferent  chiel's  so  ns  to 
encourage  them  to  introduce  their  tribes.^"^  Other 
natives  were  also  allured  by  similar  offers,  while  cer- 
tain lords  and  towns  were  ordered  to  supply  and 
maintain  during  the  rebuilding  a  number  of  laborers 
and  artisans,  th(3  largest  force  coming  from  Tezeuco, 
in  accordance  with  an  agreement  made  by  Ixtlilxo- 
chitl  on  beinLT  raised  to  the  lonix-dcsired  throne  of 
his  ancestors."^  One  of  the  wards,  called  Tlascalte- 
capan  in  conuncmoration  of  its  capture  by  Tlascal- 
tecs,  was  granted  to  settlers  of  this  peo})le,  who 
rendered  good  service  in  maintaining  order  among 
the  ^Mexicans."'  AVhile  the  latter  settled  throughout 
the  city,  Tlateluco  became  the  head-quarters  for  the 
Aztecs. 

The  rebuilding  progressed  rapidly,  the  natives 
swarmin<jf  in  and  relievinuf  their  work  with  sonufs  and 
witticisms,  almost  frivolous  in  their  oblivion  of  past 
troubles,  and  resrardless  of  the  fetters  they  were  still 
ci)ntinuin<i:  to  forijc  for  themselves.  Their  ofreat 
lunuber  made  the  task-master's  whip  less  needful,  and 
the  only  apprehension  seemed  to  be  about  food,  which 
became  so  scarce  as  to  give  rise  to  diseases  under 

''  Cord's,  Ciirlax,  .308-9.  flomara  associates  Pedro,  the  son  of  Moiitcziinia, 
vith  the  cihuacoatl,  ami  gives  each  a  -ward  to  populate  and  rebuild.  JJisl. 
JJf.i:,  ^2'^^l•,  Jfrmra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  viii. 

^*Iiis  iianie.sakc  niagnilies  the  number  of  men  supplied  by  him  to  400,000. 
Ifi'V.  (.'nil  Idaihs,  ()0.    '  Haeiendo  ii  lus  Chalcos,  Tezcucanos  v  Xuchiniilcos  v 


Tepiine 


cas  tragesen 


.materialeti.'  J>iir(iii,  Hist.  Inil.,  MS.,  ii.  r)l'J. 


•'''•'It  is  now  called  San  Juan  ]5autista  ward,  says  I'aiies.  Monuinvntos  Do- 
mill.  Ef^>.,  MS.,  01.    ^Neither  uuuic  appears  ou  present  uiapa. 


f 

•/ 


I 


J;, 
J/, 

C'l 

Lu- 
ll,-; 
.^].: 
icill 

ill- 

]      T 

I  '7 


ii'i),- 
t::.iii 


COAT  OF  ARMS. 


IT 


vood 
'  the 
hoiu 
rcn  a 
IS  to 
tliom 
utby 
piivi- 
iitives 

i'rau- 

as  to 
Oilier 
Ic  cer- 
[y   aiul 
iborcrs 
ozeuco, 
xtVilxo- 
I'onc  ot 
.ascaltc- 
Tlascal- 
jlo,  who 

aiuoug 

I^VrllOUt 

tor  tbe 

natives 
bii<j;s  aivl 
ot'  p«|^t 
[vcro  still 
lir    pjreat 
xlfulaiul 
A,  Avliicli 
les  uutlcr 

Moiitcziima, 
[vbuiUl.  ll'^t. 

l,n  to  400,000. 
jHiunentos  Do- 


^vlli<•ll  quite  a  nunil)er  siicciiiiibed.^'^  Tlic  superintend- 
•  iici!  ot*  the  (lillV-rriit  branches  ot*  the  work  was  in- 
tiMisted  to  Spanish  artisans  and  ofliecrs,  wlio  instriu-tt'd 
llic  natives  in  the  use  of  iron  tools,  in  transport inij 
and  hl'tinL,'  material,  and  in  building',  the  native  Amer- 
icans cNeivw  here  proving  a[)t  learners. 

So  rapid  was  the  growth  of  the  city^'  that,  from 
npicsciitations  made  in  1522,  the  sovereign  Avas 
].K  asrd  to  award  it  official  recognition  by  confei-ring 
a  coat  of  arms,  representing  a  water-bliu!  held,  in 
allusion  to  the  lake  of  ^It-xico,  h.aving  in  the  centre 
a  gilt  castle  to  which  three  paved  causeways  led. 
^\t  the  end  of  the  two  lateral,  not  connected  with 
the  castle,  stand  two  lions  ram}>ant,  each  grasping 
the  castle  with  its  paws,  in  token  of  Spanish  victory. 
\  gilt  border  surrounds  the  field,  containing  ten 
mau'Uev  leaves,  and  a  crown  surmounts  the  shit  1,1.^-' 

The  native  arms  represented  a  maguey  jilant  in  the 
middle  of  a  lake,  and  thereon  an  eagle  with  a  snake 
in   its  bill.     This  was  also  permitted  to  be   used  in 


Ct 


pel 
rtain  connf^ctions,"'^  thoufjli  with  some   chanu'e 


m 


accordance  with  the  more  or  less  big()ted  ideas  of  the 
authorities  in  ^.[exico.  At  times  all  allusion  to  the 
ni.live  eagle  and  maguey  was  forbiddi-n  as  of  d(  ni<j- 
niacal  inliuence.'*'    Seven  years  later  the  city  was  ac- 

*'  //.  ,/v,v,,  ,ii^.c.  iii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  viii.  'Em  tanta  la  gcnto  fjuc  aiulaha  en 
l;is  <il)i;is  I  UK;  iipeiius  podia  liomljro  romper  jwr  algiiiias  callus.'  J/otulinia, 
J  list.  IikI.,  i.  IS. 

«'  Jn  his  KttL'V  of  Oi:tol)er  l.')24,  Cort.'s  iiidicatos  .•'.O.OOO  settlers  (vei.inos), 
<  '(tit(i.<,  ;i'J',),  wliicli  must  incluilo  iiuiiiy  teiiip(jrary  (Iwellers,  for  ;il)out  SO  years 
liter  TonjUeiiiail;i.  i.  'ZU',),  assiiiiies  as  a  lii.u'li  e.slimate  7,()()()  Spaiiis!i  aiel  U.Om 
native  .'^ctUei-.s  oi  f;;inilics.  tJoiuara,  who  wrote  al>out  l."),"0,  iiieivtioiis  2, 000 
Sliuiiish  .settlers.  //,',<'.  .l/,.r.,  I'.'JC).  Soiiu,'  'JO  years  hefore  this  tlio  aiionyinoua 
eoiii|'.ieror  .s]ieal;s  of  ■!"()  hading  Spanish  houses.    ItannisU),   Vif"j;/i,  iii.  -'ii:'. 

^-This  WIS  gniiited  .luly  4^  l.VJ,'],  in  eonsi.hM'ation  of  tiie  eity  heing  'tail 
iu>-igne  y  XoMe.  y  il  mas  ]iriiiripal  I'nelilo,  (pic  hastaahora,  eu  la  dieii.i,  tieri'a, 
]  .]•  Xus  se  ha  h: Undo.'  Onkmx  ilc  la  Corona,  MS.,  ii.  07-8;  M<j.,  L'mIi:  dn 
i  11 /'I III.-:,  .MS.,  ;{,  i;i, 

*^Call:\  .it,  III.  If  Xot..  4^.  In  recognition  of  the  eity  having  lieen  the 
r.'jiit.il  of  the.  eoiintry.  Vetancnrt  desciihe-s  this  coat  of  arms  with  the  addi- 
tion of  a  eaitle  with  3  towers,  iunl  2  lions  suiiportiug  the  shield,  which  is 
^arinoiinted  liy  a  erown.    'J'nil.  Mr..-.^  '>,  (5. 

^' Aivlilii>hop  iiiid  ^'ieeroy  I'alafox  caused  tlie  caglo  to  be  replaced  with  a 
.  ;ms.  Tiie  eli.mges  and  mixtures  thus  introdii.e.l  in  the  course  of  thiee  eeii- 
I  :iiis  of  colonial  rule,  as  represented  on  coin.s,  standard,  and  seals,  are  almost 
liiBi.  Mex.,  Vol.  II.    a 


j  ;   I 


li 


REDUILDING  OF  MKXICO. 


corded  tlic  snmo  prei-iiiiiioncc  in  Xcw  Spain  Jis  ihat 
unjoyt'd  \>y  Vtuv^us  in  old  Spain/'  and  in  1  j-l8,  tiic 
titlu  (^t'"vcry  noblu,  great,  and  very  loyal  eity,"^ 


MO 


iiimiiiicraMc,  nn<l  tliiff  accounts  for  the  cut  in  Gotr.nhzJhivihi,  T<<ttniiy!c<.,  i,  I, 
uliicli  (a'cdi'ilfi  willi  iiiiiR'  t)l  the  iihove  dcscriiitions.  h\  vii'W  of  tlicso  ch;ai;;(  a 
tlie  ciov.n  i.:r'.iicil  ii,  (Iccrce  in  \~>'X<,  ordciiii;^  pri  fuirnce  to  he  given  to  anna 
grantod  hy  the  Hovi'iei^'iis.   J'lrnp.  ilr  Ini/itt^,  ii.  'J."). 

^■''Tlie  lir.st  vote  in  national coiuiLil,  'y  tl  jiiiiiicr  hi^'ar,  (hs]iiiort  dc  la  .Ti;s- 
ticia,  en  los  ('on^ii'esoa.'  /'/.  I'his  (Iccilh;  was  dated  June  'J.'i,  l."!)).  'J  lio 
rc;^idorfs  i)y  thia  time  inind)ered  l'_',  in  accordance  with  a  decree  of  Octohcf 
'22,  ],'--.i,  j,'iautiu;,'  tiiis  luiuilier  to  'Ciudadi':;  iiriucipaltM'  iu  the  Iiidii-''!,  uLliei' 
towiM  to  h;:v>!  o:ily  six.  I'L,  'Xi.  ]'y  dcriec  of  l.'ui!)  the  niuuicijmlity  watj 
granlcd  jiui jdiciion  witiiin  a  circuit  of  J.")  lea'j;ue.s.  Uicuji.  tie  Inl'ai,  ii.  '2'>. 

'"On  July  4.  ('a'fc,  Miin.  1/  .\of.,  41!;  Hcmniionl,  (/rim.  .W'l-.'i.,  iii,  .'.'A. 
A  niue'ii  c.;tcc;!icd  di^itinction.  The  city  was  ftjrtunato  cnou';!x  t:)  oljt:;!:i  a 
l)iy  liouo  of  .Saint  lli[)polytui<,  which  enjoyed  f^rcat  V(  iRr.ii.ieii,  uddj  (.'alle. 
Jn  aiIul.io:i  ta  the  ylantlard  aulhoritii'.t  (jUoteJ,  the  f  illuuiir,'  v.'i/.Ls  l)c;.r 
more  or  Ic  ■?  fully  upuu  the  sulijoct  of  the  cli;iiiter:  Iccr-'alcitt'.  Col.  J)nc.,  i. 


1/. 

et  K('(| 


(<7,  ouU-t)7.  TtOlJ-S;  iS'kjik m'l  1/  (I'dinjcni,  Ai:ot(t<lijiu-i  Ciif.,  JLS 
l-it'hriijni),  J/ift.  (  V;/K/.,  '2',','.i—l'J  ;  .'\h,itiii..(ii!o!i  J-'i^Kt'ii.  r.  j>.,  ^^.-^.,  'C\-Vt\, 
7.'}-"),  !io-~);  ('klnnt'iiaiii,  JJi'if.  ('on'].,  ii.  7»ietsci|.;  Cortf.t,  111  '.  N.  IlKjinila, 
;{74-iSj  Archlco  Zhx.,  l)oc.,i.  til  cIkcij.;  ii.  'JlS-Hl,  'Ju7-7'.),  .'iJo-1;  'i'<r.  ar.c- 
Vomp'vK,  ]'<>/.,  serie  i.  toni.  x.  40  ( t  f;c(j. ;  I'r/c/uro  inid  (''rilrwtn^  Col.  /'.t'., 
xiii.  7!i-f:i),  'jil.'i-.");  K!i>;i.-ilioroii'j,'i\f  Mc.c.  Aiit'iq.,  ix.  .'Wl,  4-_';);  Mo'd/hiii,  UhJ. 
Jiiil.,  17;  < 'tiiii'iiii.^  I'roi'.,  l.".w-(i."),  ji.  vi. ;  Ijidiniioul,  Cron.  Mhli.,  ii.  o/o-lil  ; 
iii.  l(;!'.-7,  .",: ! ;  /-/.,  M.S..  S(i, '_'(!:!;  Coir.rdcz  DuvUri,  'J'aifrn,  i.  1,7;  Coro, 
Tiri  ,S'<'(/,' .M,  i.  I"),  l(i,  •_';>-(),  GO,  (i."),  7I<;  -I'',  Nwi'iLnn-'iic  \'i  rMiiid:ii<j,  x.  I."."} 
etscq.;  ^  IK  ra  IS.yKliKi,  J'(:^j>ii(t:l(l,  .^iS.;  Jkrop.  di'Iniliit!*,  ii.  '2'i',  ()rda:(mle 
la  Corona,  ?.iS.,  ii.  4,  ()7 ;  ^[ollVhU'lltol<  Hist,  y  Pol.,  MS.,  Ictiicq. ;  M..r., 
A'ulrarton  dc  Ciili'/d.i,  MS.,  3,  13,  14;  Liyrn,  I'urku  Aiiot.,  M.S.,  lll-l_'; 
S(iluZ!:r  y  (JlarU',  Coiiq.  M(.r..  ()-!);  (Jiil/o,  J/ryj).  y  Xot.,  4'.!;  Jhii^'c-a,  Hit:'. 
Jfftc'<inl(i,  i.  o;  Uohcrf.'nn's  Jlisf.  Am.,  ii.  rJ5-7;  It'imin'.,  Proccxo  contra  Al- 
ruruiln,  ,"),  0,  40,  71--;  J'nscott'n  Mcx.,  iii.  UUS-.J;);  Itl.  (.Mex.  cd.),  note-^, 
IKKiyini;  l/dp^t''  Cortr--:,  ii.  Illi-'JJ,  l.'L'-.";  Ilu^tan;ant<',  Xc-.'cs'dul,  -11- 1; 
Alaijrn,  J>l<'r!.,  :.  1!!)-0S,  ii.  I!)7-.'!--;  Ctpeda,  lA'larkni,  i.  .'J-ti;  iSaniwIxn'j 
allrr  111  !■■<'  tjcich.,  xiii.  4."i;i  et  seq. ;  Lacniiza,  lJlsnirtiO!<,  4.").'!— 1 ;  Jlmnho'dt,  L  ::ul 
Pol.,  i.  1;);!  ctcci].;  HiiliiU'i'  Aini'd.!,  \.  TCi;  Ann'in,  Alio  i,hx.,  ".)'.)-u'o;  L'.ao 
Mix.,  i.  G".-7"J;  Aim.  Calnid.,  1S;1!),  '2Ct;  Zamnroin,  I/i.-it.  M>j.,  iv.  ")!-(.">, 
!t;{-U)l,  i:;7-^0,  •i7ii;  Plmmtil,  iVem.  Lit.,  Vi-iJ;  ,Soli.>,  ///'.s,'.  mJi'x.  {'.kid. 
184;:),  4.",7-C:),  4;:.',  .-0')-li2;  ,<oc.  J/..r.  6Vo;/.,  PoIiHii,  ii.  I'Jl-'J;  roi.:.-i:t'H 
iVo/t.',  i.  G."i;  Pa;).  Var..  v  no.  ii.  8;  xlvi.  no.  viii.  1(1-44;  J/«.i/('/-'.s  Jlvx.  ArJic, 
i.  80-.");  yj.'cc.  i'liir.,  t.  .''.'0-.');  Coiid(  r'n  Mix.  ami  (•'tint.,  y,);  Album  2i<x., 
ii.  4(1(1;  Al,i.:;-a  dc  C.'iil.,  iiD-GO;  Zertcero,  Itcv,  Mex.,  4r-S;  JJonuiiec/i,  JlL-^t. 
Me.v.,  i.  '^41-2. 


;f 


mn 


I' 

J.a 

pa.i 

<n 

<;■;■, 

.lis 

lian 


that 


V<.,i.l, 

to  luiui 

'.  la  .T\is- 
k).  Tlio 
October 

tlity  was 
ii.  •2.1. 

,  iii.  :m. 

ohU'.'vA  a 

i-.llS    ItM- 

f   7;or.,  i. 

A,  ;;''-'■.'>. 

'j'ii:  (trX- 

ii.  liiTi-i'l  ; 
,7;  <'"'■:': 

;,/;/,  X.  1.  ■> 
(1.;  J/  ■'••. 

.    1U-1-; 
/  ,/,  ■II-'; 

i^ahViihiii'J 

)- :,■:>;  L'^cio 

iv.    .Jl-t^'>i 
U'.c.  (Mail. 

;     i'0i...'(,'i'^ 

p/ci.'.  Aztec, 
V)nM  21<x., 

I/it'c7i,  vyi^^. 


I 


CHAPTER  II. 

pri:pauation  for  furtiii:u  conquest, 

l.V_'l-l.V22. 

Cknti:ai.i/.ation-  and  its  Kkkf.ct— A  Fali.kv  Atiikss  — l!r\VAi:i)  w  \ 
TiiAiTou — Cvur.Ku  OK  A  I'Kix'ocnx  .s  I'liiNci; — Ixti.ilaocihtl'.s  1)isai'- 
rciNTMENT— PtiLicv  TowAUiJ  Xativi;  Pi;inc;i:s— Tu/.i.'ico  ani>  Ariu.iirA- 
(■v>— 'I'i.A'Cai.a  ani>  iiEii  PiKWAiU) — Xew  CoNfjrKST  Piio.ir.cT.-! — Si;ai::'ii 
von  Ammpniiion'— Ci.i'Mr.iN(!  a  A'oi.fANo — T)i>(i:niii.\('.  intotiii:  ]lri;N- 

IMi  CltATKIl— f'ASTINCl  CaNNON — TdCII TKri'.U   KxiMUHTION — A  lioASTKU'S 

In  I'DMHTJKi: — Coi.iJ-nr.s'TiNci  inXalti:i-ix'— K.sriuiTir  Santo  Foundiid 
—  Zai'iitkoai'an  anu  Mi^.TKCArAN— Tin;  Mystic  Pi;oi'iii;r— Oi;o;:ci)  In- 
VMisO\jAOA— AN"Ti;ijrr,i:AKsTAr.i.isiii:D— Co(  ivori'sDiLL.M.MA — Aia  a- 
jiAUD  ()vi;uit.u^3  TrxuTErEc— Seguka  Focndld  Anew. 

'I'lir.  ('Xiiltatic)ii  of  !Mcxioo  tended  io  rclijjse  ilie 
oIIkm*  nativi'  towns  in  the  valley  even  more  tlian  her 
lisc  uiidtr  Aztec  supremacy.  There  was  no  lon^i-'r  ;i 
scries  of  i-aititals,  to  bo  sustained  by  kin<^s  and  minor 
lords,  all  ])rc| tared  to  rival  one  another  in  pomp  and 
cinhrllishmcnts.  The  only  capital  now  was  Tciioch- 
titlaii,  which  the  S[)aniards  felt  obliged,  for  the  safety 
and  interest  of  themselves  and  the  crown,  to  make 
the  main  stroir^hold  and  ])oint  of  concentration.  '["Im 
revenues  of  tlie  native  rulers  could  no  longer  be  em- 
]iloyc!d  according  to  the  dictates  of  their  fancy  for 
palaces  and  similar  works,  since  the  greater  part 
passcil  into  the  hands  of  the  encomenderos  and  the 
treasury  officials.  Xewdiseases, enslavement, and  dif- 
ferent methods  for  employing  the  natives,  all  added 
to  the  causes  for  decline  among  their  lately  nourish- 
ing towns,  only  too  many  of  which  have  entirely 
disa})peared  from  the  maps,  or  dwindled  to  petty 
hamlets.  Mexico  also  declined,  for  that  matter,  iii 
extent  and  population,  according  to  the  admission  of 

(19) 


20 


TRErAr.ATION  FOR  FURTHER  CONQUEST. 


lii 


llie  coiifjUoi-ors,  and  tlio  ovidonoc  of  ruins.^  She  was 
]i<)  lonj^aT  llio  centre  of  a  vast  continental  trade,  or 
the  I'e.^idencc  of  a  brilliant  court,  whose  despotic  sov- 
ereiLiii  ohlisic'd  provincial  lords  to  conu^re'jfato  there 
witli  vast  ivtinues,  and  expend  their  income  for  the 
benefit  of  Aztec  jailers.  Trade  drilled  into  otlier 
channels,  and  the  hunii)led  caciques  hid  from  op])res- 
i<'um  and  indignities  in  remote  villages,  where  they 
niiglit  still  exact  a  semblance  of  respect  from  equally 
o[)pressed  vassals. 

Amonij  tlie  suffering  towns,  thouyh  it  dwindled 
hai'dly  so  fast,  was  Tezcuco,  renowned  not  alone  for 
ancient  glories,  but  for  the  beauty  of  its  buildings, 
and  for  being  the  chief  seat  of  native  learning,  the 
Athens  of  the  continent."  Like  savagism,  al)orig- 
inal  civilization  declined  when  brought  into  contact 
with  foreign  culture,  whose  exponents  both  despised 
it  and  looked  upon  the  embodying  records  as  de- 
moniacal, iit  only  to  be  destroyed.  As  for  the  popu- 
lation, a  large  })roportion  was  ch'afted  for  the  re'bnild- 
iiig  of  the  queen  «.'ity,  jjarticularly  of  artisans,  there 
to  parish  or  remain.  The  obsequiijus  Ixtlilxochitl 
was  only  too  eager  to  anticipate  the  wishes  of  the 
patronizing  and  gras|)ing  Sjnniiards.  lie  who  had  not 
hesitated  the  sacrilice  of  his  country  and  relii'ion  to 
j.e/sonal  ambition,  as  modern  ^Mexicans  not  unjustly 
term  his  S[)anish  alliance,  did  not  s'jru[)le  to  aid  in 
enslaving  his  snl)jects.  Ileslstance  on  his  part  would 
not  have  suved  them;  still,  the  role  he  had  volun- 
tarily assumed,  and  been  obliged  to  sustain,  must 
ever  brand  his  menu)ry  in  tlie  minds  of  patriots.  The 
reward  for  his  long  devotion  was  now  to  come.  His 
brotlu'r.  King  Fernando,  died  from  wounds  received 
during  the  siege,  it  seems,^  to  the  deep  regret  of  the 

'Sec  HM.  Mfx.,  i.  27r>,  this  series. 

'■'Sio  (Icsciiptiiiii  ill  J/i-^t.  M(.i\,  i.  4t!V7.  tliis  scrirs.  Witlii'i  a  few  yoars 
llio  popuLtioii  is  s.iid  to  liavo  dw  iiidlcil  tn  one  tliinl,  .Tinl  (iO  yctirs  latir  to 
<iiK!  iiiiiili.  The  Sp.iuisli  ])opuliuiou  ill  1S.">S  iniiiiliortd  100  (famiiif.-)  only. 
J'i>ii''i\  UiL,  ill  <  W.  ]>iii'.  IiiiiL,  Ivii.  111. 


pm'sqiH'  sc  toiii(')  la  ciiK 


(lad.K'T.  nuxtitii 


i)c 
lak'cio  doll  I'Viuuudu. '  C'u/7,c;,  Cui las, 


<Um<\< 


ThU  p; 


i'^t:l  tie  Ciiyo.'i- 
luu  cvidi'iuly 


i;i.5.'3a;:e  luu  cvidiui 


IXTLILXOCITITL, 


21 


10  WflS 

(le,  or 
c  sov- 

tliorc 
or  tlio 

other 
ipprc's- 

D    tlu'V 

H]u;illy 

;iiullo(l 
)ne  i'tir 

coutact 

iespisc'd 
as   (U'- 

G  popu- 
c'l)uil(l- 
,  there 

Ixochill 

of  the 

i;m1  not 

,"inu  to 

iiijustly 
aid  iu 
would 
v»)hui- 

1,  must 
Th(^ 

His 

cooived 
of  the 


fi.\v  ycius 
Irs  lati'i'  ti) 
liliu..)  I'lily. 

It  di'  ('nyii:i- 
uvuU'iuly 


■  Spaniards,  to  whom  he  liad  become  endeared  liv  his 

i  gentle  manners,  his  fmo,  fair  presence,  res('nd)Hnr>'  that 

:  of  a  Castihan  I'atlier  than  of  a  native  Amnican.  and 

i  by  his  (Knotion  to  their   interests.      The  Tozcucans 

I  hastened  to  elect  for  successor  Ahuaxpitzactzin,  alter- 

t         wards  baptized  as  Carlos,  a  not  fully  legitimate  son  of 
:'|         Xezahu:d[)illi;  for  the  scheniint^'  and  unpatriotic  Txtlil- 
M         xochitl  does  not  appear  to   have  been  liked   in  the 
*         A<(»lliua  cajiital,  whatever  his  inJlucnco  in  the  northern 
]i!ovinces  which  he  had  wrested  from  the  rest.      This 
ind('j)endent  conduct   of   the   electors  did  not  ]ileaso 
( 'ortcs,  wh(i  niin'ht  have  ap[)roved  their  choice  if  sub- 
mitted with  due  humility,  and  so  he  pcrsuad(>d  them 
to  reconsider  tlie  se'leetion  in  favor  of  his  well  deserv- 
iiiiX  protei^c  Ixtlilxoehitl,  l)a[)tized  as  Fernando  V'un- 
enli  I.  tlioUL;'h  t^enerally  refened  to  undei'  the  former 
naiiir.  ii<i\v  the  cojjnomon  of  his  familv.* 

Ahhou'''li  but  twentv-one  years  of  aiji*,  Ixtlilxoehitl 
could  ])oiiit  to  a  career  almost  un()aralleU'd  for  one 
so  youiin',  and  one  that  miij;'ht,  under  ditlerent  cir- 
cunjstances  liave  placed  his  name  amonu^  the  most 
illustrious  iu  Xaliua  annals.  At  his  birth  already 
a>ii'olo^-ers  drew  strange  portents  from  the  stai's.  Tlie 
child  would  ill  tlie  course  of  time  become  the  friend  of 
strangers,  turn  against  his  own  blood,  change  laws  and 
institutions,;!  11(1  ivenrise  au'ainst  theii'ods.    He  should 


brkill,.,!.    ••>s,v 

willed    his    bil;  !l,   ;il;d 


i'e]h(Ml  the  king,  "have  not  the  gods 


tl 


US  as 


the  t 


une  aiii>r( 


VV 


oacl 


les  lor 


escaped  l.otIi  rro.n.itt,  .V..,-.,  in.  4(i,  nnil  lliasscur  dc  Hourlumru',  ffht.  X^'f. 


■\vliii,  f'illuv.iii^' a  i'oiit'ii.s(,'il  statuiia'iit  in  ]\ili!xii<'!iitl,  iilaci 


ratlni-  jiin:,iiiu  lit  <'V.'i,t  iR'fino  tlu'  houiuiiiii,,'  oi  tlio  actual 


'So.;  Ji;<t.  JA. 


'T.,   I. 


tl 


US  (icru'-i,  wlicri'in  h  oxp 


the  ()tInT_\M-icciH  on  tliis  jiniiit,  sonic  niislcil  liy  tl 


til 


tl 


II.') 


IP  confusion  ot 


C'irf'  ■^,  '270,  wliich 


IJIJICM-.S 


'  j.'ivc  iiiiu  tlio  nan 


L*s  \\oriliiis;iii  Vi.rii  • 
c  of  C.iiloM.     'i'luMiaiiie  I' 


nimlo  is,  however,  tno  clcavlv  lixcd  Kv  the  faiiiilv  ncdi'ds  and  nrcliivcs  u-id 
liy  Ixllilxocliitl.  See  llvr.  Vra<llailf^\  i:{,  74,  anil  /,'>  Iwh'tiiy,  ;{!M),  410,  414, 
4;).'!-4,  and  aiiove  ii.ito  on  p.  ."-J.  (loniara  and  llcncra  conliini  the  error  l>y 
copyiii'j  Corti's.  Diuaii,  like  many  anotlier,  ovcrlixjks  the  iutcrnicdiatc  kinuH 
fine;-  (Vilaianacocir.s  time.  ///-•/.  l',„l.,  MS.,  ii.  4;t;{.  ( 'avo  assunicsi  witli  imiili 
jiniliability  that  the  ai.peintco  otleiv>l  the  indn. 


to  ai.l  in  rchiiildint;  .Nlesico.    V 


lit  of  suiulini;  l:ir.,'o  forci  .>i 


that  tin 


I"" 


hcsid 


pointiuciit  was  pi 


n;,,/„ 


1."..    II''.       iy.iV 


I'll 


ir  asserts 


d  liv  1  iav\'  lirilii  1  to  <'ii'tes,  some  Sl»,('.()() 


s  other  jiresents.  IxtldxMchitl  '^c'lim;  his  sulijects  liotli  to  slavi;. 


dealers  and  hntclier-stalls  to  olitain  11 


c  luoncv.  Co>'tix,  Ii<iii<'''iHia,n.'2\Sl\), 


i  ! 


rREPARATIOX  FOR  FURTHER  CONQUEST. 


tlio  fuirilinont  of  tlio  ancient  |)ro|)]ioci('.,s!"  Those  re- 
ferred to  the  eoniinij^  of  the  ehlhhvn  of  i'air  Quetzalcoall 
fi'oni  tlie  re^'ion  of  the  risinj]^  sun.'"  The  boyiHsplayed 
a  remarkable  precocity  united  to  a  cruel  disjiosition. 
( )ut  of  pure  mischief,  or  because  his  nurse  happened  to 
oileiid  ]iini,lie  pushed  lier  into  a  deep  well  as  she  bent 
for  water  for  him,  and  tlien  attempted  to  quiet  her 
drowniii!^  slu'ielcs  l)y  casting  stones  upon  her.  AVlu-u 
cilled  before  the  king  to  answer,  he  pleaded  that  tlie 
deceased  had  broken  the  law  which  forbade  iemale 
attendants  at  the  i)alace  to  speak  with  a  man.  He 
had  merely  punished  her  for  the  ti'ansgi'cssion.'^  '..'hi  • 
seemed  iust,  and  the  wondering  iudii-e  Ijadc  ])li  '  '.•> 
At  the  ago  of  seven  he  organize(l  a  company  oi'  bny 
soldiers,  and  sent  his  tutors  to  collect  weapons  whoi'e- 
y/ilh  to  s[>read  terror  among  the  citizens,  his  })lea 
bring'  tluit  ho  was  training  v.ari'iors  Ibr  the  commo.i- 
we;;Uli.  Two  counsellors  objected  to  these  dangerous 
})ran];s,  and  ex})ressed  the  conviction  tliat  such  mis- 
chiexo'is  s])irits  as  the  prince  and  his  companions 
should  be  killed  ere  they  created  more  serious  trouble. 
Some  of  his  associates  expressing  fears  for  their  safety, 
young  Txtlilxochitl  marched  to  the  dwelling  of  the 
counsellors  and  caused  them  to  be  strangled,  lie  there- 
upon presented  himself  before  the  king  and  assumed 
the  responsibility  of  the  deed,  which  was  sini[)ly  ;,u 
anticij)a(ion  of  the  fate  meditated  by  the  counsellors 
ag;;inst  himself,  who  had  never  injured  them.  Nexa- 
jHi;;lj)iHi  wished  to  be  just,  even  if  the  life  of  a  son 
(lepended  upon  it,  but  in  his  admiration  forthe  j)roni- 
ising  (pialities  of  the  boy  as  a  leader  and  advocate,  ho 
could  iind  no  reasons  for  condemning  him;  nor  did 
anyof  tlu^  ordinaryjudgos  venture  to  raise  their  voice 
a!>'ainst  (he  imi).  When  fourtetMi  years  of  a<>'e  he 
joined  in  the  Tlascala  campaign,  and  three  years  later 
his  Liallant  behavior  had  secured  I'or  him  the  insi^i-nia  <  ' 


'I'eat 


call 


it;un 


'Sc.. //,^^  .1/' 


il.  i.  (Ill 


r 


f(M-ilfllIl 


Hint  .if  Uif  iiiytlisiiiul  (linens. 


tliiii  lint  Ami.:  ywiisiilil,  tsaya  l.\.llil\u(.hill.  JJ(.-<1.  C/ik/i. 


CX}i'tuinly  a  rcnmrkubk'  cliild, 


(0-0. 


li 


TEZCUCO  AFF.VIRS. 


;c  ro- 
[coatl 
laved 
,!i"i()n. 
\cd  to 
!  bent 
•t  liur 
When 
it  the 
eiiuilc 
.      Ho 

':'-;■ 

)i'  b>>y 
^vliere- 
is  plea 

lUllKM- 

[ovrous 
■h  luis- 
lauious 

tv, 


sale 


() 


le 


r  ti 

tliere- 
l 


srumet 


hi'i.v 


ill 


USi 


llorb 
Neza- 
a  soil 


1 


iic.in- 


lc"ue, 
liior  < 


le 


lul 


■U'  voice 


a!»'o 


rs 


ho 
later 


iiiuia  t 


,r 


illiloliu'lis. 


^reanwliile  Xozaliualpilli  had  died  witliout  nainiii<j^ 
a  siiccissor,  and  the  couucil,  inllueiiced  by  ^[oiite- 
zuiiia,  set  asido  the  elaiius  of  au  elder  hrotlu  r  and 
declared  Caeauia  king.  Actuated  both  by  ptM'.sonal 
aiiil)lli()U  and  |)atriotic  resentment  against  Aj-iec  in- 
1^t!(  i'i:ii<-(',  ].\t!il\ochitl  denoUiiced  the  electo;-.;  as  tools 
of  the  iiapeiiid  intriguer.  Finding  his  protests  un- 
heeded, he  l)e:;au  to  interest  the  interior  provinces  in 
Lis  own  liehah",  by  ap])l\'ing  pati'iotic  arginueut.';,  and 
ii!  I,)  17  ho  descended  Ironi  ]\[eztitlan  wiili  a  lorce 
esiliiiated  at  a  hundred  thousand  men.  Jv.crylliing 
yitl'ed  beibre  him,  and  one  of  the  fonnnost  .Vxtec 
grnerals  was  defeated  and  captured.  ]More  than  one 
ail'i*  liiiiig  ]uincipality  now  ])ronounced  in  favca-  of  the 
giv;il,  ca]/t;iiii,  while  the  Aztec  monarch  neglv'ct;'d  to 
."-n-^;;;!!!  (.'acania,  under  the  pressure  of  ti'ouldes  in  his 
own  provinces,  and  of  ominous  incidents  supported  by 
thi'  ;;r."i\"al  oif  the  eastern  coast  (jf  mysterious  w^iter- 
hoi:-  ,  V,  i.li  white-1)earded  occupants--the  expeditions 
oi  ('t'.\l  ;ha  ;!nd  Grijidva.  Thus  aband(Mied,  (,'acama 
ha.-tvMiil  I)  n;;ike  terms  with  his  brother,  who  declared 
that  llie  caiii[)aign  was  directed  wholly  against  ?;ionte- 
ziuna,  hnt  iiewrtheless  exacted  the  nortlui-n  half  of 
tlie  kiiigdoia  foi-  himself.  The  teiins  may  be  ivgarded 
i:ii>:lerale   nil  the   part  of  an  irresistible  general. 


.th 


iXOCiiK 


la 


ust   have  had  strong' 


moiives 


for 


con- 


^  leiiiing  hnu:.cirwith  a  half,  ibi-  he  dreamed  no  longer 
o!  ivg.,1  ]):)'.,(  r  alone  but  of  overihrowin-'-  the  hated 
'-Ziei  ■.,  \.ii:iH.  sirenijjth  si'cmed  already  wanluLC,  iuid 
tiais  ;a-.ii>\  ii!g  iMunortal  renown  as  the  savior  of  his 
counlry,  a  ]ir>.jrct  whicli  afterward  would  have  ex- 
panded into  l!ie  more  ambitious  one  of  founding  a 
new  (Juchimec  empire.  Tiie  |n'esent  modei'al  ion  was 
iniended  to  exteinl   his  iniluence  to  the;  furtherance 


Ol 


t: 


schemes, 


am 


1    t 


o   assure 


tl 


lem 


liV 


a    more 


sttady  gi'ow  th,  unliampered  by  jealous  intrigue.  The 
aj)pearance  of  tli.'  S[Kmiards,  while  aifording  him  the 
mucli  desired  assistance,  brought  him  In  coidaet  with 
bchemers  ecpially  ambitious,  but  stronger  and  moro 


I  '■ 


l!9;i 


•21  rRKPARATION  FOll  FURTHER  COXQUKST. 

,siil)11c'.  Ill  tlii'ir  hands  ]\c  l)cenino  a  too],  ^v]l()so  devo- 
tion l)(,'('anio  stamped  as  obsequiousnc  .-< .,  Vv'hosc  ])atr!- 
otie  ciiorts  assiiint'd  a  traitorous  j^uise,  at  I  whoso 
grand  j)lan,s  turned  into  hateful  plottings.  Bitter  irony 
ofi'ate!' 

Wliile  investing  liiin  with  the  sovereignty  of  Aeol- 
liuaean,  altliougli  without  the  title  of  king,  Cortes 
also  confeired  the  })erpetual  grant,  for  himself  and 
dosc(Midants,  of  three  districts,  among  them  (Jtumha 
;•  1  '  ''''iaulieohuac,  each  with  about  thirty-three  vil- 
lag  This  concession  served  only  to  open  tlie  eyes 

of  J\..ilxoehitl  to  tJie  intention  of  ( 'oi'tes  with  regard 
to  Tezeuco,  whose  prince  was  evidently  to  l)ear  the 
name  oidy  «jf  ruler.  His  imj)ortant  services  t(^  tlio 
S[)aniards,  wliieh  he  had  estimated  as  indisj)ensahle, 
were  thus  to  be  rewarded:  l)y  the  shadow  of  tlie  sub- 
stantial power  which  he  could  so  many  times  have 
acquiied  for  himself,  and  worse  than  tliis,  by  tlie 
insulting  grant  of  a  small  pcjrtion  of  what  In;  had  ;dl 
thi  ■!  time  enjoyed  as  his  own.  And  this  ,'>'rant  v.as 
coiderred  by  men  to  whom  he  had  dispensed  so  many 
I'ax'oi's,  in  treasures,  vassals,  and  deeds,  and  wliom  ho 
had  saved  from  destruction,  as  ho  flattered  himself,  by 
tendering  his  alliance  when  inaction  alone  would  ha\"e 
procured  him  untold  favors  from  the  A;:tecs.  "^riie 
thou'dit  was  liumiliating.  Foru'ettiir''  his  usu;d  defer- 
ence,  the  prince  ventured  to  observe   that  what  had 


'  Txtlilxoi-hitI,  his  luimcsnko,  rore  as  Ijiogr.Tiilicr  to  ciinoMo  lii.s  ( iroiti  aiul 
min,'iiity  his  (Ued.'i  \\  ith  uiisiuiiiiii,'  pri'iii'r()i<ity.  Xuviithclfss,  liis  )i;i!;i>m  iv'vi'jil 
at  iii'iirvals  a.  liittcr  narcasiii  uiioii  his  iiii;\L;ni<lc(l  ;x'al,  whiili  can  lianl'.y  In; 
aouidcutal.  Tlie  AViitcr,  imk'cil,  ^va^t  ai'tiiatod  chiefly  )iy  a  (h  sire  to  aihueatii 
the  L-Iiuiiisof  his  family  on  the  /^'ratitiule  nt'  the  erowii,  froiii  wliieh  ho  denial uleil 
gie.iits  I'lid  <]tlier  favors,  ami  his  main  lelianee  was  on  tln^ services  ef  his  iiaiiie- 
halie.  lif  whose  role  he  iiiii.^t  otlierwise  have  heeii  ashiiiiird.  lie  vas  al-o 
a  frail  I  to  exjiress  anything;  hut  ;;rai.se  of  aets  eoiiiu  ,ted  with  Uic  ad  vain  ■emeu  t 
of  the  S]iaiiiai'ds.  Jn  deserihiii;_' tluM'areer  of  his  hero  he  yields  to  Ihe  eoin- 
liion  fault  of  exai:;;er.ition,  \et  the  aeijuisitionof  a  kiiiLjihim  hy  a  mere  youth, 
VM'e.sled,  as  it  Were,  from  the  dreadeil  .Nhjute/iiiiia,  ^'ivi .;  jirohaliiliiy  to  almo  t 
any  tales  ahout  him.  Sei;  JJisf.  C/iirli,,  'J7o-7. -N'-'-l;  Vi'*/.,  4l(i;  '/'uri/iK  intn/u. 
i.  "JJI-T;    \'i  liUiriiH,  Tiulm,  pt.  ii.  4IJ— t;   I'li/fid,  11, M.  Aitt.  Mij.,  iii.  .'{(JT  7"i; 


JJ, 


,■((,  I  lee.  HI, 


lib.  i. 


<■/, 


iil'nli  I'll, 


Sir, 


.1/. 


::)7  !». 


'Olumlia  eon  treiiita  y  tres  jjuehlos,  Itziuhcuhuae  eon  otios 


taiiti 


cae  ;u  ia  la  parte  tie  I'tiuucu,  y  ChuluUi  coii  ciertod  imeblus. '  IjcHilxoc/iill,  JJvi 
C'rueldaden,  01. 


J' 

e 

< 
tl 

lii;i 
Mo, 


r.EWARD  FOR  SPIIIVICES. 


2S 


lovo- 

vliosc 
irony 

Acol- 
L'ortcs 
If  and 
tuinl)^ 
CO  vil- 
ic  eyes 
regar<l 

to  the 

Misable, 

ho  suh- 

os  have 
1)V  thr 
had  :>U 

ant  v.a^i 

.1)  nuiny 
hon\  ho 

n^olt;hy 
ihl  havo 
•s.     Tho 

•1iat  had 

■^■■^■'\  reveal 
L'u  hal-aiy  t'^- 
|.  to  ixlviii'ati- 

ivlvaii'i'imiit 
Islollu'C'l'i- 


li  iwiTi'  y 


mlU 


IllLvtoi.lnin  t 

d;.,  ii'i.  liiiT    '•'■' 

l,t. 

,s  tnntos,  <|ui 


hccn  oivon  was  liis  own,  sinco  it  liad  never  been  taken 
from  him.  After  the  services  he  had  reniU'red,  and 
the  liardsliip  ]u!  and  Ids  |)eo])ltj  liad  underL;'one  for  tho 
Spaiii.'ii'ds.  it  was  hut  ri^ht  tliat  ho  and  his  sueoessoi-s 
sliniild  !»(>  left  in  undisturhed  possession  of  the  kint;-- 
doni.'  Coi'tes  I'ecoe'uized  the  justice  of  the  chdm,  but 
111'  I'einembered  IxthLxoclntTs  tai'dy  extension  of  aid 
after  llie  fhglit  from  ^Mexico,  and  was  probably  fully 
awar(>  of  the  motives  which  prompted  his  alliance.  All 
tiiis  nH'orded  strong;  reasons  for  not  vieldin<<;  to  the  do- 
m.inds  of  this  and  other  allies.  To  acknowledge  every 
such  ('lain,  would  materially  reduce  his  own  credit 
niivl  tilt;  value  (»f  the  conquest.  'J'henativc>  rulers  had 
sii'\e;l  his  j»ur])ose,  and  being  no  longer  indis[)ensable 
tli-y  nuist  gi'a(hially  learn  to  recognize  their  true  jxtsi- 
tii'U  ;is  nothing  more  than  leading  personages  among 
til''  li.'dt'-eivilized  race  he  had  coiKpiered.  In  tlio 
jii-.tiit  instance  he  gave  no  defmite  answer,  and  I\- 
tlilxocliid  was  left  nominally  in  possession  of  what 
he  elaiiiied,  till  circumstances  revealed  the  shadowy 
nature^  of  his  title  and  pos'sessions. 

( -n  retuniiiig  to  his  kingdom,  after  being  released 
iVoiii  iurtlier  attendance  at  ^fexico,  he  availed  himself 
of  his  position  to  reward  vritli  grants  and  other  hon- 
(.1--  the  most  deserving  adherents,  and  others  whom 
lu.liiy  commended  to  his  notice.  He  also  <'m})loye(l 
the  captive  slaves^"  that  had  fdleti  to  his  share  to  aid 
in  repairing  the  damnge  inllicted  on  Te/cuco  during 
ilsi'ecentoccu])atio".  as  Spanish  head-(piarters,  notnhly 
the  destruction  of  tho  royal  palace  and  other  edilices 
l>y  the  Tlascaltecs  on  lirst  entering  the  city  and  on 
jiassiiig  through  it  alter  the  fdl  of  ?dexico.  All  these 
etrorts,  however,  failed  to  r(M-oncile  the  iidiabitants  of 
tile  cajiitrd  and  lake  districts,  whose  treatment  by 
the  Spaniards  had  made  them  more  than  ever  avei 


se 


In    tho   vcrsinii  of  IxtlilNeiliitrs  Hcfarh.ii,  4-„>(»,  etc.,  ]iillilisli(Ml  liy  liiist.l- 


iiiaiit,.  iuhIo-  the  title  i.f  H.,rrlU,s  Cnirhlailrs  ()0~|,  the  iditur  has  iiusundur- 
Ktii.il  the  iiieaiiin- of  the  text,  iiml  ventured  to  sulwtitiitc  Ontes  where  it 
tih<inhl  read  Ixlhlxoeliitl,  thus  el 


Two  tliousiUHl  ill  iiuiiil 


th 


ler,  Kaysj  Ixtlilxocliitl. 


26 


rr.EPARATIOX  FOR  FURTIIEU  CONQUEST. 


to  a-,  pi'incc  liateful  to  tlicia  from  Ixnhood.  Tlio 
icfuru  I'roiu  caj)tivity  of  the  deposed  Coliuanacocli 
l-ad  ci'cated  a  syin})atliy  ■which  soon  turned  tliu 
cnrrent  of  [)oj)ularlty  in  favor  of  ono  who  had 
sufFcred  so  much  for  tlie  national  cause.  Aware  of 
th(;  feehnj^  witll  respect  to  hiluseH",  Ixtlilxocliill  I'elt 
it  ahiiost  a  matter  of  necessitA  to  leave  liis  brt)tlier 
atTozcuco  in  enjoyment  of  tlie  re  .^al  honors  accorded 
liiui  l)erore  hi.s  very  face.  lie  even  thought  it  politic 
to  assign  him  a  certain  p*)rtion  of  the  revenue,  lie 
v.-ithdri;v>' to  hisfornier  northern  domains,  cstahhshing 
his  capital  at  Olumba,  Vvhere  a  new  palace  v.as 
erected." 

Xot  unlilv'o  the  i-ewards  of  Txt]il\(v>-liitl  were  those 
ef  tl'"  ']'his(vdtecs,  to  wliom  tlie  Spaniards  owed  a 
vast  de1)t — their  livi^s.  and  the  moral  and  physical  aid 
Vvliich  sustained  tliem  in  advcM'sity,  nnd  in  ihe  initia- 
tory oiierations  v/ldch  led  to  ultimate  success.  In  this 
act  of  forging  letters  lor  adjoining  peoples,  fettcM-s 
which  were  also  to  sliachle  themselvt^s,  they  had  heen 
impelled  not  al^Mie  l>y  a  hatred  of  the  A/tecs,  v.un'o, 
intense  and  (.^xalted  tlinn  th:;t  ol'  the  Tezcucan  prince, 
hut  hy  a  I'l'iendsliip  based  on  a.dmiration,  and  cementi>;l 
by  Cortes'  politic  favors.  At  the  o[)ening  of  the 
Tepeaca  cam[)Mign  they  had  certainly  been  letl  to  foi'in 
great  expectations,^-  and  pi-omises  ilowed  iVeely  when 

"  Aoc'Drdiuj;  tf^  I.\t'.ib;()i.-!iitl,  J!or.  CriwUhflc-t,  01,  \\v  .tjti'oiI  witli  fiOmini- 
.loocli,  (Hit  cf  iiivithi.'ily  lipvi;  it  sccr.i;;,  to  <liviili'  tlio  Idii;;'  Iciu  v.ith  liini:  t'lo 
lirnllifr  to  rule  as  l;iii,'C  iit  Tc;ccuco,  and  cdiitrol  ('li:i!i'<i,  (Jiiauliiialiiiai.'  It/.iu'im, 
'i'hiluiac,  and  otlicr  )  ruv  hiccs  as  lar  as  the  Soutli  Si'n,  wliilo  IxlliiMii  hid 
rctaiiR'd  the  northern  i'i'ovinei>s,  and  those  evtendin.;:  toward  the  Nortli  Sea. 
Thisa:-sunied  division  is  ha.sed  on  the  former  limits  ot  the  ( 'hiehiniee  enjiare.  1 1 
i-i  not  li!;ely  t'lut  !i  Te/i'uca.n  moiiavcli  reecivc  d  even  iioiniiial  iionois  in  halt  the 
jtiMvinees  nanieil.  Si'c  Xftl'i'i'  AVfci.-i,  v.  .')'.).")-(>,  for  tioundariis  assi"ned  liytho 
ttrins  of  the  trijiartife  aliianeo  in  I'lil,  whieh  had  lieeome  praetieally  oliso- 
l(te  before  the  Spaniards  .arrived.  I.\llil>:oehitl  seeks  to  magnify  the  jiov.cr 
of  his  ancestry  to  ).roinotc  his  ehiims.  lie  allows  his  namesake  to  take  jios- 
fievsion  of  the  noi'thern  hin":d.oni  on  March  111,  IVJ.'!.  and  to  Iniild  jiaknes  al-o 
at 'i'eotilmaean  and  at  Tcvjiitpae,  a  sili'  ;  ivm  him  Ipv  his  f.'thcr.  Jitir.  (',•». /- 
ihiilri,  ')'.\.     IJraascur  tie  nourlionrrr,  Jli-f.  Xnt.  O'r.,  iv.  ■")();{-4,  assumes  that 


Mhile  ("chnanaeoeh 


reeeived  ihe  tribute  and  n 


kin.'doni,  the  brotlu'r  eontrolled  th 
to  iii-i'veiit  anv  revolt. 


ominal  sovm  iLrntv  of  all  t 
I'tiii 


10 


(  neral  administration  and  the  armies 


'  liy  a  craftily  \ujrdcd  ilueuiuciit  issued  to  thciu  by  Cortes,  wherein  llow- 


"'*%• 


The 
iiacoeh 
mI  11  lU 
o  had 
•arc  <»t" 
itl  i'c-lt 
)i'olhcr 
'coi'di'd 
polilio 
^      ]lo 

L-o    v.as 

0  tlioso 
owed  :y 
;lcal  ;iid 
)  iiiitia- 
Tutliis 
,  jbltcrs 
ul  l»eou 
moTo 
irincc, 
Kilted 
■  the 
o  I'oriii 
uliou 


f'olm.'iii- 
him;  t'li! 
U.'.ncim, 

.il-;!l  Sr:i. 
Ill'll'l'.  It 
11  Iki!I'  tho 
I  il  liy  tlio 

;illy  oll^!<)- 

llio  iidv.cr 
tal;i'  i"is- 

iliui's  al/n 
,.;•.  Crn.l- 

u'liL's  tliat 

i.f  all  the 
ic  ai'iiiif^, 


rciu  llow- 


TLASCAL.VS  QUESTIOXABLE  (lAIX.  27 

iliov  woro  disiuissod  to  their  lioincs  after  tlio  fall  of 
.'*dexi('o.  The  first  instaliiH'nt  thereof  was  ex(Mnpti(m 
from  tlio  tribute  cxactenl  in  all  other  jn'ovinces,  and 
from  heinGf  i^'iven  in  cneoniiend;is;"  then  oanic  eortnin 
titles  wliich  sounded  so  well,  hut  wei'(^  wo'.-th  liltlo 
more  than  their  cost  to  th(>  crown.  'J'hus  thtir  en]!!- 
t,d  was  made  the  seat  of  iho  tirst  diocese,  honored  hy 
the  nnmo  of  ( 'arolense,  and  their  alcalde  niayoi-, 
(lifted  from  anion!!;'  themselves,  v>as  perniittcMl  to  call 
liimself  governor."  ][u(^Kot/',inco  shai'ed  sli'^ditly  in 
tlie  e  ]ii'ivil(%'t's,  and  tlu'  e;!<-i(|Ue  J'eceived  a  co;it  of 
;:n;is  ior  assistiu'j^  the  fu^Mtive  Spaniards  in  laiZO.^' 
And  this  was  alxmt  all.  Tiie  fault  lay  greatly  with 
( 'oites,  who  i'or  th(^  sake  of  his  own  credit  never 
iMliiiifted  the  I'eiil  extent  <if  his  obligation  to  these 
I'ailhlVil  allies.'"  Their  \-ery  devotiiai  and  j)rowess  wen; 
to  assist  in  d(>stroying  them,  since  ni'arly  every  ex[)e(n- 
lion  in  early  tinaes  i'or  opening  new  regions,  or  snp- 
pres:  ing  levolts,  took  away  a  nuud)er,  of  whom  many 

iii't  words  f'Til  tlicir  linnes  witliont  onnimitliiT::  liiinsrlf.  Tlio  0!i1y  Riili^taiitial 
I'roiiii  :o  ivcurdrd,  aside  lVi>iii  tii''  shart'  in  l"ii>l.y,  apiH'ar.s  tii  have  liccii  tlir  l•llll- 
!■■.  rva;iu;i  to  tln-'in  <  f  Irnd.s  a:id  li^al  ;:ovfiiiiii,'ut.  Si:voi-;'.l  iii'idci  n  wiitt  is 
liar]!  <i:i  the  ciiiitra^t  male  v.itli  tlicm,  Imt  their  only  authority  is  Caiiiai.;'", 
\,\\'i  if  doulttiul.    .Sec  /Ji<t.  J/'  I-.,  i.  ,")_M,  this  series. 

'■'I'voi  to  tlio  crown.  Tliis  cxcmiition  was  conlirineil  t]iro\i;di  Cortes 
M  IioM  in  .Sjiain,  so  that  crraspini;  ollieials  )iii.L;lit  not  laevcnt  it.  lly  deereo  of 
1. '!,">.")  the  ].rovinco  was  as  a,:  ;i(L-ial  luarli  of  favor  doeiared  an  inalienalilu  i>ait 
I  f  tlie  eviiwn  of  Caslilo.  i)rJ<iitii  (//•  la  Corona,  ii.  4.  'I'crijiU!  iiar(',:ea  quo 
tic  lien  a'  'una  mas  lihertad,'  is  Cortes'  signilieaiit  allusion  to  the  IliiiLsiness  of 
llir  l.iver-i.   fVfrf.rs',  ;!;!_'. 

"  I>ie'_:o  Maxixcati.in  was  governor  in  l.'iHt,  Motolinia  do'^orihca  fully  tho 
<laborati;  festivities  in  \X',^,  when  the  new  ai'ins  of  the  city  were  lir.st  dis- 
)'!ayed.  //^^■^  /;«/.,  81.  The  h'.ws  in  J'c'Oji.  ilv  Inilia.->,  ii.  l'!l'.)-'J(;0,  coiilinn 
to  thein  eo'tain  ciisteins,  exeni;it  them  from  the  nbliv'ation  to  Kcrvc  lieyoiid 
their  jirovinee,  and  from  monopolies  in  wines  and  meats,  which  must  Ijc  let 
i;t  juiMio  aiicti'Mi  as  in  S;>:d!i.  The  vii'eroy  is  enjoined  to  honor  them  and 
thi  ir  towns  in  every  way.  and  thoy  are  furtlier  ^riven  tlio  toiiehiii,'  juivil  ■;■(> 
(It  Irei  ly  making  repre.-enlations  and  eoiiiplaints— the  royal  \\a.sle-l)a.>.liet 
'\\as  ciipaeioiis  cnoujli. 

'■''J'iiecedula.  datiil  ]'h,{,  calls  him  Ai|uialuiateuliti.  liapti/ed  as  I"i-aneiseo 
de  S.indovaly  .Mon  no._  J'lim.^,  in  Minnniinit  s  J)i,iii'iit.  L<i:,  MS.,  7;j-.').  'I  hey 
Were  for  a  time  }.'iven  in  eueomieiida  to  I'orti'sians.  Tmian  r-<  i,i,i/i'n.'.<,]',iii., 
Kerie  ii.  torn.  v.  l.sT.  lather  .liianz  ohtaiiied  their  incorporation  nnihr  tiie 
Clown.    II' mm,  dec.  iii.  lili.  x.  eap.  vii. 

'"'iiiis  is  intimated  in  tlie  o|Miiiii;,'ci  dula  eoneorninL' them.  /-/.,  100,  wherein 
tlieirproinpt  .-ulnnissioii  tuehnrehandkiiiL,'  is  indicated  as  their  cliief  mi'iit.  In 
an.ither  ei.hil.i,  however,  tiny  are  coiiiniended  fur  'services  rendered  during 
the  paeilicatioii  of  the  country.' 


88 


rilEPAnATIOX  FOR  FURTHER  CONQUEST. 


pcrislicd,  wliilo  others  were  distiibutod  as  sottlors  to 
support  the  Spiiniunls  in  controlliuL,'  dirt'ereiit  districts. 
Diseases  and  other  adjunets  of  the  new  civiHzation 
made  inroads  upon  them  as  they  did  on  all  tlio 
natives,  and  so  they  dwindled  to  a  liandf'ul,  impotent 
even  to  raise  their  voice  against  tlie  abuses  to  wlii<'h 
unscrupulous  officials  submitted  them.^'  Their  only 
real  friends  were  the  friars,  who  did  what  tliey  could 
to  protect  their  rights,  and  contirm  them  in  their 
devout  and  loyal  disposition. 

While  the  rebuilding  of  ^Fexico  served  to  occu]>y 
the  more  contented  spirits  who  had  decided  to  settle 
there,  supported  by  tlie  encomiendas  granted  them  in 
the  valley,  Cortes  found  the  l)etter  remedy  for  tlio 
rest  to  be  expeditions,  which  wouli.l  not  only  advan<'e 
the  common  interest,  but  enable  them  to  achieve  their 
own  rewards  and  at  the  same  time  remove  turbulent 
characters  to  a  safe  distance.  Actual  campaigns  woro 
little  called  for,  since  the  mere  report  (jf  the  fall  of 
!^^exico  sufficed  to  summon  neutral  or  even  hostile 
caciques  to  render  homage  to  the  victors.  Neverthe- 
less it  was  necessary  to  actually  occu})y  the  surrounding 
provinces,  ascertain  their  condition  and  wealth,  and, 
above  all, to  extort  tribute  and  jiresents  on  the  strength 
of  the  ridiculous  recjuirement  issued  by  the  sovenMgii 
in  the  name  of  the  pope,  and  to  be  used  in  demanding 
submission  from  the  natives.'*'  To  this  end  the  tribute- 
rolls  of  jNIontezuma  proved  of  value,  by  indicating  the 
kind  and  amount  of  taxes  exacted  by  the  rapacious 
Aztec  collectors.     An  exhibition   of  the  rolls  with 

'"  The  king  found  it  necessary,  nt  tlic  instance  of  the  fi'iurs,  to  repeat  more 
than  (incc  tlie  order  aj;ainst  tlieir  CDinimlsury  service  beyond  tlie  limit  •  of  their 
])r()vince.  'Tand)ien  l<ts  liizo  esehivos  ;  diyna  reconipensa  por  cierto  ch' unn.s 
lionilires  viles,  verdiigos  dt'  su  niisiua  jiatria,'  is  the  patriotic  outburst  against 
tiieni  by  JJustauiante.  ^Ihi.^pa  dc  t'liil/iiiiirii/ii<i,  59.  Sec  al.so  his  A'(  (7'>/'/(('/, 
ii\  /'(//).  V(ir.,  xlvi.  -MS.,  8,  ami  his  'J'riir/>:,  4I-'J.  He  overlonks  that  they 
acted  with  a  motive  which  to  them  was  piu'e.  They  were  made  tools  l)y  a 
superior  ndml.  ]$y  a  viceregal  decree  issued  at  their  request  in  December 
l'>'.\~,  no  slaves  were  allowed  within  their  territory.  Puvheco  and  Vurdenas, 
Col.  Doc,  ii.  'JO'i. 

'^Sieu  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  397-9,  this  scries. 


!■ 


41 


!i      ;ii 


SULPIIUK  FROM  rOrOCATEPETL. 


20 


TS   to 

h'icts. 

11    tho 

)ot('llt 

wlii<'h 

'  only 

could 

thoir 


Dcciipy 
I  settle 
icm  in 

or  the 
lIvuik'o 
c  tlu'ii' 
•bnk'iit 
IS  wore. 
fall  of 
hostile 


ortl 


U'- 


1111(1111,1^* 


,  nii«l, 

n-tll 


rcii 


:e  toil;"  11 
aiidiiig 
vibute- 
m<X.  tlio 
liacious 
with 


peat  more 
t  ,  (if  tlioii" 

0  (If  niios 
•at  against 
Wrcsiiht'l, 
that  tlicy 
touls  liy  «■ 

1  Icociuber 
Cardenas, 


tlie  allurin.L,''  facts  was  enough  to  briiiLC  forward  the 
]ic('d(;d  volunteers  for  any  of  the  proposed  expeditions. 
A  primary  measure,  jiowcvei-,  was  to  rejileiiish  the 
ammunition,  for  liardly  any  jtowder  remained.  In  this 
(lilcmma  Cortes  l»ethouj.;ht  himself  of  the  smokiiii^ 
J'(i|»ocatei)etl,  where  Ordaz  had  discovered  sulphur  in 
IT)  11).  I'^ncoura^'ed  by  the  fame  of  his  ascent,  Fran- 
cisco ]\[ontano  olfered  himself  for  the  venture."  Four 
Spaniards  and  a  numher  of  natives  accompanied  them, 
and  as  they  ai>proached  the  volcano  their  train  had 
swelled  to  thousands  of  si^ht-seers,  aylow  with  excite- 
ment at  this  second  stormin<>'  of  the  infernal  rcj-ions, 
V.  hich  ])romised  to  be  far  more  daring  tlian  the  lli-st. 
31any  l.)uilt  huts  near  the  foot,  there  to  await  the 
I'esult  of  the  battle.  The  ascent  bc'jfan  about  noon, 
s('Vei'al  attendants  following  with  the  necessary  rojit's, 
bags,  and  blankets.  When  night  came  on  they  dug  a 
ca\  ily  ill  which  to  shelter  themselves  from  the  pierc- 
ing cmM,  but  the  sulphurous  exhalatitms  became  so 
uiien(hirabl<_!  as  to  drive  them  Ibi'th.  While  groping 
about  in  Jie  dark,  half  benumbed,  one  of  the  S[)an- 
iaids  fell  into  a  crevice,  and  but  for  a  friendly  icicle 
he  WiMild  iiav(i  been  dashed  into  an  abyss  several 
thousand  feet  below.  Finding  the  l(.)cality  unsafe  they 
li.illeil  until  dawn,  despite  the  chilling  blast,  and  then 
hastened  forward.  Half  an  hour  later  an  eruption 
shook  the  mountains,  and  sent  them  scamiiering  for 

the  fiieiidlv  shelter  of  some  craixs.     The  shock  proved 
"  n  I 

not  wholly  unwelcome,  however,  for  a  lieated  stone 
rolled  toward  them,  by  v/hich  tliey  were  enabled  to 
warm  their  stiil'ened  limbs.  Soon  afterward  one  of 
the  men  became  so  exhausted  that  he  had  to  be  left 
Ixhind  to  await  their  return.  They  were  alrea  y 
ajipi-oaching  the  goal,  when  a  fresh  erui)tion  took  place, 

''•'  FrancisTH  >[t>sa.  an  nvtillvvi-t,  i>  iiaincil  as  ono  of  tlic  coiii]iaiiions,  and 
.luiiii  <lc  LaiioH  aiiju-ars  to  liavo  l.icii  anotliiT.  In  tlio  ri-titkin  of  Mxjntauo'H 
licirs  tho  event  is  placed  duiiu'.'  the  sio'.;.',  and  Solis,  1114.  M<.c.,  ii.  -ir,]  -2, 
(lutes  it  V  hilo  ( 'oiti's  WH  at  Se-uia;  l)iit  i).)th  are  to(_)  early.  In  hU  relation 
ot  May  \.d2.  (:ort(',s  states  that  he  sent  the  men  from  ( "l)yuhnacan,  so  that 
It  must  have  been  .shortly  after  the  .siege,  while  preparing,''  new  expeditions. 


PRl'-rARATIOX  FOR  FURTHER  CONQUEST. 


^ 


i'lii 


wltli  ;i  sliowci"  of  stones  and  aslics  that  caused  tlicm 
to  di'op  their  hunleiis  and  rush  for  slielter."" 

Al'trr  a  while  they  ventured  i'orward  a^-aln,  and 
renehed  the  summit,  and  as  they  i^'azed  iipprehcnslvely 
into  the  crater,  nearly  IkiIF  a  leaL,nie  in  \vi;lth,  the 
clearing'  sniolce  occasiiinallv  (hscloscd  seethln'j;  massis 
liundreds  of  feet  helow,''^  whik;  tlie  op])rcssive  fumes 
^;ent  a  shiver  ahnost  of  liorror  tiu'ouufh  their  frames, 
niinL;'h'd  with  nns[)oken  regrets  for  liavin;.;'  undertaken 
the  evil  adv(_nture.  "J'hi'ir  rei»utation  was  at  stake, 
however,  and  amoii'j^  tlie  four  wlio  jiad  ])ersevered  ^u) 
far,  none  v.i.heil  to  show  cov.a.rdiee.  The  diHieulty 
v.;;s  t:)  descend  iii'o  the  cra.ti'r  to  collect  tlio  sulphur 
Yv'hich  was  lyini^  there  in  abundance.  At  last  a  ;!)ot 
v/as  f)und,;'nd  lots  beinn' di'awn,  it  fell  to  .M')niaiio  to 
take  the  i'.niiatory  step.  Vv'ilh  a  rope  round  his  Wiii.-t 
ho  descended  into  the  abj-ss  I'or  a  distance  of  several 
hundred  leel,"'  accordiuLi;'  to  his  own  statement,  with 
swinnniuL;'  brain,  opj)ressed  by  deadly  funu^s,  jind  in 
danger  from  (a-u[ttive  substances.  It  seemed  indeed  a 
•sleuvkr  suj)[)ort  and  one  v.liich  at  any  moment  mi^ht 
])ai't  and  abandon  him  to  the  <;'lowing  lire  beneath. 
a-Vftcr  deliverin'j;  a  Inv'-ful  of  brimstone  se^■(.Ml  times, 
ho  was  relieved  by  one  of  his  connpanions,  v/ho  made 
six  tri})S,'-^"'  increasiniLj  the  output  to  thri>e  hundred 
pt)unds.  This  v/as  deemed  sullicient;  antl  eai^'er  to 
escape  from  their  threatenin<^  posiiion,  they  ben'an  the 
return  journey,  wliicli  ])ro\ed  not  a  lit'ile  difiicult, 
burdened  as  they  were.  At  times  they  were  thi'eadinLj 
a  dee[)  crexice,  at  times  sliding'  down  a  snow-t^overed 
surface,  stuiublini^  against  some  sharp  jtrojection,  or 
sinking  into  a  treacherous  aperture.     The  abandoned 

'-'"  Corfi'd,  Carfax,  '27<1.  Ilcnvra  iv:iinros  tliia  allusion  to  a  fliiLjht  nml  rojiHciiit , 
ami  slatts  tluit  Uic  iwrty  ro:ahed  the  summit  at  1().\.  M.   ilcc.  iii.  lili.  iii.  eaii.  ii. 

-'  'Q  L'stauii  ai'ilieiiil')  a  manora  dc  fuiL,'o  natural,  cosa  liio  csiiaiiuLsa  dc 
^o^.'  /(/.  'Tan  gran  liouduia,  (jui;  no  luulieioii  vcr  tl  caho.'  Corirs,  Cartels, 
'270. 

--  '  Sotonta  (')  oiliiMita  l)va/a'^.'  A/.,  .'U'i.    IFoiTcni  niakiJi  it  only  11. 

-'■'Si)  run^j  the  statcmont  in  lIiTi'iTa  ;  ami  Corua  al.so  wiitoa  that  the  nu'u 
%vorc  'lowcrcil'  70  lathoms  into  tlie  crater  ;  l)ut  it  is  more  ))roijal)le  that  their 
colored  story  reduces  itself  to  a  mere  der;cent  aloni^  the  incline  of  a  crevice:. 
Juuu  lie  Liirios  is  said  to  have  made  the  last  descents. 


4 


I       :i« 


"^ 


^lAN'UFACTURE  OF  CANNON". 


8t 


ronirado  was  jm-kod  ii]>,  ilmu^-li  lie  rould  iviidcr  mi 
aid  III  ciiiiNcviii'^  llio  Imi-dcii,  As  they  approached 
the  caiiij)  at  the  loot  iho  natives  ('amo  iorth  \vi(h 
(•iithw-ia.->(ic  eliecrs  to  hear  the  (loUL;hty  adveiitui'ers 
oil  tlh'ir  ^-liotiMei's.  Their  ionriiev  to  Covuhiiacaii 
^vas  a  trliiiii]ilial  march,  and  Cortes  hiniselt*  cair.e  to 
M-elconie  them  witli  an  emhrat.'e,  Avroalhed  in  alani- 
(lant  promises.  ^NEontano  was  too  lunnhlc  an  iiuHvid- 
u  tl,  lio\ve\'ei',  to  receive  the  same  attention  as  Oi'dax, 
v;lio  used  his  less  vahiahle  ]»(MT()rmanc(\  maL;'ni;ied  hy 
iihUieiice  and  ])osition,  to  ol)lain  a  coat  of  arms  and 
jL;rants.  An  encomienda,  scanty  even  foi-  ]ii.;  or(hnary 
services  as  participant  in  the  coufjne.t,  and  a  \>\\r\' 
i<Ti!i  (  i"  oliice  as  cor)'e'.;idor,  vas  all  th;;t  liis  iTpca.ted 
a-):)'oa!s  ci)uld  sccurt>.'-^'  The  sul[)hnr  ])roved  most 
accepuihle,  hut  no  attiMiipts  \vere  made  to  ohta.in 
more  IVom  the  volcano,  because  of  the  dan'^'er.*' 


ed 


niion 


(1  IVIlSClMlt, 

iii.  i::li.  ii. 
i;iu;ii.;;i  lUi 

ri. 

it  the  men 
tluit  their 
a  uix'vict;. 


I 


Another  want  was  cannon,  both  for  exj)ediiions 
and  I'a'  the  diii'erent  stronii^'holds  to  he  established  in 
their  \v;;:.e.  Iron  w;is  unknown  to  the  natives,  but 
copper  c  )uU  be  obtained  in  abundance,  (uid  an  alloy 
vas  ;doiic  ne.'dcd  to  [n'oduce  a  serviceable  metal,  "^riie 
ricli  p(;s;;c.>sed  a  little  tin  in  the  sha[!e  of  dishes,  esti- 
m;:'. ed  indeed  eijual  to  silver,"-'  and  small  ])ieces  circu- 
lated as  money,  liy  Ibllowin:^^  this  duo  it  was  found 
tliat  ;it  Taxco,  some  distance  south-west  of  (^uauhna- 
huac,  mines  of  this  metal  existed.      Use  was  at  once 

■•"'i'ho  cncninii'iuLi  (•..mpriscil  h.ilf  the  villn-c  of  Zapolitlnn,  alt(v;ether 
ii!:-uliki,!it,  I'.ir  the  iiKiiiiLLnunieiMif  liij  large  faniilyof  10  i-uiiiianil  7  d.ai'ateis. 
]liH  !inpcii!s  i)rrMhicc,|  (111  onler  to  the  \ieeroy,  "years  later,  to  row:.  !  :  ini, 
and  he  reeeive.l  the  oliieetjf  eorrej;i(lor  of  T.Mialii  in  Mixteeapan,  wit!  .  ;  -S  iry 
ot  -J.M  I'e.iiw.  Hiif  tirni  expired  after -J  y.  ars,  and,  altlioii-li  hid  re  ideneiii 
jirovi'd  g.iid,  noutiier  (illiio  \v;;h  Ldven.  'lie  now  fell  int..  want,  and  had  to 
I'lort;  ;:e  his  hoii.-^e.  His  Hppe;.]:<  appear  to  have  reeeived  little  attention,  for 
IiH  de  e.'uilants  eontiniied  to  ilamor  an  Into  as  I.V.ilJ.  A  sondndaw  then 
cjlitauh  .1  an  allowance  of  -JOU  pcso.s.  which  was  exeliaii^'cd  for  hetter  n  wards. 
Mn„'ftiin,  ]'it:r!<,ii,mParhifoMul  lurdcMif,  Col.  Uoc'^  xni.  480-3;  AUimuii, 
J)i^i  rt.,  1.  npp.  148-54. 

■"(lae  nos  proveiin  do  Kspiina,  v  V.  M.  ha  si.lo  servido  (pio  no  h;>va  \a. 
ohi.sl")  quo  nos  lo  inii  ida.'  (V, ,•/,..,  ('nr/a.^,  -.Wl  Cood  saltpetre  had  alVeady 
been  toiind.     For  later  ascents,  see  vol.  i.  •J.',7,  thi.s  ;,eiies. 

-';'('o:nproloHi.latosdelloape«):jdeplata.'  GuiiMn',  lll.^t.  Mcx., 'SM.  Seo 
Ad.'fCf  Ji'avi.i,  ii.  iJ&2,  473. 


^ 


II     !l 


32  rniTARATION  FOR  FURTHER  CONQUF.ST. 

ii!M(Io  of  tlie  (liscovory,  wliicli  led  also  to  fiiKliiiij^  I'icli 
silver  and  iron  (Icjiosits.  ('astint^  at  onro  beiifan  uiidtr 
the  <liroction  of  an  t'xprrirnci.'d  iL,anuu.T,  and  with  tli<> 
artillci y  already  on  hand,  they  Jiad  .soon  a  hun(hcd 
cannon.'"' 

Dmin;4  tlio  gonoral  upiissini;-  that  followed  the  ex- 
])ul.sion  of  Spaniards  iVoni  ^lexieo  in  the  previous 
ye;n-,  some  iburscorc;  adventurers  had  been  sinpi'ised 
and  slauy'htered  in  Toehtejx'c,'"'*  a  niount;dn(»us  renion 
on  the  uj)})er  waters  of  Jiio  l*apaloapan.  Xo  nie;is- 
lU'es  beiuL,^  taken  to  chastise  the  perpt'trators  of  the 
(.leed,  the  inhaititants  j^rew  conlideiit  in  their  stroni;'- 
holds.  After  the  fall  of  ]Mexieo  a  number  of  Ax.tee 
l(i'4itives  sou_:4']it  refuuje  there  to  keep  alive  the  spirit 
of  Ireedom.  With  no  lack  of  men  at  his  command, 
Cortes  now  resolved  to  uproot  this  hotd)(>d  of  sedi- 
tion, IcK'ated  as  it  was  in  a  country  ivj)uted  "'cli  in 
m'oM.  A  fon-e  of  thirty-live  horse,  two  hund  loot, 
and  some  thirtv  thousand  allies,  was  accord'  di-- 

spatched  at  the  end  of  October  1  ;")•_' I,  under  Sandoval, 
attended  by  Captain  Luis  !Marin,  and  others,  witli 
orders  to  reduce  the  whole  region,  and  secure  posses- 
sion by  foundinj^-  the  necessary  colonies/''''  The  lirst 
(K'lnand  for  submission  by  so  formidable  an  army, 
jiushed  with  recent  %ictories,  brought  forth  the  na- 
tives in  humble  supplication.  All  that  I'cmained  to 
be  done  was  to  pursue  the  hostile  rei'ugees  and  chiel 

"'Tliirty  of  tlirsc  wen-  ln-ass,  tlie  rest  iron,  .and  tliry  hnd  1>ocn  ol)t.Tiiuil 
oliiclly  from  Narviicz,  I'oncedi;  Leon,  .nndotlicrs.  '  J)o  f;il  •  <icto  <nrril)ii,  treiiit.i 
y  I'iiico  jiiczas,  y  do  liiciro,  ciiiro  londjiiriis  y  patiavol.iiitcs  y  vorsoj  y  otiin 
iiiani  I'aa  do  tinw  do  Idor'-o  colado,  liasta  sotcnt.-i  j/iczas.'  The  castin;,'  lic.r.ui 
early  in  t!io  nutunin  of  lo'2-l.  in  his  li'Uorot'  Oetol)or  l,")th  lie  writes  that  live 
nuns  liad  so  far  lieen  cast,  ('(oia-^,  IU'2.  Oviiilo,  iii.  40.'),  dill'ors  in  tiie  nuni 
lier.  'J'lio  eas;in'.Mif  {.fiins  was  produced  liy  liis  many  jealous  aceiiscrs  as  a 
jiroof  of  nbellious  projects,  several  of  tlie  ]iieei's  liein;;  deelai(.'(l  suspiciously 
ditlei-ent  from  those  m  cdi'd  for  Indian  lij;htinLr.  i'mii'--',  ]i't>iili  ii''i  i,  i.  (ii, 
l2.'!(i-7.  He  was  driven  to  tho  measure  hy  Fonseca"s  prohibition  against  allo\\  - 
ing  war  mateii.il  to  reach  New  Spain.   (\irl(s,  Crirt(i<,  311. 

-'='Alsi)  called  'J'otepec,  ]ircservi'd  in  the  ]ir(^sent  'ruxtepee.     ^fercator,  !.")(;;). 
lias  'flic,' >i jii r  town;  on  ni;i]i  of  l."i74  ('o-'<'osla  lies  north  of  it;  Wisf-Imf.  S/  !• 
ij/iil,  KiJl.  TorlitijHc;  J^iejiert,  'J'lisfi/nr;  Car/o;!.  I'ac.  Count,  MS.,  i.  .')10.     Tlic 
niassacri'  has  been  described  in  IJi>/,  J!ij:.,  i.  511. 

■-* Cortes  names  t!ie  jii-ovinccs  Tatactc'telco,  Tuxtcpcquc,  Guatuxco,  Auli- 
caba.     LJuatuxco  was  the  lirst  entered.  Carla.i,  'JOO. 


C( 


U;, 


BRIONES  AXD  THE  TILTRPECi:?. 


Iff  rich 
Ith  tin- 

Uiulll'll 

the  cx- 

rcvious 
irprisi'd 

i  VL'i^inU 

J  incas- 

,  of  tlio 

str()ii;j;- 

,f  A'AUy 

le  spiiit 

iiuinan<l, 

of  s(!;li- 

'•icli   in 

r.u.t, 

iandtival, 
'Vs,  Nvith 

|)08SCS- 

lio  ih'st 
n  aniiY, 
the  lui- 
aiued  ti) 
uid  chict 

ccn  olitaimd 
■riliii,  tiviiita 
■vs<u  y  otnn 
istiii;j;  lic;riiu 
•iU-'s  lli;it  livo 

ill  tlu!  luiiii- 
ii'ciisivs  as  !i 

luspiL'iously 

,1,  ii'i ',  i.  t;i, 

igaintit  allow  • 
Toatm-,  l.")('i'.l, 

.,i.:>w.  'i'li^ 

.atuxco,  AuU- 


ulio  liad  led  in  tlic  slau'^litrr  of  tlio  Sjiaiiiards,  and 
w  111!  Jiad  iK'd  oil  findiiiLj  111''  iicojilo  iiitiiiiidati'd.  'I'la-y 
uiTl'  .soon  br()Ut;lit  in,  and  the  k'adin;^"  ('ari(HU'  was 
siiiimi.irily  hunicd  in  tlu'  main  sijuarc  of 'roi'!ih'i)i.'u  a.s 
a  \\•a^nil|^•  tu  his  asscinidcd  vassals.  The  rest  wero 
jiardoiii-d  ai'tor  a  sahitary  siisponse. 

Whilf  txainiiiiiiL;'  tho  miiu'ral  iTsourccs  of  tlio  new 
(I'lKjiu'sl,  Sandoval  despatched  Cajitain  J>ri;)iies  with 
a  hundred  infantiT  and  sonic  allic  s  to  snlxhie  Tiltepec 
and  other  towns  in  the  adjoiniiii^'  Zapotec  territorv. 
JJrioiu's  was  a  voluble  lellow,  as  we  have  seen,  lately 


<.  /  /  / 


o. 


HtlMliiIUlMill  3 


'^^m 


ei;i..,.V-NTi:(,S     -tluazpallM'^c 


,Xiill-|.. 


■ti.    Tii.'.sio.S(;!)\  \ 


r. 
V 


T.-l./i.ulUu 


7.  A  P  O  T  E  C  A  r  A  N 


I     .  Itzcjulnti'i'i'O 


^^_fv^-V^ 


f) 


r- 


/;     .  / 


\ 


MiT;'.Tr.CArAy  and  Ooazacoai.co. 


coiiiniaiidrv  of  oni;  of  the  hd^c  bri,u:aiitinos,  who  had 
made  a  ^ood  iiiipression  on  tho  oilicers  ))y  a  Itoastful 
exliihition  of  scars  from  the  wars  in  Italy.-""  Tho  Za- 
jiotecs  v.ero  made  v^  sterner  stuff  than  the  Toclite- 
jiecans,  inured  as  thev  wore  to  danii'er  amoiiL;'  their 


h 


11  jai'tancia  snole  vivir  iiiuv  ccrca  tie  la  cobardia,'  llillt^■  Saliiz!ir.  some- 


what unjustly,  y//.-/.  (\ 
duras.     .Sn-  lll.-t.  (' 


Hisi.  JlEX.,  Vol.  11.    a 


■"/.,  S.'i.     ]lv  li;.'iin.3  even  luoi'o  ^)i\juiiiiLUtly  iu  lluu- 
I'.').,  i.  .VJj,  ut  scq. 


34 


rREFARATION  FOR  FURTHER  CO'SQVE^T. 


^ 


ruf^'^-cd  clifls,  and  reliant  on  tlieir  ft)nuidablo  [nlivs  and 
f-tdiit  cdttou  arnnn";  and  \\]\r\\  Iji'ioncs  ap^iroacliud 
uitli  easy  t-onfidenco,  tlii'y  i'cll  upon  '  ini  in  a  narrow 
pass  v.-illi  a  fury  that  conspclli'd  him  to  retreat,  N^dl'i 
one  tliii'd  of  liis  i'orco  wounded/"  includin;.;'  hinisclf. 
Sandoval  Avas  not  a  littlt)  dis'^ustod  on  l.-;;rni'!;;'  ilio 
inifserai)]c  I'ailure  of  the  boaster,  and  aski.'d  ]iii;i  i;-on- 
irallv  how  he  used  to  iJLrlit  in  Italy/'"  Briones  swore 
that  he  would  sooner  meet  large  armies  of  ]Moor.s 
than  the  Zapotecs,  who  seemed  to  srprin.i;'  from  the 
Arrv  i.'i'ound  in   evfi'-increasin''  numbers.     It  would 

It.'  O 

not  answtr  to  let  the  reoulse  <>'o  unaveu'-vd,  and  .^'-au- 

i  »  O  ^ 

doval  hurried  v.'itli  nearly  all  the  fi)rce  to  re  (ore  the 
Soai'/isli  r/re.^li'je.  The  i)revious  ytru'.r'>le  had  been 
sullicicntlv  obstinate  to  eause  the  enemy  to  )iesit:ite, 
and  the  eaei<{ue  of  Tiltepec  threw  o})en  hi  ;  j^^ates, 
wliieli  cxampli!  was  followed  by  the  Xaltep-.'s. 

The  latter  district  bordered  on  that  of  tlie  wa.rliko 
!^[ijes,  who  were  constantly  making-  raids  (;n  th.eir  ter- 
ritory, and  it  was  chiefly  with  a  view  to  obtai.i  pro- 
tection t'lat  envo\-s  c.uiie  with  humble  mien.  thoULih 
attiri'vl  iu  beautiful  embroidered  robes,  to  ten-dor  sub- 
mission, and  to  soften  the  hearts  of  the  con^p.ioi'ors 
with  p''(,vents.  Amon;^  the  gifts  were  ten  tubes  Idletl 
with  gold-tlust,  which  at  once  aroused  an  i;iterest 
in  their  altairs.  Whde  tunvilling  <:o  give  t!i  r.i  the 
soldiers  witli  whom  they  hoped  to  terrify  tlieir  foe, 
a  small  pai-ty  was  sent  to  examine  the  mines  under 
the  preteut'c  of  reconnoitring  i'or  a  speedy  descent  on 
the  ^lijes.  So  good  were  tlie  reports  that  »S;mdoval 
immedi.ttely  secured  for  himsi  If  a  town  m\ir  th,e  mines, 
fre.in  which  he  ot.iained  a  larg\'  sum  in  jmi]  '.  'I'h.e 
other  town.s  and  tracts  of  tin;  conquest  were  distrili- 
Uted  among  the  n\embers  of  the  expeditioii,"'  juid  to 


■;*■ 


''One  ilioil  of  wmiiuls,  and  several  were  can'iecl  oil  soon  ufU;-  liy  disease. 
]tcriifil  />/((:,  Hint.    I'lrtlml.,  10."). 

'-  '  I'a'iio  le  sei'iiir  L'aiiitau,  <iue  son  ostas  tiiTias  utraM  4110  la.-;  lU.jidi'  an- 
dull"  inilitanili)?'  /.«'. 

•'■' Saiiildval  look  Gtmzpaltepce,  vliieli  yielded  l.'i.fXK)  pesus  ile  on)  from 
the   liiiiieh;   Mai'ili  liceived  Xaltepee,    'unite  a  dukedom;'  Ojidas   received 


ESI'IIiITU  SANTO. 


:S5 


cs  and 

)achcd 

larrnw 

,  villi 

luisi.'lf. 

.IL?    tllO 

u  irou- 
s'.vorc 

1 

jMoors 

1 

)iu  the 

■1/, 

would 

.'3 

d  Suu- 

)iv  tao 

1  ^■.u 

c';:iit:;U', 

■i 

-atc^^, 

i 

v/aHiko 

4 

icir  ti'V- 

!■ 

\ia  pi'o- 

tlum.u'li 

lor  sul)- 

'jiU'V'.irs 
rs  idled 

i-.d-re>t 

::\\\  tlie 

»ir  t')e, 

^    lUldi'l' 

cent  «iu 

r.'.'.MNal 

'.;;liH'-;, 

1.     Tlie 

di.tril- 

d    t: 


IliV  (Ineiiso. 


<l.:ulr 


flulU 


■('    (il'o 

lis    ICCX'lVt'll 


.1 


a.-sui'e  ceiitrol  lie  luuiKli.'d  a  villa  Nvliicli  was  luiuied 
Medellin,  ill  Imnor  cd'  the  birthplace  of  liiiiibcU'  and 
C'oru's."' 

ri'.-iii  this  jioiiit  the  ixnuy  j)i'()eeeded  .southward  to 

the  (luazaeoalcr.  oouutiy,  whose  advauta^'cs  with  its 

jiDi't  and  its  fertility  had  been  denioiistrate>l  bysjieeial 

t  ::[ie(lilions  duriii,!;'  the  tiiiie  i.r]Monte:rania.    On  leacli- 

i'l,;-  the  Goazacoalco,  Sandoval  suinnioned  to  him  tl- j 

K;!iii;;L;'    c;;(  ijues.     Several    days    passed  without  an 

a;;  A.'.v,  ;ind  pro[)araiitins  v/ere  made  lor  waililvL"  meas- 

iii'L  -.    Uuid*;d  by  Curtain  natives  he  one  night  lell  upon 

;i  t  \/a  andca[)tured  a  Ivniale  chief  of  great  iniiuein-e. 

Tlii.-: stroke p-roved  efiecti\e,  and  the ivst  o|'(hr  count ly 

MihiiiitLcd,  v.itli ofiers  of lich  presents."'    In  accordance 

\\\l\i  tlie  instruction:;  received,  a  town  was  now  fv)uniled 

on  ;li;' southern  bank  of  tho  river,  four  Icaguv^s  from 

the  nil. nth,  a:id  named  Espi'ritu  Santo,  from  the  «lay 

on  v.lilvh  they  liad  crossed  the  stream  and  ]ccci\rd 

the  allgiarice  of  the;  people.''"     The  prospects  of  the 

t)wn  ;; ;  the  future  entrciu^t  for  trade  between  X»'W 

^"[^alu  and  (lie  Islands,  and  home  country,  as  vv'cll  as 

tlir  resources  of  'vhe  district,  gave  it  a  siroiig  r.ttrac- 

li;iii.  a,  -1  a  nui.i1)ci'  of  both  leaders  and  soldier,-^  oli'ered 

t.»  setlle,  n';{:il,ly  I.uis  r^Iarin,  Francisco  de  .Mrtlina, 

\/ho  aiLerv.-ar.l  met  so  terrible  a  fate,  Diego  de  (  oxloy, 

l'>  v.hnm,  ill;,;.;  ad  of  ]^[al■in,  historians  have  wrongly 

givin  lae  credit  of  conipiering  C!"hia[)as,  and  FiMiici^co 

Tiltr!H'o.  w!ii!.>  r.i  riKil  l'i::z  writes  that  ho  refused  t.)  Lis  later  re-ret  Matlat- 
l.iu  and  Oriralia.  Jii4.  Vmlail.,  lO.V-O. 

•     '\i!lto    l      •.;ij   l.i   tieilii   ndelltlii,    on    la    jn'ovilleia   dc    Tatil1|iteleleii.' 

C^rfr-',  r'yA'';v,  ;ii;i.  T!  0  f.miidiii:,'  and  tho  installation  of  tho  iimiiieii)ality 
V.  ere  hasleiied  Ly  l!io  aniv.d  of  Cii.^tolial  lioTapui,  vlio  inli  luled  tufUin'i^ed'ti 
I  orVH  r.s  j.;  .vcrn!>r,  a:!  vlll  l,o  tuld  Llscwhoro.  it  was  w.un  after  niove.l  near 
t')  \  er:\  C'niz. 

■' //•  ;vr,i|,  di'C.  iii.   lih.  i;-.  ;.aji.  xi.      The  jienjilr  eillie  with  a   i.ir'^t:  ni'.iu- 
1..T  ut  (•!i!-c.  .J  to  ferry  the  .-.nny  a.  n,,^,  (?ai-ii|,ie  Tuelul  rnnaiidn.i,'  as  Imsta-e. 

/"  'J'-','  i'-'?  ^i'."''  ''  '■'''"'•<  ''''>•  'i'''t'.V  I'aid  t»;.  years'  arrears  ef  taxes,  niys 
lahlx'K-iiiil.  nor.  ('ni,l,hfl,,,  :,-.  C.rtes  writes  l.')2l>.  I.in,lr  T<>iii<iii,thii  'i ; 
Orunaas,   l.-.::i,    /.>.   ,/,.  f^,,,,',,,-  (.'hI,,,,.    i,vj;_    /,._,/,,  ,/„..„,.„/,, h,-   Uihero,    l.-;.'<l, 

/,.  <h  ,,,uis„,ui';^;  Mm,].},  Ail.i.H,  X.  ),-,7i,  y.>o  ,/,.  .,,„„i,„,„ ,-  II. .od,  l.V.L',  /.'.  <!.- 

t  ■'.,.■'<;  Ovill.y,  1071,  I!., I.  <;;':;,;.„l,;,;  Danil.ier,  Ili'.:!!.  /.'.  (i  Mf.it.  ,„,.'. ,.  ,  r 
i;  ■■,sfn./wol/,;  L,..jt,  1G;);1,  A*.  (,•,/„:„,•„«/,■„;  .lelleryN.  177(i,  /.'.  '!,"(■.>„■., Ic«,  v  it!; 
the  t ;.wii  of  <'<r//i,).„.   U.  htirhii,;,!,-^  Cirfn,/.  /',/,•.  C,,,,^/,  MS.,  i.  ,"..'(!>. 

■"  All!  heeau.so  >  j  tiiu  foniier  ;,nni\  ersary  N'urvae/.  liad  Ik  eu  defeated,  a.KU 
lleriial  Diaz.  "^ 


lilii 


36 


rREr.VRATIOX  FOR  FURTHER  COXQUFST. 


I        i 


: 


(le  Luo'o.  Sandoval,  Grado,  ]3ri()iies,  Ijornal  D'nv/., 
and  others,  also  took  up  either  I'esideiice  or  grants 
her(>,  the  latter  extending"  iVoui  tlie  Za[)otee  countiy 
to  the  sea,  and  from  the  soutliern  limits  ol*  ^.ledelliu 
district  into  Tabasco.^' 

Hardly  had  the  repartition  heen  made  before  San- 
doval was  called  away,  and  when  the  settlers  began 
to  levy  trii)ute,  nearly  all  the  districts  revolted,  s.-v- 
eral  of  them  being  killed.  They  were  pacified  after 
considerable  trouble,  onlv  to  rise  again  at  intervals  in 
dilferent  (piarterH.^"*  ]More  settlers  came,  ho\\e\t.'r, 
and  with  fertile  and  ])opulous  grants  they  pros[)ered 
so  well  that  the  towns  to  tlie  nortli  gr<,!W  jealous  and 
obtained  a  curtailment  of  the  district;  later  settle- 
ments in  Tabasco,  („'hia})as,  and  Oajaca,  laid  claim  to 
other  jiortions,  and  Espiritu  Santo  soon  dwindled.''' 

At  the  time  that  Samloval  set  forth  on  the  Goaza- 
coalco  cam})aign,  another  exj)edition  was  desjiatt-lied 
against  Zapotecajian  and  ]\lizleca[)an,  a  region  altei-- 
nating  in  fertile  vallevs  and  rugged  mountains,  and 
covering  tlic  modern  state  ot'Uajaca;  the  former  lying 
to  the  east,  round  the  soui'ces  of  (iroazacoalct*,  and 
stretching  to  Tehuantepec;  the  -latter  divided  into 
Uj)])i'r  and  lower  ^Mi/.tecapan,  co\<ring  respectively 
the  lofty  Cohuaixtlahuacan  and  the  sea-bathed  Tutu- 
tepec.  Although  distinct  in  language  from  the  inliab- 
itants  of  .Vnahuae,  tlie  peo[)lo  ])ossessed  the  culture 
of  the  Xahuas,  and  have  been  ha^tilv  clas.sed  as  an 

^'  I'oiniil  Diiiz,  ///••/.  Verdwh,  lO.VT,  nnmcs  a  niimlKT  of  llic  sf•ttl(•I•^>.  pcv  ■ 
c'liil  of  wlmiu  ilid  not  ivniaiu  ns  icsiilonts;  lie  hI.sd  givis  tliu  iwilivo  iiiiiiit  h  of 
jiroviiiccs,  lis  ( 'opilco,  ( 'iiiiat.in,  Tiiiias'.'o,  Caclml.i,  /oiiuosilia-i,  Tailnapai-, 
Ciiiacaiitan,  Qiiilciics,  raiianarliasta,  Cilia,  C'hoiitaliia.  riiiiila,  ' 'liiiiaiil.i, 
\alt('pi-o,  IV'iiiTa.  Coiti  d  iiaiiiia  L'liiuiaLlan,  (Jui/.ulU'ptc,  Ciiiiuciaii,  mid 
otliiis.  '  '(irfiK,  illil. 

""Ijoriial  ]»ia/  I'l  latos  liis  narrow  ocnjic  from  (Ut.ili  diirinu  a  ]'iiil<y  willi 
rebels.  'J'wo  (if  liix  coiiijialiii'n.s  \v<ri.'  killed  i'l  a  Middeii  att.iek,  and  l.e  Wi,-* 
Mounded  in  tiio  tliro.-it.  After  Iiidin.;  a.  while  lie  was  aiiled  liy  lii^i  sole  hiii  ■ 
viviiii;  ennirade  to  e.sea|)e.   J/ixf.   i'l  rt/m/.,  177. 

\t  the  present  day  the  distriet  Ii.ih  reviveil,  the  jiopuhitinn  eentiing  iii 


M 


inatitlan,  on  the  inprfhern  liaiiU  (  f  the  )i\ 


d  alioi;t  -i)  miles  from  Ihi 


nmiitli.    Ahaiado  sinii_'ht  in 


t' 


the  |.(l!t  Mill 


■\i  d  to  ( i.i.iteniala,  as  a 


base  fur  Miiiplitb,  Cuilan,  MS.,  .\i.\.  y,j-U;  IJuniv,  ilet.  iii.  lilj.  iii.  eap.  \i 


ZArOTECAPAX  AND  MIZTECAPAX. 


37 


al  Dia;-., 

I  L:Taiits 

colli  it  ly 

Medclliu 

)ro  Sau- 
l's bt'LTaii 
ted,  Sv'V- 
icd  al'tor 
orvals  in 
iiowcvcr, 
irospcrcd 
ilous  and 
;r  sotlK'- 
claim  to 
idk'd/'' 

c  Cloaza- 
;spati'li(jd 
on  altcr- 
ains,  and 
ncrlvinjj; 
alco,  and 
(Ird  into 
|n'ctively 
ud  Tutu- 
inlud)- 
culturo 
(1  as  an 

■ttllTS,  fiCV- 

nanus  ot 
'rnrliciipiU', 

'  hinunt.i, 
uiii;.an,    iukI 

j'iiiKy  Willi 

iiul  ill'  was 

Ills  solo  biir- 

ccntiinj^  ill 

iviiurii.'' 

it(  nial.i,  as  a 
ii.  LU^i.  xi. 


\C 


on'-Iiool  of  tliis  L^Trat  race,  desceiuk'd  accordlni^  to 
one  tiadilioii  from  the  niii^'lity  (^)u('t/caleoal],  since  in 
]\[i/.tera|)an,  the  'region  of  ck)U(ls,'  lay  Tlaloeaii,  tlio 
tenestrial  paradise.  Another  account  traces  to  tin- 
Ajioala  ^[oinitains  tht^  source  <jf  Toltec  culture.  Thf 
more  lavoi'cil  ]>ro\ince  of  the  mystic  pro[)het  was 
Za])otc'caj)an,  where  he  left  tokens  of  his  presence 
ou  Mount  Cenipoaltepec,  and  on  the  enchanted  island 
ol'  .^^onapostiac,  an<l  where  Jiis  disciples  founded  the 
sacred  city  of  ]\[iLla,  nvered  even  now  in  its  gi'and 
ruins.  ^Li;:tecai)an  claimed  a  founder  hardly  less  illus- 
irious  ill  the  person  of  a  dryad-sprung  youth,  who, 
ciiallenging  the  sun,  compelled  him  after  a  da3''s  hard 
c'Uultat,  to  retreat  in  confusion  beneath  the  western 
v.aiers,  while  he  it'inained  triumphant  on  the  Jic;d 
oi' '•'.nil's.  The  earhei"  -lim[)ses  re\eal  two  hiei'archic 
j  iv.crs  in  tlie  provinces,  seated  res[)ectivi'ly  at  Adii- 
u'lila  and  Olivia,  out  of  which  emeru'e  in  the  cleai'er 


iieriiv  of  tht!  Iburteenth  century  thret;  kingdoiiis, 
on  •  c  Mitie  1  at  Teotzapotlan,  and  e(|ualling  in  ]»o\ver 
aii'l  cxfaMit  the  two  ^Fi/.tec  moiiai'chic-;  of  'rilantongo 
ail  I  'i'litutepec.  Attracted  hv  tip'  wealth  of  th.e 
l:'.'.t"i',  Wiiich  streti'iied  for  sixty  leagues  along  the 
.-ii'Tisi  r  till"  southern  sea,  and  encouraged  by  jial- 
ou^-ie-  h;'i\vecn  (lie  tlire(;  powers,  the  A/.tecs  absoihi'd 
in  tlic  f.iiiowlng  c(>ntury  (!ie  more  accessible  disd'ict.-, 
and  cutrrrd  soon  afti'r  into  sacred  Mitla  itself,  whif: 
i'l  i"'  '  ^!'>'>tezuma's  armies  added  the  last:  free  state 
el   TileiloiiMi)  to  his  domains.'" 

iVtlrai';i  il  hy  till'  golden  s.mds  of  the  rivi'i's,  Span- 
1  M  cxploi'ci'-  h,id  early  I'litcrcd  t  he  pi'o\iiic<',  and  met 
w.'ih  a  friendly  rec.'[)tion,  (.'ohuaiMlahuacan  among 
o;.icrs  seiulin-   submissive  embassies  to  the  chic!'  of 

n   ^"^ .;''.".'•''"  ""tli'iriti.  ■)  f(ir  tlioso  myths  ami  ewnts,  fully  ;;ivcii  in  Xa'irfi 
Iiife.t,  ii.  iii.  v.,  arc  l;/,r,r"i,  <>'rj/.  ])'\<.]i,>.  Oijit'ti,  pLs.  i.  ii. ;  Moi  lihi'm,  //.-i. 

/-./.,■  S,ih,„in.i,  II,. I,   O'-,/.,  iii.  111,.  X.  It  si..|.  ;>,■<(,•-■//,  O,//,,.,  ..'.A.v /;./..  :!J7  - 

«!    I  «,'/'/',    ll'il.  .1,1'.   M,j.,  i.-iii.;   Tnr<ji'ini,li(,   und  ntlicrs.     Ivu't.    li;;!:t, 

>viit.  1  Xfip:,!,rn.i;  O^-illiy,  \r,-],  Iuh  X"t<'>t;if,t,,   ami  Zi/,<if' ^-ik,  «u   \ia'^"  aii.l 

iMaji  rcsiici-tivcly;  .Mcrvitor  has  Z;)'j^-'(< .  ast  ut   Miihuicm;  .K'U'rys,  Z';«/- 

'','■•'•''     (''"''.''"'■"■'■'  '''    '"^  /i(ti)ii«ixo.i ;  Kiiiurt,  LnjiotUtn.  Car/n,j.  /','(,-.  Cot.-I, 
.W.S.,  II.  4(j4. 


)!  ;;i 


I 


I    ,»i 


SS  TOEPAr.ATION  FOR  FURTHEP.  CONQUEST. 

tlio  strangers.  Subscqueut  reverses  at  Mexico,  liov.- 
evcr,  eluiiigccl  tlu.'ir  minds:  the  old  love  for  liberty 
I'ovived,  and  after  killing  isolated  parties/'  the  hai'dy 
niountainee)'s  l)egan  to  harass  even  the  provinces  r^'- 
co'.Kpiered  by  8j)aniards.  The  snlKavrs  appealed  to 
Orozco,  the  lieutenant  at  Segnra,  and  with  a  score  <>r 
two  of  soldiers  ho  sought  to  repel  the  invaders.  His 
f(jrce  was  wholly  inade(|uat«',  ar.d  the  mountaineers 
grew  bolder.  The  fall  of  ^lexico  aceompli.-licd,  Cor- 
ti.'s  was  able  to  give  attention  t  >  the  subject,  and  since 
the  (•on([Uest  of  the  region  was  a  neediul  prelimiiiaiy 
t'»  an  advance  southward,  he  reenforced  Orozco  with  a, 
dozen  cavalry,  fourscore  infantry,  and  a  large  numl)er 
of  e\[)erienced  allies.'^ 

Observiu'i'  the  strength  of  the  armv,  the  ^.Tiztecs, 
a<.^unst  whom  the  campai^-n  was  directed,  rotii-ed  fr-om 
their  se^■eral  rocky  strongliokls,  and  cojicontrat'nl  at 
Itzquintepec,  the  strongest  of  them  all,  some  si;: 
L'agues  from  the  present  Oajaca.  Protected  by  heavy 
stone  walls,  fully  two  mik's  in  cii'i'uml'erence,  they 
held  forth  defiantly  for  several  days,  repelling  every 
attack.  Wati-'r  began  to  fail,  however,  a;)d  under 
jiromlse  of  gooil  treatment  they  surrendered.'*^     This, 


toii:other  with  the  successi'ul  o]>eratior.s  of  a  detach- 
naent  under  Juan  Xuuez  de  ilercad.o/'  oomplctod  the 
suljijugatiun  v)!'  the  j)rovinco.  The  lieutenant  sent  so 
glowing  a  report  of  the  fertility  and  the  j)roducts,  in- 

^*  A  iiuribrr  \vi  iv  ilrivi'ii  into  a  yard  iiml  pi-oddid  to  death  v.-itli  Ion,.' 
poles.    //(/•/•!/•(/,  ili;i'.  iii.  lil>.  iii.  caji.  xi. 

'-('.)','  -I,  ( 'c  (;•''(■.•,  •21)1.  K'Ti'iT'i,  inc'i'iirt'M  th"  cavi'Iiy  to  .10,  and  ns^-uinc-i 
tliat  Alvanido  took  coininaiid,  as  docs  llo'vnv'tnf,  Cnhi.  Mich.,  iii.  l.'iO-l. 
'i'lic  fiii'LC  lol'i  in  (X'toluT  I.")J1,  in  coiniiiiiiy  uidi  ."^undoval,  wiio  turnod  soiitli- 
ladiward  at  'rcp.aca,  or  So^^'ara. 

^^  ^Vftrr  S  days  it  ^^.'OIn^^  iltnVora,  assumes  tliat  'Mcxii-nn  frarrtsons  were 
till!  main  causo  of  tliu  resistance,  and  that  they  yielded  oidy  alter  'teoeivin ; 
;:'i  a;i'-uer  fr(j:u  (' i''ti''i  to  tlv  ir  di'inand-^.  I'uivMi  (■■infoiinds  the  o;iei'a*i'ii.-, 
V.  ith  those  of  I'ortes  during  his  inarch  tot^hiaulmahiuie  in  thu  previous  wiirin',. 
Hist.  Jitil.,  MS.,  ii.  ols  1!>.  I.xt'dlxouhitl  al'n.ies  to  dueu  liaid  Laitle  . 
JIji:  ('iii( /Jiu''s,  ~i~;  (.''(i/iKifiKi'm,  Ilixt,  Coiiq.,  ii.  84. 

^'Iiivolvin:.,'  tlie  e.iptiire  <'f  'I'eeonicvae;'.,  says  Jlerrcra.     So  mneli  jiniini 
nonee  l\as  lieen  ^iven  to  Mi^icadu's  oiiiialijns  as  to  le.nl  scverjd  \'.riters  ;  > 
aiaihute  to  hi,:i   tlie  sid)j Miration  of  Oaj-ira.    McV-.i'i,   Chr^Ui.  S.  J->h'jo,  2!"; 
I'ii.'fi'Si iltir,  Tliiu'ru,  ii.  li'2;  Alcidc,  iJUx.;  luul  Ternutw- Vomjiunii,  Toy., 
b^v.  i.  toni.  .\.,  l!S7. 


a 


>(>,  hov/- 
liberly 

0  hardy 
nces  rc- 

Clllod    to 

score  <'V 
•s.  His 
itainocrs 
wl,  Cor- 

liminai'V 
>(>  with  a, 

1  number 

?,Iiztecs, 
ro'l  from 
t'.nt'Hl  at 
;omo    si:: 
by  h<'avv 
ICO,  thi'y 
[vr  ovi  ry 
uiulor 
This, 
h'tarh- 
tod  ih<' 
i-eiit  SM 
ucts,  in- 


1  (i 


:ii  V 


:[[\i  loll,-' 


Mil  as'^niiK'^ 

i:i.   i:)0-l. 

liieil  south - 

inisons  vrvn- 
tcr  Tcocivin ,' 

o'i'cratinii-i 
i-ious  Hpriii-. 

niui'li  ].roiiii- 
r;il  writers  t.' 
Di'^jo,  21"; 
'/(//((/.■,<,  Toy., 


COCIYOrU  OF  OAJACA.  89 

•  •ludiii'^'  n'oUl,  that  CnrtL'.s  was  iii(hicud  to  reserve  for 
hiii!.;.  h"  (juite  a  hirge  truot,  while  a  iiuiiibi.-r  of  coii- 
(UU'fors  sought  minor  euoomiemlas,'*'  aii<l  took  uj)  their 
ix-sideiice  ia  Auteijuera,  a  town  fouuded  not  loiit^ 
alter,  elo.-io  to  Oajaoa."^ 

To  Oajaca,  as  part  of  tlio  Zapoteo  ])ossos.sion.s,  l)e- 
luiiu  1  t;ie  coast  eity  (/f  Te]iuantc[)ec,  for  a  jn-riod  tlie 
seat  o,"  its  kiuiis,  and  at  this  time  the  eauital  of  a 
hia'.ich  kingdom,  recently  bestowcil  lijioii  ( 'oi'iyopu, 
llir  ;  )  I  of  the  valiant  (.'oeiyoeza  and  the  .Vzteo  jirin- 
L-c.  s  i\la\illa.''  Slnyiikir  omens  attended  his  birth, 
v.iuiviii  soothsayers  could  see  naii^iifc  but  disastfr. 
()u  lae  coming  of  the  Si)aiiiards,  those  omens  were 
CI  nil- "..ted  v/itli  the  ancient  piH)phecies  of  ccni[Uest  by 
a\.l/...j  race,  and  v.hen  the  fall  of  ^>Iexico  bi'v)Ught 
c  la.,:  .,i..lio!^  of  the  v/ide-spread  feai",  Coc!yo[)U  bi. - 
sou-iiL  the  oracles  for  guidance,  and  was  directed  to 

*'T>.  -ll.inr.iid  lliu'yapan  being  given  to  a,  woman  who  nceonipauictl  the 
rrv'''  1,  ■■..'.  fiiKj'st  lii-av.'^y,  .cy.i  Purfii,  11}  f.  I,t<l.,  .MS.,  li.  :,]'.U1'). 
Oru/i'i)  1 1  ;;!;iiiUMl  in  cliarfc  till  the  sprin.ijr  of  l.""J"J,  wlien  he  was  i\'v:'illf'(l  to 
Si.';,':i.i,  !.,  >  luiuiuaud  li.iiig  KuriciiilLieil  to  Alvui'aiL'.  Curds,  CarUi.',  •2(;V; 
On  '/>,  ii.  ■'.-'!'.  7,  '"3-4. 

^■^  M 'ivatDr,  I."i7l,  has  (iuaxaea,  ttw  f.ir  norlli-we.- 1 ;  Oi;i!liy,  KiTl,  has 
C ':.,-.■  I  i;^;.v  .l.i' (/»Mit  ci;y,  ul.o  A'/u'  /'c;  ImcI,  lU.io,  i.-.  .siiuilur,  Nixypii 
l»"i!l"  ■  •■  'i-v,-i  -.t  cf  tlio  for-K'r;  JfltVi'ys,  d'axn-tt  (,r  A.i''f;''rrrt.  Ct'd- 
Hi-hiii'iii'.i  I  'ti-loj.  j''i'\  Coiu<t,  Ms.,  ii.  ;>oO.  "iJo  i.i  leni'ua  Mexieaiia,  y  jnicsto 
1'  ;•  \  I  . .  '.  I  e-v.i  !  )  i','  vni  1"im'„i  i'.,'  iji;,1  olur,  lh:in;  .lol  .iiaxc'  Ijtirj  lU,  (n  oj. 
I>  -■!•'•  i.  ,"i.  Th.i:  iVuic  ffrow^i  fivrly  on  the  ("lii'pnUcpco  raii'.jn  ali'ivc  th<j 
t  A.  I..  1  oumlcil  by  Xiu'ic;',  del  ilcrccdo,  Sc(krio,  liiuLijoz,  and  oihers.  Ali<do, 
i.  lis  .';  •/;..!,'■.'.,•(,■  I., V.  y>,v,,,,o  J-,.  1;,  r</,//  <,'.'. I//././.  /A  .[:.■!■  <i"'nt,  l.";!l; 
:,'  /V/''...)  !,:id  ('.'n'min,  Ccl,  JJiyr.,  xiii.  I'^'J,  Sitiefiii  s-i;;ii-i  im  if  h;'  wore 
i.ie.dd  •.  'ihe  loumliu.;  iippear.i  to  have  bein  a  lueaKiire  eli'eeteil  in  l.'-JHby 
tiie  Ji  "V  1  ii'oyvs,  to  t;i 'iLach  on  Cort>s'  i>t:>te«.  A/.,  xii.  ni.'.  ,-ali:ien-ii 
riv(iii!'!i  ndod  it_3  removal  in  15;]!.  />/.,  xiii.  '_'n:{.  Iiiiiiiijr  the  cnnf|ucst  i-f 
'liiau.  ^  J  ia  'ITiJl  ■_',  t'.ie  t  iwu  of  Sc',aira  t'lrn;  fo:iiidcil  by  A'.v.nado  waB 
reinovi  d  t  )Oaja''aby  l'.ail;' ju:;  said  other  tiiinultMinis  set ;!eir,  t!uisi'eor.,aiiizin^ 
a  Mttlenicnt  idreiiily  fi.n>i.d  at  Oiiiaea,  thoucli  n':t  aiipmvetl  by  (',,rr,s,  b,". 
eailse  ho  desired  thi-i  disti'iLt  for  himself.  This  se'.Miid  .settlement  apiicars 
(ilsitohavo  been  disdluvcd  by  Corte.j.  .See  r,,/-/. .,,  /!■.<[,/,  nci'i,  ii.  ITiT,  -.V.d, 
(ioitiri.-'i,  JH-it.  Jlrr.,  '2VX 

^  ■•■  For  a  history  of  the  kiir.'.lnni,  its  inhabitants,  and  it.s  vici-Itmles,  see 
A".';*-.'  /.Vcvw,  V.  4-'.'>,  t:iU  7,  .■.•;(-,-,,  Ii,  the  Minuvh  Afi'K,  vi.,  I".:VJ-1(),  is 
written  y^t  row/Vo  and  T"]uni,:.  /,<(,y»,  ,-  Kainnsio,  1,"0.",  '!'• '■omil  y,,!, :  Mer- 
eat..-.  i."74,  'l\'-na  it<ixi',nA  iiir\iiiee,  tnwii,  and  giilt;  (Nill;v,  Hi71,  has  /.'. 
p  •;•..,(',,.,  ,.„„1  l!,<\,!allr,  in  tiiis  Imality;  Daiiij.ier,  Vm\  7' lv»n, '•/-.,•,•  I,.aeC, 
Ii;;;."},  '/ V  co.  i  «^ /,( r/Ht  .•  .lellerys.  I',<ni  I,/  Tiroiliih  i„i\  /I'll-  ol'  '/'■'■■  ■"'f /■If,  J',- 
<■.;.(/(/./«■,•  proviuee.   (JokUdiniflC^  Car'Uxj.  Puc.  Coa-sl.   .MS./ii.  obJ  1. 


40 


rnrrAiiATiox  for  further  conquest. 


nuiciliatt'  tlir  i!ii'>li<v  stranLjfers  witli  vc/luiitarv  sul)- 
mission  and  rich  prt'smts.'*' 

TIic  ixady  snljinis.sion  of  Trluiantepec  was  nf>t,  a 
litlli;  a'.;'4-ravalin,!4"  to  Tutulcpcc,  a  i-icli  jiroNincc  \v]iic]i 
t'x'n'ndrd  bryond  it,  nort liwai'd  ior  sonic  sixty  IraL^nics 
aloni^-  till'  J'acilic.'^  '^I'hc;  two  liad  fiviincntly  Ixcii  at 
Aai'iincc,  and  tlii;  least  i)rt't(^xt  suilicfd  t<»  ];Indlr  anew 
the  sliife.  Tlio  lord  ol'  "I'utnti'ix'c  li;id  ni>  dc-^irc  to 
surrcndri-  his  wealth  to  rapacious  invaders,  and  since 
s[)()l!aiii)n  was  the  order,  he  resnlved  to  .seek  at  least 
a  shai'e  of  his  neii>"hhor's  choice  helon-nu'-'s  helore 
Spanl;;rds  came  to  seize  them  all.  The  adjoining' 
mounlaiiUHMs  ol'  the  ()ajaca  ranges  were  leadily  in- 
duced to  join  in  s()  tenijjting  an  adventure,  and  to- 
i;t'th('r  they  pounced  upon  their'  nei^'Iihoi-,  who  slowly 
tell  l);ick  to  })rotect  his  capital  ui'lil  an  appeal  to 
C.'oi'tes  should  hrinn"  !•''•'  ''i*'-  "^''1'"  ap[)eal  came  most 
o[t])(utmu  ly,  anil  eaily  in  1.V2ii"  Alvarado  lia^tene>l 
to  1  he  coast  with  two  hundivd  intanti'V,  two  ^ciire  cav- 
ahy,  and  a  lar'^'e  lorce  ol"  auxiliaries.' 

The  intermediate  districts  xwre  quickly  o\erawed, 
and  within  a  i'ev.'  weeks  h(!  stoixl  hel'ore  Tiitutepec, - 
after  liaxin-^'  suhdued  some  towns  on  his  w;'y.  This 
pi'om]it  and  irresistible  [iro^-ress  disconcerted  e\-eiy 
plan  of  the  pu'^'nacious  lord,  and  with  !.;'reat  hnmihty 
lie  K'd  his  nobles  forth  to  welcome  the  Spaniards, 
conductini^'  them  amid  jtrotestatioiis  of  friend>hip  to 

■""('!i!-i  ill  till  ilustc  luisiiio  afi').'  y.'' //>' ^■'(/,  //('-/,  Chjiiiiiii,  "J,  iiic'iiiiii.:,'  \'>'ll, 
vliii'll  s-lujllld  ic.nl  l.")'JI.  Ciji-tr.i,  ('<irtn.t,  "Jli'J;  l',i  fiir.l  J)iiiz.  Ji'i--t.  Ifn'tu/., 
1,"!).  1(17.  Olio  Mi'sidii  ii.ssuiiR's  tliat  t!u'  kiir,'".s  father,  vim  nilc<l  /a]"itc- 
cauaii,  ailvisfil  tin;  .suliini.-^.-iou.  ('Dciyi'IniaftL'iwardsai.ti'pli.Ml  lpai^li>iii  a^.Iwaii 
(.'('It'  s  iio  Mtiiitc/'iiiiia  ami  inoval  a  ;,'riui<.us  pitnn' 

^'■' /•'('/•;/(.",  (t'liitj.  JtiMri/i.,  ii.  I't.  i.  l.sl.  Oil  .Vinilrh  Aflai.  \i.,  l.");}2-4(), 
Tiiliilii>'ii;  Oj,'ill)y,  1(171,  '/'n'/i/ijirr;  J.ai't,  It);!;!,  'J'litnf' jxiiiu  ;  AuVu'vy^,  Tuir- 
Jiir;  Kicpcrt,   Tntiili jiir,  iKar  It.  Ainiiac. 

•■'"C.iiiafa,  //^^  .'/'.<•.,  -Jlil,  foUowcil  liy  (ialvaiio  ami  (.tlins,  .say.s  l.Vj;!; 
Imt  111'  i.;  I'diil'u.'^cil.     Liil'ti'.s  stati's  that  he  left  .Mcxi'O  in  .lainiavy. 

■''  I'roiu  Mt':.iio  he  toi'lc  I'Jl)  I'not  anil  ;«i)  Imi's.'.  whiih  V(  ic  ni'i!;"i>ri'i'(l  l>v  a 
])avtcif  tiit^  Oajai'a  cxiu'ilitiuii.  ('"rl' <.  '  a» '■/.<,  •_'(17.  IJi  ri.al  I'ia/.  ]ilati's  tlw 
i'l'iL'i'  at  ■_'.  I),  iiiiliHiin^  ;>.")  liuisi';  (;oni;>ia  im  ifast..s  it  tn  'JiiO  fiml  aiiil  ID  li'iiM', 
vith  ■_*  ;^'iiiis. 

"-'It  lia.s  lii'oii  saiil  that  tlu^  liilcrof  'IVhuantri'cc  waso'i  this  occasii  ii  liap- 
tizt'il,  lait  this  M.1  iiiH  tiocst  on  thi' nil  ri'statciiii  lit  (if  lUiiial  Ilia/.,  Wal.  l'<  ,- 
(I'i'l..  Iil7,  tliat  Oliiiiil'i  :ici'i'Mi|i;iiiiiil  thi'  t  xin'ilitiuu,  llotli  (.irrmii.itani.xd 
Luloiiy  tu  ihu  later  iiiu\  cun-iit  a^uiiiat  (.iuuti-Uiulu. 


•M 


r  suli 


[•V 


nf)t.  ii 
■  which 

hi'cii  at 

10  aiu'W 
rsh\'  to 
1(1  sinco 
;it  least 

liciul'i! 

Iji'iniiiL;' 
idily  iii- 
nml  t'l- 

11  >li>\vly 
)i»(:il  t" 
lie  UKtst 
lastciu'd 
•ore  cav- 
er,! wimI, 

Uttlf'C,  ' 

-.  This 
,1  cvrry 
iiimility 
Kiiiiards, 
l^liil»  1" 


■.iiiin^'  1. ■)•_'•_', 

\\.;\  /.ajioto- 
]i.-iii  iis.)ll:ill 

i.,  r-.:{2 -40, 

|i;oryj<,  Tidt'- 
>;iy.->  l.Vj;!; 
Iifivvcc'il  by  :i 

)l\ul'H  til'' 

iii.miii'iiM', 

|',';i-i.  11  liil]'- 
],    //■.■-'.    I"-- 
■lllllaUlUCCd 


Ty:'iUAXTi;rEC  and  TrTrTi;ri:c. 


41 


111!'  fJ!)!'  hiiililiiie's  ri'und  llif  ('(iitra]  s(juni'i\  Th<'  sjjacti 
licic  all'nrdcd  lor  iii<>\'ci!ii'iils  was  rather  naii'ow,  and 
the  rniii'-;  wcri'  hcavilvcoMi'i'ij  with  iuilaiaiuahlc  leavi's 
rlliiM-cther  daiin'crdus  in  case  ol"  a  cmu'i-rfcMl  attack 
iVeiii  the  densely  iidiahited  houses  amund.  It  v.as 
also  hinti'd  thai  the  jord  had  I'ornicd  a  plot  to  sur[»rise 
llieiji  with  torcli  and  sword.  '  ( )n  the  plea  tliat  (he 
lior.;es  }'i'(|nircd  dili'erent  accommodation,  the  army 
till  leuj.iin  moved  to  the  outslurts  of  the  town,accoin- 
]ianied  hy  the  lord  and  his  son,  v,  ho  w<'re  detained 
a<  pri -oners  to  answer  the  chai'u;'e  of  ijlottiiiL;'  tlict 
di  -iruction  of  his  visitors.  Al'tei-  vainly  ]>rotestin^' 
;i;4ainst  the  accusation  ;is  invented  i)y  enemies,  they 
siiue'lit  to  a]»[icase  their  captor  v.ith  rich  ])r(,'sents. 
The  sie-lit  of  If  old  only  inllanievl  the  ap[)etite  of  Al\a- 
raijo,  and  he  !)ei;an  to  press  his  piisoners  foi'  more, 
<!i  iiiam'inn'  amonu,'  other  thing's  ii  ])air  of  stirrups  t> 
h.'  made  of  ]tnre  ^'old.  "Jdiis  extortion,  together  with 
tile  tcri'ors  of"  his  unjust  imprisonment,  so  preyed  upon 
the  l-nl  t'lat  he  died  soon  alter.'' 

le  L;o!d  Wi.s  in  dust  and  n'rains,  ^•ivin'4• 


> ' ,,  .1 


t!  -il  ol 


ev 


>l   ricji  nnnes;  am 


I  inlornied  ol"  this,  ( 'oit 

a    ^■ettlenU'nt    to   he    |orme(|,  or  rathel'tlie  I'l 

iao\;.l  ili'.'re,  with  a  part  ot"  its  settlers,  of  See'ura  de  1 


oi'<l>  )■ 


J-r..i:t- 


a,  e 


•tahlislie.l   duriu'''   t 


le    ( 


•penmn'   campai;_^n 


ii;4';iin-t   Mexico  to  SeeUl-e  tilO  'i'epeaca  iVoIlt  ie!',  hut   Iio 
I'll'^el'  needed,  since  Mexico  was  heneei'ort  h  to  I'.  il'Ul  t  he 


donna:!'  nv:;  stronghold  ol"  the  countrv 


Tl 


le  apisa 


rent 


wi'allh  of  th  •  country  causal  a  I'eady  enlistnu'iit  ol"  ail- 
ditiona!  seiileis.  amon^'  whom  ihe  com  dry  v/a-  di\'ide  I 
m  repa; tiuiieiit'^s  as  usual,  .\l\arado  hein^' appoint i  d 
chief  iiicoiiHiidi.iM  and  ii(.'Utenant  for  his  chief."''    'jdie 


TiTiKiI  Diiz  st.'il.N  tliJit   Ollii.'il'.  piTvnilc.I  (.11  AK:il;nlo  to  1 


.■IM-  SI)  il.lll- 


pTiMi:<  !i  <|ii.iitir.    Alt.  luunl  the  n:itivos  .if  'l'iliiiiiiiti';i<i'  nvi'aliil  the  rilut. 
i\(iiiii  i|iic'  I  i.r  s:ir:i||('  iinicliK  dim,  c  s;n  jiisiu  i.i,  null  i  >«ii  lis  |in-ii>ii 


1) 


Aloirmlii  III. t.iiiicl  :;  1.(1  .)  j.fsi.s  ti-Miii   li 
I'oltrs  luhiiits  tlio;.ilt  i.f  •_>.■>.!«)«»  oistil! 


/;.  n,'i/    l>;,i-..  /;/.-/.    V,  nhul.,   HIS. 


;ilIo-i.    <'''i'l>i-;  •JliS. 


'(  ort'S  intiiioi,  -  t!i;'t  nil  .settlirs  ..f  S.-ri 


Hit  wrri'  iciiiovt'i 


1  witli  it.    /'I. 


'i-7.     llciiu'siil  !!]i]ilj(  M  till'  iiaiii"  •■   ii'W  witli  till'  rrasiiii.s  jiivni  fur  tin'  in\i 


iaal  ■(  ttlrin   i;t.    //-.-'.  (I, 


'i;y  il -rantdatcl  Ari-ust  '2i,  l.V.'J,  .Mvarailo  luoivcil  iu  ni.art 


iiiiitntu 


42 


r]:i:i'.\RATi(ix  roR  further  coxqukst. 


f 


;i.  ::'i;; 


nppointinont,  Issiictl  at  liis  (Avn  ivqucst,  ini(k'r  the  al- 
luviiMj;  iiiilueiicc  ol'  the  ih'ukjs,  v/as  (jljtaiiicd  afc  Mexico, 
v.'liiliicr  liO  liastcnod  witli  all  tlio  treasures  so  I'ar 
extorted,  lea\TDg  to  tlic  claiMori:);^  soldiers  tlie  lllnisy 
oxcuso  lliat  Cortes  had  v.-riiteii  ior  the  !.;'old  to  jsend 
as  a  present  to  the  eraperor.  This  was  the  more  ex- 
asperatliiL;'  since  tlic  repailiiuieiitos  })roved  far  from 
equal  to  th.c  expcctatio!:s  i'ornied,  whih;  the  ehuiMtc  was 
liot  and  most  unhealihv.  So  strong;;  beeauio  the  feel- 
i!i<^  that  even  before  Alvarado's  departure  to  !\Iexico 
a  conspiracv  was  formed  to  kill  him.  Olmcd  >  I'ai'ucil 
the  piirticidars,  airl  the  }lotters  were  arrested,  two  ot 
them  being  hani^cd.  Ai"ter  Alvarado  had  i;"<;iie,  the 
settlers  eh'ctt'd  alcal-les  and  other  ollicers  of  tlieir  t)wn, 
am!  thereupon  removed  l!ie  tov.m  to  Oajaca,  reL::;ai"dless 
of  the  protestations  oftlic  captain  in  charL^'c.  Inrormed 
(•f  the  proceed iniJi',  Cortjs  sent  Alcrdde  ^.layor  Diego 
<le  Ocamjio  to  arraign  the  oHemlers,  who  tliereupon 
took  tt)  llight.  Tlie  princijial  men  were  arrested,  liow- 
('\ei-,  notably  Badaji»z  and.fiian  Xuhez  do  ycdeao,  and 
sentenced  to  death,  .i  [lenaKy  eoianuited  by  Cortes  to 
banishment/" 

In  aduilion  t<.>  this  trouljio,  th.o  natives  took  advan- 
taii'o  <  f  ihe  removal  of  the  town  to  ri; volt  a^'ainsL  their 
extortionato  masters,  and  Alvaradu)  had  to  lead  another 
expcJllion  against  them.  They  v/ere  readily  subdued, 
iKUVever,"''  and  severely  chastised  i'or  the  murders  com- 
mitted, Wiiereujion  the  son  of  the  deceased  lord  was 
installed  as  ruler.  Although  the  re]iartimientos  were 
corillrmetl,  SeiJ'ura  wa.i  n(tt  reestabli>iied:   nor  did  it 


)rov<>    necesyai'V 


h'l' 


tL 


e    n 


ai 


lother  uprising. 


i'lIvcs    never    attempted 


t 


itiltcjico,  vrith  six  Iiav; 


sii!i: 


'=,  /• 


i; 


to  it,  l)er<i(li'?^  .IjiLipii 


cf  O 
•_>l'J;  // 


ll\<'!i  tliin  appc.-r.-H  to  liavc  lioi  n  fjol  n.si.lo  l)y  tiio  oiiipi 


I'linuiii 


mill  ii'tiitis  in  (  11/7,  .t,  J,',  Mirl 


I rri  i(t,  lu'c.  in. 


M  I'liUti'  V 


/.• 


ill.    Hi.    ciil).  .Wll. 


II.   -^'-ti,  ••IC.     (r 


jumcnt  iu 


Sco  tcstiiiioiiv 
n,  IliM.  j;«  ..-.■, 


;•(  /r..(/ii/.  111  <  ■irli 


Ji: 


iij'O  was  tiio  tir.'>t  to  open 


X.  y; 


'•''A  muubi.T  bciii^'  l)Io\vn  iiom  liie  inoiilh  oi  cauiioii.   A'l 


ra| 
<!r, 


lin 


J 


ilie  ul- 

so  l";ii- 
)  iliiusy 
to  Bcml 
lorc  es.- 

Av  I'ror.i 

llio  iVel- 

)  lv':inu'il 
1,  two  wi 

\\e\r  own, 

lurorui'j'l 

>-ov  Diego 
tlieivupou 
stcd,Uow- 

Coitus  U) 

n)k  advai^- 


d  iiuotl 


aVllr^i 


Id- 


y 


AubducLl, 


iUv-l'' 


.•yiu- 


,1  lord  Nva:- 


W\ 


t'Ori  NVl'l'^' 


iior  ei 


Vid  It 
ted 


attciup 


;  ilocuiucnt  ill 
Si.'etfsli"i""y 


:t  Id  t-)p 


.■U  Uv 


/'ri/cc^y, 


I. 


CHAPTER  III. 

RAIDS  AL0X(1  TIIK  SOUTH  SEA. 
i:.'Jl-l.-_U. 

l\.iN"i;  /'.wanca's  Wakmsci — I'riisr  J'Intuv  into  MicnoArAN — 'MoviASd's 
\\r,ir  TO  Tin;  C'liiii'  ov  Tanuaxoan — A  \a!;:;u\v  IIscait. — Tauascax 
llvviivs — Ou!)  In"va:»i:s  'IrcMOACA.v — Oi'T'iacts  at  Tanuimakoa  am> 

']'.'!NT/.fNT7,AN — C'l  il.dS  I?.AT  lo:.'  .\tT1:M  i'Tl.lJ — ViSir.NS  OK  TUT.  SufTIl  Sia 

-  Suii'-urii.DiNi!  at  Z'j:.\"Vh\ — Tiir,  IIhtk  to  tiik  S:mi-k  Islani'-  - 
A^va;:!:/.'  }^Ii.-ijai'  in  C'.;lima — OiiD  Avr.N'jus  lli.M— CinMAi.iiCACAv 
K.M.'is— I  .i,r.  ui'  rui;  A.ma.:i)Ns — C'jkn.i  IIastcnh  tu  Ai'i'i:..ii'iiiAi-i-:  a 
!:;■  .1  i'u^i>— Ti;;:  Qi:i;i;:;  uf  Jai.i^cu — Tuakitiun  hi'  a  Siiii'WULCKi.j 

Tr  I'.n-A  alroadv  l)Oon  told  liow  tlio  Aztors  in  tlu'ir 
sf>i'i'  distress  appealed  lor  idd  to  King  Zwaj'.'^vi  of 
^liclioacan,  I'eprc.'sontiiiLj  to  liini  the  daaigev  of  lettin;^' 
ri!lld(*ss -trai;'2;ers  obtain  a  footlield  in  the  conntrv. 
3*i"i'  r  ;  •  i';!;l  ln^'n  their  star,  tln'V  had  revealed  l!i<  ir 


i    ' 


44 


n.MPS  ALOX(i  TIT"  SOUTIT  SEA. 


ilii'  faoo  of  AiKiluuu'.  A(  tliis  jiiiicturo  llu-  spirit  of 
liis  (lead  sistiT  is  said  tn  Iiavr  appeared  and  warned 
liini  a'4'ainst  resist iiiL,^  tlu;  (iod-seiit  strani;'ei's,  ])'iint  iii'^* 
iii  snjjport  111"  lier  words  to  a  1»ri^'lit  ii;,aire  in  llu'  sky, 
i'i'])reseiitinn'  a  vounn'  ('asliliaii  soKlier  with  di'awu 
sword.  »Se\('ral  other  oniens  \\-ere  ohser\ed,  sulli- 
cienlly  portentous  io  prevail  on  the  couiieil  lo  join 
the  kin^-  in  I'ejectinjj^  the  Aztec  alhaiiee/ 

Whether  this  pi  rsiiaslon  a\ailed  or  not,  ciM'tain  it; 
is  that  another  was  at  hand  which  coiild  hai'dly  liaxf 
Ix'en  (hsreirarded.  AVhen  Zwanu'a's  en\o\-s  reached 
!Mexi('()  they  t'oniid  it  stricken  (h\solat(.'  under  th(>  ra\"- 
an'os  of  the  smalhjtox,  which  liad  carried  oil'  the  eni- 
])eroi-  liinisell".  I'naMe  to  aehiex'o  anythin;.;",  lliey 
hastened  hacl<  in  fear,  only  to  hrinn'  with  theni  the 
j^'erni  of  the  terrihlc  scoui'^'e  from  which  they  wer<' 
Jlyin^';  and  desolation  found  aiiotlier  lield.  Aiiion^' 
the  vast  number  of  dead  was  Zwam^a.  The  scepti'e 
"Was  seized  hy  his  eldest  son  Tan^'axoan  I  I.,  whose 
Aacillatin;^'  cliaracter  was  wholly  unlit  to  cope  with  the 
exii^'iMicies  of  so  critical  a  ])eri()d.  ]fis  lirst  art,  l!ie 
assas>:inatien  ol'  his  hrothei's  on  a  ilinisv  cliarn'e  of 
conspiracy,  in  ordi'r  to  >ecure  tlu>  thron(\  served  but 
to  brinn'  odium  u[)on  himself  and  defeat  the  pi'(»posed 
object  bv  sowiii''-  the  seeds  of  dislovaltv.'"'  A'-'ain 
came  envoys  from  ^NFexieo  to  uru;o  alliance,  but  before 
the'  kiuLT  <'oul(l  rc''-o\'er  from  th(>  pi'essure  of  other 
ailairs,  oi-  brint^  his  mind  to  a  dett'i'minatioii.  the  criisli- 
ini;'  iiitelli^vnee  of  the  tall  of  Mexico  sohi/l  all  doubt. 

Amoni;'  the  men  se'ut  forth  byCortes  to  ^'atlier 
information  about  the  eounti'ies  adjoining-  his  con- 
(piest,  and  to  open  the  ])ath  'nvasion,  was  a  soldier 
named  Parrillas,  a  n'ood  tallcer,  and  full  ol'  fun,  who 
had  become  a  favorite  anion^"  the  native's,  and  was 
rajiidly  aci|uirinjj^  their  laneuai^v.  Accompanied  by 
some  of  tlu'm,   for  tiie   pui'pose   of  fo ra^in^',  he   had 

'  rxtlilxiH'liitl  assumes  tli:it  ZwaiiLM  Iwhl  Ijifoiv  this  ilci'iilid  mi  nvnidiii.' 
tlu'  A/tt-rs.  Sci"  Xtitiri   I'(hn,  V.  .")•_'.■)-((. 

-l'>i'auiiuiii(,  '  '(•((■(.  Mhh.,  iii.  IIJJ-IS,  liLliovcd  that  the  youngest  brotiiur  wa  ; 
epurcil.   La  Ika,  t'rOuka,  Ms>. 


'A 


'^^. 


I 


y'wW   of 

loiutiivj; 

he  sky, 

(Iniw  u 

il,  sulli- 

to   ji'ill 

[•rtuiu  it 
Uy  li:n>> 

till'  rav- 
liciu   tlui 

Aiiiou'j; 

(•     SCCptl'l! 
1.,   Wl  U)SO 

'  ^vitUilH! 
,  act,  tin; 

.rvod  l)ut 

|,l'(>p(1Sl'il 

,,ut  bri'oro 
,)!'  othoi- 
lu>  crusli- 
i,ll(l«>ul)t. 
o  LA'atlu'i" 
liis  con- 

;  ;\   sold'u'l' 

I'uii.  \vli<> 

ami  Nva.s 

i)ani<'(l    l>y 

.-,  lie   luul 

il  (in  iivdiiliii- 


1 


^ 


■>*■■ 
■$ 


MICIIOACAX. 


43 


ciifrr.'d  ^ratlalt/iiK^o,  a  pn»viiico  lyiiiLC  iiortli-wot  cf 
tin-  laki's.  lie  was  induced  to  u'o  rmtlici',  liowcNcr, 
and  reached  the  hordef  dl"  Miehoacaii.  whel'e  the 
liaf  i\es  '^atllel'ed  ill  crowds  to  ^'aZe  U|)oii  t  he  |iale-t;ieed 
lit  1(>  W  ho  had  achie\"e(l  such  Wolldel's  ill  Mexico.'  !Iis 
stories.  iiia-jiiirK  (1  !iy  tlie  iiiterju'eters,  iia  reased  their 
astoiiishiiieiit,  and  on  liis  I'eliirii  two  Taraseaiis  ae- 
coiiijiaiiied  h.im  to  feast    theii- eyes  on   S])ani.-di  L;'i'ea(- 

]li-s.  ;nid    to  slihstailt  iate    the    aecounts    of   l!ie  Weahll 

ot"  Mirhoacan  with  specimens  of  pivcious  nietah 
( 'oltes  was  deli^litetl,  and  soU'^ht  to  jnijiress  theni 
v.ith  jiarades  and  sham  ii_L;'hts,  wliereiii  lioi'se  and 
<  :iiiiioii  jilaved  an  imiiosiiiL;'  /'u/c,  ami  with  other  evi- 
dence- ol"  liis  iri'esistihlo  power. 

('oiti's  wi-ilied  to  Iviiow  more  ahout  tlieir  connti-y, 
and  oil  i;'oini4;  tliey  wei'i'  i'ollowed  by  ^lontaho,  tln^ 
v<'lcai!o  (Nploi'er,  with  throe  comrades,  a  numher  of 
^^lexic;|Il  and  'j'lascahee  nohles,  and  interpr'.'teis.  He 
cai'i'lid  a  iiuniltcr  of  L;'eWL!,'aws  foi-  ju'esents,  and  was 
in-triKtid  1o  make  his  way  to  the  pr»'sen<'e  of  the 
l;inLr.  and  carel'ullv  ()l>serve  the  political  and  «'conomi- 


1    featmi<.     Im]>ri',sse(l  hy  the  report  of   the   iwt» 
ii-ascans,  tlie  j^'ovt'rnor  of  th(>    frontiei"   foi'ti'ess  of 
TaiiL;iiiiaro,(  came  forth  with  a  larn't'  retinue  to  wel- 


ca 


come 


tl 


le    elii 


hassv,'  on  i^s  way  to  Tziutzuntzan,  tlu 


<:ipit;d.     ,V11   aloii'j,'  the    routi:    natives    throni^'ed    to 
1m  !i(.ld   th.e  slraiiuers    who  wei'(^  evervwhei-e   tri'ated 


Avi;h  (h.-tmcti 


Hi. 


Ol 


n  aptiroachine' 


'PI 


tl; 


e   ( 


ai)ital    thev 


Mere  iiK  t  I'Vaii  immense  procession,  headed  I >v  sever.d 
hundred  Icailiii;.;-  nohles,  and  hy  them  conducted,  aftei' 
the  usual  teuilci'  of  ll(»wers  and  sjuechi's,  to  laru'e  and 


If. 


rrcrii  relates  Ihiit  ft  s.,Mier  nameil  Vill;ulie:;o  li.i,!  ali-eadv  iieiietniteil 


iniLTili'ia 
.1 


]|i 


rtly  lul;!-.',  l>v  nnk'i'  of  Corti's,  Imt  \v:i-<  m  vi  r  li 


IS  ^'uules  were  .siiiinose,!  to  have  killed  liim  for  lii-:  trinket.s.   ilei 


1.1.    111).    111.    eap.    Ill 


]"'ovmee   iiii 


I  eits 


Mereati.r,    l."ii;!l,   Mr,/,, 


L.'iet,    l(i,'i.'{,    Mi'ltdiir 


y.   with    (illfli/llll'ia 


S;.;. :,!,./.  IC'JI.  M,;-hr„u-h'i;  .lelY 


M.ilh 


/■"I" 


erv; 


M(''li'"iraii,  .'itat 


lie.:  <liihlsthii)iiU'K  I'lirtoii.  I'dc'Cinisf.  MS.,  ii.  ■{', 


I  (ixniinr'iii , 
e  aiiil  litv,  wi 


]\;.<f  ■!,-</. 


lUXn 


The  f^overnor  even  otrereil  liis  miK 


•■elii-i.  ."i  a.|iiel  p-an  sefior  (liis  kiiivu  niLiaria  iirest 


nnission,  aceordmu'  to  llerrera,    y  r|UO 


ii'ii('ole  sii  jiersoiia,  e.is.i  v 


to  ^-lis  iiuoaxai 


C..rt. 


ht.       lie   l- 


.^iolltalio  went  after  thu  Taraacam  liad  Ittt:  otli 


iatiiiiat  I'lii  titat 


ero  make  liiiii  join  llair  party. 


' 


46 


r.MDS  ALONfi  TIIK  SOUTH  SEA. 


i' 


I 


if! 


amid  <;'iv;it  clitsh  <>('  iiistriimciits.     TIic  liin;^',  wh^  had 
lc)()l;o<l  i)U  l')i-  u  iJK-inciit,  viwnv.  soon  al'tci',  and,  \va\iiiL^ 


"AUttol         or 


/  TttUlano  Z>.ai;.i!.  ■ 

/        ,  ,.  ° Mix 

'. M'.  .Ction'      „ 

AllKCllIlO',?''  f    ' 


'  % 


c^^ 


V. 


^uputluu 


•'4*. 


<*•'■:.%,.,„ 


n 


f  ■ 


(  ""ftr?      Ahiiia.         f  A 

-.MAO  ^  ^.v      ^ 

'. ::%*v  -^       ,.       ■/    /V 


CoUmnntp" 


I  31 


L,  C    . 


Exi'i:;ii';iox  fiv  Montano. 

tlicm  1):u'k,  doinandi'd  with  a   sti^ru   v.n'.'c  v.lio  tJi'  y 
were,  and  what  tlioy  so.il;*! it.'^'     Thou-j^h   startlod    .-it 

^  '  I'orcliuucu  your  own  Liiul  yickU  uut  uiiouyh  subsistcuuc,  autl  so  you  come 


K-3 


mMm ' 


'^ 


AP\Tyrum:s  of  moxta^vO. 


47 


served 
wav'ni;.^ 


u 


Xr'TXi 


If    i.>. 


hv. 


<>>;/<) 


7m, ■nt-.;' 


•1-,..  th.  .- 
tied  i'.t 


111' 


„\  SI)  you  •-■omo 


flr.'t  1)V  tliis  cli.'ui'^c  of  {()i!('.  ?J()utMn<)  rccovci-i-d  liim- 
M  ii'.  and  jiivicccdcd  N>  dilate  on  llic  ji^'aoeful  iiiis.-li>ii  nC 
l:i.s  (.•'luiitryinc'ii,  tlicir  powei",  and  the  advaala,L,ns  t<> 
.'K'crtic  t'>  Miclioacrtti  tVoiu  Intercounio  willi  ili  la. 
Till'  Mexicans  wero  dostrf)yod  hccaiisc  of  their  Ireaeli- 
ri'v.  Xcne  oidd  v.'itlistand  llio  Sntmiai'd  <,  aided  as 
(Iw  v.  re  I)_v  Ili'MrClml.  To  llii.-!  tlie  MexiL-aii  noltles 
v.itii  liini  could  hear  witncs.s.  The  kini,'  seemed  ini- 
|ti"e.xe(|,  no  less  hy  tlie  v.'ords  than  hy  tlie  fearless 
atlilt'di'  which  thi'  Spaniards  l.ad  made  an  cubrt  to 
i,iaint;dn,  ai>d  he  ri  tired  with  softened  mien. 

The  .  nvoys  found  themselves  <-l.)scly  wal  lied,  and 
restrict!  .1  hvthe  'j'uard  to  certain  nai-rov.- lliails  within 
l!te  (juarter.  !'\jr  ciL,liteea  days  no  notice  nji'ieai'ed  to 
I'  •  t:;'.  n  <'f  them  hv  the  Idii''"  or  courtier.'-,  •.■.ho  v^ere 
;  11  this  time  oecu])ii'd  in  celol)ratinu'  a  r('lii;i)U.s  i'cs- 
tivnl.  Ih'f 'rrin;^  to  their  ov.-r  custonrs  the  Mexicans 
I'XT.re  >"d  the  fear  that  at  the  close  of  it  r.ll  tlie  party 
v.cu!  I  he  sacrificed  to  t'le  idol:-,  and  t1;is  v.as  con- 
.fn-nied  hy  ricn;  than  one  hint.  On  the  h;.- (  d.iy  f,,ur 
of  llie  '"h'xlciui   nohlc'S  Were  sunnnoned   t)  tlie  ])Vv 


48 


RAroS  ALONG  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


'•ill 


dishonor  to  kill  an  envoy  wlio  liad  conic  on  a  peaceful 
mission,  and  it  certainly  might  pnn'e  most  dant^erous. 
The  consequence  was  tliat  the  k'nyj;  a})peared  soon 
after  before  tlie  Spaniards  with  a  large  I'etimie,  all 
adorned  with  llowei's,  yd  armed  and  gesticulating  as 
if  about  to  charge  the  envoy.  A  large  (juantity  of 
game  food  was  brought,  and  thereuj)on  the  monarch 
addressed  the  Spaniards.  Ho  {i|>ologized  for  detain- 
ing tluMu  so  long,  and  ])leaded  the  exigencies  of  the 
festival.  Since  it  v;ould  be  unsafe  I'or  them  to  ad- 
vance farther  into  the  interior,  they  should  return  to 
their  leader  with  the  ofl'er  of  his  allegiance,  which  he 
would  soon  present  in  person. 

The  loUowing  day  twenty  carriers  appeared  witli 
parting  gifts  (jf  curiously  wi-ought  stools,  embroidered 
fabrics  and  robes,  and  gold  and  silver  ware.  The  latter, 
valued  at  a  hundred  thousand  castellanos,'  was  placed 
in  th(^  middle  of  the  room,  and  declared  to  be  for  Cor- 
tes; the  other  presents  piled  in  four  lots,  in  the  dilfei'c^nt 
corners  of  the  room,  were  for  the  ibur  enxoys.  The 
king  extended  a  farewell,  and  roconnnended  to  ]\Ion- 
tano's  care  eiglit  prominent  nobles  whom  he  wished  tn 
accompany  him.  Soon  afterward  he  sent  to  demand 
from  the  S[vniiar(ls  tlie  greyhound  owned  by  ]*ena- 
losa,  for  it  had  taken  the  royal  fancy.  None  v.ished 
to  lose  the  faithful  animal,  but  it  was  thought  prudent 
to  yield,  without  accepting  the  compensation  oifcred. 
]''eai-ing  that  the  royal  I'ancy  migiit  seek  wider  in- 
(hilgence,  the'  envoys  liastene<l  to  dej)art,  atlcnded  I 


>v 


several  hundivd  carriers  to  convey  their  presents  and 
])rovisions.  Two  days  later  they  learned  tliat  tlic 
jiound  had  been  sacrificed  amid  solenm  festivities,  as 
one  possessed  of  human  intelligence,  thus  lo  ajipea-;' 
the  wrath  of  the  idols,  whose  appetite  Ibr  Ciiristi.m 
blood  had  evidenlly  been  wlietted. 

'^ortes  gave  the  [>arty  a  demonstrative  welconv  ; 


'  For  a  (lpsori]itinii  of  tlui  pri-srr.ts  soo  Ifrrn'r",  ili'c.  iii.  lili.  iii.  i',i) .  "' 
"Among  olliera  tlio  hitciprcUr  was  rcwunled  witli  thu  cacinuo^hi, 


Xoootitluu. 


CORTES  AND  THE  TARASCAN  NOBLES. 


40 


a  peaceful 
laujjjorous. 
arcd  soon 
ctinuo,  all 
•ulatinj:?  as 
[Uantlty  oi' 

0  inonarcli 
lor  (Ictain- 
cies  of  tlio 
lem  io  ad- 

1  return  to 
:,  wliicli  he 

learod  with 
mbroulcivJ 
The  latter, 
^vas  ]>la('ed 
he  lor  Cor- 
:he  difTereiit 
ivoys.    Thv 
led  "to  Mon- 
le  wished  to 
to  demand 
d  hy  IVna- 
Tone  v.ished 
o'ht  prudent 
tion  oiVcred. 
«k  wider  in- 
atteniU;d  l»y 
iresents  and 
d   that  i\n' 
'stivities,  ;i^ 
io  appi'.'i  • 
)!•  Ciu'isti.iu 

ve  wek'onu'. 


:fr 


and  in  order  to  duly  impress  the  Taraseau  nobles  he 
receive*!  them  in  full  state,  richly  dressed  and  seated 
in  an  arm-chair,  with  his  officers  standing  on  either 
side.  They  delivered  the  message  of  their  king,  who 
would  soon  personally  place  himself  and  his  kingdom 
at  the  disposal  of  the  white  chief.  Cortes  assured 
them  that  it  was  well,  for  he  would  war  uj)on  all  who 
failed  to  subiiiit."  After  entertaining  them  for  a  few 
day."  with  sham  fights  and  similar  impre^:'si\•e  scenes, 
he  distributed  some  presents  and  sent  thcia  home, 
aeconij)anied  by  two  Spaniards,  who  were  instructed 
to  penetrate  ^o  the  shores  of  the  great  sea  that  was 
said  to  extend  beyond  Michoacan. 

So  allui'Mig  seemed  the  re[)ort  of  the  nobles  to  their 
sovereign  that  he  felt  inclined  to  hasten  and  behold 
for  liinisilf  the  wonderful  stranger;  but  his  fears 
being  roused  by  the  council,  with  allusions  to  the  fate 
of  kill(  il  or  captive  princes  of  ^Mexico,  he  was  induced 
t(.  si'iul  instead  his  surviving  brother  Ilui/jltzin,*" 
wtll  provided  with  presents,  and  attended  by  a  large 
retinue,  including  more  than  a  thousand  servants.'* 
Cortes  ivcelved  him  with  great  pomp,  and  seated  him 
by  his  side,  although  Imt  half  content  with  the  assur- 
ance of  tlie  king's  early  visit;^"  nor  were  the  |)resents 
eipial  to  those  tendered  before.^^     This  induced  him 

^('iirfa^,  'J."iS.     Ho  na  well  as  Gomara,  JIM.  Mrx.,  217,  writes  as  if  this 

WVW  tlu'  lilst  Hivli.'f  of  MicJKiaCilM. 

'"  llcrni-.i  says  \\liie'liil/i.  Acconliiif,'  to  tiio  I'rhtrioii  aV  Ion  liilos,  MS., 
tlu'  'J'.it,,s.iiii  foiiM  of  this  Mcxiciui  name  was  ('niiii-A;;iiaii},'ari.  IJiasscur  tlo 
]{(Mirlii>ur.r  Mssiiiiirs  tliat  liis  iiiusiu  A;,'ni,i,'a  was  sent,  Imt  liis  account  varies  so 
njiich  Iroiii  tlic  cxi.lirit  stal.niunts  of'CoVtcs,  ami  from  other  sources,  tiiat  his 
entire  \  el. -ion  lieeonies  iloiilitfnl.  In  another  iilaie  he  calls  A,u".liga  the  lirother. 
Ho  is  too  riacly  to  j.'ivo  cridit  to  ohsciire  ni.innscriiits,  rather  than  to  Spanish 
sfan.lanl  luitiiorities.  iVesd.tt,  .l/rr.,  iii.  •J.Sd;  Cavo,  'J i-i.h  Sylon,  i.  11;  and 
Zaniacois,  ///V.  M,.,\,  iv.  (iii  S,  71-'_>,  are  all  loose  or  i  ont'usol'with  nyi,iu\\  to 
the  <lit!'.  lent  einhassies  to  iiml  from  Michoacan.  Ixtlilxochitl  alhl.les  only  to 
one,  anil  assumes  a  share  in  tin-  oilers  for  his  namesake,   //or.  rniililttilri,  .V). 

'"V  muchos  cubulleros  .jUu  llevarou  otras  tantas.'  Jhntiinoiit,  L'lOii.  Miih. 
iii.  40. 

'^  lirasseur,  who  allows  Olid  to  invmlo  Michoacan  lieforo  this,  causes  tlio 
princo  to  invent  a  story  of  tht^  kinjji's  death,  and  i.rociiics  from  Cortes  a 
proi  iiM'  of  the  apiwintinent  of  another  brother  as  successor.  Jlixt.  Xnt.  C'lr., 
iv.  .");i."l. 

'M)f  alloyed  gold,  .5,000  pesos  do  oro;  alloyed  silver,  1,000  marks,  all  iii 
jewelry  uml  plute;  and  fahrics,  feuthcrs,  etc.  Uunra,  doc.  iii.  lib.  iii.  cap. 
Uwx.  Mbx..  Vol.  II.   4 


00 


KAIDS  ALONG  TUE  SOUTH  SEA. 


probably  to  make  tlic  display  of  Spanish  stronofth 
more!  impressive  than  usual,  and  durini^  the  cannonad- 
iw'^  a  tower  was  demolished  to  prove  the  etfieioiifv  of 
the  liL,ditningd)oxes,  althoUL,di  the  ruins  of  the  capital 
spoke  volumes  in  themselves,  impregnable  as  the  city 
had  ever  been  regarded.  The  prince,  indeed,  s!iod 
tears  of  compassion  as  lie  beheld  the  desolate  capital. 
On  hearing  from  his  brother  what  he  had  seen,  and 
how  well  he  had  been  treated,  the  king  ce)neluded  to 
redeem  his  jiromise  and  visit  Cortes  as  had  been  de- 
sired. To  tliis  end  he  prepared  a  large  auir.unt  of 
presents,  for  lluiziltzin  had  been  made  to  understand 
that  bv  these  would  be  measured  the  attentions  he 
might  receive,  and  the  concessions  for  his  kingdom, 
now  menaced  by  an  exi)e(lition  already  ])r<'jtaring  at 
JVtexico.  The  latter,  indeed,  proved  the  main  imi)ulse 
ibr  the  visit,  by  which  the  conqueror  was  to  be  con- 
ciliated. His  retinue  and  march  befitted  tliosc  of  a 
king,  and  couriers  were  sent  daily  to  report  at  ^Fex- 
ico  his  advance.  Cortes  came  ft»rth  with  a  brilliant 
escort,  and  as  they  met,  the  clash  of  nuisie  celebrated 
the  mt  eting,  wheri>in  Tangaxoan  offered  himself  as 
vassal  to  the  Spanish  soveieign,  and  W(»n  admiration 
bv  the  brilliancv  of  his  sjifts.  While  his  suite  an- 
j)eared  in  rich  attire,  he  himself  was  clad  in  Inunble 
garments,  in  token  of  submission.'*  lie  was  lodgo<l 
in  the  jialace  at  Coyuhuacan,  and  feasted  with  Sj)anis]i 
dishes,  the  \s\no  greatly  <!elighting  him.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  usual  military  sju'ctaeles,  a  brigantine  was 
launched  in  his  presence,  I'ollowed  by  an  exeui'sion  on 
the  lal<<\  no  less  novi'l  to  him  than  it  had  been  to 
!Monte/uma.  Before  leaving,  he  promisi'd  to  o])en  his 
kiiig(lo!n  to  any  colonists  who  might  wish  to  settle, 
and  to  extend  his  juotection  to  them. 


w     i 


viii.     Oomnm,  Ilinf.   .Vrc.,  217,  iiUows  C)liil  afterword  to  roci'ivo  tlirsc  or 
einiilar  pit-  iMits. 

"  '111'  (kxli!  los  Mi'xicaiiiw, ,  .K-  Uaiimron  C'lizonzin,  que  sif^ifica  iil]>iirj,'iitr 
vicyo. ■  //.)•/■(  (v»,  (ho.  iii.  lili.  iii.  I'lip.  viii.  lint  this  iiaiue  wiis  a  titli'.  iis 
fully  cxpluimMl  in  Nalirc  /i'lurn,  v.  olO,  i>'2o;  Akjn,  Hint,  Vvrnp.  Jmim,  i.  1)1; 
t'/iiimt'jjuiii,  Jihl.  VoiK].,  ii.  "iJ. 


^trcnfjjth 
nnoiuul- 
ieiicy  of 
3  capital 
the  city 
L>(i,  slieci 
!  capital. 
;ceu,  and 
hulcil  to 
boon  ilo- 
iir.unt  of 
(lerstaiul 
itioiis  ho 
kiiii^doni, 
tarinjjf  at 

I  impulse 
v>  be  con- 
liosc  of  a 

at  ^Irx- 
L  brilliaiit 
I'li'bratt'd 
imst'lf  as 
luiiratioti 
isiiito  ap- 

II  liniiil)K' 
IS  lodgi'd 

Spanish 

In   addi- 

ntino  was 

nrsion  on 

hccn  t»i 

open  his 

A)  settle, 


live  those  or 
tii-a  nlpni>!iitr 

1!IS   il   titll',    IIS 

(.  J  USUI),  i.  yi; 


OLTD'S  MISSION".  Si 

Cortes  would  before  thi.s  have  sent  troops  to  secure 
possession  of  so  proniisin;^  a  country,  i>ut  pressincr 
affairs  intervened,  sucli  a.s  the  arrival  of  Tapia,  and  it 
VMS  not  till  the  middle  of  ir)2'2'^  that  he  despatched 
Olid  with  seventy  cavalrv,  two  hundred  infanti'v,  and 
a  luunber  of  allies,  who  also  assisted  in  conveynig  the 
artillery.^"  If  the  country  proved  as  desirable  as  rep- 
resented, he  was  to  form  a  settlement  at  Tzintzun- 
tzan,''  and  iiivestij^atc  the  resources. 

On  arriviiii,'  at  Tangimaroa,  the  troops  found  the 
people  occupied  with  a  religious  celebration,  arrayed 
in  their  finest  dresses  and  adornments.  The  display 
))rove(l  too  tem[)ting  for  the  greedy  soldiers,  and  jew- 
elry and  other  valuables  were  extorted  and  stolen,  in 
juldilion  to  other  outrages,  wherein  the  allies  took  a 
prominent  part.  The  people  actually  rose  to  hostile 
demonstrations,  but  a  volley  from  the  firquebnsiers, 
iullowed  by  a  charge  fiom  the  no  less  dretidetl  horses, 
]iut  tliem  to  tliglit,  the  leaders  being  captured.''^ 
These  were  reassun'd  by  Olid,  who  preten«led  to  de- 
plore the  outrage,  and  now  sent  them  to  the  king 
with  jH'aceful  protestations.  Tangaxoan  was  not  a 
litil(>  startled  by  the  reports,  and  with  the  vision  (»f 
the  siiidkiiiijf  ruins  of  ^lexico  before  his  eves,  dark 
iurcb.nrmgs  crept  upon  him.  If  is  council  was  (Mjually 
p«  iplcxcd.  S(tme  of  the  mend)ers,  lu^aded  by  Timagi?, 
tlie  king's  uncle,  urged  resistance  to  the  last  rather 

'■''\ii  aofivunt  is  driven  of  an  cxjiedition  in  tlie  letter  of  Miiy  l.">-"i,  only 
of  the  vi>it  of  till-  kii!i.''s  tuotlu'r;  l)ut  in  tlu'  itliitiuii  of  Ortoliir  I.VJl  In; 
t<lnjiU-<  of  it,  mill  so  «;iily  tiu'iiiu  as  to  inilioatf  that  it  was  nent  not  lon>;  after 
tlir  ilLspatili  of  tile  luivious  lett<T.  < 'dr/ns,  '2~'i.  'AlL;\in(>s  nicsis  ili.s|iiu's  ilo 
\Miltn  il  ilcy,'  ba\s  r.cainiiont,  ('run.  M'nh.,  iii.  Ill;  Imt  it  is  pidlialile  that 
the  kin^;  dill  not  cnnii' until  tiie  expedition  had  inteied  Mirli.iai'an.  Aleu'iii 
n>siinies  tliat  it  nr.i.ni]iaiiird  the  kiny's  l.rotlier,  hut  this  is  too  early.  //<-^ 
<'iiiiii>.  ,/.  v((<,  i,  !fj,  altliuii;;li  ai'cording  well  with  IWrnal  1  ha/,'  loose  intiniii. 
tion.    //ist.   Wril'itl.,  I.V.I. 

"UJoniani  rediues  thefone  to  40  horse  nnd  KH)  foot.  JUnt.  M>j:,  '.'17,  unci 
I\tlil\oi  liitl  adds  ."),0(»0  ■JV/ciuMns.   //.ic.  ( 'i-h./.A/,/.  <,  ,Vi. 

'■  it  is  frei|nently  refei', ,'  to  hy  thu  Mexieaa  niiine  of  HnitzitKitlii,  atul  its 
eorni|it  forms  of  (jiineicilii,  etc. 

"■  Jtrassieur  tie  liourlKiui^;  jihiees  tliis  oocurrenec  wronjfly  before  the  kind's 
hrotlier  is  sent  to  Mexico,  and  aNsiinien  tliut  iw  mmu  as  news  aiiixes  ni  their 
ni'proaeh  a  regular  uiiny  in  »eut  hy  tho  king  to  repel  tlic  invuilero.  Jiial.  Sut. 
til,,  iv.  u-tl. 


62 


RAIDS  ALONG  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


than  to  yield  their  liberty  to  the  destroyers  of  Tenoch- 
titlan;  others  counselled  a  retreat  to  sonic  stronghold 
till  circumstances  should  indicate  the  proper  course, 
for  after  the  submission  tendered,  and  the  peaceful 
assurances  of  the  invaders,  resistance  might  stir  tlieso 
demons  to  desolate  the  whole  country.  Coucerned 
chiefly  for  his  own  safety,  the  irresolute  Tangaxoau 
hastened  with  a  portion  of  his  family  to  seek  refuge 
at  Uruapan,  instructing  his  confidants  to  spread  the 
rumor  that  he  had  been  drowned. 

Meanwhile  Olid  advanced  on  the  capital,  and  al- 
though Timagd  had  sought  to  rouse  the  j)e()ple  to 
defence  by  bloody  sacrifices  to  the  idols,  and  other 
measures,  yet  their  hearts  failed,  and  a  delegation  was 
sent  to  welcome  the  army,  and  conduct  it  to  the  palace. 
Encouraged  by  the  success  at  Tangiinaroa,  the  soldiers 
and  allies  were  not  slow  to  again  follow  their  rapacious 
bent,  and,  a  good  pretext  being  found  in  the  idolatrous 
practices  to  l>e  seen  on  every  side,  they  began  with  a 
laid  (»u  the  temples;  a  number  of  these  edifices  wi'n> 
tired,  while  in  others  a  destruction  of  idols  completed 
the  pillage.  Those  excesses  were  promoted  by  thi^ 
fiight  of  a  large  projiortion  of  the  inhabitants,  particu- 
larlv  the  women  and  children,  after  looking  in  vain  for 
any  manifestations  of  the  divine  wrath  which  such 
desecration  seemed  to  challenge.  Private  dwellings 
were  now  broken  into,  and  while  some  of  the  burglais 
turned  into  ghouls,  to  increase  their  s})oils  with  jires- 
ents  consecrated  to  the  dead,  oth<^rs  spread  over  the 
neighborhood  to  continue  the  raid  in  IVesli  fields.^'' 

While  not  unwilling  to  permit  a  certain  amount  of 


I     w 


••  In  the  Ixfhicion  tie  log  liilox,  MS.,  the  spoils  of  gold  and  silver  ami  onia- 
mcnlg  are  ustiinatcd  at  forty  coUV'rfuia  in  one  jduci',  at  twi-nty  in  nnotiu'i', 
fto.  Ah  for  ('(irtt'S,  lio  nxuitions  nicivly  a  j;ift  of  ;i,(K)0  marks  in  hiIvit,  an<l 
ri,(H(0  pesos  tic  oro.  ('(iWii.'i,  '27.'».  Tiie  army  naturally  kfpt  tliu  larg«T  i)art, 
and  tiie  loaders  did  not  tliiiik  it  advisable  to  expose  tlie  exiTMes  of  their 
men,  even  Cortes  licinc  content  to  share  with  them  and  keep  quiet.  <iomiiri 
lo\v<:i-8  even  t'ortes' estimate  of  the  treasure  received.  //«.<  MfX.,  '217.  Her- 
rern  and  IScaumont  abstain  from  mentioning  any  ti);ures.  Itrusseur  do  Ikiur- 
bourg,  /lint.  Xtil.  Cii:,  iv.  532,  ai<sumeA  that  the  king's  brother,  or  coumIh. 

ho  at  times  calls  him,  is  sent  with  a  jHirtion  of  the  siKiils  to  Mexico,  on  tli<' 


08 


first  visit,  which  Cortes  dates  long  before  Olid  is  despatched  to  that  region. 


OLID  AT  ZACATULA. 


88 


on<jlu>ld 
course, 
peact'i'ul 
:ir  those 
)ncornL'(l 


,  and  al- 
>o()|)lo  to 
nd  other 
itiou  was 
10  palace. 
c  soldiei'rt 
rapacious 
dolatrous 
in  with  a 
ices  Nvere 
ompleted 
by  the 
particu- 
n  vain  for 
lich  such 
wclUngs 
burglars 
ith  pres- 
over  the 
Ids.^" 
uount  ot" 


le 


IT  mill  oriia- 
y  in  niiotlifi', 
"n  wilviT,  aiiil 
largiT  pint, 
sues  of  tluii' 
ict.  iioiUiii'i 
HIT.  Hi" 
Hcur  lie  l«iiir- 
r,  or  eim^<iii. 
Icxioo,  on  till- 
u  that  ivgioii. 


])illage,  wlierein  lie  might  share,  Olid  thought  it  both 
diingcrous  and  impolitic  to  go  too  far,  and  accordingly 
tonk  strict  measures  to  check  the  disorder.  The  sol- 
diers considered  this  rather  an  unwarrantable  inter- 
friiMice,  and  rose  in  open  mutiny.  This  was  quelled, 
and  tlie  ringleaders  received  due  punishment;  but 
h;irniony  could  not  be  restored,  and  the  majority 
loudly  protested  against  remaining  in  garrison  duty 
suj>})orti'd  only  by  repartimiontos,  while  their  com- 
r.uKs  at  !^^exico  were  prei)aring  to  invade  the  rich 
legions  to  the  south.  Their  minds  were  still  too 
much  occupied  with  the  acquisition  of  treasures  to 
rest  content  with  the  quiet  life  of  enconuMidei'os,  and 
since  the  gold  and  silver  in  the  Tzintzuntzan  district 
had  brcu  wt'll-nigh  exhausted,  the  country  }tossessed 
no  furthtr  attraction.  So  energetic  were  the  protests 
that  Cortes  gave  orders  to  abandon  the  colony,  those 
desiiing  to  return  to  Mexico  being  permitted  to  do 
so;  the  rest  weii;  ordered  to  Zacatula.-''  It  was  not 
his  intention,  however,  to  abandon  so  i)romising  a 
region,  or  to  lose  control  of  a  i)owerful  monarch,  and 
some  time  later  he  sent  Olid  again  to  reestablish  the 
settlement,  thougli  not  to  remain  in  charge,  since 
nu)re  troulile  minht  arise  with  the  colonists.  The 
conti'ol  was  assigiK'd  to  Andres  do  Tapia,  assisted  by 
a  municipality  aj)i)ointed  by  Cortes  himself,  and  while 
Olid  passed  on  to  install  a  similar  body  at  Zacatula, 
that  otlictr  ))roceeded  to  reconcile  the  Tarascans  to 
the  ii>turn  of  the  white  men,  promising  that  no  out- 
rages should  again  mar  their  intercourse.  The  pnmiises 
brought  from  Cortes  reassured  Tangaxoan,  and  undir 

'-"r,./7,',,,  C.irUui,  'JTC.  'Vatilii'.inuHo  so  fiie  cntrptcnir'do  nor  nl),'u  tirpn,' 
s.iys  llrrnni,  iW.  m.  hi),  iii.  cap.  .\i..a.l(ling  that  ()li«l  Ni.ught  to  iiitro.lii.o 
iiit'ivoiirsc  aii.l  oiiltnic.  'Jliis  vii;;mii<'S8  aMsists  llrassciir  <\v  nouH.oiir^'  to 
assMii)i,'tlwitth(M.M>l(ui.vr«nhMiiHMl,//;>7.  A',, /.(',•(•., iv.r>;JS.o()iiti-aiyto(*oit.'s'[><).si- 
tiv  fitatciii.iit,  Niipport.Ml  also  l,v  llfaumont,  i'nin.  Miih.,  iii.'4<t,  thoii;:li  th.< 


lath 


'0- 


•■r  juMs,  'sill  ti'MiT  hiu'ar  «lt.'  i"il>lar.'     (.'orfc 


Mll.l 


iH'VtT  at'kiiow 


It'ilj;.; 


th.'  Ml.aii.loiin,.iit  of  tho  only  col,,n      ,i   a  lidi   king.lom,  uiiloss  ol.li^-.-.l   l.y 
tiutli  to  .1,.  .so.     Z.unafois  pKs  8o  far  as  to  npiwiiit  u  nuinieipality  wliitli  re- 


tiiMin.s  in  tin- loiintry.  //i>/.  M,j,,  iv.  74;  l,„t  I 


Hi 


iz  asMiiMi'H  tliat  Oliti  w 


nnticipatoH,  aa  will  l>o  Hi'on. 


V  III  at  Mexico,   /lid.  I'unliul.,  lljl,  104 


i.s  anxious  to  rcturu  to  his  ucwly  wedded 


M 


KAIDS  ALONG  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


his  protection  the  colonists  began  actively  to  engajro 
in  mining.  With  Cortds'  departure  for  Honduras, 
and  the  consequent  disorders  at  Mexico,  the  king 
again  took  alarm,  and  sought  to  restrict  the  coming 
of  the  settlers,  though  no  serious  difficulties  occurred. ''' 

One  of  the  most  alluring  pieces  of  information 
brought  by  the  many  embassies  which  tendered  liom- 
age  at  the  feet  of  the  victor  was  the  cxistenc(3  of  a 
great  sea  to  the  south-west.  The  report  thereof 
roused  in  Cortes  a  series  of  tumultuous  feelings, 
intensified  by  the  dazzling  result  of  Vasco  Nunez' 
famous  discovery.  Visions  arose  of  pearl  and  sjiice 
islands,  of  long  extended  shores  cut  by  Pactolcan 
streams,  of  the  veiled  Indies,  of  a  strait  to  the  south 
or  north  through  which  the  fleets  of  Spain  should 
bear  away  the  prize  of  Oriental  trade,  and  enrich  her 
peo[)le — this  and  more  dreamt  the  great  conqueror 
as  he  figured  himself  the  laurel-crowned  hero  of  the 
age." 

The  first  attempt  to  gather  information  about  tlie 
sea  appears  to  have  been  through  the  two  Spaniards 
who  accompanied  the  Michoacan  envo3's  to  their  coun- 
try. Inmiediately  after,  two  small  parties  were  de- 
spatched to  the  south  and  south-west,  one  of  them 
reaching  the  sea  of  Tehuantcpcc,each  taking  possession 
for  the  king  and  church,  planting  there  the  cross.  The 
rumor  had  preceded  them  of  the  achievements  of 
white  men  m  overthrowing  the  feared  Aztecs,  and 
everywhere  the  ex[)lorers  received  marked  attention, 
proof  of  the  same  being  brought  to  Mexico  in  costly 
presents  of  gold  and  pearls,  and  in  specimens  of  choico 

"  Alluding  to  these  objections,  Contador  Albomoz  urges  the  arrest  of  tlio 
king  and  his  suppurters.  Carta,  in  J*achero  and  iWnhnas,  Col.  Doc,  xiii. 
71--;  Icnzhdlfftn,  Col.  Doc,  i.  fiOJ-.*?.  Tiiis  rcHtriction  is  proliaMy  at  th<- 
bottom  of  the  statement  in  Alajre,  Hint.  Comp.  Jimut,  i.  Si),  tiiat  all  tiiices  •  ( 
a  rich  mine  discovered  in  liV,?,")  were  soon  after  lost.  This  may  be  idontiiMl 
witli  tiio  'sierra  do  plata'of  tiie  royal  c(*dula  in  i'mjc,  Cnhilnrin,  '24.  '^ 
Bieiii|.,c  'inedaron  amigos,'  is  Uerrera's  concluding  allusion  to  Tanguxoan. 
dec.  iii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  xvii, 

"'■' '  Y  estaba  muy  ufano,  porqno  mo  parecia  quo  en  la  descubrir  se  hacia  i 
V,  M,  muy  graudc  y  scnalado  scrvicio,'  CorUn,  Carta-s,  '2o9. 


.^ 


•# 


-i 


lf|i'|:il. 


Snir-BUILDING  AT  Z.VCATULA. 


)  engage 
ontluras, 
he  king 
1  coming 
icurrod.''^ 

irmation 
red  lunii- 
Mico  of  a 
,  thereof 
feehngs, 
» uuez 
ind  spice 
Pactoleaii 
the  south 
m  should 
jnrich  her 
conqueror 
;ro  of  the 

about  the 
Spaniards 
leir  coun- 
were  de- 
of  them 
possession 
OSS.    The 
ments  of 
ztecs,  and 
attention, 
in  costly 
sof  ch()i<i' 

o  arrest  of  tho 
Col.  Doc,  xiii. 
•ohaMy  "t  tl"; 
at  all  traces  (  f 
ay  l)C  iile»tii"'l 
,l„rio,  -24.  '  ^ 
to  Tangaxojiii. 

brir  se  hacia  i 


])r<i(lu(ts  ffom  tlie  provinces  through  which  they 
jtassfd. "'  To  Cortes  these  valuables  served  to  stimu- 
late tho  desire  for  exj)loration  by  wliich  a  strait  might 
lie  disclosed,  and  a  route  found  to  the  Orient,  and  with 
this  object  ho  sent  another  })artyto  examine  the  coast 
for  a  siiit;d)le  harbor,  with  timber  for  ship-building  con- 
venient."* This  was  f(jund  at  the  mouth  of  Rio  Zacatula, 
in  the  province  of  Zacatollan,'-'^  and  Villafuerte'-"  was 
thereupon  sent  with  fully  forty  Spaniards,  chiefly 
shipwrights,  caipcnters, sawyers,  blacksmiths,  and  sail- 
ors, to  form  a  settlement,  and  build  two  caravels  and 
two  brigantincs,  the  former  for  sea  expeditions,  tho 
others  for  coast  exploration.  A  large  number  of  allies 
joined,  especially  such  as  had  been  trained  in  work  con- 
nected with  the  buildiiiij  of  the  first  fleet.^'  Some  were 
employed  in  carrying  spikes,  cordage,  sails,  and  other 
material  from  A\Ta  Cruz  and  Mexico.  The  colony 
was  rec'iiforced  from  the  abandoned  settlement  at 
Tzintzuntzan,  and  became  now  the  head'(|uarters  for 

■^  In  Iltrrfrn,  dfc.  iv.  lib.  iv.  cap.  ii.,  Juan  del  Vallc  is  mentioneil  a.s  tho 
(li-icovii-LT  of  Teliuantcpec,  for  wliidi  lie  obUiined  a  coat  of  anus.  In  tlci.'.  iii. 
lil>.  iii.  ijij).  xvii.,  a  iliscovory  fxpcdition  to  Tchiiantepcc  unilci  "uilloii  di-  la 
Liia,  I'iistiilo,  Alferez  Roman  Lrnpcz,  and  two  others,  is  npoken  of  as  if  Huh- 
SKUiiiit  to  the  above,  their  route  beinj^  through  Zapotecapan,  along  Ciiiaiuw*, 
and  tliri)Uj.di  Soconusco,  a  distance  of  4(M)  leagues.  Cldco  and  tliree  others  aie 
s.iid  to  liave  ex)ilored  the  coa.st  from  Tehuantepec  to  Zacatida,  but  this  is 
di.iilitfid,  since  llie  interniediate  Tutuix'o  was  hostile.  Others  sent  through 
.laliM'i  iiivtT  returned.  Cortes  states  tliat  his  two  parties  numbered  two 
SpaiiKiids  eaeii,  but  they  may  have  been  leaders,  and  were  certainly  aecom- 
jiauit  d  l.y  Indians.  They  appear  to  have  returned  before  the  end  of  Oct(d)er. 
l'i<rl.i.<,  •.'.V.i,  •.>(;•_'.  1,1  CVWrV,  IfesULnrhi,  ii.  IIS-I!),  .Juan  de  l'nd)ria  is  said 
to  liave  been  liaderof  one  party.  On  his  return  he  was  imprisoned  for  two 
y<'aia  on  tiie  .  harge  of  having  omitttMl  (.'oiti  s'  name  in  taking  possession  of 
tiie  sea.  ilai,iii,-ii.  ffi<t.  Mir.,  'Jilt,  as.nunies  tliat  two  parties  went  througli 
-Michuacau,  ainl  I'rescott  hastily  amplifies  the  aehievements  of  one  party, 
altjiough  the  diioniders  never  mention  even  what  became  of  it.  Mcc,  iii. 
!.*>« . 

^♦According  to  Herrcra  this  should  liavc  been  tho  Chico  party,  but  it  ia 

doubtful. 

''-'Xalire  liare^,  ii.  109.  Mercator,  ir>74,  has  Cacatula;  Mmiirh  Atlas, 
\\.,ri(at/iJ,i,  same  name-  a  little  farther  north  ;  Ogilby,  1(»71.  /.aeitl iihi ;  Liut, 
1|>;!.S,  /.'.  X«,ntiila  and  /«,((//(/«  city;  .Jetlerys,  177(>,"  ZnniUlu,  province  an<l 
♦••".v;  Kiei)ert,  Sm-iiliila.  Cirfn.j.  Pur.  Const,  MS.,  ii.  ;{S4. 

■'"Kvidently  duan  Hodiigue/,  the  leadiuL,'  brigantine  captain,  vol.  i.  615, 
though  IJernal  Jtiaz  alludes  to  him  as  if  he  were  a  dill'erent  maii.  Panes,  in 
M(iiiinii('iiti.-<  Jhimin.  J:''</i.,  .MS.,  ."ill. 

■'  ( 'hielly  Tezcueans.  iwiys  Ixtlil.xochitl,  /W.  429.  Zurita  speaks  of  oppres- 
sion and  hardships  to  which  the.se  allies  were  subjected.  I'ltcheco  and  fiink- 
»('(*,  (o/.  Doc,  xiv.  414. 


I!    I 


86 


RAIDS  ALONG  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


Spanish  forces  in  tlic  soutli-wcst.  Additional  mon 
"Were  broufjht  l)y  Olid  in  connection  with  his  second 
expedition  to  !Michoacan,^^  including  the  municipal 
officers  appointed  by  Cortds,  and  the  town  was  now 
formally  established  on  the  site  already  chosen,  a  lea<jjuo 
and  a  half  from  the  sea,'"^  and  named  Zacatula,  after 
tlie  river.  One  reason  for  Olid's  coming  was  to  aid  in 
reducing  to  obedience  the  Indiana  who  had  been  ap- 
I^ropriated  in  lepartimientos,  but  who  had  refused 
to  pay  tribute,  and  even  killed  several  collectors. 
The  emperor  had  expressed  great  interest  in  the 

Iirojects  opened  by  the  discovery  of  the  South  Sea 
)eyond  New  Spain,  and  by  cedula  of  June  1523  he 
enjoined  Cortes  to  hasten  the  search  for  a  strait."' 
The  latter  needed  no  prompting,  but  the  building  of 
the  vessels  progressed  slowly,  owing  to  the  difficulty 
and  delay  att  M;(lincc  the  furnisliinjx  of  certain  material. 
Finally,  when  this  was  obtained,  a  fire  reduced  nearly 
c\'X}r3'thing  to  aslies.^^  Without  being  in  the  least  dis- 
couraged, Cortes  hastened  to  repair  the  loss,and  toward 
the  end  of  1524  such  progress  had  been  made  that  he 
expressed  the  hope  of  despatching  the  vessels  in  the 
middle  of  the  following  year.  "With  them,  God 
uilling,  I  shall  make  Your  Majesty  lord  of  more 
kinirdoms  and  seii^nories  than  arc  as  yet  known  to  our 
nation.""'^  The  search  for  the  strait  should  receive  the 
first  attention,  however,  since  the  sovereign  so  de- 
sired it,  for  by  it  the  route  to  the  Spice  Islands  woukl 


ii     i 


*"M.is  lie  cio  Espaflolps,  y  quarenta  do  caunllo,  y  Mechuacanesos.'  Go- 
vutrii,  J/ht.  Mi'.r.,  *J'JO.  Bornal  Diaz  reduces  the  force  to  45  men.  I/ixt.  I'o-- 
ilfiil.,  1(',7.  On  the  way  lie  was  attacked  and  sufl'ered  a  loss  of  two  Jdlled  and  I'l 
v.ounded.  Herrera  makes  the  force  larger  than  (.ioniara,  and  allows  Villa- 
fuerte  to  come  at  the  same  time.  dec.  iii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  xvii. 

■■"'  Hcrrei-a,  A/.,  cap.  xviii.,  associates  Simon  du  Cuenca  with  Villafuerte  uh 
a  leading  man. 

'"In  I'achcco  and  (Ytrddiait,  Col.  Doc,  xxiii.  300-7. 

"'  'Mo  cnestiin  hoy  los  navios,  sin  hal)crlos  echado  al  agua,  mas  de  oclio 
mil  pesos  de  oro,  sin  otras  cosas  cxtraordinarias,'  says  (JortOs  in  his  letter  ct 
October,  1524.  Carfan,  308.  Testimony  in  VortiU,  Ilexiilciicia,  i.  *J7,  etc., 
assumes  that  the  delays  were  on  purpose,  since  Cort(?s  had  built  the  ships  as 
a  1. leans  to  escape  from  the  country  with  his  embezzled  millions. 

^"No  lo  quedardd  V.  Excels,  mas  que  hacerpara  scr  monarca  del  muudo.' 
Cartas,  308. 


THE  rnOVIXCE  OF  COLIMA. 


87 


lal  men 
1  second 
unicipal 
as  now 
a  lea|j;uo 
la,  after 
to  aul  in 
been  ap- 
refusetl 
Dors. 

;t  in  the 
>utli  Sea 
152:?  lie 
I  strait.^; 
lilding  of 
difficulty 
material. 
?cd  nearly 
\  least  dis- 
hd  toward 
lo  that  he 
ols  in  the 
icni,  God 
of  more 
iwn  to  our 
[cceive  the 
^■u  so  de- 
iids  would 


kftcanescs.*  Go- 

ten.   ilht.  V'l- 

lo  kilKl  hikI  1'« 

ttUowa  Villa- 

liVillufuerte  as 


t,  mas  tic  ocli" 
tu  hi-s  U'tterit 
la,  i.  '2',  «tc  • 
lilt  the  8lui>8  "^ 

tcadelmumlii.' 


1)0  crroatlv  shortened."'  While  hopeful  that  it  would 
l>c  found  ho  su!jj«^ested  that  the  trade  nijn^ht  in  any 
case  be  seeuied  by  this  \vestern  route,  if  New  Spain 
were  made  the  entrepot,  goods  being  readily  conveyed 
overland  by  tlie  aid  of  tlio  natives.^  The  departun) 
of  Cortes  for  Honduras,  in  pursuit  both  of  Olid  and 
the  strait,  delayed  the  proposed  expeditions  by  sea, 
ah  hough  the  smallest  vessel  was  sent  by  one  of  the 
otlieinls  on  a  short  vain  search  for  certain  island.s 
v.hicli  aboriginal  tradition  placed  to  the  south."'"'  It 
was  but  the  delay  of  bitter  disappointment. 

(^n  the  di.sbandment  of  the  fir.st  colonists  in  Micli- 
oacan,  those  destined  for  Zacatula  set  forth  in  that 
direction  under  Alvarez  Chico,^"  to  the  number  of  a 
liinidred  foot  and  forty  horse,  and  a  force  of  Mexican 
and  Tarascan  auxiliaries.  On  the  way  they  received 
contirniatory  accounts  of  the  wealth  of  Colima,  a 
|troviiice  extending  along  the  South  Sea  to  the  north 
of  Zacatula.  and  of  w  hich  glowing  rumors  had  reached 
them  at  T/intzuntzan.  They  were  in  search  of  treas- 
ures, not  of  garrison  life  at  Zacatula,  and  so  without 
jxrniission  thty  turned  a.side  to  enter  the  coveted 
jiroviucf.^'    A  dispute  arising,  a  portion  of  the  forces 

'■'■'■  TIk,'  iiitcrixtiii!^  speculations  concerning  the  strait,  its  position  anil  value, 
.Bi;il  till- 1  x|n  ilui.iiis  to  \\liicli  tlio  Search  g;ivc  rise,  iii- ■  fully  treated  ill  Jlist. 
ji^«l7//  M'j-.  ,s7i/,.4.  See  also  llinf.  XnrtliiriKl  Coui't,  this  scries. 
_^  "'C'oi/'s  (ViWas,  ;U.").  Tlie  means  and  desirability  are  more  fully  entered 
lintohy  .'..iM.niM/,  ( ',/,/,(,  in  /',ic/iiro  and  ('<U-iti  i,a<,  (Jul.  Dm:,  xiii.  itl-'.i,  and 
Ovi.ilo,  iii.  4(;i;.  Tiie  route  would  present  less  dilliculties  than  that  used  hy 
tlie  Veueti:mH. 

''  Ailionio/,  uhi  Piip.,  intimates  that  had  he  heen  given  the  power  to  send 
tlie  vessels  fuvtii,  tlie  nmte  to  the  Spice  Islands,  and  perhaps  richer  lands, 
voul.l  l.y  this  lime  have  hern  discovered,  liesides  the  brigai.iiiie,  two  larger 
vessels  lay  pie]);iicil  1,(  f,,ic  the  close  of  loi."). 
_  ="  A  man  who  li-iiivil  innminrntly  on  the  fnvst  arrival  of  the  Spaniards  at 
\  ilia  liica.  See  vol.  i.  ,  hup.  ix.  So  'iJernal  Diaz  calls  iiim  in  one  place,  v,  hilo 
in  aii()tlier  ho  ••ipplies  the  n.iiiie  .luan  Velazquez  Chico,  //;><.  Vrrilml.,  l.")9-(j(>, 
lo(>-7.  whidi  I'ancs  transforms  into  el  Chico.  Jhmumfiiloi  l>oviiii.  lis/).,  MS., 
;".!».  IJeauniout  ach.jits  the  Ve!iiz,|Uez  fonn,  ('r<',ii.  Mirh.,  iii.  '>(»•_»,  and  Cil,  in 
>■"•.  Afir.  (If;/.,  llohiii,,  viii.  .I7.vti,  uttempts  to  show  that  no  Alvure/. 
(  hico  exists,  though  Mota  I'a.lilla  adopts  the  name.  lliM.  N.  a<'l.,  G'J.  Seo 
u.Ui>  I hriKtiihz,  111  ,SV)c.  .1/,,,-.  <;,;v,.,  Jluh'fhi,  '2.1a  ('p.  ii.  478;  iii.  IST. 

•.M.)taradilliias.siiiiiesthat  Ivaie/.  was  sjiceially  commissioned  by  Cortes 
to  un.lertake  the  comiuest.  Several  folL.w  iiim,  though  thev  phice  the  date 
earlier  than  ids  1  Ji'O.     But  Cortes  clearly  indicates  the  version  of  my  text, 


M  RAIDS  ALONG  THE  SOUTH  SEA, 

sc]\irate<l  from  the  iimiii  body,  ami,  [irdceodiiig  l»y  a 
dirt'ereiit  route  under  Avalos,  they  obtained  the  coo,>- 
eration  of  several  caei<|ues,'^  mIio  were  dissatisfi  -d 
with  the  kin«^  of  Colinia,  and  extended  their  rr.id 
ovor  a  large  i  act,  notably  tlie  nortlicrn  region  wliieli 
in  honor  of  the  leader  obtained  the  name  of  Avalos' 
j)rovinee.^"  Alvarez  had  meanwhile,  with  more  andu- 
tious  views,  advanced  by  a  southern  route  on  the 
capital,  oidy  to  be  waylaid  in  a  ravine  by  the  allied 
forces  under  Zonia  and  Capaya,  caci(|ues  of  Jicotlan 
and  Autlan,  and  to  be  driven  back  with  considerable 
loss;*"  whereupon  he  hurried  crestfallen  upon  his 
original  mission  to  Zacatula/^ 

informed  of  the  disaster,  as  well  as  of  the  hostility 
of  Imi>ilcingo,  a  province  between  Zacatula  and  Co- 
lima,  which  had  probably  been  stirred  by  the  Spanish 
defeat,  Cortes  sent  the  able  Ulid  with  twenty-five 
horsemen  and  about  eighty  foot-soldiers,^'-  to  chas- 
tise this  province,  restore  order  in  Zacatula,  and, 
reenforced  by  a  part  of  its  troops,  to  subjugate 
Colima.  Tlie  rugged  nature  of  the  country,  which 
made  cavalry  useless,  and  the  warlike  spirit  of  the 

without  naming  tlio  ofFiccr.  Cartas,  270.  Bcnial  Diaz  gives  tlic  name,  and 
agrees  ujiou  tlic  time.  'J'l»o  nmiii  cause  for  the  general  confusiou  of  writers 
is  Henvra.  An  analysis  of  tlio  main  historians  reveals  his  errors,  dec.  iii. 
lib.  iii.  cap.  xi.  xvii.;  Fr<jeg,  JJist.  lireve,  'i'J-.'}!.  Mercator,  lodi),  C'vtima; 
Munich  Atliin,  xii.,  1,")71,  t'ollima,  repeated  nortiiward;  Ogilby,  1071,  Coliiiui; 
Danipier,  l(i71\  I'.  Colima;  Laet,  HiX^,  Colima;  sanie  in  Wrst-Iinl.  Sjiifij/iil, 
Colum,  Jell'erys;  Kiej)crt  writes  volcano  and  city.  Vartoij.  Puc.  Coast,  ilS. , 
ii.  47'-'. 

""Such  as  those  of  Zajwtlan  and  Sayula. 

*'il/o/(i  J'dililla,  loo.  cit. ;  (HI,  ubi  sup.  Jacotepec,  Zacoaleo,  and  Axixic, 
appear  nir.ong  the  subjected  districts.  The  chief  iuducement  for  joining  the 
Spaniards  was  to  escape  the  heavy  tribute  to  tlie  king,  one  third  of  all  produce. 

*''Threc  Simniards  and  many  allies.  Cortes,  Curias,  U70.  Ciomara,  followed 
by  Hen-i'ra  and  Rcaumont,  tin-ow  on  Olid  the  blame  for  this  o{)eration. 
'IVlco  nmchos  dius.  Al  cabo  quedo  vecido,'  etc.  J/ixt.  Mex.,  2'J().  Telld 
nanx's  the  allies  who  suppn-ted  the  king,  all  of  which  Mota  Padilla  reprn- 
duces.  ('(1)17.  N.  (I'al.ji'i'X  Beaumont  dillora  somewhat  in  regard  to  the  allies. 
Crdii.  Miih.,  iii.  r>02.  Owing  to  their  ccmfusion  about  early  events  little  reli- 
anc«!  can  be  placed  on  the  names  connected  with  the  inva.sion. 

"Not  to  Mexico  as  the  al)ovc  writers  assume.  'Subido  por  mi,  man(i'- 
tnier  preso  al  capitan,  y  le  catstigue.'  Corirs,  Cartas,  270.  Success  wouM 
liave  obtained  reward  for  the  disobedience.  Avalos  is  siudto  have  held  out  in 
his  ilistriet,  but  this  is  uncertain. 

*-  llerrera,  fcjUowid  by  IJeaunumt  and  others,  gives  the  same  force  ;ii 
Cortt'S,  but  places  it  under  Sttudo^'ul.  dec.  iii.  lib.  iii.  cup.  xvii. 


>^- 


NUEVA  O.VLICIA. 


59 


ding  l>y  a 
the  c()o,>- 
lissjitisfi  (l 
tlieir  nuil 
;i()ii  wliic'li 
uf  Avalos' 
lore  aiul)i- 
to  on  the 

the  JiUied 
)f  Jlootlaii 
)nsiclerable 

upon   his 

10  hostihty 
a  and  Co- 
he  Spanish 
twenty-five 
*'  t(j  ehas- 
atuhi,  and, 

subjugate 
try,  which 

it  of  the 

the  name,  ami 

usiou  of  writera 

rors.  lice.  iii. 

Ijti'J,  CoVma; 

1071,  Colinui; 

■Iiid.  Siiie'ihcl, 

ac.  Coast,  MS., 


CO,  nnil  Axixk, 
for  juininj'  tin; 
lof  allpio(iuot'. 
oiuara,  foUoweil 
this  oi)cratioii. 
■.,  '2-20.  Tell.. 
Padilla  leiim- 
i-il  to  the  allies, 
•euta  little  leli- 

por  mi,  mam^' 

Suceess  wouM 

lavo  held  out  in 

same  foree  as 


nioui 

lie    Ji 


itaincers,  prevented  success  in  Impilcingo/'  and 
assL'd  on  to  Zacatula.  Increasing  his  force  to 
ahout  twice  its  original  strength, he  thereupon  inarched 
on  Cohnia.  After  a  hotly  contested  battle  at  Aliina, 
he  coinpclled  the  king  and  his  allies  to  retire  to  the 
mountains,^*  with  heavy  loss.  The  rest  of  the  country 
hasteni'd  to  submit*' and  to  assure  possession  he  found(<l 
a  t»»wn  named  Coliman  after  the  country,  for  whicit 
Cortes  aj)pointcd  a  municipality.  Olid  tl  leupon 
returned  with  a  rich  booty,  including  some  pearls, 
Avalos  luini;  left  in  charjjce  of  the  colony,  numbering 
aliout  Olio  hundred  and  fifty  Si)aniards,  and  a  force  of 
allies.*''  As  in  Michoacan,  the  settlors  speedily  grow 
(iiscontonted  at  the  rapid  dwindling  of  the  much 
lauded  wealth  <tf  the  country,  and  many  deserted. 
This  oncourai^ed  the  still  hostile  royalists  in  the  moun- 
tains,  and  when  the  remaining  colonists  demanded 
their  tribute  I'rom  the  repartimientos  they  found  most 
of  the  natives  united  in  a  general  revolt.*^  An  a[»- 
jical  for  aid  was  made  to  Cortes,  and  this  time  ho 
(Icspatched  Sandoval,  who  so  eft'ectually  suj»pressed 
the  revolt  that  none  was  ever  again  attemi)ted.*'* 

This  coiKjiu'st  opened  the  gate  to  the  fertile  regions 
northward,  since  known  as  Nueva  Galicia,  extending 
from  the  east  in  a  succession  of  green  plains  and  smiling 

''  •  Lc  iiiatjuuii  (liiii  solihulos,  y  le  hirleron  (juinze,  c  totlauia  les  vcneio,'  siiya 
l'.onial  I»ia/,  //.-/.  T.  n/'/i/.,  Itl7,  contfaiy  to  Cortes,  CartuM.  •2s'. 

♦' IVni.'il  I)iaz  bilii'vi's  that  Alvarez  perished  during  the  cami>aign,  per- 
hajiH  in  tlie  hiittle,  and  IScauuiont  aKsunieH  heavy  losses  for  the  Spauiards. 
Ciuii.  X'ir/i.,  iii.  l."is.  ('(irti-s  acknowledges  only  Wounded.  Miuotlaeoya,  IhpcI 
of  Zapotliin,  apiKiirs  to  liavu  fallen  while  aiding  the  Spaniards. 

*■' liiehiding  Aliiiian,  ('.ilinmnte,  Ceguutan,  says  Cortes.  Herrera  gives 
varied  8i>elhng,  and  add.s  Impikingo. 

u  J/,, ■lira,  dee.  iii.  lih.  iii.  cap.  .wii. 

V  '  Y  los  poooH  soldado-s  (|ue  estalian . .  .tomaron  refugiarse  en  las  provineiiia 
ue  Avalos,' adds  MoU  I'addla.   //(',</.  X.  (.Int.,  09. 

'"JVrnal  Diaz  plaees  this  expedition  in  the  tiutumn  of  1522,  and  boasts 
that  Sandoval  took  with  him  a  mere  handful  of  veterans.  JIM.  Wnlwl.,  107; 
Alvijrv,  ll'M.  Cutiip.  J,><ii.'<,  i.  m.  Sida/ar,  IJint.  Coik/.,  Ki,  swells  the  numlier 
a  little,  llerrei-a's  final  epi.sode  inider  Olid  and  Villafuerte  is  entirely  out  of 
piaeo.  and  has  hcli)ed  to  increase  tiic  general  confusion  among  later  writers. 
\  illatuertc  does  not  appear  to  have  ajiproaehed  Colima.  Ills  knowledge  of 
ships  :tn.l  ship-lmihling  eaiim'd  him  to  he  sent  in  command  of  the  hrst  eoh>ny 
to  /aeatula.  some  time  hefore  the  disUnded  colony  from  Michoucaii  made  the 
first  entry  into  Colima. 


^ 


f 


60 


RAIDS  ALONG  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


i    II 


valley.s,  watered  by  numerous  streams  wliicli  expand 
at  intervals  into  a  series  of  tlie  finest  lakes  in  all  these 
parallels.  On  the  west  the  Sierra  Madre  rises  in  pie- 
turesque  outlines  to  form  a  sheltering  barrier,  and 
beyond  it  the  more  rugged  region  of  Cliii.ialhuacan 
descends  to  meet  the  southern  sea.  Avalos  was  grad- 
ually extending  his  liuiits  into  this  country,  allured  by 
its  natural  beauty  and  resources,  and  when  Olid  re- 
tuined  to  Mexico  from  his  campaign  he  brought  a 
most  glowing  report,  confirmed  by  a  glittering  display 
of  pearls.  A  little  beyond  Colima,  he  said,  were  sev- 
eral rich  provinces,  and  ten  days'  journey  to  the  north- 
west an  island  rich  in  gold  and  pearls,  inhabited  solely 
by  women,  who  permitted  only  occasional  visits  iiom 
men,  and  ruthlessly  cast  forth  all  male  children  born 
among  them.'''  lie  also  reported  that  there  was  a 
fine  port  in  this  region,  doubtless  the  later  Navidad. 
Tales  so  interesting  nmst  be  investigated,  and  in  the 
niiddle  of  1524,°"  when  he  found  his  hands  some- 
what free,  Cortes  resolved  to  seize  so  promising  a 
region,  and  to  this  end  commissioned  a  kinsman, 
Francisco  Cortes''^  as  one  trustworthy,  to  overrun  and 
subdue  it.  In  view  of  the  importance  of  the  expe- 
dition, minute  instructions  were  issued.  No  attack 
was  to  bo  made,  save  in  extreme  cases,  peaceful  sub- 
mission having  to  be  sought  with  promises  and  gifts; 
a  general  disregard  for  pearls  and  gold  should  be 
affected,  so  as  the  more  readily  to  acquire  information 
about  the  condition  and  riches  of  the  country,"-  and 

*"Rclacion  ile  los  seriores  <le  la  provincia  <le  Ccguatan,'  adils  Cort(!'8  ti» 
excuse  his  evident  belief  in  the  Anuu^on  story.  C'artax,  288.  Goniara  suggests 
that  it  may  have  originated  from  t'le  namo  of  a  district  there,  Ciliuatlaii, 
meaning  place  of  women.  Hint.  Mcx.,  220-1;  Ov'tcdo,  iii.  4-47-8. 

^"  Jlota  I'adilla,  Hist.  N.  Gal.,  70,  followed  by  (jil  and  Heniandez,  in  Sor. 
Mex.  Gt'Oij.,  Bolctin,  viii.  470,  2da  (5p.  ii.  47!),  fcive  the  date  1.V20-7,  but  tlu 
iiiBtructions  of  CortOs  are  dated  1524,  and  he  alludes  to  such  an  expedition 
two  months  before  his  departure  for  Honduras.  Cartas,  491;  Pachevo  uii'l 
Ctirdcnas,  Col.  Doc,  xxvi.  149-53.  Francisco  Ccrtt's  ligured  besides  duriii,:,' 
l.")2.")-6  as  representative  for  tliis  north-west  region,  as  will  be  seen  later. 

*'  'Do  San  Buenaventura.'  Beaumont,  Crdit.  Mich.,  iii.  480.  Some  sort  oi' 
cousin,  no  doubt,  though  Oiil  hastily  calls  him  nephev/. 

*-' '  Torque  no  lo  escondieren  creyendoquc  lo  tenieis  en  poco.'  Pacheco  and 
Curdenaa,  Col.  Doc,  xxvi.  157. 


KXrEDITrON-  OF  FRANCISCO  CORTI^:a. 


01 


1  expand 
,  all  these 

es  i"  pi*-'- 
Tier,  and 
lalhuacaii 
vvas  grad- 
dliircdby 
,  Olid  re- 
jrouglit  a 
ig  display 
were  sov- 
Llie  iiorili- 
itcd  solely 
,isits  Tioni 
divn  burn 
ore  was  a 
■  Navidad. 
and  in  the 
nds  some- 
'oniising  a 
kinsman, 
errun  and 
the  cxpe- 
X'o  attack 
iccful  sub- 
and  gifts ; 
should  be 
[iformation 
itry,*^  and 

ladils  CortC'8  to 
]oniara  suggests 

ere,  Cihuatlan, 
18. 

liaiulez,  in  Soc. 
VyHi-1,  but  tin 
1  un  cxpeilititiu 

I;  Pachfco  aii'l 

Ibesuk's  iluriu^' 

Isecu  later. 
Some  sort  ti 

'  PacAecoau'l 


finiilly,  wlicn  the  mask  was  thrown  aside,  the  treas- 
ures (Hscloscil  by  this  artifice  slumld  be  secured."^  In- 
vested with  the  power  and  rank  of  alcalde  mayor  of 
C'(»lima,  and  of  g(jve"nor's  lieutenant,  Francisco  Cortes 
set  r>ut  with  about  eighty  men,  twenty-five  having 
horses,''Vuid,  after  passing  througii  Colimaand  Authm, 
lie  crossed  the  Sierra  Madre  range  to  Ameca  and 
Ktzatlan,  after  defi'ating  tlie  natives  in  one  or  two 
enci»".mter.s,  and  intimidating  the  rest  into   eubmis- 


sion 


M 


The  main  object  being  exploration,  Francisco  ad- 
vanced jiorth-westward  through  Istlan  and  Ahuaca- 
tlan."  A  little  further  at  Tetitlan  a  numerous  army  was 
imt  under  Ilujicar  and  easily  vaiKjuished,  though  witli 
the  loss  of  one  Spaniard.  Tliis  had  a  salutary  eti'ect  on 
the  districts  beyond,  notably  Jalisco,  well  known  for 
its  opulence  and  bc^anty,  which  was  ruled  at  the  time 
by  a  (pieen,  during  the  minority  of  her  son.  She  has- 
teii.d  to  send  an  invitation  to  the  powerful  strangers, 
and  came  forth  herself  in  state  to  welcome  them  at  an 
aiboi-  «iiibcllished  with  flowers,  half  a  leairue  from  the 
town.  ][er  warriors  here  formed  a  circle,  and  game 
being diivcii  ih  from  the  neighborliood,  they  exhibited 
thch-  skill  iu  bringing  it  down,  and  tendered  the  result 
I  to  the  guests.     This  performance  was   followed  by 

^Tlip  instnictions  are  given  in  full  in  Parheco,  ubi  sup.,  and  Cortfg,  Escri- 

ton  Sill  l/rit, 

"  /'((.//- -o  iind  fiirilmn.'',  loc.  cit.  Mota.  Padilla  makes  it  a  round  100,  and 
allows  fri.irs  I'.i.lilhi  and  lioloua  and  15r.  Villadiego  to  join.  JIU.  N.  Gal.,  70. 
Lut  they  had  imt  yet  arrived  iu  Xcw  Spain. 

'>•' '  ]|(.)«.  cintiis  iiMiiciitrns,  y  apuciguo  nnichos  dcllos.'says  Corti'^s  brii'flv. 
Ciirtfn,  4!)_'.  Oiu!  vcisiijii,  fuliowcd  by  Xavnrrctt',  J/U.  J(tl.,'24,  assumes  that 
C'apaya  was  dtftat.Ml  at  Autlan,  but  Jlota  I'a.lilla  writes  that  ruggclnesss  <,{ 
country  otlVrcd  tlic  solcclistai  lo.  Ktzjvtlan,  lioadds,  wasgiveninoncomienda  to 
Juan  do  Kscarctiia,  the  sviond  in  comnuind,  it  Sfcms.  A  report  of  b"i7i) 
ijscrd;cs  t\w  eonquest  of  Ain.can,  or  more  prolwbly  the  cncomii'iidasliip,  to 
Juan  de  Afifsta,  who  is  t«iid  to  have  arrivc<l  al)0Ut  l."V28,  and  lived  four  or  live 
j-ears  at  Colima,  enjoying  there  Ids  tributes  from  Amecan.  J/crumnkz,  in  .S'"<-. 
Jli'j-.  (.W,;/..  -Jdat^i.,  ii.  4().'h-(i.  Among  those  who  submitted  is  named  Gua- 
XK-ar,  cacique  of  Xochiteiiec,  later  Magdalena. 

»«'Donde  nued.i  por  oncomendero  Alonso  Lopez,"  says  Mota  Padilla;  but 
this  leaving  of  isolated  men  in  siiiii  host.lc  countries  is  doubtful.  He  also 
assumes  that  Cortes  committed  so  Iiaxardouc  an  actus  to  divide  his  forces  tlio 
better  to  explore  the  country,  and  athls  Mexjw  and  Zoatlan  to  the  places  vis- 
U..'d.  ( Jd  assumes  a  iletour  back  to  Amecau  befoio  Istlan  was  reached,  but  thia 
IS  auarcdy  possible. 


02 


RAIDS  ALONG  THE  SOUTH  SEA. 


rclif,'ions  ceremonies  at  tlio  temple  in  the  town,  a 
])yiamidal  structure  some  sixty  steps  high,  dedicated  to 
J'iltzinteolh,  the  'child  god,'  to  whom  sacrifice  was 
f)fibred  In  simple  fruit  and  ilowers."  The  army  was 
lodged  in  the  palace  and  its  gardens,  and  Avelcomcd 
by  as  many  women  as  there  were  Spaniards,  This 
thoughtful  consideration  on  the  part  of  the  queen 
was  not  appreciated,  for  Francisco,  after  beliolding 
the  women,  sent  them  back,  and  enjoined  his  men  to 
observe  good  conduct.  Assisted  by  a  young  neophyte 
from  Father  Gantc's  school,  he  thoreui)on  stjught 
to  convert  the  queen,  who  professed  great  interest. 
Wliether  she  was  actually  converted  is  not  clear,  but 
she  certainly  tendered  an  offer  of  allegiance. 

Francisco  Cortes  did  not  lind  S(j  nnich  gold  as  he 
had  expecte<l,  and  although  the  provinciss  of  Centiz- 
pac  and  Aca[)oneta,  to  the  north  of  Tohjlotlan  Ixiver,  ** 
were  reported  rich,  he  resolved  to  return  along  the 
coast.*'  After  two  <lays'  march  st»uthward,  he  came 
U])on  an  army  of  some  twenty  thousand  wan-iors 
drawn  up  in  battle -airay,  their  bows  adorred  witli 
little  lir.gs  of  cotton  of  different  colors,  thougli  chiefly 
j>urpl(>,  a  dye  obtaiix.'d  from  a  sliell-lish  kf't  by  the 
retiring  lidc;  on  the  rocks.  This  aj)pearance  ('auscd  the 
SjKiniai'ds  to  name  the  locality  Yalle  de  l>anderas.'" 

"A  (Ic'sciiptioii  of  tliis  ciiriona  tcniplu,  and  the  subject  satrilioes,  arc  given 
ill  Niilirr  /i'.'''v,  iii.  -117  S. 

■'"]!io  'I'dldlitlai'.  Siiiiti;ij,'o,  or  St.Tniio.  Otrilby  writos,  1(171,  I'.  Bnran'n-n : 
PiiiiiiiiiT,  l(i'.»!>,  11.  Sl.J'iijo,  iioar  its  niinitli  St  Pfniqiic;  Lnct,  KJ.'ill,  .V.  /c(>/m; 
.Jt'll'i'iys,  A'.  liiii'iihd,  or  ,■>'<  .A'.'/'>,  lu'ar  l»y  ■"^iiiti'/ni/idijiii',  (liiii.rtin'ilitn ;  Kii- 
1"  it,  IH.VJ,  li'ii)  SI  Jar/o  Tnli)i<i//rni.  It  in  also  known  as  Jlio  dmiuli',  aii'l  (/• 
LrniKi.  t'ltiin;!,  /'(•<•.  ('mint,  MS.,  ii.  M'2. 

•''•'( '..I'ti'.s  Iiail  onlcri'il  liiin  to  inocccd  Ui"  the  coast  l.")0  to  2(M)  loa'.'uo<»,  Imt 
lie  went  "ii'y  l-'^O,  o«iii,t,'  to  insnliiciciirv  <,i  force  ami  ^rass,  'Icii  days'  join- 
iioy  licyoiid  llowcd  a  lar;,'o  river,  ]irol)al)l'  a  strait  of  wliicii  "Mirious  tldiiM 
Merc  said.  I'ortM  also  cxi.sted.  ('(trtan,  W  .  This  distance  covci-i'd  no  d.nilt 
thi'  tnrninu's  of  the  ronte,  and  a  stretch  of  i  iinui nation.  nnd),'ives  no  idea  of  tl  ■• 
Jioint  attnined.  ISeanniont  assnines  tiiat  leaimy  did  f;i)  as  far  a.i  Aciijxmet  i, 
uhero  CaciipK'  Xonacatl  ]>eai'cfnlly  snlc  ittcd,  ,  onvinced  l>y  oiach'S  of  tl"' 
heavenly  mission  of  tlie  stranirers  ('roh.  Mich.,  iii.  4S()-1.  Muta  radilU 
allows  t'oitis  to  turn  liaik,  Imt  he  leaves  at  .lalisco  the  neii|i|iyte,  .liiaii  Fiic 
lisco,  to  tai'ry  on  the  conversicin  till  Iri.irs  tijionld  he  sent.  .Iin'ii  A/nar.  "I 
the  jiarty,  otlcre<l  to  return  with  Iriars  if  the  |ilaei>  wen'  ^.'ranted  him  in  (  n- 
eoinienda.     'I'his  «as  done.  Imt  A/nar  failed  to  c.mie  hack.    /Jist.  X.  tint.,  7-'. 

'■"  Miinh-h  Atln.i,  \y.Vl-W;  llmnl.  ms:  Damjiier,  l(l!l!l,  I '»(/./.  nr<;  Jcirerys 
177t),  Battiknia  liuij,  Wdk  c/t  JJamkruKj  Kicj)t;rt,  l6o'2,  11.  .-I/jhcu. 


FRANCISCO  CORTKH  AT  COLIMA. 


G3 


3  town,  a 

jdicated  to 

•riiicc  was 

army  was 

wolcoiiicd 

rds.     This 

tho  queen 

beholding 

[lis  men  to 

r  neophyte 

lon  sought 

it  interest. 

;  elear,  but 

gold  as  he 

"of  Centi/-- 

lan  I{iver,  "* 

I  along  the 

•d,  he  eanie 

(I    wari-iors 

)ri'ed  with 

gh  ciru'lly 

?t  by  llu; 

caused  the 

Janderas.'" 

riliccs,  are  given 
/.'.  IJnraxh'": 

i(;:!:t,  .s'.  lojin: 

Ki-<ii-i'ihtii;  Kit  • 
dnuiilc,  ami  ''■ 

00  lonvue-J,  but 
IVii  diiys'  jour- 
■iuiii\ix  tliiii;^'* 
VI'l-i'll  ii'>  "l.iul't^ 
s  im  iilca  of  till' 
r  [IS  Acnp'iiii'ti, 

iHMI'll'S  of     til'' 

M..t,i  I'H.lilU 
ytt%  .lii.'iu  Fnii 
.liiPii  A/niii'.  "t 
itccl  iiiit\  ill  I  i 
/;..7.  X.  <i<il..'.' 
1,1,  ni^;  .JftR'n  ■, 

1//KIU. 


■». 


As  they  prepared  for  the  cneounter,  with  no  littlo 
iiiis'^ix  ing,  in  view  of  the  numher  before  them,  bright 
lights  ale  said  to  haNe  i-nianated  from  i\\v.  eross 
ainl  the  v'rgin  image  on  the  standard,  whereupon 
the  astitn'.^iied  natives  ])eeame  instantly  quiet,  and 
even  foll(e,ved  the  example  of  the  soldiers,  who  knelt 
to  reixlei'  thanks  I'or  the  miracle.*'' 

At  Tuito,  to  the  south,  they  were  met  by  a  pro- 
C'ssidii  of  natives  bearinjjf  crosses  in  their  hands.    At 
tli'ir  liead  marched  the  chief,  dr;>-<'!d  like  a  i)omini- 
caii,  wliih-  his  followers  wort;  a  kind  of  scapulary,  and 
h;id  the  hair  cut  like  that  of  friars.    Ashe  appi-oache<l, 
the  chief  kissed    his    cross,  and    thus  I'cassured  the 
soldios,  who  at  tirst  held   back   on   seeing  (hat   tho 
liidiniis  caiM'ied  hows.    .Vll  thereupon  kissed  the  cross 
and  fraternized;  and  (piest:>ned  abctut  the  Christian- 
like  ceremonies,  tlie  chi'-f  related  that  according  to 
i     a  traihtiou  of  their   tbrefathers  a  water-house   I'rom 
I     across  the  st;a   had   sti-anded  on   their  .shore.     Fil'ty 
iiieii  landed  I'rom  the  v.reck,  and  were  i  .)s[)itably  re- 
>^     <•'  ixfil,  iiitriuhicing  in  return  the  di'(>ss  and  ceremonies 
I    ohxTved.     l''iii;dly  their autliorilativt'  manner  became 
•:    uiilnai';ible,   i'.iid    one    night    all    weiv   surprised   and 
/I    >l;iugh{ered  by  the  o[>j)it'ssed  natives.     Nevertheless 
f;,    the  wii'r.-liijM)!' the  cross  had  jtrovcd  so  comfoi-ting  and 
eli'cctiv.'  in  time  of  ti'ouble  as  to  be  retained.''-    After 
a  lui.  r  >(;iy,  I'')-'.   •!>(•(»  coiilinued  his  march  toColimji, 
tlirif  to  iiiai'.it.iiu  jiossession  as  lieutenant  during  the 
alis.iii.'  (.'  his  chief  in  1  btiidui'as.*^'    On  the  letmii  of 
llie  latter,  |iiv|iaratiuiis  wei'e  made  to  re>ume   the  e\- 
]i|ol'atinii.   I, lit    olotarles   ililerfert'd   with   the  pn^Ject,''' 

«'.l/wf(  /'.(./;//'(, //,V.  A'.  ^■'(/.,7:?.  Aiiutln'rviTsionHulistit'itt'n  muskclrv, 
lii-f.  jiii.l  siiMkc  1  ,1-  li-lii^  will,  u|ii,!i  t.(  still  !lo  tliL'  Indians  into  ..lM-,lii  ii..i'.' 

:''i^  '■  A  nisLcil  iiiu'liiir,  SI  nic  naiU,  and  a  wmidin  i  tus.h  were  |Hiiiit<ii  imt  ia 

':fi  yvnud.dhrtiUny.  /-/..  7;!  l.  Tliis  iiutlnprity  liclicvcs  tin-  shijiw  r.ik.d  .'iisv 
1.>  h:r.v  l-iMii  i:ii;.:!is|ini(  n.     N.-ixarivti'.  Illsf.'./.il..  -j;,  ^'ivi'-.tln-  iirili  ifuco  to 

I      Umikiiis.    'J'lic  lu.idcr  may  iIi.misc  u>  rc.Miil  tin'  wIidIc  .-i.t  u  iiiuiis  jidax. 

^1  '"'II.' attend.'.'.  tlli;.si;;.,i.ui  of  .le|.lltieaat  Mexiei.  in  l.'.u;.,  an  will  lie  shown, 

dmiii^^  wlii.Ii  tini.' Aval.w,  or  [hi  !,..,ih  ( 'iiavez.  as  lleaiin...nt,  CrOi.  M,tl,., 
.M>..  -.M...  ass.i'ts.  held  ,Mntioi.  s,,.  also  '/',//„,  r,-wim,  i,t,,H,  m  l,;izl>(ilf  f'l, 
<  .'/    /),„:.  11.  ;i,-,!»-(;(i.      Fian.i>i„  was  still  in  ,  liar-.,  in  l,jJ7.   rorl'.i,  AVr.Ven 

"' l-ctur  of  t'ultOs,  SepteliiliLT  lojlj.    C'u/'(tt.',  VJ'2. 


ii  n  ir 


«l 


RAIDS  ALONG  THE  SOUTH  SE\. 


and  notliing  iiioro  is  heard  of  this  region  for  several 
years."' 

**  Supplementary  list  of  authorities  containing  additional  matter  of  more 
or  less  vnlno  relating  to  preceding  cliapters:  Piiiin,  <  'cidilario,  S,  '20,  '24,  4'A, 
8((;  Oriiili),  iii.  424-;>l),  4-k»-8,  401-7;  I'n-lifro  and  Cdnkniv*,  Col.  J>or.,  xiii. 
(J-2,  passim;  xxvi.  l»!»-."i9;  T'or^'i,  I-Wrilon  Sufffnn,  •j;!-(i,  4'J-.">I,  l4!»-.">0; 
Arrhiro  Mix.,  J)or.t.,  i.  5.1,  1.">7-H,  'jaiU?,  417;  ii.  llS-li»,  'J.VMI;  /<nzhnl<;f,i, 
(\il.  /Voc,  i.  4t»-l-!);  Ill  tin  it,  I,  Pr'x'fMi,  l.'i;  'J'l'rniiii.r-Ciiiii/i'iii.i,  id;/.,  .scrio  i. 
toin.  ix.  'JS7-S;  (ii'rie  ii.  toiii.  v.  1S7;  iii.  IS'2;  Si/iilir'n  MS.,  xix.  :!."»-(};  <'hi- 
mnljiuiii,  ll'ixt.  Ciiiiq.,  ii.  71^-107;  Ln-t  Cusw*,  Hist.  A/iiili"j.,  M.^.,  .S0-'_'; 
Dnroii,  lliyf.  Iiiil.,  M.S.,  ii.  .'')18-'JI  ;  IxllUxoihiU,  /'(hfi/iiiiM,  in  Kiinjxiiiiriiiiijh'i 
Mix.  Aiiliq.,  ix.  4-7-0;  Miumnlix,  llixt.  Mi  die.  Onii/.,  •2',\it  seii.;  Miiriiio, 
Fmijmriiloi,  '27-30;  Cortrn,  llixt.  A'.  /iV;*.,  ;<;{0-(;.  :>47-.")0,  :{7:J  4,  .SS'_»-.">;  t!u,i- 
zn/i'Z  Jhirilft,  Ti'iitro  Krtcn.,  i.  4  (!;  li'imrsiif,  l/i<t.  ( '/n/ii/m,  I,  "J;  I'ri  xidII'h 
Mfix.,  ii.  4.S-!I;  iii.  '2:?7-!>,  '270- "2;  also  notes  in  Mex."  eilitions;  lliimhuhlt. 
E.isiti  Pill.,  ii.  (!7.'5-J,  <)!)! ;  Jfii/tn'  Corti's,  ii.  l.">4-7;  Moiiiiini'iUos  Jhuniii.  A'^y. , 
MS.,  .")!);  Vilmii-vrt,  Mnioloiiiii,  10.");  Sit/ir.itr  i/  (tfiirtr,  Cniiq.  Mi x.,  4^  \H\  : 
Alamnn,  Disn-t.,  i.  Uil-H,  lOI  ;t,  app.  H.S-."t4;  Pinrn,  (.'oh.  Mix.,  1(5,  17; 
Itrn-'fi  ur  ill-  /I'liirlioiirij,  Hint.  Siit.  Cir.,  iv.  ,'{,S0-.">,  "»10-7'2;  Kirr'n  Cul.  i'oi/., 
7'^-l01  ;  I'ilfiiSi  iiiif  y  Siuirhi'Z,  Tliint  ro,  ii.  Il'2;  Hiiniit,  lli^t.  Prim.,  i. 
]7l-;j;  Mia/ir'.'i  Mix.  .Ic'c-,  i.  HO-I ;  ./iiliurn.  Mini.  //i.>r., '20-:<,  1(W;  Mnliun, 
Clirdii.  ih;  Siniltiiijo  ilr  M'X.,  '2i'>  (i;  Iiivin>,  .Mix.  in  IS'/.',  7-11;  Hiifxi'/I'.i 
Hint.  .4m.,  i.  '2.">l  ;  Ciin),  '/';■(<  X/'/Aiv,  i.  11-1,");  I'lii/iii/fi,  SilrrUmi  o/ ('nrinii^, 
;M-'2;  \Visl-lnili.ii'hi- Siiiiii/iil,'2ii>i~~',i,'iH't-H);  iinlrinin'.'i  liixniv.,  151  2;  SidiIw, 
('hriiiiiiloiiia  lliKiiilitliirin,  ii.  IS!)  Ill);  Sm-.  Mir.  d'nii/.,  Jiulilin,  ii.  4t).S,  478  !'; 
iv.  ()40-'2;  vi.  107  204;  vii.  lOO  1,  Is7-S;  viii.  47.'),' 477,  .');{2;  .loth  < 'oiiij.,  Jd 
ScK!^.,  II.  Com.  Ill  lit.  I.'i'i,  pp.  12S-,'t2;  A'/V.  Miniiri/K  Imli  /leml.,  iS;  OriKi'o  ij 
Jlrrrit, '!ri>[i.,'2~Ct;  Sti  nut' \ii/i.i,  4'>;  Orirhnn/  Miiiit/ili/,  xiii.  .'{(i."»-7;  I'lml- 
Ini/'n  JUrfi'lnri/,  i.  '2.")0-(iO:  ii.  i;V2-.'l;  Cortrxii,  mn  ilun  Xriini  Jli.iinuiii ii,  ii. 
4(i-.');  All,  Siiiiidriirii/r  Vi rxmiii tinii,  x.  '2.").'1  S.'l ;  S/niiiiiiiiri,  Liliil  llinu'^i, 
xxxix.-xlviii. ;  llirr,  I'liii;,  viii.  702-4;  Jlnrin'ii's  Hist.  I'm/.,  i.  110;  Znmnriv  , 
JliKt.  Mij.,\\.  7.V.\  :^•.  iv.  (J.'>-00.  177-H,  ;«)7-S,' :fs:{-"),  r)07';  Cnrriiiln.  L'kIiiiHh 
Hist.,  02;  ^'/v■l /(/i'Kc'.i  l)r.  riinl  <  'ill.,  40;  .Mnnh  y  Liilions,  Mnriiia  l-^s/iui'iul'i, 
ii.  10.");  Iliirris,  Co'.  I'lifi.,  i.  '272-;t;  Gionlan,  /Jl.ilhmc  Tihuan.,  12-14;  liu^' 
ttierre,  L'Eiiip.  Mex.,  'S'M-A'J. 


til 


CHAPTER  IV. 

TAPIA'S    DISCOMFITURE. 
15-M-ir.Ji. 

VF.L.vZQrT:7.  sTii.i.  LovoiNn  rou  Miaico— A  ( JovrnNon  Sent  from  Spain— Ik- 

TUirrKS    OK  T.VriA  — CorNTKK-INTUIiil  KS   -('ONKKllK.NCE  OK  ('EMIflAI.A  — 

TiieCi^vjm  ANT  (3r.sTEi>— Bono  he  QtE.io's  Mission — Revolt  of  the  Az- 

TE(N-    A   '1  KnUlllLE   Ll-.SSON — Co^.•U•llt,VCIE^     ACiAINsr  CoUTKM— NaKVAEZ 
AT  HIS  FeKT. 


Tn  tli(^  midst  of  th(^so  opomtions,  tondino^  to  the 
incfi'.isc  of  Spajiisli  (lotiiiiiion,  .'md  as  Cortt's  was 
al)(»ut  t(*  (K'sj)atcli  a  ioi'cc  to  take  |)oss(>ssion  of  that 
l>oiic  (if  coiitriitioii,  .PiuuK'o/  in  the  hiv^inniii!^  of 
I  )('f('iiJ)(r  I.V21 ,  startliii;^  iidonnalioii  arrived  from 
A'illa  I  Ilea  wliich  caused  the  |>ost[)o!U'mcnt  of  tlio 
eNprihtidii,  ;md   any  olhcM*    m(»vemrnts    involvinuf  a 


V^  dimiirilinn  of  availahli'  forces. 


Y.l; 


IZilUC/ 


liad 


nt'vi'r 


for  an  instant  I'llaxcd  liis  efforts  to  overthrow  tlie 
amhi;ii. us  liruteiiant  wlio  liad  rol>l»e(l  liim  of  the  <,'aiu 
and  !;l'iry  nimieirtutl  with  the  con(|uest  of  X(>w  Spain, 
as  reports  j^n-ew  eloijuent  on  its  inunense  extent 


and 


and  r<'  ourccs.  Ins  ( 


■ifort 


s  uici'eased,  as   (Ik 


I  tl 


le  mun- 


her  and  /  js!  of  liis  party,  stiinidated  hy  shanks  in  all 

\en  said  tliat  lie  jirojected  a  de- 


th 


ese    rii'Iics. 


It 


IS   I 


scent  m  jierson  on  New  Spain,  with  a  Meet  of  seven 

u^ed  1 


iav(;  iieiMi  encourai 


»v 


lOWt't 


or  ein'Ilt  vessels.      He  nuist  1 

the  assuj'ances  of  nmleontents  who  had  l)e(>n  a 

to  return  to  Cuha,  after  the  T<-pi!aca  campaign,  and 

Avho  allirnied  that  tlio   presence  of  the  jjrovernor  of 

Cuha,  sujiported  hy  profuse  i)romi.ses  of  favors  and 


'  For  thi.M,  •.'.-)  horsi'iiuii  aii^l  \M  foot-Holdiera  stood 


tiiK,  '-'04. 


UiHT.  Mu.,  Vol.  II.    S 


prejiarcd.  Cortes,  Car- 


60 


TiNPIA'S  DISCOMFITURE. 


grants,  would  bo  sufficient  to  win  back  t<»  his  standard 
the  troops  of  Nurvacz,  which  fonned  the  niajority  of 
the  army  of  Cortes.  These  would  swell  his  forces  to 
irresistible  proportions,  and  tauj^ht  by  the  mistakes 
of  Narvaez,  he  would  have  no  difficulty  in  defeating,' 
Cortes,  and  reaping  the  results  of  his  intrigues  and 
campaigns.  While  all  this  was  alluring,  the  governor 
had  too  groat  a  regard  for  his  portly  form  to  will- 
ingly expose  it  to  the  skill  of  Cortes,  and  yet  it 
would  be  useless  to  intrust  a  lieutenant  witli  the 
expedition.  Whether  this  prudent  consideration  was 
sufficient  to  cause  the  abandonment  of  the  project,  is 
not  clear,  but  it  certainly  was  abandoned.'^ 

The  friends  of  Cortes  had  not  failed  to  point  out  to 
the  emperor  the  necessity  of  sustaining  so  energetic 
and  able  a  captain  in  his  efforts  to  extend  tlie  domains 
and  revenue  of  the  crown,  and  since  the  argument 
was  supported  by  the  elocpient  plea  of  golden  treas- 
ures, his  Majesty  felt  induced  to  take  a  lenient  view 
of  the  offence  committed.  While  not  exactly  apjirov- 
ing  it,  lie  left  the  case  in  the  hands  of  his  council,  ti> 
bo  decided  by  future  circumstances.^  Occupied  with 
the  affairs  of  his  German  empire,  ho  gave  comparn- 
tivily  little  attention  to  discoveries  in  the  remote 
west,  and  the  India  Council  managed  these  interests 
according  to  its  [)leasure.  While  tliis  body  was  con- 
trolled bv  the  rewncv,  Cardinal  Adrian  was  too  nmch 
distracted  by  nuncial  affairs,  ])articularly  tlie  coiun- 
hithiil  trouliles,  to  exercise  fully  his  anthorty.  J)ur- 
ing  the  varying  course  of  Cortes'  suit,  tlu>reforc, 
Fonseca,  as  j)resident  of  the  council,  managt'd  to 
direct  the  inflowing  testimony  to  his  own  advantage, 
identical  with  that  of  his  protege,  and  [)revaiU'd  (Hi 
his  associates  not  to  let  the  unscru[)uloUS  Cortes  pro- 

'Ovipilo,  iii.  MO,  states  that  the  expoditinn  did  Btavt,  but  on  coniiiij;  in 
Bijjiit  i>f  Yin'atiin  tim  timid  cuiinMU  of  Ijci'iitiatc  I'aradii  so  ularnnd  ^'^■i•l/■ 
(juc/.  tliat  he  tunu'd  Iwii'k,  'con  iiifainiii  nuya  y  con  nnulio  gusto  y  pri'dicb' 
JlciTcni  also  intimates  tiiat  tlie  tleet  nailed,  doc.  iii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  xviii.  r^t 
the  allair  is  iievertheles.s  involved  in  doubt. 

''.See //j.v<.  J/ti'.,  i.  173,  this  scries. 


ill. 


ArPOIXTMENT  AS  GOVERNOR, 


« 


standard 
ijority  of 
torcH's  to 
Tuistakos 
deloatin,!,,' 
<TUOs  aiu 


I 


<rt)vernor 
II  to  Nvill- 
id  yet  it 
with  the 
'ation  was 
project,  is 

)int  out  to 
1  energetic 
10  domuins 
argmnoiit 
Idoii  treas- 
■niont  viow 
tly  apitvov- 
c'ouiicil,  ti> 
upied  with 
3  compara- 
he   roiuotc 
o  iutoroNts 
y  was  oon- 
s  too  luucli 
tl\o  com II- 
)rty.    I3ur- 
thorcf'orr, 
iana,Lj:i'<l    t" 
ji(lvanta;4'', 
rrvaili'd  ou 
'ortes  pro- 


nt  on  c<iinin:-J  '" 

iilanuril  \'<  I '  ■ 

;uslo  y  i>i-nU'l.i- 

cup.  xviii.     !■  t 


i 
4 


crvd  wIkiIIv  unchoc'kod  in  a  career  which,  so  dis- 
lioncstly  btjjfuii,  might  lead  to  disloyal  acts.  Tlui 
[irevious  eftbrts  of  the  president  to  obtain  the  ap- 
point nieiit  of  an  agent  to  assume  at  least  partial  con- 
trol of  the  new  region,  and  investigate  the  question, 
had  I'ailfd  on  thegn»und  that  such  interference  might 
endaiig  ••  the  progress  of  conquest,  or  even  drive 
tlie  leader  to  desperate  measures  prejudicial  to  the 
crown.  Xow  the  emperor  was  absent,  however,  and 
Fonscca  carried  his  point  by  issuing  a  commission  to 
his  adliercnt,  Cristobal  de  Tajiia,  inspector  of  smelting 
Morks  in  Esi)ahola,*  to  proceed  at  once  to  New  Spain, 
and  take  charge  of  the  government  of  the  countries 
granted  to  Adelantado  Velaz(p!ez,  without  preju(hcc 
to  his  claims;  and  further,  to  investigate  the  conduct 
•  if  Cortes  toward  Velazquez  and  Narvaez,  and  his 
usurpation  of  otiice  as  governor  and  captain-general. 
To  this  end  he  was  empowered  to  arrest  him  and 
jiiiy  aeeom[)hces,  and  attach  their  pro[)crty,  refraining, 
liouevir,  I'rom  passing  sentence,  which  would  be  pro- 
iio\uif((l  by  the  crown  in  accordance  with  the  evi- 
(M  iK  (•  .sfiit  in.''  He  was  also  provided  with  letters  for 
Coiu'sand  leading  officers,  wherein  the  president  of 
the  couiK  11  urged  them  to  aid  Tapia  in  his  duties  as 
go\iiii((i'  and  judge,  promising  favors  an<l  intercession 
\\'\i\\  the  soNcieign  if  faithful,  t)ther\vise  the  royal  dis- 
pleasure should   fall   heavily  upon    them.     A  large 

*  'Vm  Satiti)  l)oiiiin;;o,'    Some  say  ho  was  conimamlant  of  tlie  fort  there. 

lifrunl  l),m,  Ii;~t.   \\,.lwl.,  I.V.). 

•''J'liis  (liKMiiiiiiit,  (liitttl  Ajiril  11,  l.VJl,  was  signod  >>y  ranlinul  Adrian, 
vli'i  nilcil  fur  tlio  iil'sciit  ( iiiiKiiir,  and  coiiiitiisijjni'l  l>y  tlie  l)islioi)of  Iliiri^oK. 
It  liOL'iii.s  liy  n  latiiiL;!u)\v('(ivtia  had  assiiiiu'd  lor  liiiiistlf  tlio  tluct  witli  unich 
\  t'la-iiiic'/  liad  Wilt  liiiii  to  ti-adi<  aiidKottle  in  the  countrit.-i  disruviTcd  liy  tliis 
t;ovLiiior,  and  iiUiicKs  iilfio  t>>  Narvac/.'  nialtnatnunt  of  Oidor  Ailloii  \Viiich 
niu.st  In-  invLsti^ratoil.  »'..it>r<,  Vila/.(iiR'z,  and  otiitr  captains  arc  insMiuti'd 
to  aid  'lajiia  in  iii.s  duty,  v.tuWv  lu'iialty  of  1, ()!)()  ducats  for  ca.li  ntj,'lc.t.  /Vo- 
?■'■.;„;(  tli-  Tiij,l(i,  in  I'ah..-.  ami  r,,nl'  n:tg,  <\>l.  ])u,\,  xxvi.  .•((>  4-_*.  AlthoUfih 
this  was  not  signed  l>y  tli<;  cniiieior,  lator  ii'dulas  conliiiiitd  Tapia  indirectly 
as  p)\crnor  of  the  lands  dis.  ovcrcj  l.y  VcIa/(|U(z.  Sec  for  instance  that 
i-su<  (1  ti)  ( laruy  in  the  same  \car,  wherein  hi;  is  informed  that  Tapiii  had  hceu 
ii.-iructed^  to  >cttle  the  liouuilariis.  nf  the  respective  gnints  of  Vela/(|uez, 
I'muco  dc>  J  eun.  m,d  his  own.  Xiirnrnti-,  Col.  ile  rif(</c<,  iii.  I4S.  '1  his  order 
!•>  Tapiti  aiust  have  folh.wed  him  t..  N.w  Spahi,  though  lluntTU,  dec.  iii.  lib. 
ill.  caj^i.  xvi.,  iuvluUtsi  it  in  the  other  inairuetiyus. 


i 


68 


TAFIA'S  DISCOMFITURE. 


number  of  similar  letters,  unaddressed,  were  issued  to 
enal)lo  Tapiu  to  select  useful  adherents. 

Elated  by  the  possession  of  these  dignities,  Tapia 
hastened  on  his  mission,  in  one  small  vessel,  and  almo.st 
unattended,  regardless  of  the  warnings  imparted  by 
the  audieneia  of  Espanola,  which  had  declared  that  thi^ 
sovereign  should  bo  informed  of  what  had  happened  in 
New  Spain  since  last  advices,  before  a  step  was  taken 
that  might  create  an  uprising,  and  injure  the  myal  in- 
terests." On  arriving  at  Villa  Rica,  Tapia  exhibited  his 
credentials  to  Gonzalo  de  Alvarado,  who  had  replaced 
Rangcl  as  lieutenant,'  and  demanded  recognition. 
Gonzalo  appears  to  have  been  somewhat  intimidated 
by  the  documents,  and  accorded  no  little  deference  to 
tlieir  possessor."  He  would  undoubtedly  be  obeyed, 
but  it  was  necessary  that  he  should  address  himsell' 
to  Cortes.  Tapia  sought  with  promises  and  threats 
to  draw  the  officials  and  settlers  on  the  coast  to  his 
side,  bit,  warned  by  former  occurrences,  the  general 
hatl  tn\vv.  the  precaution  to  intrust  the  guardians] lip 
of  the  coast  to  loyal  persons,  and,  although  a  few 
malcontents  appeared,  yet  bribery  failed  with  the  con- 
trolling majority.*  Under  these  circumstances  tlie 
commissioner  deemed  it  unsafe  io  penetrate  the  inte- 
rior, whose  occupants  were  still  more  devoted  to  his 
rival,  and  iImih  place  himself  entirely  at  his  mercy. 
Narvaez,  still  a  prisoner  at  Villa  Kica,  ajtpears  to 
have  increased  his  fears  by  pointing  out  that  if  he, 
a  general  of  repute  with  a  strong  army,  had  been 

*  'Lc  quisierO  quitar  el  ofiiio  la  audieneia  ygowtHtwlnr,  jtoniuf  fucra  a  v>  1.- 
olucr  l;i  iiiK'Va  Kspafia,  auicilo  lo  nuiJado  <ju<'  no  /u(<i<i  hu  gruvi.-riina.s  iRiin- 
Gowni-d.  J/IhI.  Mix.,  '2'21.  Till  the  sovereign  hIiouI'I  fiwvc  Itcrn  iiif<>rn;t'il  ■  • 
what  Imd  oci'uired  iii  New  Spain.  Cortes,  Cartas,  '2iYJ  I*  is  not  likely  th.i' 
tliiM  imily  vontiinJ  tu  do  nunc  tliauwai'.  him.  UttuA  I'tu/,  writos  that  li' 
c'unif  with  two  vi's.-^cls. 

'KaM^a'l,  the  fciriiier  alcalde  mayor,  having  Ix^it  removed  thr(>»)^li  •uni>! 
disagniiucnt,  wiys  licrnal  Diaz. 

*So  much  NO  thiit  his  hrothors  accHBed  him  of  willingDes*  to  comply  wit'i 
Tajiia's  demand,  and  Cortes  dismissed  him  from  otiiee.  CoiUt,  IltnUltiirttt,  i. 
2.V-',  :W(i,  ii.  1."),  5(]-7. 

•  i»y  the  tiuii'  of  tlie  rcsi<h"ioia  in  l,V29  differtnt  grievances  had  InereaHi  I 
the  riialcontents,  wiio  then  jd-eteiided,  j/erhypi  for  prudential  reasons,  tli.it 
they  liail  lain  compelled  to  ignore  'J'apia. 


THE  ARTFUL  ESTREM.VDURAX. 


60 


issiiccl  to 

ics,  Tapia 
lulalino.st 
larted  hy 
d that  the 
i,ppeiK'(l  in 
was  takiMi 
?  royal  in- 
liibitcd  his 
d  repUu'od 
K'ognition. 
itiniidatt'd 
•tt'rciu'u  to 
30  obeyi'd, 
ss  hiniiseir 
nd  throats 
Dast  to  Ills 
he  general 
ardiansliip 
iiL;h  a  fi'W 
til  the  con- 
aneos    the 
the  inte- 
>ted  to  his 
lis  inercv. 
ippears  to 
tliat  if  hr, 
had   been 

Ijurfucra  a  ivli- 
l■^.■•^i||l;ls  j)<  nii>.' 
](ii  iiiforn.c^l  ■  * 
not  likely  tli.t 
Iwiitfs  tliat  li' 

through  •ulii': 

()  t'(inn)ly  » ii  1 

liuil  iiKTcas.  i 
ll  iLUbulu,  tlial 


ij^nored  and  attacked,  the  unattended  agent  could  ex- 
pect little  consideration.'"  Tapia  accordingly  con- 
tented Iiiniself  with  writing  a  carefully  worded  letter 
to  Cortes,  informing  him  of  his  mission  and  leaving  it 
to  his  decision  whether  their  meeting  for  the  exhibi- 
tion of  credentials  should  take  place  at  Mexico  or  ou 

the  coast. 

Ahead}^  informed  of  the  arrival,  the  general  had 
instructed  the  authoiities  at  Villa  Rica  to  entertain 
tlie  ( lainiant  till  he  should  meet  him,  always  courte- 
onsly  and  peaceably,  so  that  the  royal  service  should 
not  sullVr.  lie  now  wrote  to  Tapia,  whose  polite  letter 
was  wholly  eclipsed  by  the  neatly  turned  s«.'ntences 
iind  llattering  assurances  of  the  king-maker  at  Tenoch- 
titlan.  Nothing  could  exceed  his  joy  in  welcominix  so 
eslrenied  a  friend;  and  there  was  none  whom  he  would 
lather  see  installed  as  governor.  Unable  i'uv  the 
nioineiit  to  leave  the  capital,  he  had  commissioned  the 
bearer  of  the  letter,  Friar  Melgarejo,  the  highly  re- 
s[iectable  comisario  do  la  cruzada,  to  inform  him  of 
the  condition  of  aftairs,  and  confer  with  him  on  the 
iiii-e^sary  measures  for  carrying  out  the  royal  wishes. 
For  greater  effect,  Cortes  im})ressed  the  friar,  in  jires- 
«  iHi    nf  tlie  roval  treasurer,  who  was  re«jfarded  as  an 

••II  **  • 

unliiendly  spy,  with  the  most  loyal  commendations 
for  rhe  .  iit.ertainment  of  Tapia." 

This  i)relHnlnary  farce  arranged,  Cortes  prepared 
to  take  more  ellieient  measures  for  the  managtanent 
«»f  anailairtoo  delicate  and  important  to  be  intrusted 
to  any  but  the  most  skilful  hands.  It  is  scarcely  nec- 
essary to  say  that  he  had  no  intention  to  surrender 
the  r.--ults  of  his  aclii(.'vements,  the  aim  and  hope  of 
his  life,  at  the  first  bidding  of  this  interl<.))er.     Nor 

The  liliiTty  ucconl.  I  Tafna  freely  toconimune  m  ith  such  men  ns  Xan-acz, 

nil. I  to  .  \^-!-f  hiH  pcrsmiKi.jii,  „„iHt  jiave  U-en  tlit-  iniiin  cjiuso  f..r  .lissati.stmaion 
V  It  1  ( .onwl..  (I.-  AlvamUo.  rh-  .l.-sii-e  toi>buiiii  liis  yvUhm  must  liiiv.'  ^tnijr- 
*-''■''  !!!  ^•^j;^-'>"'^  ureast  with  jeulouxy  ..i  »«cci;b.h  on  tlio  part  of  an  inferior 
man  lik»'  T*pm. 

■'  To  ttliat.v.-ritlnce  he  niigiit  >ro  appropriate  treHtmeiit  should  bo  accorded; 
tiie.sse  trata.lo  i oino  cuutuia,'  is  HuiTum's  Biumlicajit  exprebuiou.  dec.  iii. 
liij.  111.  cap.  XVI.  * 


70  TAPIA'S  DISCOSrPITUllE. 

were  his  many  adherents  willing  to  leave  to  the  friends 
of  Velazquez  the  distribution  of  rewards,  now  swell- 
ing to  vast  proportions  under  inflowing  tributes,  and 
rumors  of  rich  developments  in  different  quarters. 
Indeed,  they  would  probably  be  deprived  even  of 
what  they  had  acquired,  as  abetters  of  an  usurper. 
Cortes  took  occasion  to  increase  this  feeling,  and  to 
dispt'l  the  fears  and  doubts  of  less  determined  persons, 
])y  letting  it  be  known  that  the  commissions  of  Tapia 
were  not  signed  by  the  king,  but  by  Fonscca,  the 
patron  of  Velazquez,  and  consequently  issued  without 
due  authority.  This  revelation  made  his  plan  the 
more  simple.  At  first  he  thought  it  better  to  meet 
the  commissioner  himself,  but  finally  he  concluded  that 
it  was  not  advisable  to  let  him  display  his  imposing 
credentials  at  Mexico,  where  so  many  malcontents 
would  muster  in  his  favor  under  the  leadership  of 
Treasurer  Alderete.  He  would  direct  operations 
against  the  claimant  at  a  distance,  where  his  own 
hand  would  be  less  apparent.  Who  could  question  his 
loyalty  if  he  left  the  disposal  of  Tapia  to  a  council  of 
delegates  representing  apparently  the  whole  country! 
The  first  step  was  to  anninmce  his  intention  to  go 
and  receive  Ta|)ia,  and  to  cause  a  number  of  delegates 
to  formally  protest  against  his  departure.  The  un- 
consolidated government  would  be  imperilled  by  his 
absence  and  encouragement  given  to  the  scarcely 
subdued  natives  to  create  trouble."  Deceived  by  the 
manoouvre,  Alderete  joined  in  the  protest  and  tli<; 
recommendation  that  deputies  be  selected  to  confer 
with  the  new  governor.  Cortes  yielded,  and  appointed 
Diego  dc  Soto  and  Diego  de  Valdenebro  to  act  for 
him  in  unison  with  a  council  of  delegates  from  the 


-<w 

it 


M  ' 


'■^This  rcqncrimiento,  inado  in  the  \>amo  of  Pedro  do  Alvarado,  alcalde  of 
Tenochtitlan,  Bernardo  Vazquez  de  Tajna  regidor  of  VillaRica,  a  id  soon  attn- 
tliij  eiK'iiiy  of  Corti'a,  and  Cristiibiil  Corral  repdor  nf  Segura,  •was  dated  IV  • 
ccnil)er  1'2,  ir)'21,  before  the  notary  at  Cv)_-uhuat'an.  Pachiro  nmX  ('drdoH'-, 
i'vl.  />o\,  xxvi.  ^0  5.  Corti's  magnifies  the  laugcr  cf  a  native  revolt  in  e\- 
plaininu  the  motive  to  the  emperor.  Carfax,  'Ji.'").  IIcncT.a  docs  not  jjereeivt! 
the  tritli  of  C'ortOs,  hut  assumes  thai  he  really  Wi-*hed  to  treat  personally  with 
Tapia,  rather  than  trust  the  affair  to  others. 


MEETING  ^^^TII  SANDOVAL. 


71 


the  friends 
now  swell - 
butes,  and 
,  quarters. 
I   even    of 
n  usurper, 
ng,  and  to 
xl  persons, 
IS  of  Tapia 
jnscca,  the 
cd  without 
>  plan  the 
er  to  meet 
duded  that 
s  imposing 
lalcontents 
dership  of 
operations 
c  his  own 
luestion  his 
council  of 
e  country  1 
tion  to  go 
f  delegates 
The  un- 
llcd  by  his 
ic  scarcely 
^'ed  by  the 
t  and  the 
to  confer 
appointed 
to  act  for 
from  the 

railo,  nlcalilc  if 
,  a  i{\  soon  at'tti" 
Was  dated  IV  ■ 
uiul  ('drdcna-, 
e  IT  volt  ill  cN- 

S   not   IR'l'Ct'ixt! 

personally  witli 


I 

4 


* 

M 


different  Spanish  settlements.  Sandoval,  then  paci- 
fvini,''  and  settling  the  Goazacoaloo  region,  was  told  to 
attend  the  conference  to  be  held  at  Villa  Rica  in  his 
character  of  alguacil  mayor.  He  was  also  .secretly 
instructed  to  take  a  re.sj)ectable  force,  and  further,  to 
ijumediately  install  a  nmnicipality  at  Modellin,  so  as 
to  increase  the  munber  of  trustworthy  delegates  and 
render  the  issue  more  sure." 

Accompanied  by  Andres  de  Tapia  and  a  consider- 
able force,  Sandoval  met  the  commissioner  and  Father 
!^[elgarejo  at  Jalapa,  on  the  way  to  Mexico  whither 
the  prospect  of  a  strong  support  from  Alderete  and 
his  party  seems  to  have  called  him.  The  latter 
spared  no  argument  or  threat  to  induce  Sandoval 
to  join  him;  but  the  loyal  lieutenant  replied  bluntly 
tliat  he  would  never  stoop  to  treason  against  his 
leader,'*  who  for  that  matter  did  not  oppose  his  claims, 
but  had  sununoned  the  difl'erent  local  authorities  to 
examine  them  and  accord  due  obedience.  From  what 
he  had  heaid  of  Cortds'  sunmiary  way  of  treating 
oliponeiits,  Tapia  was  pleased  with  liaving  to  deal  only 
witli  his  re})resentatives.  In  any  case  there  was  too 
nnirh  i)ersuasion  in  Sandoval's  tone,  with  bristling 
aeeoinpaniment,  for  Tapia  to  do  aught  but  return  to 
Villa  Hiea.  The  lieutenant's  first  step  was  to  appease 
with  :i]'[>roj)rlate  flivors  those  of  the  settlers  who  ap- 
]ieait(l  til  iiave  greeted  the  new-comer  with  too  much 
ennhahty.  Further,  in  order  to  withdraw  the  council 
lioiii  all  jiernicious  influence,  he  caused  it  to  assendde 
at  Cenipiiala.''  The  members  consisted  of  Francisco 
Alvarez  Chico,  alcalde  of  Villa  llica;  Jorge  do  Al- 
varado,  and  Simon  de  Cuenca,  regidores;  Bernardo 

"While  incntionin.'  tliia,  llorrora  assumes  that  Cortes  iustmeted  Andn's 
de  Taiiia  to  kaw  Villu  Www  for  the  purpose  (,f  establishing  the  town.  Mejuk 
aiTie.  s  with  Iknial  Dia.'.  t!iat  Sandoval  founded  it,  though  lie  states  that  it 


was  ilone  now,  to  t'ive  authority  to  the  aleahles  aud  regidores  uimoiuted  liy 
Cort.s.  to,-/.. -•,  y,', ,,,■,/.„,.;,.  i,  s;[_4_ 

'  Que  lo8  Uouomadores  de  Castilla,  que  lo  auian  end)ia<lo  estauan  nial 
liifonnados.  .y  no  t<rniauan  el  caniino  neeeswii-io.'  Jlrrn'm,  dee.  iii.  lilt.  iii. 
oiii).  Nvi.     r,ut  .Sandoval  was  too  prudeiijt  to  make  so  meddlesome  a  re])ly. 

J'Sunw  heliove  it  to  have  heen  held  at  Villa Itiea;  others,  like  Oviedo,  iii. 
ol/,  at  Jalapa;  but  iUi  lately  publisljud  recorUa  incutiou  (Jcmiwula. 


I 


72  TAPIA'S  DISCOMFITURE. 

Vazfjuoz  (le  Tapia,  far-tor ;  Podro  (1<^  Alvarado,  alcalrlo 
aTid  (K'lc'iLjatt!  for  Tciioclititlaii;  C'rist(>l)al  Corral,  rt-i^i- 
(lor  and  dclri^atc  for  S("L^ura  i\c  la  Frontora;  Andres 
do  Monjaraz.  alcaldi;  and  rK^li'jj^ato  for  Mi'drllin;  Soto 
and  Valdencbro,  at^onts  for  Cortes,  and  Sandoval.*" 

On  the  rjtli  of  Dcceinbcr  Tapia  presented  lu-fore 
tliis  assembly  his  credentials  and  orders,  wliieh  were 
iveeived  with  the  eiistoniary  res[>eet,  but  he  was  n( (ti- 
tled that  they  would  have  to  bo  examined  and  discussed 
before  tho  natun;  and  mann(>r  of  th.c  oonjj)lianco  cotdd 
be  (U'termined,  Four<lavs  later  lie  was  informed  that 
petitions  had  been  sent  to  Spain  by  tho  representa- 
tives of  the  country  concerning,'  the  very  jL^ov(^rnorship 
claimed  by  Tapia,  and  pendini,'  tho  reply,  wliich  would 
settle  several  other  important  questions,  the  interests 
of  tho  .soverei<i:n  demand^'d  that  tho  credentials  be  left 
m  abeyance.  This  was  tho  more  imj>erative  since  the 
ilocuments  were  n(»t  siu^ned  by  his  Majesty,  (tr  his  sec- 
retary, a  defect  which  implied  that  tho  Council  of  the 
Indii's  had  not  acted  in  aecortl  with  their  royal  master, 
Avhom  it  was  their  duty  as  loyal  subjects  to  obey 
above  all.  There  were  besides  certain  misstatements 
in  the  documents  which  made  it  evident  that  they  had 
boon  issued  under  false  representations.  This  mode  of 
avoidiuLT  complianci!  with  royal  orders  may  bo  reLjarded 
as  tlimsy  when  it  is  considered  that  Cardinal  Adrian, 
Avho  signed  them,  was  the  appointed  rej)resentativi' 
of  tho  \iU)<r  of  S[)ain;  yet  a  plausible  reason  existed 
in  the  i'act  that  re[»resentations  ail'ectini^  the  (jues- 
tiou  at  issue  had  been  addressed  directly  to  tho  kinu", 
and  this  made  it  undesirable  to  act  on  the  or<Krs  of 
his  aLfcnt  bclbre  the  answer  came.  The  prtiseiit  n<Mi- 
conn)liance  was  Ijir  less  ilaij^rant  than  many  other  iii- 
Btancesof  disobt'dience  to  royal  ilecroes,  so  frcMpient  in 
the  Intlios,  owing  to  the  distance  from  Spain,  and  to 

'Tucnca  is  c.illoil  llamon  in  Pnrhero  and  Cdrdenns,  Col.  Dor.,  xx\'i.  .1(1-7, 
a  misprint  I'vidciitly  i'>r  Siiiinn.  Sec  fra-Jiulciid,  Cot.  J)<i<\,  i.  4.VJ.  >k>uw  <I 
t!>i'  lirst-iiaiiu'il  iiK'iuliiM's  wen-  jiiolKiMy  a  littlo  douittful  in  tJH'ir  adhesion.  ^'> 
tliat  till'  ii|>])()ii)tiiit  lit  tif  a  iluli'^'atc  for  Mcilcliiu  became  ratiier  a  mioeusity  l^r 
awtiliny  tliu  majority  of  Cortos. 


M 


),  nlcaldo 
ral,  rt'iji- 
Atxlres 
lin;  Soto 
lovnl.'" 
'd  iK'foro 
it'll  were 
was  noti- 
(liscusscd 
iico  could 
Miu;d  that 
■|)i\;sentii- 
criioi'sliii) 
icli  would 
!  inten'sts 
als  Iv.  left 
I  sinco  tlio 
i)r  liis  soc- 
iicil  of  111'' 
al  niastrr, 
s  to  oln-y 
tatcnicnts 
they  had 
IS  mode  ot 
rcujardc'd 
Adrian, 
seutativc 
)U  existed 
the  (jues- 
the  kin.u', 
orders  ot 
srnt  non- 
otlicr  iii- 
(Mjueiit  ill 
in,  and  t" 

•..xxvi.  nc.-T, 

4,V2.     !'H>Tm''t 
a  ucct'ssity  !•  i' 


OUTAMTTF.P  AND  DRIVEN  FORTn.  9t 

llic  nci^ilect  or  dilliculty  of  punishin.!,'  the  culitrits. 
'I'll.'  diK^atis  no  doubt Velt  ^rratlv  suslainrd  hy  the 
1.  jioit  tiiat  the  audicneia  of  JSunto  JJouiingo  had 
(ilij.ctcii  to  the  dcrlTf.'' 

'r;i|il.i  ind-fd  a  I'oinial  protest  a;^Minst  the  decision, 
whi.li  niaile  tln'iii  liahh;  to  the  heavy  penalty  named 
in  his  cunnnission.''*    The  delegates  rej)lied  hy  repeat- 
inir  tlu  ir  ohjections,  which  they  would  submit  to  the 
!sov(  riign,  to'^ethtr  with  a  petition.    His  reasons  were 
invahd,  and  they  did  not  recognize  his  power  to  impose 
any  jk  iialty.'''  ' 'I'hcy    further   dechiied   his   presence 
«lang(inus  to  the  tran<|uilHty  ol'  the    country,  and 
ordircd  him  perenijitoiily  to  depart.     The  latter  mes- 
sage was  ilrli\(  red  hy  Sando\ai,  with  the  blunt  inti- 
mati«»n   that  if  lit.'  (hd  not,  he  would  be  mounted  on 
an  ass  and  made  to  have.    He  still  lingt-n-d,  however, 
breathing  detiance,  and  giving  rise  to  no  little  anxiety 
among  tlie  frit'iids  of  Cortes,  who  feared  that  a  delay 
might  enable  a  faction  to  iako  up  his  cause  and  ci'eate 
troul>!f.    Some,  indeed,  counsi'lled  thatabril»e  be  given 
him,  but  this  would  have  been  a  needless  expenditui'o 
ol' treasure;  still,  it  was  thought  expedient  to  oiler  a 
liltci'al  ])rice  for  the  horses,  negroes,  antl  some  other 
ellects,-"  so  that  no  n;asons  should  exist  for  further 
delay.    This  succei'ded,  and  with  a  sigh  (jf  relief  his  ves- 
sel was  .seen  to  disappear,  burdened,  however,  with  a 
growing  array  of  complaints  to  be  used  in  retaliation.-' 

''  '  (^>iic  l;is  iironisioiips  crnn  fauorabli's  y  faKis;  y  el  incnpaz  c  imligiio  tlo 
tan  (.'nmdi'  ^'inuinarion,'  tyiys  (ioinara  curtly.   //('■/.  Mix.,  '-1\. 

"■111!  iiH  r.tiniicd  atiidii;,'  other  reasonrt  that  the  royal  seal  cotifirined  ita 
valiility.     'I'lic  oiiii«.-ioii  of  t!ii'  Hecrutary's  hi;,'iuiturc  was  uii  aocidciit. 

'■•'1  hi'  ri'i'orils  of  tht'sc  jiroctcMlings,  wliiiii  lii>tt<l  till  .Jauiuuy  (i,  l.Vi'J,  am 
given  ill  ]^n  hi  rn  i\\m\  i 'nnli  un^.  Cul.  lUic.,  xxvi.  ,'{()-,")H. 

'■"  iUrnal  l»iaz  deeliires  thatajiohl  l)ril)e  was  actually  fiiveii,  and  one  of  tho 
Vessels  'K)U^.'ht,  //(>'.  V'rilml.,  l(i(»,  but  this  statiinent  re;^ts  no  doiilit  on  t!i«! 
]iiireii»  aline,  which  in  a  Ktiise  was  hrilnTV.  'So  I)oluio  jior  donile  fne  con 
^'!;inde  nl'renta,  no  ko  si  eon  nioneda.'says  (linunnt.  Hint.  Mu:.,  'JJl.  Narvaez 
i-*  Said  to  hiive  advised  him  to  convert  availiihle  cll'eets  into  inoniy  and 
Ju'sten  to  Sp.iin.  where  the  very  insidt  oll'ered  the  supreme  authorities  in  liis 
jMi^on  Would  riiise  a  strou;,'  movement  in  his  favor.  ( 'avo  lias  a  confused 
^tory  that  'J'.iiiia  wa.s  induced  to  settle  at  MedeJlin,  where  a  fortnni:  could 
S|ieeilily  lie  made.  Internal  trouKles  ari.sin;:;,  he  bouj.'ht  to  avail  himself 
t'e  i(  nf  to  advance  hid  pretensions;  whereupon  CortC-a  cuused  him  to  cmhark. 
Till  SviliiK,  i.  'JO. 

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74 


TAPIA'S  DISCOMFITURE, 


The  indirect  bestowal  of  a  bribe  to  hasten  the  fleet 
of  Tapia  was  by  no  means  misplaced,  as  it  happened. 
Not  long  after  he  had  left  Villa  Rica  the  good  people 
at  Medellin  were  startled  by  the  appearance  of  a  sail  at 
San  Juan.'^^  Surely  the  commissioner  was  not  re- 
turning to  stir  anew  the  quarrel  in  this  locality.  The 
anxiety  was  not  lessened  by  a  summons  for  the  au- 
thorities to  meet  Juan  Bono  de  Quejo,  the  bearer  of 
important  despatches  for  Governor  Tapia.,  with  greet- 
ings from  Adelantado  Velazquez.  The  mere  pres- 
ence of  Quejo  boded  no  good,  for  he  was  a  hard- 
headed  Biscayan,^  who,  after  sharing  the  first  mishaps 
of  Narvaez  on  this  coast,  as  one  of  his  officers,  had 
left  to  plead  his  cause.  Several  cddulas  having  arrived 
from  the  king  himself,  after  Tapia's  departure,  con- 
taining not  only  additional  instructions  but  confirma- 
tion of  his  powers,  it  was  deemed  necessary  that  they 
should  reach  him  as  soon  as  possible,  for  even  the  au- 
thorities in  Spain  could  not  fail  to  recognize  that 
objections  might  be  raised  to  their  signatures  among 
the  cavillinjj  officials  in  the  Indies.  When  the  de- 
spatchos  reached  the  Islands,  Velazquez  placed  a  small 
vessel  at  Quejo's  disposal. 

These  confirmatory  documci  igned  by  the  king, 
were  not  a  little  perplexing,  i  the  coast  officials 
could  only  refer  him  to  Cortes.  The  latter  expressed 
regrets  at  the  departure  of  Tapia,  which  made  it  im- 
possible to  obey  the  mandates,  and  by  a  combination 
of  suave  language  and  glittering  jewels  he  completely 
won  the  heart  of  the  messenger,  who  quietly  placed  in 


Cortes,  liesidencia,  ii.  14,  15,  144,  states  that  he  was  'conducted'  onboard, 
by  the  orders  of  Alcalde  Alvarez.  Corral  is  said  to  have  taken  the  leading  part 
iu  the  previous  altercation.  According  to  Cortt?3  and  others  Tnpia  received 
a  severe  reprimand  in  Espaflola  for  his  attempt  to  create  troubles  in  New 
Hpain.  If  he  failed  to  enjoy  the  ofHce,  lie  certainly  received  his  salary  as 
governor.  Jlcrrern,  dec.  iii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  iii, 

'^At  Medellin,  says  Benial  Diaz,  Hist.  VerdaiL,  167,  whither  he  sum- 
moned the  authorities  from  Goazacoalco.  The  municipality  of  Medellin  had 
probably  not  yet  taken  up  their  abode  there.  San  Jnan  de  Chalehiuhcuecan, 
or  de  Ulua,  served  as  port  for  Medellin.  This  summons  may  account  for 
Corti'^s'  statement  that  lie  arrived  at  I'^sphitu  Santo.  Cartas,  271V 

^'  Master  of  one  of  his  vessels.  Cortes,  Cartas,  '219, 


THE  DELEGATES  RESPONSIBLE. 


76 


his  pocket  the  cedulas  and  accompanying  packet  of 
imaddressed  letters  with  which  fresh  adherents  were 
to  be  allured,  and  abandoned  himself  to  the  amenities 
of  his  situation.  A  little  later  he  proceeded  with 
well  filled  pockets  to  report  in  Spain  the  futility  of 
his  mission.^* 

In  explaining  to  the  emperor  the  treatment  accorded 
to  his  governor,  Cortds  prudently  throws  the  respon- 
sibility on  the  popular  representatives,  who  decided 
in  the  case  as  they  considered  best  for  the  crown  ;  but 
ho  seeks  to  defend  their  course  by  relating  that  the 
apprehended  danger  from  this  attempt  of  a  stranger 
to  assume  the  administration  did  actually  come  to 
pass.  The  mere  report  of  an  impending  change 
engendered  conspiracy  among  the  Indians,  which,  if 
successful,  would  have  been  more  serious  than  any  pre- 
coeding  revolt.  It  extended  through  the  districts  of 
Mexico  and  Coyuhuacan,  and  broke  out  also  in  Tutu- 
tepec  and  Meztitlan,  to  the  north-west.  ^^ 

The  main  obstacle  at  Mexico  was  the  presence  of 
the  terrible  Cortds,  and  with  a  view  to  remove  this, 
and  to  enable  the  warriors  to  assemble,  it  was  arranged 
to  induce  the  general,  by  means  of  a  false  report  that 
twenty  vessels  had  appeared  off  the  coast,  to  depart 
for  Villa  Rica,  and  permit  them  to  join  his  banner 
with  a  large  force.^^  Informed  of  the  movement  by 
spies,  he  seized  the  accused  ringleaders,  and  since  the 
safety  and  interests  of  the  Spaniards  demanded  a 
severe  example  to  similar  malcontents,  punishments 

'* '  Cortes  le  ayud6  para  la  costa,'  ia  Bemal  Diaz'  BigniScant  allusion 
to  tho  departure.  Hist.  Verdad.,  167.  Had  Tapia  still  been  in  Mexico, 
observes  Gomara,  there  would  have  been  great  trouble,  in  view  of  the  impos- 
ing letters  and  cddulas  brought.  J/ist.  Mex.,  221.  One  Hernandez  declared 
thtit  Quejo  become  so  intimate  with  Cortes  that  ho  proposed  new  niarria;,'o 
relations  for  him  with  Fonseca's  niece.  Cortis,  Hesidencin ,  ii.  358,  372.  This 
declaration  would  indicate  that  tho  messenger  was  stilt  in  Mexico  in  tlio 
middle  of  1522. 

'"  This  Tututepec  is  called  del  norte  to  distinguish  it  from  that  on  tho 
South  Sea.  '  So  rcbelaron  los  Cnixtecas,  y  los  do  Ooaija joaloo  y  Taaaaco,  y 
otros  (juc  les  costo  caro.'  is  Goraara's  account  of  it.  JIM.  Mex.,  222  ;  Cortes, 
Cartas,  278. 

''"  In  support  of  the  story  they  brought  him  a  painting  of  the  fleet.  Cortis, 
Cartas,  200. 


79 


TAPIA'S  DISCOMFITURE. 


were  inflicted  which  were  long  remembered  in  New 
Spain.  Some  of  the  minor  culprits  were  suspended 
by  the  noose  among  the  ruins  left  by  the  invaders, 
while  the  leaders,  according  to  the  native  historian,  Ix- 
tlilxochitl,  were  exposed  in  an  amphitheatre,  like  bulls, 
to  the  attacks  of  infuriated  blood-hounds,  which  tore 
them  in  pieces,  and  even  devoured  their  flesh. ^^ 

At  Tututepec  and  Meztitlan  the  uprising  was  soon 
smothered  by  a  large  force  of  Spaniards  and  allies. 
A  few  encounters  brought  the  inhabitants  to  their 
knees,  and  Cortes  was  even  induced  to  pardon  the 
captured  caciques.''^  The  revolt  appears  to  have  been 
long  planned  by  the  Quauhtemotzin  party,  probably 
since  his  torture,  and  had  in  view  his  restoration  and 
the  quick  disposal  of  the  Spanish  leaders,  so  as  to 
make  the  soldiers  a  readier  prey.  Nevertheless  it 
could  not  have  been  of  great  extent,  though  Cortes 
seeks  to  make  the  most  of  it,  and  to  connect  it  with 
the  presence  of  Tapia,  a  man  wholly  unfit  and  inex- 
perienced to  cope  with  such  movements,  as  he  point- 
edly o'bserves.  While  influenced  by  purely  selfish 
motives,  there  is  no  doubt  that  his  procedure  served 
the  best  interests  of  the  crown,  for  at  this  early 
period  a  man  of  his  sagacity,  influence,  and  skill  as 
ruler  and  leader,  was  needed  to  maintain  and  advance 
the  conquest  of  the  country.  The  toleration  of  fac- 
tions would  have  been  danjierous.  Of  this  Velaz- 
quez  and  his  patron  and  adherents  were  fully  aware ; 
but  envy  and  ambition  blinded  them  to  their  own  in- 
efficiency, and  to  prudence. 

The  revolt  was  not  the  only  danger  to  Cortes 
ascribed  to  the  Tapia  episode,  if  we  may  credit  Her- 
rera.  Disgusted  with  the  disposal  of  the  commissary, 
and  encouraged  by  the  evident  wishes  of  the  sov- 

. ''  Ilor.  CntfJdades,  61-2.  This  writer,  whose  statements  cannot  always  be 
relied  upon,  adds  that  King  Ixtlilxoohitl  s.ived  his  brother  Colmanacoch,  ono 
of  the  accused,  from  the  dogs,  regardless  of  the  soldiers.  The  Spanisli  MTiters 
naturally  alludo  to  no  cruelties.  Gomara  refers  to  the  revolt  on  two  occasions, 
witli  evident  confusion.  Hist.  Mex.,  2'2'2,  235. 

'"Iho  campaign  cost  the  lives  of  two  Spaniards  and  a  few  allies.  GortCa, 
Cartas,  278-9. 


CORTfiS  AND  NARVAEZ  MEET  AGAIX. 


n 


ereign  manifested  in  the  cedulas  of  Quejo,  Alderetc, 
the  royal  treasurer,  is  said  to  have  promoted  two 
plots  against  the  general's  life,  one  being  to  assas- 
sinate him  while  kneeling  at  mass,  the  other  to  blow 
liim  up  at  his  quarters.  Informed  of  the  plan,  Cortds 
summoned  the  official  to  his  presence  and  revealed  it. 
Alderete  was  thoroughly  crushed  by  the  disclosure, 
and  could  only  throw  himself  upon  his  mercy.  Mag- 
nanimity had  proved  a  politic  virtue  before  this,  and 
it  was  again  exercised,  both  to  avoid  dangerous  com- 
plications, and  to  neutralize  the  opposition  of  a  strong 
party.'^'' 

Among  the  orders  brought  by  Tapia  was  one 
wherein  the  Council  of  the  Indies  forbade  the  audi- 
cncia  of  Santo  Domingo  to  deal  with  the  outrage  of 
Narvaez  on  Oidor  Aillon,  and  signified  its  desire  that 
he  should  no  longer  be  kept  in  durance.  Cortes 
accordingly  instructed  Rodrigo  Rangel,  who  had  re- 
placed the  vacillating  Gonzalo  de  Alvarado  as  lieu- 
tenant at  Villa  Rica,^"  to  send  him  to  Coyuhuacan. 
The  long  confinement  at  the  coast  fortress,  exposed 
to  the  jeers  of  every  passer-by,  had  tended  not  a 
little  to  humble  the  arrogant  leader,  so  much  so,  in- 
deed, that  when  Cort(?s  came  forth  to  meet  him  he 
knelt  to  kiss  the  hand  of  his  former  despised  rival. 
The  latter  had  good  reason  for  remonstrating  against 
this  self-abasement,  as  he  had  for  coming  forth  to 
meet  a  man  whose  reascending  star  appeared  so  sig- 
nificantly in  the  cedulas  concerning  him.  He  not  only 
raised  him  from  the  ground,  but  offered  with  fraternal 
embrace  a  seat  by  his  side,  and  showed  the  most  marked 
attention.  Narvaez,  on  his  side,  spoke  with  humble 
feeling  of  the  glowing  achievements  which  had  effected 

''*  Such  at  least  must  be  the  conclusion  if  wo  accept  the  story.  Ahlcreto 
(lied  not  long  after.  Uernal  Diaz,  Hint.  Vcrditd.,  188.  'Vn  Cluiigo  llanmdo 
Leon,  assi  niisino  descubrii^,  que  con  barriles  de  pohiora,  querian  Iwliirle  en  el 
apoaento. '  llerreia,  dec.  iii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  xvi.  The  phrasing  would  indicate 
that  Alderetc  was  not  supposed  to  have  managed  Iwtli  the  plots. 

'"  With  Pedro  do  Ircio  as  aid.  Bernal  Diaz,  Hint,  Verdcul. ,  169. 


78 


TAPIA'S  DISCOMFITURE. 


the  conquest  of  so  vast  and  rich  a  country,  with  such 
numerous  and  strong  cities.  His  own  defeat  had, 
indeed,  been  a  trifling  matter  in  comparison.  Magnifi- 
cent rewards  must  surely  flow  from  the  sovereign,  and 
to  this  end  he  would  devote  his  own  efforts  in  the 
behalf  of  Cortds.  With  such  words  did  he  mask  the 
burning  hatred  that  awaited  only  opportunity.^^  The 
opportunity  came  when  toward  the  close  of  1523  he 
was  permitted,  partly  through  the  influence  of  Garay's 
pleadings,  to  leave  New  Spain.^"^  Thereupon  he  hast- 
ened to  court  to  stir  up  afresh  the  enemies  of  Cortes. 

"  The  gossips  circulated  a  story  that  Cortds  gave  Narvaez  50,000  ducats 
wherewith  to  compensate  Velazquez  for  his  losses  through  the  expedition  to 
Mexico,  but  this  cleserves  little  credit,  says  Herrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  xv. 
Bei-ncd  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad.,  160-1.  Nor  is  it  likely  that  Cortds  would  have 
given  the  money  to  Narvaez,  who  would  have  kept  it  for  his  ov,n  claims. 

^''  His  obsequious  flattery  of  Cortds  had  no  doubt  assisted  attlic  liberation, 
as  well  ns  the  pleadings  of  his  rich  wife  Maria  de  Valenzuela,  who  appears  to 
have  known  the  conqueror.  Narvaez  was  even  given  2,000  pesos  do  oro,  prob- 
ably in  payment  of  certain  effects  taken  from  him,  and  he  left  with  humble 
protestations.  Bcrnal  Diaz,  Ilitt.  Verdad.,  170.  Among  the  scores  to  bo 
remembered  by  him  against  Cortes  was  the  execution  of  Diego  Diaz,  a  ship- 
master, M'ho  sought  to  procure  his  escape  from  Villa  Rica  early  in  1521.  The 
record  of  the  trial  is  given  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc. ,  xxvL  287-97. 


CHAPTER  V. 


AFFAIRS  OF  CORTES  IN  SPAIN. 
1522. 

CoRTis  FixDS  Favor  with  the  Attdiencia — HiaTuraD  Letter— Treastthes 
FOR  THE  Emperor — As  Ominocs  Loss — Chased  by  Corsairs — What 
Kino  Francis  Said — Tub  Ccrse  of  Montezuma — Cardinal  Adrian 
Interferes — Cortes' Case  before  the  Sovereign — His  Achievements 
Reviewed — Refutation  of  Charges — Velazquez  Crushed  and  Fon- 
SECA  Humbled— CoRTts  Appointed  Governor  and  Captain  General. 

Any  fears  which  Cortes  may  have  entertained  with 
regard  to  his  treatment  of  Tapia  were  quieted  by  the 
arrival,  during  the  spring,  of  Alonso  de  Avila,  the 
commissioner  whom  he  had  sent  to  Santo  Domingo 
more  than  a  year  before,  to  obtain  concessions  from 
the  audiencia,  and  war  material  for  the  army.^  The 
audicncia  gave  him  authority  to  conquer  the  whole 
of  New  Spain,  to  brand  slaves  in  accordance  with  pre- 
scribed rules,  and  to  distribute  encomiendas.  Although 
this  was  provisional,  subject  to  the  royal  decision,  it 
nevertheless  gave  authority  to  the  acts  of  Cortes, 
and  he  received  further  encouragement  in  the  fact  that 
the  audiencia  had  recommended  him  to  the  emperor 
in  a  manner  that  promised  to  be  more  effective  than 
any  representation  so  far  made.  One  great  advan- 
tage the  audiencia  had,  namely,  means  to  hide  their 
despatches  from  the  bishop  of  Burgos,  with  whom 
they  were  not  wholly  in  accord,  and  have  them  pre- 
sented direct  to  the  royal  person,  nor  could  their 
intimations  against  the  bishop's  policy  fail  to  have 
weight.  . 

'Bernal  Diaz  places  the  return  after  the  Filnuco  campaign,  which  is 
doubtful.  JJist.  VerUad.,  1(53. 

(79) 


80 


AFFAIRS  OF  CORTfiS  IN  SPADf. 


In  return  for  his  success,  Avila  received  a  valuable 
encomienda,  together  with  presents  and  promises,  all 
of  which  bound  him  ever  closer  to  his  patron.^  So 
pleased  indeed  was  Cortes  with  his  ability  and  loyalty 
as  commissioner,  that  he  caused  him  to  be  appointed 
procurador  to  the  court  of  Spain,  jointly  with  Antonio 
do  Quinones,  his  captain  of  guards.'  They  were  to 
support  the  other  agents  in  obtaining  a  confirmation 
of  his  grant  of  lands,  natives,  and  offices,  and  other 
acts,  together  with  his  own  tenure  of  office,  as  partly 
advocated  in  letters  intrusted  to  them,  notably  the 
third  of  his  Relaciones.  This  is  dated  at  Coyuhuacan, 
May  15,  1522,  and  narrates  the  operations  since  Octo- 
ber 1520,  beginning  with  the  Tepeaca  campaign,  con- 
tinuing with  the  siege  and  fall  of  Mexico,  and  ending 
with  the  expeditions  to  formally  occupy  surrounding 
provinces.  The  latter  he  describes  in  a  manner  in- 
tended to  impress  the  value  of  his  achievements,  and 
the  wealth  and  extent  of  the  additions  thus  made  to 
the  royal  domains.  He  does  not  fail  to  allude  to  the 
prospects  opening  before  the  maritime  exploration  for 
which  he  is  preparing  a  fleet  on  the  South  Sea.  One 
of  the  main  objects  of  the  letter,  which  had  probably 
hastened  its  conclusion,  was  the  Tapia  afiair.  While 
explaining  that  the  course  taken  had  been  to  save  the 
country  and  the  royal  interests,  as  proved  by  the 
attempted  revolt  of  the  natives,  he  points  out  the 
injustice  and  danger  of  such  interference,  particularly 
on  the  part  of  selfish  and  unscrupulous  persons  like 
Velazquez,  wholly  oblivious  of  their  duty  to  the  sov- 
ereign.*    In  an  accompanying  note  he  commends  the 

'Ho  liad  formerly  been  an  mlherent  of  Velazquez,  and  this  sufficed  tj 
rouso  Bemal  Diaz  against  him,  as  a  suspected  person,  who  might  have  been 
dangerous  had  lie  been  present  when  Tapia  arrived.  The  euconiicuda  em- 
braced Quauhtitlan,  with  a  large  rental.  Id, 

'  Who  liad  assisted  to  save  tlio  life  of  Cortds  during  the  siege. 

*  In  a  later  letter  ho  goes  so  far  as  to  propose  to  arrest  the  Cuban  govei  nor. 
'  Pienso  enviar  por  el  dicho  Dieg'  Velazquez  y  prenderle,  y  preso,  enviarle  ii 
v.  M. .  .cortando  la  raiz  de  tod(  s  nale^.'  Cartan,  318.  Lemal  Diaz  wrongly 
attributes  this  proposal  to  the  jiresfu  occasion.  It  may  cei-tainly  bo  called 
capping  the  climax  of  the  inj  iries  heaped  upon  tho  unfortunate  governor, 
though  he  deserves  little  syni^thy. 


AGENTS  SENT, 


81 


!eil  ta 

been 

a  em- 


agents  to  the  crapcror,  and  points  ont  the  painful 
anxiety  in  wliicli  lie  has  been  Icftb}'  not  receiving  any 
iv])ly  ti>  his  many  dutiful  ap])hoations. 

The  local  officials  also  addressed  a  letter  to  tlio 
eni})eror  in  the  name  of  the  army  and  settlei-s,  extol- 
linij  the  deeds  and  loyaltv  of  their  leader,  delendinuf 
their  treatment  of  Tapia,  instigated  as  he  v.as  hy  the 
liostile  Velazquez,  and  urging  the  prior  claims  of  con- 
querors to  grants  and  appointments.  Father  Ohnedo 
supported  these  representations  in  a  special  letter, 
wherein  he  reviewed  the  prospects  of  conversion  and 
requested  that  religious  teachers  be  sent  out.  To  add 
weight  to  the  petitions,  they  received  the  usual  acconi- 
])ani;nent  of  treasure,  in  addition  to  the  regular  fifth. 
The  [)resent  consisted  of  the  choicest  specimens  of 
fabrics,  feather-work,  curiosities,  and  jewels,  set  apart 
from  the  late  repartition,  and  increased  from  the  sul)- 
sequcFit  inilux  of  tributes,  worth  fully  one  hundred 
and  lifty  thousand  ducats.''  Its  notable  features  wero 
a  number  of  pearls  and  an  immense  emerald,  as  it  was 
sup])osed  to  be,"  and  trinkets,  which  wholly  eclipsed 
the  already  fjimiliar  specimens  of  native  goldsmiths' 
work,  in  the  form  of  fishes  with  scales  of  different 
metals,  of  birds  and  other  animals  with  movable  heads 
and  tongues,  masks  with  mosaic^  ornamentation,  and 
a  variety  of  pieces  after  Eun)pean  models.  Several 
large  bones  were  also  sent,  uncovered  at  Coyuliuacan, 

^  '  Annquc  otros  dizcn  dos  tanto.'  Gnmnrn,  niif.  Conq.,  210.  The  jowols, 
fabricf!,  ctf.,  15U,C00  ducats,  the  gold  iiiid  silver  its  much  more.  The  part  set 
a.sido  from  the  repartition  after  the  fall  of  JMcxico  was  worth  more  than 
U!;).('G')  jK'yo.-i  do  oro.  Or'ti'lo,  iii.  -KJS,  .I!".  A  list  of  the  vahudili's  sent  to 
Spiiiii  ij  riviu  in  Memorkt  de  Pica;^,  in  Pcrhc-o  and  Canlaia^,  Vol.  Doc,  xii. 
2.");>-(i'^  .'ilVO,     Sco  also  /fern  ra,  dec.  iii.  lil).  iii.  cap.  i. 

''  'A  line  emerald  the  size  of  the  palm  c^f  a  luu'.il,  of  pyramidal  shape.'  /il. 
'Perla.j  t  '.manas  algunas  dcllaii  cfnuo  aucllanas.'  Ucrnai  Diaz,  ll'iKt.  V<nhvl., 
Iii:'.  This  author  alludes  to  a  nnml)or  of  chalchinite:-!,  'like  ('nlc^ald^^,'  wliieli 
can  liavilly  include  the  stones  called  emerald  i  \>y  i)t!Hr«,  i^ir  ch.-dchinitcs  wero 
never  regarded  as  of  much  value  by  the  comiiierors,  though  the  natives  prized 
tlicm  al;:ive  any  other  stones.  The  emerald  irfenvd  to  was  a  mere  jade  or 
serpentine,  for  Mexico  possessed  no  cmeridds.  Alamai:,  7>/■■■Y)•^,  i.  l."lt.  In 
I'ei  u  they  did  have  this  precious  stone,  but  the  test  to  which  the  early  .idven- 
tiuers  submitted  them — hammer  blows — caused  as  a  ride  the  rejection  f)f  tlio 
gi  iiiiine  stoucs,  which  were  smashed  in  pieces,  while  the  false  ones  were  ac- 
cepted. 

Hut.  Mez.,  Vol.  U.    0 


82 


•  AFFAIRS  OF  CORTfiS  IN  SPAIX. 


which  in  accordance  with  the  common  native  tradition 
and  the  declaration  of  the  doctors  were  pronounced 
to  be  the  remains  of  giants;  also  two  jaguars,  or  tigers 
as  tliey  were  called,  which  proved  an  unfortunate  ship- 
ment, for  f)ne  escaped  from  the  cage  when  on  board, 
and  fiercely  attacked  a  number  of  the  crew,  where- 
u[»on  it  was  lost  in  the  sea.  Two  of  the  bitten  men 
(lied  from  their  injuries,  and  to  obviate  another  disas- 
ter the  second  jaguar  was  killed.^ 

As  special  agents  for  Cortes  went  his  secretary, 
Juan  de  Ribcra,^  with  whom  was  associated  Friar 
Pedro  Melgarcjo  de  Urrea,  both  to  act  in  concert  with 
his  father,  JSIartin  Cortes,  to  whom  was  sent  a  power 
of  attorney  to  act  in  all  affairs  for  the  son."  This 
document  was  accompanied  by  a  few  thousand  ducats, 
which  the  malevolent  magniticd  to  large  amounts,  a 
})ortion  of  the  vast  treasures  that  Cortes  was  said  to 
have  secreted.  One  story  current  was  that  he  him- 
self supervised  its  transmission  to  Tezcuco  in  several 
canoes.  When  fairly  out  in  the  lake  a  sudden  gale 
capsized  the  boats,  and  half  a  dozen  men  were  drowned ; 
the  rest,  including  Cortes,  narrowly  escaped  by  cling- 
ing to  the  wrecks.  Divers  \vere  afterward  sent  to 
seai-ch  for  the  treasure,  but  not  a  trace  could  be 
found. ^'^  The  same  agents  carried  a  portion  of  the 
remittances  sent  by  the  conquerors  to  friends  in  Spain, 
amounting  in  all  to  nearly  a  hundred  thousand  cas- 
tclliuios,  and  showing  that  recent  expeditions  must 
have  greatly  increased  the  distribution  shares,  and  jiro- 
moted  contentment  among  the  lately  irate  soldiers." 

'Gnmara  mentions  '  three  tigers,'  but  accounts  only  for  the  fate  of  two. 
JIht.  Ml'.,:,  'JKi. 

*A  man  full  of  tricks  and  unfair  at  the  gaming-table,  says  Bemal  Diaz, 
H'lxt.   I'cril'iil.,  l'JO-1,  and  he  certainly  proved  unreliable. 

"Dated  May  8,  l.")22,  Pmler  Otorijmlo,  in  Pwln'co  and  Canhnaa,  Col.  Doc, 
xii.  4,j8-T0.  a  relative  named  Francisco  dc  las  Casas  is  appointed  substitute 
in  case  Martin  Cortes  fails  to  act.  This  Casas,  a  relative,  figures  aljly  in  tiie 
oon((uestof  Honduras.  See  llht.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  537  et  secj.,  this  series. 

'"  Peralta  applies  this  statement  to  the  treasures  intended  for  the  emperor. 
Not.  lliM.,  13(>-'2,  but  it  appears  to  be  based  on  on  event  which  occurred  in 
connection  with  Cort(5s' own  departure  for  Spain  in  1528.  Gomaraalhrms  tliut 
the  sum  sent  to  the  father  was  4,000  ducats.  Hist.  Mcx.,  21G. 

"  'Oclicnta  y  ocho  mil  Castellanos  en  banas  de  oro.'  Bcrnal  Diaz,  Hist. 


CAPTURED  BY  THE  FRENCH, 


83 


Tlio  coinniission  set  out  in  Juno'^  1522,  in  tlirco 
vessuls/^  wliicli  safely  reached  Terceira,  of  the  Azores 
oroup.  Hardly  had  they  ajjfain  set  sail,  however, 
when  they  were  attacked  by  a  tleet  of  French  corsairs, 
six  shijis  in  number,  hailing  from  La  lloehelle." 

liesistance  on  the  part  of  the  small  vessels  from 
Xew  Spain  was  deemed  useless,  but  they  nevertlu'less 
did  their  utmost  to  escape,  regardless  of  the  cannon- 
balls  that  whistled  around  them.  The  chase  becnnio 
exciting,  the  more  so  when  splinters  began  to  fly  and 
blood  to  flow.  Finally  the  French  overtook  two  of 
the  vessels  having,  in  charge  of  Avila,  the  greater 
part  of  the  treasures,  which  were  conveyed  to  France. 
The  choicest  jewels  were  sent  as  a  present  to  Francis 
I.,  who  was  not  a  little  surprised  at  the  extent  and 
(|uality  of  the  wealth  flowing  in  on  Spain.  "The  gold 
iVom  his  western  possessions  alone  nmst  suffice  to  sus- 
tain his  campaigns  against  us,"  he  observed.  "l]ut  I 
should  like  to  see  the  last  testament  of  Father  Adam 
which  entitles  my  brothers  of  Castile  and  Portugal 
to  the  exclusive  ownership  of  those  regions,  oi  which 
forbids  me  from  thus  helping  myself  to  a  share."''' 

Avila  was  kept  behind  prison  bars  for  a  long  time 
ill  the  vain  expectation  of  a  heavy  ransom,  correspond- 
ing to  the  estimate  formed  of  one  liavinix  in  his  charij^o 
so  large  a  treasure.  He  managed,  however,  to  forward 
the  despatches,  wliicli  greatly  promoted  the  cause  of 
his  chief. '"^    Learning  from  him  or  his  companions  that 

Vcrilnil.,  103.  ITcrrora  names  Diego  do  Onluz,  of  volcano  fame,  as  one  of  tlio 
passengers,  while  otheid  say  that  he  hail  gouc  with  tiie  previuua  ini.ssioa  to 
Spain. 

'-December  20th,  according  to  Bernal  Diaz,  but  this  must  be  a  slip  either 
of  meiuoiy  or  ]ien,  which  has  misled  several  writers.  A  receipt  for  some  of 
the  treasure  is  dated  at  Seville,  November  8,  l'y2'2.  Puc/ieco  and  Curdeiiux, 
Col.  JJoc,  xii.  208-01). 

'■•  Caravels,  siiys  Ilen-era.  Bernal  Diaz  mentions  onl^'>2.  One  of  them  was 
the  Santa  Marin  </<•  la  Iti'ihhla,  commanded  by  .Juan  Baptista.  LI. ,  253, 2o8, 200. 

"  Under  eonunand  of  .Juan  Florin,  or  Florentiii. 

''  'Quo  mostrasstm  el  tea!;amento  dc  nuestro  padro  Adan,  si  les  dexo  a  ellos 
Rolamentc  por  heredi  ros,  y  sefiores  de  aiiuelhis  tierras  que  auian  toniado  entro 
t  llo.s  doH  sin  dalle  a  el  ninguna  dellas,  c  que  por  csta  causa  era,  lieito  robar,  y 
tiiniar  todo  lo  que  pudiesse  por  la  mar.'  Jicriial  Jjiaz,  llUt.   \\r<l<i<l.,  I(i4. 

"•The  neglect  to  secure  his  liberation  nettled  him  greatly,  and  ho  is  said 
to  have  expressed  delight  at  the  loss  to  the  court  of  so  much  treasure.    On 


AFFAIRS  OF  C0RTl5S  IX  SPAIN. 


the  third  vessel,  which  had  escnpcd  him,  contained 
additional  treasure,  the  French  jjirate  returned  with 
three  of  his  ships  to  watch  for  her.  Tliis  time  fortune 
turned  ac^ainst  him,  for  near  Cape  St  Vincent  lie  en- 
countered a  Spanish  fleet  sent  in  search  of  him,  and 
after  a  brief  but  sharp  battle  he  was  captured  and 
conveyed  to  Spain,  there  to  be  con  lenuied  to  the 
gallows." 

Ill-luck  seemed  to  attend  the  spoils  of  New  Spain, 
both  in  their  capture  and  afterward.  The  curses  of  tho 
dying  Montezuma  and  the  agonized  Quauhtemotzin 
had  clung  to  them  ever  since  they  left  the  palace- 
vaults  of  Tenochtitlan.  IVIiserably  perished  during 
the  Noche  Triste  most  of  those  who  sought  to  convey 
it  forth,  while  the  Aztecs  who  recaptured  a  portion 
paid  the  bitter  penalty  during  the  horrors  of  the 
fbllowinij  siecfe.  Strife  and  trouble  arose  at  the  dis- 
tribution  of  the  remnant  after  the  fall  of  the  city;  a 
gale  swept  a  portion  into  the  lake,  together  with  sev- 
eral of  its  attendants.  Its  capture  by  the  French 
involved  the  imprisonment  of  Avila  and  the  death  of 
several  companions,  soon  to  be  followed  by  the  igno- 
minious end  of  the  pirates  and  the  capture  of  Francis 
himself.  As  for  the  escaped  vessel,  the  Santa  Maria 
de  la  Rdhida,  she  gained  Sarta  Marfa  Island  in  a 
somewhat  battered  condition,  .vith  several  wounded 
persons  on  board,  including  Quifiones,  who  died  a  few 
days  later. ^^  Ribera  proceeded  thence  in  a  Portuguese 
caravel  to  Seville  to  ask  for  a  convoy,  and  with  this 


V'  I 


\m 


returning  to  Spain  he  received  for  compensation  the  permit  to  retain  his  cn- 
comientlaa  and  other  property,  and  the  appointment  of  contador  for  Yucatan. 
In  ir)C.">  the  municipality  of  Slexico  granted  his  brother's  family  a  lot  adjoin- 
ing their  liousc,  in  consideration  for  Alonso's  services;  but  in  the  following 
year  the  house  was  razed,  and  the  site  covered  with  salt,  after  the  execution 
of  his  nephews  for  complicity  in  the  conspiracy  of  Martin  Cortes.  Baton 
Blog.,  in  Cartas  de  Jmlias,  716-17;  Ilerrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  xx.,  lib. 
X.  cap.  vii. 

"  'En  el  puerto  do  Pico.'  Id.  Sandoval  places  this  occurrence  in  Novem- 
ber 1.522,  though  he  is  somewhat  confused  about  the  facts.  Hist,  Carlos  V,, 
\.  5<)3. 

'*  So  says  Herrcra,  while  Bernal  Diaz  states  that  the  death  of  the  gallant 
captain  was  duo  to  dagger  thnists,  which  he  received  at  Tercera  during  u 
Lotharian  escapade,  ubi  sup. 


'  iiii!  li 


THE  VELiVZQUEZ  INFLUENCE.  » 

the  rcianaut  of  Aztec  treasure  reached  Its  destiiui- 
tiun." 


By  this  thne  the  affairs  of  Cortes  in  Spain  had 
assmned  a  new  aspect.  His  friends,  inchuhng  ^fartiu 
Cortes,  Puertocarrcro,  ^.'''i»'.t'jo,  Licentiate  Nunez, 
relator  of  the  India  Counci',  Ordaz,  and  others,  liad 
for  a  time  accomphshed  nothinj^  more  than  to  cheek  the 
pr(X'eedin;:^s  of  the  AMazquez  ])arty,  though  they  had 
hecii  unable  to  oppose  the  appointment  of  Tapia. 
Filially,  however,  they  ohtained  proofs  of  Fonscca's 
machinations  in  favor  of  Velazquez,  from  whcM  ho 
liad  accepted  heavy  bribes,  includini^  an  encomienda 
of  natives,  who  were  compelled  under  t]\  la^5h  to 
extract  gold  for  the  good  bishop  in  the  Cuuan  mines. 
The  intimacy  between  these  two  officials  was  stren::!h- 
died  by  iLc  engagcn^cnt  of  the  governor  to  tho  iiieco 
of  the  prelate,^''  and  they  concerted  to  defame  Cortes 
as  a  traitor,  by  withholding  his  despatches,  keeping 
back  his  agents,  and  injuring  him  in  eveiy  possible 
manner.'*^  It  was  further  shown  that  the  bishop  had 
aj>propriatcd  a  part  of  the  presents  sent  to  the  em- 
})eror  from  New  Spain.  This  was  wrong  on  the  part 
of  the  bishop,  and  yet,  as  wo  well  know,  Velaz(|uez 
had  far  more  of  justice  on  his  side  than  Cortes;  but  sue- 
cess  defies  all.  The  great  achievements  of  Corte's  had 
by  this  time  spread  throughout  the  country,  fostering 
t!ie  belief  that  he  had  not  been  fairly  treated.  Among 
the  notable  persons  who  warmly  ex])ressed  themselves 
to  this  eflect  were  the  duke  of  Bejar,  one  of  the 

"A  list  of  what  she  brought  is  given  in  Piicheco  and  Cdrdciiai^,  Co!.  Doc, 
\n.  -.";o-t)0.  Ilcrrci'a  relates  two  somewhat  varied  and  confused  versions,  and 
s;iy.-i  that  the  vessel  with  all  its  effects  was  placed  under  cnil)argo  by  Fmiseea's 
order,  v.  hieh  is  unlikely.  Dec.  iii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  i.  iii.,  lib.  i.x.  cap.  xx.  Cjomara, 
y/,',s?.  J/cj-.,  "JUj,  disposes  quite  briefly  of  the  voyage;  but  Bernal  Diaz  is  nioru 
enniplete  and  reliable.  In  a  letter  to  the  emperor,  Cortes  expresses  regret  at 
tile  luss,  cliiefly  on  account  of  the  choice  nature  of  the  specimens,  which  would 
luive  aided  in  demonstrating  his  services,  but  'yo  trabajuru  de  enviar  otras 
iiuiy  mas  ricas  y  cxtrafias,'  he  concludes  consolingly.  C'l.r/os,  317. 

'■"' I'etronila  do  Fonseca.  Ooinura,  ll'txt.  Mex.,  '238.  Ucmal  Diaz  fancies 
also  that  she  may  have  been  engaged  to  Tapia.   Itlst.  Vcrdad.,  18!i. 

-''J'lio  bishop  had  hidden  his  reports,  'que  no  se  vcria  niientras  Muiessc' 
llcmru,  dec.  iii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  ill. 


86 


AFFAIRS  OF  CORTliS  IN  SPAIN. 


leading  grandees,  and  tlie  German  duke  of  Nassau,-^ 
whose  rc[)rosentations  assisted  in  convincing  Cardinal 
Adrian  of  the  injustice  done.  Fonseca  was  there- 
upon ordered  not  to  meddle  in  the  affairs  of  Cortes, 
and  the  evidence  of  his  conduct  was  forwarded  to 
the  monarch,^ 

Adrian  had  no  time  to  do  much  more,  for  he  was 
elected  successor  to  Leo  X.,  and  was  obliged  to  go  to 
Italy  in  the  spring  of  1522.-*  The  emperor  returned 
i'roni  Germany  shortly  after,  however,  and  Tapir, 
appearing  to  suj)port  the  complaints  of  the  adherents 
of  Velazquez,  he  resolved  to  investigate  the  charges 
both  against  Fonseca  and  Cortes:  summoning  to  this 
effect  a  special  commission  which  included  such  men 
as  the  grand  chancellor."^ 

The  plaintiff  opened  with  the  charge  that  Cortes 
had  appropriated  to  his  own  ends  a  fleet  fitted  out  at 
great  expense  Ijy  Velazquez,  in  virtue  of  royal  author- 
ity, to  continue  the  exploration  of  the  countries 
already  discovered  by  him.  Velazquez  had  conse- 
quently been  obliged  to  spend  the  remainder  of  his 
fortune  in  efforts  to  recover  his  own,  notably  in  the 
equipment  of  a  second  large  fleet  under  Narvacz. 
Regardless  of  the  lives  of  his  Majesty's  subjects,  and 
of  his  sacred  decrees,  Cortes  had  attacked  the  expedi- 
tion, killed  a  number,  imprisoned  others,  and  bribed 
or  intimidated  the  rest  into  submission,  besides  tearing 

"''  Bcmal  Diaz  says  Jlonsicur  de  Lasoa,  sent  by  tlic  emperor  to  congratulate 
Adrian  on  Ida  election  to  the  papacy.  Nassau  certainly  proved  himself  a  great 
friend  to  Cortes  afterward. 

'•■'  It  is  even  said  that  he  suspended  the  bishop  from  his  presidency  of  the 
council;  but  this  was  probably  left  to  the  emperor. 

'^* Marin )ia,  Hist.  Kip.,  vii.  310,  viii.  101. 

''■'^lercurio  do  Gatinara ;  Hernando  de  Vega,  lord  of  Grijal  and  comendador 
mayor  of  Castile;  Monsieur  de  la  Chaux,  great  chamberlain;  Doctor  I.orcn/o 
Ci'lindez  de  Carbajal,  an  old  and  eminent  jurist;  Licentiate  Francisco  ilu 
Vargas,  general  treasurer  of  Castile;  and  Doctor  de  la  Roche,  a  Fleming. 
Such  are  the  names  given  in  Ilerrera,  Honiara,  Rernal  Diaz,  and  Curfrn,  Vlila, 
in  Irazhnlci'ta,  Vol.  hoc,  i.  3o'J-3.  Several  scssiona  were  held.  M;.nu(l  dc 
Ivojas  iind  Aiulrcs  do  I)uero,  representing  N'claajuiz,  iipi. cared  with  'i';ipia  nu 
one  side,  while  Licentiate  Ccsjiedes  ia  said  to  Imve  bet n  among  tlio:ie  \\\w 

Iilcadcil  for  Corti's.     Vetiuicurt,    Tattro,   pt.  iii.   l.");5,  assuincs  ^\l■(algly  tiiiit 
'libera  and  Melgarojo  arrived  in  time  to  be  ju-esent  now,  and  I'lcscott  iidils 
Xaivacz,  JA'.r.  iii.  '21(1  7.     Doth  confound  this  trial  with  sul 


of  charges  before  tribunals  and  council. 


,  subscc|uent  revivals 


BEFORE  THE  EMPEROR. 


87 


by  force  from  tlio  commander  the  royal  despatches. 
He  had  further,  by  force  and  fraud,  caused  himself  to 
be  elected  leader,  ignoring  the  instructions  given  him 
from  the  audiencia  of  Santo  Domingo  through  his 
j)atron,  and  punishing  even  with  death  those  who 
ventured  to  oppose  liim.  He  had  assumed  regal 
]K)\vers,  made  cruel  war  on  unoffending  natives  to  sat- 
isfv  his  oreed  and  ambition,  and  had  distributed  en- 
coniiendas  and  slaves  for  the  l)enefit  of  his  adherents. 
To  this  end  he  had  encroached  on  the  royal  interests, 
besides  embezzling  moneys  and  treasures  due  to  the 
crown,  assuming  also  for  himself  a  fifth  like  the  sttv- 
ereign.  Not  satisfied  with  thisi,  he  had  defrauded  the 
soldiers  of  their  shares,  tortured  native  kings  and 
nobles  to  obtain  more  gold,  and  had  tyrannically  im- 
prestrcd  the  people  to  bring  material  and  build  houses 
for  him.  Finally  he  had  maltreated  and  expelled  from 
Xew  Spain  the  governor  appointed  by  the  crown,  with 
criminal  contempt  for  the  ro3'al  connnission,  thus  con- 
firming the  current  reports  that  he  intended  treason- 
ably to  ignore  the  sovereign  as  he  had  his  cedulas  and 
his  patron,  and  usui'p  the  country  for  himself 

To  these  charges,  many  of  them  too  true,  the  agents 
of  Cortes  replied  that  the  honor  of  discovering  New 
Spain  pertained  to  Hernandez  de  Cordoba,  who,  dis- 
regarding the  ini(|uitous  and  criminal  connnission  of 
Y;dazt|uez  to  kidnap  natives  from  the  islands,  had 
directed  his  energies  to  this  nobler  aim.  Grijalva's 
expedition,  succeeding  this,  was  juirely  for  traliic,  as 
jiroved  by  the  instructions,  and  its  cost  had  been  di'- 
iVayed  by  the  participants, although  Velazquez  managed 
to  secure  most  t)f  the  profit,  which  he  shared  with  the 
bislioj)  of  Burgos,  besides  bribing  him  to  the  preju- 
dice of  the  crown  with  large  allotments  of  slaves. 
The  fleet  of  Cortes  had  been  fitted  out  chielly  at  the 
i'-\[)ense  of  himself  and  friends,  as  demonstrated  by 
the  vouchers  and  testimony  produced,'"'  with  clearly 

_^'' l'niViiiiiz.i  »lo  Lt'jalde,  m  IcazhukUu,  t'vl.  Doc,  i.  411-'J0;  Hid.  Mtx., 
i.  57-8,  tliia  series. 


88 


AFFAIRS  OF  CORTtS  IX  SPAIN. 


written  instructions  to  explore,  not  to  coloniuc.  On 
bohokling  tlie  vast  extent  and  resources  of  the  coun- 
try, in  products  and  iidiabitants,  the  commander  felt 
that  his  'vityas  a  loyal  and  Christian  subject  deiiianded 
the  setting  aside  of  the  limited  and  mercenary  coni- 
missioa  given  him,  in  order  to  acquire  for  his  sovor- 
eiixn  tliese  lands,  and  for  the  church  beniirhted  souls. 
This  being  recognized  also  by  the  members  of  the 
expedition,  they  had  insisted  upon  electing  him  lieu- 
tenant for  the  king,  and  voluntarily  so  since  this  pro- 
moted also  tlieir  own  wishes  and  interests,  hitherto 
cramped  by  tlie  avaricious  and  jealous  govei-nor  of 
(^uba.  Narvaez'  expedition  had  been  sent  forth  in 
direct  disobedience  to  the  orders  of  tlie  audiencia  <.)f 
Santo  Domingo,  a  step  v.'hich  merited  death,  f  llowed 
as  it  was  by  the  additional  outrage  on  a  royal  oivlor. 
Its  [)resence  in  New  Spain  was  so  evident  a  peril  to 
conquest  so  far  achieved,  and  to  the  conversion  bejrun, 
that  not  (ndy  did  the  adiierents  of  Cort.'s  unhcsitat- 
inglv  aid  him  in  overthrowing  the  intruder,  after  he 
had  rejected  every  overture,  but  many  of  the  lollovv'ers 
of  Narvaez  opeidy  or  tacitly  refused  to  support  his 
cause,  so  detrimental  was  it  to  the  royal  interests. 
As  it  was,  the  great  revolt  at  Mexico,  followed  by  the 
terrible  Nocho  Triste,  nnist  be  ascribed  to  his  pres- 
ence and  malicious  insinuations.  The  papers  talcen 
from  the  fallen  leatler  had  been  vouchers,  not  de- 
s})atches.  Tlie  death  of  a  fevv'  men  on  this  occasion, 
and  the  execution  of  others  at  different  tinies,  weie 
deplored,  but  every  military  organization  demands  the 
maintenance  of  discipline,  and  is  subject  to  such  occur- 
rences, all  of  which  were  no  less  permissible  than  the 
warring  on  natives  who  obstinately  refused  to  submit 
to  the  sovereign  and  cliurch.  Cortes  had  asiumetl 
no  royal  power,  but  had  made  distribution  of  enco- 
miendas  for  the  sake  of  assuring  the  obedience  of 
the  native  Americans  and  of  mai'-.taining  possession 
of  the  domains  for  the  crown,  to  whose  su[)erior  con- 
tirmation    the   grants   were    subject.     Treasure   had 


CHAIIGES  AND  COUNTER  CHARGES. 


m 


])Ovn  acquired  by  legitimate  methods,  and  tlio  royal 
lil'th  not  only  cluly  set  aside,  but  largely  increased 
by  contribution  of  the  finest  specimens.  If  they  had 
not  readied  tlie  sovereign,  the  bishop  of  Burgos 
must   be    held   answc' ible.      The   fifth    assi'nied    to 

O 

tin;  commander  was  in  consideration  for  hi.i  .'services 
and  luvivy  expenses.  Tlie  torture  of  the  priuces  was 
an  act  of  tlie  army,  headed  by  the  royal  treasurer, 
juid  the  emplo^'uient  of  natives  to  rebuild  tlie  city  of 
}tlexico  v;;,is  a  njcasure  demanded  by  lliu  public  in- 
torest.:^.  The  arrival  of  Tapia  tended  to  involve  the 
c;)untry  in  [)erils  similar  to  those  an.ui'.cd  by  Nar- 
\:\vz,  so  much  so  that  the  delegates  of  the  colonists 
and  army  took  his  disposal  into  their  own  hand.-!,  con- 
iident  tliat  the  sovereiu'n  would  confh'in  an  act  dictated 
in  liis  own  interest.  Indeed,  none  but  CortJs,  with 
skill  and  judgment  as  a,  general  and  governor,  could 
have  undertaken  the  conquest  and  carried  it  to  a  suc- 
cessful cm],  through  so  many  dangers,  unsu'pported 
liy  any  one  save  his  ov/n  followers  and  his  own 
resources  of  mind  and  means,  and  this  in  the  face  of 
the  bitter  opposition  of  Velazquez,  Fonseca,  and  tlieir 
adherents,  who  kept  back  recruits  and  supplies,  seized 
I'eniittancos,  withheld  his  reports  and  agents,  promoted 
I'evolts,  and  misrepresented  his  every  moti\e  and  act. 
The  letters  i'rom  himself,  the  army,  the  oliicials.  Friar 
OlnieJo,  and  others,  were  lllled  with  proof;  of  his 
ahilit}'  and  loyal  devotion,  while  inunensc  domains, 
larger  than  any  so  far  acquire>l  for  the  crown,  and 
titiuing  with  wealth  and  vassals,  stood  as  ehxpient 
witnesses  of  his  achievements,  ever  glorious  to  Span- 
ish fame.-^ 

What  could  be  more  grand  and  llattei'ing  to  the 
Spanish  nation  than  the  quality  and  extent  of  this 

'-'  These  and  other  nrgv.monta  are  produced  in  ITernra,  dee.  iii.  lib.  iv.  c;ip. 
iii.;  Ikrmd  JJiuz,  JIUt.  Vifdml.,  l.S4-(J;  Uoiiidrti,  Hit.  Mfx\,  l'u8-!l,  tliia 
l-ttcr,  h'Lr;ni,-'u  oiiou'.Ii,  givinj,'  the  chiU'gew  pretty  fully,  but  «li  [.osiii;;  of  tho 
deli'ueu  Viitli  (he  biief  li'iiiaik :  'Los  deseavgo.s,  luzon  y  jusliria  (jue  tiiuo 
•  i>itis. .  .la  iiistoria  hia  cueiita.'    Froiu  these  sources  later  writers  form  their 

111-i.oUllt. 


go 


AFFAIRS  OF  CORTES  IX  SPAIN. 


success  1  It  had  already  raised  in  cver}'^  Spanish  heart 
a  strong  admiration  for  the  hero,  which  overlooked 
everything  but  his  greatness.  Nor  was  the  crown 
insensible  to  the  necessity  of  justifying  the  means  to 
such  an  end.  The  surpassing  fitness  of  the  man  for 
his  position  was  undeniable;  besides,  none  could  deny 
that  Velazquez  had  been  also  irregular  in  his  conduct, 
while  his  rival  had  suffered  enough  injury  and  oppo- 
sition to  justify  many  an  overt  act.  The  natural 
result  was  a  decision  in  favor  of  Cortes,  with  the 
recommendation  that  neither  Velazquez  nor  Fonseca 
should  be  allowed  to  interfere  further  in  his  affairs. 
The  claims  of  the  former  to  his  share  in  the  fleet,  and 
other  interests,  belonged  to  the  province  of  the  court 
of  law  just  established  for  suits  connected  with  the 
Indies.  The  emperor  rendered  his  decision  in  accord- 
ance, influenced  mainly,  it  seems,  by  the  charge  that 
the  Narvacz  expedition  had  been  the  real  cause  for 
the  great  uprising  which  ended  in  the  disastrous  cx- 
pulsiv^n  of  Spaniards  from  Mexico."^ 

The  blow  fell  with  unnecessary  humiliation  on  Ve- 
lazquez, being  heralded  on  his  own  island,  to  the  sound 
of  trumpet,  by  the  messengers  who  bore  tokens  of 
royal  favors  to  his  rival.  His  fortune  had  really 
been  wrecked  by  the  cost  of  expeditions  and  efforts 
against  Cortes,  which  proved  the  chief  means  for  his 
condemnation;  and  now  every  ambition  was  crushed, 
even  the  lingering  ho])e  of  vengeance.  The  offer  of 
regaining  a  small  i)ortion  of  his  losses  by  appealing  to 
the  tribunals  seemed  irony.  In  sullen  mood  he  re- 
tii'cd  to  his  residence  stricken  by  grief  and  rage  which 
fast  consumed  him.  Once  more  he  rest)lved  to  make 
fresh  representations  to  the  sovereign,  and  in  1524  ho 

^^  Ci'diild,  Octohcr  ]."),  \')'?.'2,  in  Parhfro  and  Cdnlevafi,  CoL  /)'»•.,  xxvi.  (1(1. 
rifiiiuua  :<latcs  lluit  liolli  A'(.l;i;^(jiK'/  niul  l\iiisc'c;i  ■\\iio  roinovt'd  from  otiiri, 
tlion[;h  lu!  is  not  quite  clonr  .-ilMnit  llio  liittcr.  'Mndo  al  Ol'ispo.  .  .T\  no  cntin 
dii'sse  nius  on  ncu'oi'io.-i  (1(!  Cortes,  ni  do  Indias,  a  lo  <|iio  jiartxio.'  //}'<(.  .I/'.'., 
2,".7-S.  llerniil  I'iaz  alllrnia  tliis  nuirc  Ktrnnjj;ly.  ///W.  Wnlmh,  is;!,  and  i:i 
i'ofti'Hy  ]'(<la,  Ica-Jiiihria,  Col.  Dnr.,  i.  3,V2,  the  Msliop  is  allowed  to  retiri' 
voluntarily:  Imt  tlie  ease  ia  doiililFul,  Itemesal  deelarinn  that  liis  siiecessor, 
Louisa,  did  not  ussuinu  the  jjix'siutucy  till  August  '2,  15:J4.  Ilial,  (JhyaiM,  0. 


DEATH  OF  VELAZQUEZ. 


m 


r\i 


Vc- 
ound 
of 
really 
ftbvts 
or  h'i^ 
lied, 
Iter  of 
(V  to 
Be  re- 
^vlueh 
malvo 
24  lie 

cxvi.  <!<)• 
11  ofli>'>'. 

I)  Olltl'U- 

\f.  .V'..'., 
I,  nutl  ill 
lo  vctiii? 

(.■Ul'SSdV, 

i/apu,  '>•*• 


prepared  to  support  them  in  person,  but  death  inter- 
vened to  spare  him  from  further  ,disapi)ointnients.^ 
Xarvaez,  who  then  joined  Tapia  and  others  in  the  old 
charges  with  supplementary  complaints,  received  no 
satisfaction,  though  he  was  encouraged  by  the  varying 
course  of  his  rival's  fortune  to  mai^itain  the  suit  for 
some  time.** 

The  ambitious  Fonseca  was  even  more  deeply 
affected  than  his  protege  by  the  rebuke  of  Charles 
though  he  had  l)een  prepared  for  it  by  the  check  already 
administered  through  Adrian,  now  his  pontiff.  The 
presidency  of  the  India  Council  was  an  office  connected 
more  intimately  than  any  other  with  the  growth  of 
the  new  world  colonies.  Its  possessor,  indeed,  might 
readily  have  obtained  immortal  renown  as  father  or 
jtatron  of  America  by  promoting  its  exploration,  set- 
tlement, and  administration,  with  the  zeal  worthy  of 
a  bishop,  and  the  judgment  resulting  from  thirty 
years'  management  of  affairs.  Instead  of  this,  ever 
since  the  time  of  Columbus,  he  had  proved  an  obsta- 
cle to  advancement  through  his  partisanship  and  nar- 
row-mindedness. Columbus,  Las  Casas,  Cortes,  and 
other  transatlantic  lights  incurred  successively  his 
pronounced  hostility,  and  he  condescended  to  acts 
v.holly  unworthy  of  his  cloth,  as  if  jealous  of  fame 
that  would  obs(^ure  his  jwsition.  He  never  regained 
the  favor  by  which  he  had  rapidly  advanced  from  a 
dean  of  Seville,  through  several  prelacies,  to  the  dig- 

'■**  Orkdo,  i.  541.  'De  pesar  cayii  malo,  y  dende  a  pocos  mcscs  niuriri,'  saya 
Viomnl  ;  llht.  Virda'L,  IS".     His  lioirs  socin  to  liavc  iikkIo  no  rosoluto 

I'tlotts  U)  tecover  their  cloima  ngJiiiist  Cortes,  yet  in  l.'itU  liis  dcscenthint, 
WKizqncz  do  Bazan,  demanded  tlie  fulfihnent uf  the  oontrjiet  with  tlie  crown, 
t.i;intini];  liiin  and  his  heir  a  share  in  the  revenue  of  the  eonntrie.i  he  f-honld 
iliseover  and  conijuer.  In  l.'iS-l  ho  oflered  to  eonipioiniso  for  ii  reveiiiio  of 
l.i,(iU'.l  ducats,  an<l  a  hal)it  of  Santiago  for  his  .son.  ViUrjitie-.,  Miiii'^rhil.  in 
<'iA.  l>tic.  Iiii'd.,  iv.  2.'}2-8.  Puclxco  and  Cdrdeiioa,  Col.  Doc,  x.  SO-(i;  I'oiihk, 
ill  Mii:,u)ii(ido't,  Domhi.  h's/i.,  MS.,  04., 

^"  ][e  was  ironieally  told  to  liring  .\vila  from  his  Fremh  pii'^on  to  prove 
the  charge  that  he  had  Ptolen  liis  commission.  Jj(  riinl  Jiirr.,  //!■-'.  \'(i<l'id., 
\H\.  'J'hu  chiim  against  Oates  jireseuted  l>y  his  agent  (AI)allriR  sunie  yeai.s 
l.itir,  for  pr(,perty  lost  hy  him  and  his  followers  at  Cempoal.-',  amounted  to 
■'i!l'i,(t(K)  pesos  do  oro.  This  ineludeil  indemnity  for  his  long  imprisonment. 
]>niuiiidii  lie  Cvballos,  in  latzhakda,  Cul.  JJoc,  i.  437-44;  Vortex,  L'c.iidcitcid, 
i.  ST  ft  seij. 


AFFAIRS  OF  CORTl^S  IN  SPiUX. 


nity  of  bishop  of  Burgos,  with  still  higher  prospects 
before  him.^' 

The  conduct  and  measures  of  Cortes  were  gener- 
ally approved,  at  least  in  all  the  main  features,^'^  and 
the  conquerors  were  confirmed  in  the  possession  of 
the  cncomiendas  granted  them,  with  the  privilege 
of  occupying  prominent  scats  in  churches  and  other 
l)ublic  places.  In  a  special  cedula  of  October  15, 1522, 
the  emperor  expressed  to  the  leader  his  appreciation 
of  the  services  rendered  in  the  conquest  of  so  great  a 
territory,  and  of  the  steps  he  had  taken  inmieuiately 
on  returning  to  Spain  to  become  acquainted  there- 
with, through  his  reports  and  agents,  and  to  prevent 
his  enemies  from  creating  further  mischief.  He  com- 
mends to  his  loyal  zeal  and  experience  the  good  admin- 
istration of  the  country  and  the  care  and  conversion 
of  the  natives.  The  better  to  enable  him  to  carry 
out  this  measure  and  in  recognition  of  his  services, 
he  is  granted  the  offices  of  governor  and  captain - 
general  of  New  Spain,  with  full  power  to  appoint  de[)- 
uties  and  sub-officials  throughout  its  provinces,^^  and 
with  permission  to  exclude  any  objectionable  person 
from  the  country.     Cortes  was  further  gratified  by 

"  He  fell  sick  with  tlis,!^ust,  and  appears  to  have  died  during  the  following 
year.  ]lerr?ra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  xiv. ;  though  Irving  Bays  Xovcmber  4, 
Io,j4.  Columbus,  iii.  flJO.  liernal  Diazstates  that  his  troubles  wcro  iucrcascd 
by  differences  with  his  nephew  about  the  archbiolioprio  of  Santiago,  lll-i!. 
Vififad.,  187.  Already  archbi.shop  of  Ko.sano,  and  coniisario-gencral  do  la 
Cruzada,  he  might  readily  liavo  become  archbiiilio|)  of  Toledo.  Ccinara,  JJifil. 
Mcr.,  iJ.'lS-.  Soils  will  not  believe  all  the  charges  against  'uu  Varon  tan  vene- 
rable y  tan  graduado.'  JJist.  Mex.,  ii.  '273.  8ee  also  Jlist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  108, 
this  Mcrics. 

^'-  Unibria  and  Cilrdcnas,  who  had  suffered  amputation  of  the  feet  for  aid- 
ing in  a  Velazquezan  revolt,  were  given  enconiicndas  'que  renten  a  eada  vno 
mil  jiesos  de  oro.'  Ikrnal  Dinz,  loc.  cit.  These  and  a  few  other  indirect  re- 
bid<('i  were  the  only  cxception.s. 

^^  This  commission,  bearing  the  same  date  as  the  ctidula,  alludes  to  the 
new  eounlry  as  'Aculuacan  and  S:in  Xo:;n  de  Olua,  llamada  la  Xucva  E.spafia,' 
a  name  conferred  in  acco'-danco  with  Cortes'  rccpicst.  lie  is  to  be  'royal  judge, 
governor,  justice,  and  captain-general,  without  predjudico  to  any  privilege 
l;eld  or  claimed  by  Adelantado  Vclaxcpiez.'  rrom  which  it  appjara  that  the 
latter  still  possessed  the  right  to  discover  and  settle  hinds,  or  more  piobably 
ii.lands,  adjuiniug  Xew  Spain,  for  inotancc  Yucatan,  which  is  not  iuchided  in 
t'lo  above  ei'dula.  Sec  Af(7«voaiaUV'r('t',v«.s',  Col.  Doc,  xxvi.  09-70.  Goniai.i 
V  rongly  adds  the  title  of  adclautado,  which  was  proposed  for  him  only  in 
\o'lo.     Bcrnal  Diaz  misleads  several  in  givhig  a  wrong  date.     Tiic  salary 


m 


to  tlio 

!si)iiiia,' 

.  jmlge, 

liviU'go 

Ihiit  llio 

lobivlily 

hUhI  ill 

Lioiiuii.i 

foiily  ill 

salary 


FERDINAND  TO  CORTfiS. 


9^ 


a  letter  from  Fertlinand,  tlic  brother  of  Cliarlcs  and 
ic-i-ent  of  Geriiiaiiv,  who  lauded  his  achiuvciiicnts 
and  assured  him  of  his  good-will.^* 

nssicnod  nmonnted  to  a  little  over  300,000  mnravcflfs,  while  the  roj'al  officials 
iil)iM)iiiU'il  ■\t  tiie  saiiu!  time  received  510,000.  Cortea  eomiilaiiied  of  tiiis 
i]HM|uality,  and  by  cfdiila  of  Noveniher  4,  liVi."),  he  is  told  that  steps  will  l)u 
taken  to  satisfy  hini.  Cot.  Doc.  Ined.,  i.  99-100,  lOli;  J'izarro  y  Orellitna, 
I'atDin'fi  IlcKfn.s,  UVJ  ;  Coiits,  ('(irf(u<,  ii'CtS-d. 

"This  was  in  answer  to  a  letter  accompanied  by  presents  from  Cortc^s. 
Jli  nial  Piaz,  Hhl.  Verda/l.,  IbO,  Tlic  general  bad  evidently  made  wide-spread 
uU'orts  to  curry  favor  with  the  court. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

CORTES  AND  GARAY  IN  P^lNUCO. 

15-22-1523. 

Rivalry  for  PAnuco — Cort#.s  Hastens  to  Occrrv  I T'-Battle  at  Ayotocii- 

TITLAN — OpERATIO.VS  AT  ClHLA — NATIVE  TaCTICS — FoUNDINd  OF  SaV 
EsTEVAN  DEL  PrEUTO — A  SlIII'WUECK  I.NCIIJENT — DlSAIM'OINTINc;  llK- 
SULTS — CaMI'AI(;N  IN   TUTUTEVEC   MOUNTAINS— RlOJOIClNGS  ON   TIIK    Kk- 

CEii'T  OF  CoiiTEs'  Commission — Ai.LruiNO  Projects  for  SorTiiEUN 
CoNQi'Ksis — Staktlinu  News — Oaray  Prepares  to  Descend  on  Pa- 
Ncco — His  Lack  of  Ap.ility  and  Firmness — March  from  Las  Pal- 
mas — Negotiations  with  Vallejo. 


NoiiTH  of  Villa  Ilica  extended  the  fertile  province 
of  Punuco,  KG  culled  after  the  ruling  chief/  whoso 
villuLies  bordered  the  deep-flowiuLf  rivers  that  .seek 
the  «ea  at  the  present  Tanipico.  It  was  skirted  on 
the  east  by  woody  ranges  i'roni  which  a  number  of 
streams  r.'Ui  down  the  undulating  slojics  to  a  flat  and 
sandy  seaboard  broken  by  a  series  of  lagoons.  While 
the  shore-line  was  unhealthy  and  thinly  inhabited,  the 
interior  was  salubrious,  and  rumor  placed  there  rich 
mines  of  gold.  To  Unci  this  gold  had  been  tlie  chief 
iiulucement  for  the  expeditions  of  Garay,  and  tlie 
hostility  of  the  natives,  together  with  a  few  thou- 
sand pesos  obtained  by  barter,  had  only  served  to 
confirm  the  rumor. 

The  revelation  that  others  were  intent  on  establish- 
ing an  independent  government  so  close  to  his  own, 
had  been  a  source  of  anxiety  to  Cortes  ever  since  the 
encounter  with  Pineda   in   August    1519."     He  ac- 

'  'Ctiyo  rey  so  llamaim  Panuco.'  Gomura,  Hist.  Jfcx.,  C7.  The  province 
was  known  to  the  Mexicuiis  as  Pautlau  or  Pauotlau.  Suhcujun,  Hid.  (Jen.,  iii. 
132. 

'See  Jliit  Mex.,  i.  ISO,  this  series.  (M) 


occur ATION  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 


» 


cordingly  liastoiicd  to  iiif(jnn  the  \i'\n^  that  the 
natives  of  Piiuuco  had  ah'eady  .subiiiittetl  to  him;  and 
lie  intimated  alterward  that  it  would  bo  not  onlydan- 
yirous  I'or  a  Htran<^e  cxpechtion  to  enter  the  country, 
hut  injurious  to  the  royal  interest  there  and  in  the 
settled  districts  to  the  south.''  The  claim  of  submis- 
sion was  based  on  the  allegiance  tendered  by  some 
towns  near  Almeria,  whicii  by  way  of  diplomacy  he 
made  extend  indelinitely  beyond.  TJio  reverses  at 
]\[exico,  and  the  subse(|uent  siege,  called  attention 
away  from  outlyino-  jirovinces,  but  after  the  subjuga- 
tion of  Anahuac  Cortes  took  up  the  matter,  although 
lie  was  prevented  from  prosecuting  it  by  the  arrival  of 
laj)ia.* 

►Soon  after  came  news  from  the  Islands  that  a  fresh 
expedition,  promoted  to  some  extent  by  the  admiral 
of  tlie  Indies,  was  preparing  to  occupy  Panuco.  This 
was  conlirmed  by  a  letter  from  Garay  himself,  who 
aimounced  that  the  sovereign  had  appointed  him  gov- 
ernor of  that  district,  and  that  he  would  at  once  enter 
into  possession.  Cortes  had  already  made  extensive 
])iej)arations  to  antiei[)ate  his  rival,  and  Avas  not  to  bo 
held  back  from  a  prize  now  more  alluring  than  ever,  and 
that  l)y  the  mere  indication  of  cedulas  whicli  he  had  so 
well  learned  to  circumvent. 

The  question  here  involved  was  similar"  to  that 
of  Narvaez  and  Tapia.  The  descent  of  an  armed 
i'ltiee  so  near  to  Mexico  would  encourage  the  natives 
to  fresh  revolts  which  might  involve  the  loss  of 
the  entire  country,  and  the  slaughter  of  every 
Sptuiiard.  His  duty  to  sovereiun  and  comrades  de- 
niaiided  that  he  should  prevent  such  disasters,  and  he 
was  also  bound  to  protect  from  other  invaders  a  prov- 
ince which  had  already  submitted  to  him.     Indeetl, 

*  Ucnial  1  )iiii'.  status  that  lie  diil  send  sonic  men  to  settle  near  Paimco  Itivcr 
so  as  to  yi-eveut  ( jiiiay  f lom  taking  possession,  IJi.it.  I'tnkul.,  100,  but  this 
is  (loiilittul. 

Tlic!  it'dnla  issued  in  ]."21  is  to  be  found  in  Xavnrrete,  Col.  dc  Viarirn,  iii. 
147.  Instiuctionseonnei'ted  with  it,  suchaa  the  settling  of  a  boundary,  upiiear 
tu  liave  been  brought  by  iJono  de  (juejo. 


00 


CORT]^:S  AND  GARAY  IN  PANUCO. 


tlic  natives  had  sent  to  implore  liim  for  protection 
both  a'-'ainst  .strani^ers  and  adjoininij  liostlle  tril)es." 
An  additional  reason  for  oecui^ying  tlie  province  was 
the  necessity  for  New  Spain  proper  to  control  so  ex- 
cellent a  country/ 

The  inii)()rtanco  of  the  project  demanded  that  Cortes 
should  undertake  it  in  })erson,  the  more  so  since  his 
leadini^  captains  were  occupied  elsewhere.  He  accord- 
ingly left  Diego  de  Soto  in  charge  at  Mexico,  with 
instructions  for  continuing  the  rebuilding,  and  set  out 
with  one  hundred  and  t\v  uty  horse,  three  hundred 
foot-soldiers,  a  few  field-pieces,  and  some  Ibrty  thou- 
sand Indians  from  different  quarters/^  A  fair  propor- 
tion of  the  latter  were  chosen  Aztec  warriors,  whom 
lie  thought  it  prudent  to  keep  under  his  own  im- 
mediate control,  rather  than  expose  the  cajjital  to 
the  danger  of  a  fresh  conspiracy.  The  quality  of  the 
allegiance  accorded  to  the  Iluastecs,"  as  the  Paniico 

"rSernal  Di  a  %  con  firms  this,  and  adds  that  tlio  frrcator  part  of  the  provinco 
had  risen  an<l  Icillcd  the  men  sent  hy  ('ortea.  JIM.  Vcnluil.,  101.  He  evi- 
dently cinrouuds  the  time  and  men  with  previous  oeciirrencos,  for  Cortis 
woidi'l  not  have  failed  to  use  a  slangliterof  his  own  men  as  anari.'nment.  If(; 
states  tliat  the  people  of  IVmuco  eame  to  exeiise  themselves  for  killing  Garay's 
men,  and  later  tlie  erew  of  a  vessel,  on  the  ground  tliat  they  were  not  his 
adherents.  Curtnn,  2SI-'i.  The  petition  eame  prohahly  from  the  Alnieiia 
region,  whieli  he  eliose  to  call  I'anuecj,  for  on  a  previous  page  he  writes  some- 
what eontradiitorily  that  the  IVuinoo  tribes  who  liad  forineily  tendered  alle- 
giance were  now  warring  on  vassals  of  tlie  crown.   /(/.,  '2{')',i. 

'  '  Monia  lo  tahien  desseo  de  vengar  loa  ivspauoles  de  Francisco  de  Garay 
q  alii  matara,'  adds  (^imara.    ffisf.  ^fi.r.,  '2-2-2. 

'^Cartas,  •2S2.  One  hundred  and  thirty  horse,  2.">0foot,  and  10,000  Indians. 
licrunl  D'idz,  Il'ixt.  Vcnlad.,  101.  He  never  allows  more  than  a  limited  num- 
ber of  natives,  desirous  as  he  is  to  assume  as  much  credit  for  Spaniards  as  lie 
possibly  can.  A  part  of  the  force  was  recruited  from  Aillon's  unfortiniate 
expedition  to  Florida.  Ilerrera  reduces  the  horsemen  to  SO,  but  Gomaia 
increases  them  to  loO;  and  Ixtlilxueliitl  follows  liliu  as  usual,  tliongh  lu' 
assumes  the  auxiliaries  to  be  eonijioscd  w  holly  of  Acolliuas  and  Jlexiean-;. 
There  must  have  lieen  a  large  number  of  Tlascaltecs,  Totonaes,  and  others. 
The  town  of  Xochimileo  elahna  to  have  furni^ihed  TjOO  warriors  and  large  sup- 
plies. Those  who  survived  this  ex[icdition  jierished  under  Alvarado  iu 
Guatemala.  Carta,  in  Pachico  and  dlrdina^.  Col.  Due,  xiii.  '20 1.  Zamaeois, 
Hint.  JIiJ.,  iv.  101,  assumes  that  the  incorporation  of  so  large  a  force  of  A.^tces 
was  a  proof  of  growing  conlidenec  in  them,  but  the  truth  is  that  the  select 
warriorti  were  taken  away  because  they  could  not  be  trusted,  especially  aftrr 
the  recent  conspiracy.  Two  years  later  the  same  preeaution  was  observed, 
even  so  far  as  to  take  away  on  a  long  journey  their  princes,  who  actually 
proved  a  burden  from  the  constant  watching  and  eaic  (himanded  by  them. 

"The  Huastecs  occupied  a  large  stretcli  of  territoiy,  but  afteruards  tluir 
province  was  limited  on  the  north-east  by  Tanipico.    Sec  JS'ativc  liacen,  i.  047. 


WAIt  ON  THE  IIUASTECS. 


97 


|)(M)|)1(!  wcro  |>io|)t.'rly  called,  was  demonstrated  iinine- 
(liati'ly  on  approuehin*^  their  territory.  Demands  Tor 
])eaeei'ul  sul)missi(^n  were  met  l)y  jeers,  and  at  Ayot- 
oclitithm'"  a  lari^e  I'oroe  of  warriors  eame  to  the  attack 
w  ith  Iieedless  conlidence.  Unfortunately  for  them  the 
L;ronnd  was  advanta<?eous  for  the  cavahy,  which  fell 
upon  them  with  an  irresistible  swei'j)  that  scuttei-ed 
the  host  in  confusion.  Swamps  and  forests  enabled 
them  to  rally,  however,  and  warned  by  misfortune 
they  presented  themselves  again  in  better  order,  so 
nuich  so  that  the  allied  tro()})s  found  it  no  easy  matter 
to  (•om])lete  the  rout.  Several  thousand  warriors  paid 
tlie  |)enalty  for  resisting  the  appeal  of  the  Christians, 
while  the  invaders  lost  three  soldiers,  several  liorstNs, 
and  a  large  number  of  allies,  without  counting  the 
wounded." 

The  lesson  proved  most  effective,  since  the  demand 
fur  sul)mission  with  the  })romise  of  pardon  and  good 
treatment,  extended  th»'ough  the  captive  caci(|ues,''' 
was  now  })romptly  responded  to,  though  the  acconi- 
j)anying  })rescnts  were  so  insignificant  as  to  dampen 
the  artlor  of  the  gold-seekers.  After  a  halt  of  three 
or  four  days  the  army^^  proceeded  to  Chila,  a  large 
village  on  the  Panuco  Iliver,  deserted  and  partly 
bullied,  five  leagues  from  the  sea,  where  (iaray's  force 
liad  suffered  disaster.  The  usual  demand,  uitli  offers 
of  pardon  for  past  offences,  was  sent  to  adjoining  dis- 
tricts, but  confident  in  the  strength  of  their  position 
on  rivers  and  lagoons,  the  inhabitants  scorned  the 
ap|)eal,  and  even  killed  the  messengers  together  with 

'"Tlio  present  Coscatlan,  says  Loreiizana,  25  leagues  from  Ptinuco  port. 
Curfr.i,  Jli.if.  A'.  J'JujKiiiit,  ;U'2. 

"  JJiMiial  Diaz  has  3  soldiers,  4  horses,  and  100  allies  killed,  with  .30  Span- 
iaiils  and  200  allies  wounded.  Tiie  Huastecs  numbered  (H),000.  Ho  ealls  the 
iMoniiter  two  battles.  Ixtlilxocliitl  increases  the  allied  loss  to  .5,000  and  the 
lluastec  to  15,000.  Herrera  mentions  only  50  Spaniards  antl  several  horses 
v..iuiidcd,  and  a  number  of  allies  killed;  ami  Cortt's  as  usual  refi-aiiis  from 
<Us;i'^reeable  details. 

'■  Accompanied  by  Father  Olmedo,  Marina,  and  Aguilar,  says  Ikmal  Diaz, 
///■</.  Wrdtul.,  101,  but  it  is  not  likely  that  persons  so  valuable  would  lie 
M  !it  to  doubtful  foes.  Those  who  ha<l  formerly  .submitted,  by  sending  envoys 
1 1  Mexico,  now  confirmed  the  allegiance,  sjiys  Cortils. 

"  Hcrnal  1  )iaz  states  that  only  half  the  anny  advanced,  after  a  week's  rest. 
IlUT.  Mex.,  Vol,,  II.    7 


08 


CORTES  AND  OARAY  IN  PANUCO. 


''v''i\ 


some  fora^'ers.  During  the  f()rtni<j[lit  required  to 
obtain  boats,  build  rafts,  and  make  other  preparations 
for  a  semi-naval  attack,  peaceful  overtures  were  re- 
newed in  the  hope  that  the  gentle  treatment  so  far 
observed  might  win  the  natives. 

Everything  being  ready,  advantage  was  taken  of  a 
dark  night  to  cross  the  river.  One  hundred  and  tifty 
chosen  soldiers,  one  third  mounted,  had  already  effected 


PAnuco. 

the  manoeuvre  wli  >  dawn  revealed  them  to  the  Ind- 
ians, who  had  all  lis  time  been  massed  to  prevent 
the  passage.  The}  immediately  attacked  the  invaders 
with  a  fierceness  heretofore  unsurpassed,  says  Cortes, 
killing  two  horses  at  the  first  onset,  and  inflicting 
other  damage.  The  soldiers  stood  their  ground,  how- 
ever, and,  reenforced  from  the  other  bank,  they  took 


i 


FUETHER  FIOHTINO. 


0!) 


t]i(>  offlnsivo  and  quickly  routed  the  natives/*  pursu- 
ing' them  with  great  .shiujj^hter.  Three  lea;LJfues  from 
(•ami)  ^^"^y  readied  a  deserted  village,  in  the  ten»i)l(! 
(pf  whieli  were  hung  in  gliastly  array  the  dressed 
skins  and  apparel  of  Garay's  slain  men.  Several 
cKuld  still  he  recognized  I)y  soldiers  who  had  known 
them,  and  who  now  with  deep  emotion  consigned  the 
remains  to  sanctified  graves. 

The  following  day  the  part\'  followed  the  hanks  of 
a  lao-oon,  and  near  sunset  reached  a  heautiful  villaijft^ 
apparently  deserted.  On  entering  the}'  were  sud- 
denly set  upon  by  an  and)uscaded  force,  though  so  pre- 
maturelv  as  to  enable  them  to  form.  This  was  most 
fortunate,  since  the  natives  attacked  with  great  reso- 
lution, and  fell  back  in  good  order  after  the-  repulse, 
throwing  themselves  into  a  ccmipact  circle  bristling 
with  i)ikes.  When  the  soldiers  charged  in  their  turn, 
a  hiiniling  shower  of  arrows  and  <larts  came  rattling 
against  them,  and  though  they  broke  the  ring,  the 
warriors  formed  anew,  the  front  line  kneeling.  This 
was  repeated  three  or  four  times.  "And  but  for  the 
stout  ai'mor  of  the  .soldiers,  I  believe  that  none  of  in 
would  have  escaped,"  says  the  general.  Observing 
the  unflinching  resolution  of  the  soldiers  and  the; 
havoc  repeatedly  inflicted,  the  rear  of  the  foe  began 
to  desert  by  swimming  across  a  river  which  entered 
tlH>  lagoon  just  beyond  the  village.  Cortes  was  too 
delighted  to  attempt  interference,  and  sought  rather 
to  accelerate  the  movement  into  a  general  flight. 
Thi'  warriors  gathered  on  the  opjwsite  bank,  while  tlu; 
tired  Spaniards  retreated  within  the  village  and  en- 
camped under  strong  guard,''  feasting  on  the  slain 
horses,  for  they  had  scarcely  any  supplies. 

'*  The  casiinlties  nccordinp  to  Bernal  Diaz  were  2  soldit-rs,  .'5  Iiorses,  find 
i!i.uiy  nllii's,  with  .SO  Spuniards  and  l."»  horsfs  wounded.  Chinialpaiu  is  nin(  Ii 
n\«\v  iiKiderate,  Ilixt.  Coiiq.,  ii.  9.3,  while  Ixtlibioehitl  claims  10,(KX)  woundnl 
iillics.  ('oi'ti'3  involuntarily  admits  heavy  losses  so  far  by  saying,  'eon  lias-.i 
ticiiita  de  eal)allo  que  me  queilaron.  .  .scgiii  todavia  mi  camino.'  Carfns,  '2W. 

'' I'it'innl  Diaz,  who  assumes  that  the  retiring  foe  was  jmrsued,  gives  t!:o 
luss  ;it  -J  horses  and  ii  men,  with  4  times  that  number  wounded.  Cortes  ad- 
iiiits  the  wounding  of  nearly  20  horses. 


if 
iiiii 


100 


CORTliS  AND  GARAY  IN  PANUCO. 


ih 


Proooediricf  on  their  way,  tlicy  passed  through  sev- 
eral tleserted  villages,  devoid  even  of  food,  though 
wine  was  found  in  the  eellars  and  declared  to  be 
delicious.  After  three  da3'S,  without  seeing  either 
natives  or  booty,  they  turned  back  to  Chila,  half 
.'starved.'"  Instructed  by  certain  natives,  Cortes  now 
.'■ent  a  strong  force  b}'^  night  in  another  direction, 
both  l)y  land  and  water,  and  surprised  a  large  village, 
iiiliicting  a  terrific  lesson.  The  wholly  unexpected 
attack,  the  strength  of  the  place,  and  the  severity  of 
the  punishment,  all  combined  to  convince  the  natives 
that  resistance  was  useless,  and  with  almost  one 
accord  they  came  to  submit,  the  whole  province  ten- 
deriuLi"  allegiance  within  three  weeks.  In  order  to 
assure  possession,  Cortes  founded  the  town  of  San 
Estevan  del  Puerto,  a  little  below  ^'hila,  on  a  lagoon 
coiniected  with  Rio  Panuco,  and  estauJished  a  nmnici- 
pality,  with  Pedro  de  Vallejo  as  his  lieutenant.  Tlie 
force  volunteerin<jf  to  remain  consisted  of  one  hundred 
and  thirty  men,  with  twenty-seven  horses,  and  a 
number  of  allies,^"  among  whom  the  province  was 
divided  in  re])artimientos.^'*  Their  comfort  and  sccur- 
itv  were  further  insured  by  the  arrival  of  a  small 
craft  from  Villa  Rica  with  stores. 

When  the  expedition  set  out  from  Mexico  a  larger 
vessel  had  been  sent  in  advance  with  supplies;  but 
she  foundered  at  sea  duriuij:  a  storm,  and  onlv  three 
men  managed  to  reach  the  shore,  clinging  to  some 
spars.  They  found  their  ])lace  of  refuge  a  sandy 
island,  containing  nothing  but  brackish  water  and  a 
kind  of  lig.  Fortunately  it  was  frequented  by  mana- 
tees, which  came  to  sleep  on  the  sand,  and  were  thus 


""' '  Kii  tixlo  estc  tiempo  entre  todos  no  Imbo  cincucnta  libras  do  pan.'  Tc/-- 
t('i<,  Carlds,  '2S.").  Messengers  were  ngaiii  sent  forth  to  suntinon  the  euciiiuis, 
who  replied  thiit  tliey  were  collecting  gold  and  other  pi'eseuta  ami  woiilil 
bring  tlieni  within  ii  few  dnys:  but  none  Ciune.  Ihrnal  iJiu:.  Hist.  Wrdwl., 
1()2. 

"  Including  a  part  of  the  Acolhua  warriors.  Lv/lilxorhill,  /{or.  Cnieldad<..<, 
»U. 

""Some  of  these  grants  are  dated  at  San  Estevan  May  1,  1.")'23.  C(i-"s 
C'iirtti,  in  I'lir/uco  and  Ctirtlviiun,  Co!.  Doc.,  vii.  UOS. 


IXFLUEXCE  OF  CORTES  OVER  THE  NATIVES. 


101 


1  sev- 

lOUgll 

to  bo 
citlier 
,  half 

;s  now 
sction, 
dlla*j;c, 
pectcd 
rity  oi' 
natives 
st  one 
ce  ten- 
rxlor  to 
of  San 

lagoon 
luuiiici- 
t.  Tlio 
luntli'od 
and  a 
ICC  was 
d  sccui- 

a  small 

la  larger 
ies;  but 
lly  three 
Ito  some 
ti  sandy 
ir  and  a 
ly  mana- 
;ro  thus 

I"  pan.'  Ti'i'- 

|»i!  oaci<Hi''^. 

anil  wiml'l 

Ml,  rtn/c'i 

yCrueldci'l'''' 


casilv  killed  for  food.  Firo  Vv'as  obtained  in*  the 
primitive  method  of  rubbing  together  two  [)ieces  of 
wood.  Finding  no  vessel  at  Piinueo,  Cortiis  had  sent 
instructions  to  Villa  Rica  to  despatch  the  above  crai't 
in  search  of  it,  and  so  the  three  sailors  were  rescued. 
The  vessel  and  a  small  boat  were  left  \vith  the  settlers 
to  maintain  communication.*^ 

The  expedition  was  most  disappointing,  for  hardly 
any  s])oils  wei'C  secured  to  satisfy  the  inordinate  hopes 
cntertainetl,  whi^o  the  expenses  amounted  to  (juite  a 
large  suni,  nails  and  horseshoes  costing  their  weight 
in  gold.""  Yet  the  outlay  was  not  in  vain,  so  I'ar  as 
Spanish  interests  in  general  were  concerned,  In"  a 
crew  wrecked  on  that  coast  not  long  after  es('a[)ed 
the  slaULlhter  to  which  thev  would  undoubtedlv  have 
been  exposed  had  the  province  not  been  subjugated, 
and  later  colonists  were  saved  the  cost  and  danger  of 
(.•()n(pieiing."* 

There  seems  to  liavc  been  good  reason  for  the  claim 
that  the  iuiluence  of  Cortes  was  necessary  to  main- 
tain the  con(piests  he  had  ellected,  and  that  his  sim])le 
pi-cscnce  answered  better  than  armies  to  control  the 
natives.  Of  this  an  illustration  was  oft'ered  at  this 
time.  His  absence  in  Piinuco  gave  rise  to  the  re[)ort 
in  some  quarters  that  lie  had  departed  for  Sjtain,  and 

'"' Uu  l)arc(»  y  un  cliincliorro. '  ('iirt''<,  (^artan,  2SG.  IJorniil  Diaz  :i(lil>i  tliat 
whtnCort  s  was  iil)(nu  to  leave,  a  eiiii-qjirai  y  was  rovealoil  among  the  tlino 
leailiiiL,'  villaL't's,  to  Icail  in  a  j^'eiu'val  revolt  a;,'ainit  tiii;  settlers  iis  soo:>  as  tlie 
general  sliould  have  left.  'I'iie  villaures  uci'e  i)iirne(l  as  a  waining.  /lint.  l'<  r- 
ildil.,  ht'2.  (ioniara  insinuates  that  this  burning  oeeurreil  iluring  tlio  eani- 
l>;ii;;ii,  it  seems,  in  i)unislnnent  for  the  attaek  on  Oarays  men.  /Ii4.  J/'.i\ , 
•J'.".'-;$. 

-'"  '  \'alian  los  elauos  a  peso  do  oro.  de  (iuin;^c  quilates,  y  cada  tpiatro  her- 
lii'luras,  y  eien  elauos,  costAua  einmienta  y  ([iiatro  Castellanos  do  laieu  oro,' 
iiiiil  tiie  horses  eost  l.oOU  to -,00(l  easteilanos.  llerrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  iii.  eap. 
x\iii.  '  The  cost  to  me  alone  was  ;{0,(KH)  pesos  do  oro,'  says  fortes,  'ami  as 
iMiuli  more  to  my  oomi)auions  fey  oullits  ami  supplies.'  <  'iirtrt!*,  '.280.  ]Jeru:il 
I'ia/  raises  the  amount  to  7t),(XH).  When  the  general  afterward  claimed  ii.'- 
iiiiliursement  fi'i'ni  the  crown,  th"  treasurj-  ollicials  objected  on  the  ground 
that  he  had  ineui  red  the  expense  merely  to  forestall  the  legally  appointed 
governor,   /list.   Vinl'vl.,  1(11,  Ki."). 

■'  This  applies  to  ( iaray's  expedition,  iiud  Cortea  Limtjelf  puiuta  out  the 
gain  to  the  emperor. 


102 


CORTES  AND  GARAY  IN  pAnUCO. 


the  troublesome  mountaineers  of  Tututepec,"  a  district 
between  Cempoala  and  Pdnuco,  took  advantage  of  his 
supposed  absence,  encouraged  also  by  false  infor- 
mation from  Huasteca.  Not  alone  did  they  rebel,  but 
they  made  a  raid  on  the  adjoining  peaceful  territory, 
burning  moie  than  twenty  villages.  Cortes  was  on 
the  wav  back  from  San  Estevan,  when  messenjjers 
fiom  the  ravaged  district  came  with  their  complaints. 
Both  time  and  proximity  favored  them,  and  the  gen- 
eral resolved  to  personally  inflict  a  lesson  that  should 
be  lasting.  It  was  no  easy  task,  however,  for  the 
march  led  mostly  across  rugged  mountains,  alternating 
with  narrow  defiles  and  dense  forests,  so  much  so  that 
a  number  of  horses  died  from  exhaustion.  The  line 
was  besides  ex[)osed  to  constant  assaults  on  flank  and 
rear  l)y  the  unencumbered  and  agile  foe,  which  on  one 
occasion  inflicted  quite  a  serious  blow  on  the  carriers' 
train,  and  escajjed  with  a  large  part  of  the  baggage. 
Nevertheless  the  persevering  Spaniards  achieved  their 
object,  and  ca[)tured  the  ruling  lord,  together  with  the 
general,  who  were  promptly  hanged  for  having  a  sec- 
ond time  broken  their  oaths  of  allegiance.  As  a  fur- 
ther warning  to  other  pro^'inces,  the  captured  natives 
were  enslaved  and  sold  at  auction  to  cover  the  cost  of 
the  horses  lost  during  the  campaign,  or  rather,  a  por- 
tion of  the  cost,  for  the  i)rocee<ls  of  the  sale  were  coni- 
})aratively  small. '-'^  The  lord's  brother  was  installed  as 
ruler,  and  the  expedition  turne.:\  homeward  by  way  of 
Villa  liica. 

Costly  as  had  been  the  campaign,  however,  both 
men  and  leader  were  to  receive  a  reward  v;hich  should 
forever  obliterate  their  Ixite  severe  troubles.  This 
came  in  the  form  of  the  commission  appointing  Cortes 

^''  Anothrr  Tututcpoc  existed  near  the  coast,  west  of  Telinantepec,  iim  I 
the  name  lias  also  heeii  applied  by  careless  clironiclers  to  Tochtepec,  or  Tux- 
tepee,  on  Papaloapau  Kiver,  creating  nnich  confusion. 

^'  Herrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  xviii.,  assumes  tliat  only  200  slaves  were 
snld,  while  'JO  horses  ]icrished.  CortC's  says  10  or  12  liorses.  Cartas,  27'.'. 
'  Imii  compensncion  religiosa  y  cristiana,  konibres  per  caballos !'  observes 
Bustamante.  C/iimalj>aiii,  Jlint.  Voiiq.,  ii.  05. 


CORTES  MADE  GOVERXOR. 


103 


•fovcrnor  and  captain-general.'*^  It  had  been  intrusted 
ijy  his  agents  in  Spain  to  Rodrigo  de  Paz  and  Fran- 
cisco de  las  Casas,  two  near  relatives  of  the  general, 
v\ho  hastened  on  their  way  in  the  fastest  vessel  they 
could  secure.  Nor  did  they  fail  to  touch  at  Santiago 
do  Cuba,"'  and  there  flaunt  in  the  face  of  Velazquez, 
with  great  fanfaronade,  the  decrees  which  crushed 
forever  his  aspirations  and  rendered  powerless  his 
sting.  Their  arrival  was  greeted  throughout  New 
Spain  with  wild  demonstrations  of  joy,  with  proces- 
sions, salvos,  and  prolonged  festivities.  And  rightly 
so;  for  the  cedulas  implied  the  culmination  of  years 
of  deferred  hopes,  of  victory  achieved  after  long  and 
^•:u•ied  struggle  for  all  that  w  as  worth  possessing.  The 
triumph  alone  was  soothing  to  these  adventurous 
spirits,  and  how  much  more  when  it  dispelled  the 
weighty  cloud  of  royal  displeasure,  removed  the  brand 
of  outlaws,  and  placed  them  before  the  world  as  ac- 
kiKtwledged  heroes,  assured  in  the  enjoyment  of  their 
lands,  their  slaves,  and  treasures,  and  looking  forward 
with  confident  exultation  to  fresh  conquests,  now 
more  resplendent  than  ever  with  prospective  gain  anil 
glory.'" 

Their  anticipations  were  now  not  based  on  flimsy 
rumor,  but  on  one  of  the  richest  presents  laid  at  the 
feet  of  Cortds  since  the  foil  of  Mexico.  It  was  brought 
by  an  imposing  embassy  of  one  hundred  persons,  from 
I  tatlan  and  Guatemala,  the  result  of  Alvarado's  dem- 
onstrations along  the  southern  sea  the  year  before, 
(lold-ware,  pearls,  rare  plumes,  and  choice  fabrics 
were  ofiered  in  token  of  the  friendship  tendered  by 

-'  lieniesnl  leaves  the  impression  that  tliia  had  called  Corti^s  to  Villa  Rica, 
on  the  way  from  Tutntepec  to  Mexico.  Jlixt.  Chijnpa,  3. 

■•'  In  May  1,V23,  saya  (.Jomara. 

'•'"  The  usual  reward  to  bearers  of  gootl  tidings  was  this  time  distributed 
\vitli  princely  liberality.  Paz  was  made  cliief  mayordomo  of  his  great  kins- 
iiimm;  (.'iisas  received  a  captiiiix-y,  to  which  was  soon  added  the  large  enco- 
niiiiida  of  Anguitlan,  and  tlio  ofKce  of  alcalde  mayor,  an  oflice  for  which  his 
iiliility  fitted  him.  IJotli  men  figure  quite  prominently  during  the  following 
yr.ii  s.  Their  voyage  companions  were  also  remembered,  and  the  captain  wlio 
IukI  laonght  them  across,  says  Benial  Diaz,  received  a  new  vessel,  so  tliat  lie 
ictiiini.d  quite  rich.  Hist,  lerdad,,  lb7. 


104 


CORTES  AND  GARAY  IN  PANUCO. 


i^i  1 


the  distant  inonarchs.  The  hearts  of  the  soldiers 
wanned  with  delight  as  they  belield  these  specimens 
of  wealth,  niaij^nified  tenfold  as  they  drank  with  covet- 
ous  souls  the  stories  of  the  attendant  Spanish  mes- 
sengers of  cities  and  palaces  surpassing  those  of  ]Mexic(> 
in  size  and  beauty.^'  The  experiences  in  Panuco  had 
alreatly  divested  the  unknown  north  of  its  main  al- 
lurement, and  now  it  was  wholly  eclipsed.  All  atten- 
tion turned  toward  the  pearl-lined  shores  bathed  i)y 
the  southern  sea,  to  the  mysterious  Quiche  kingdom, 
and  beyond  to  the  coast  of  Hibueras  where  gold  was 
so  abundant  that  fishermen  used  nuggets  for  sinkers. 
Cortes  had  additional  reasons  for  his  allurement  in 
the  absorbing  hope  of  discovering  the  much  sought 
strait,  which  might  possibly  be  found  even  in  the 
south  among  the  numerous  inlets  which  penetrated 
into  the  narrow  strip  of  land.  To  gain  this  and  other 
laurels  for  his  wreath  ho  must  hasten,  however,  for 
already  the  Spaniards  of  Panama  were  moving  north- 
ward and  might  forestall  him. 

Preparations  were  accordingly  made  to  carry  out 
both  aims,  by  two  directions,  along  the  north  and 
south  seas,  so  as  to  render  them  (juicker  and  surer  of 
attainment,  and  to  enable  the  ex[)cditions  not  only  to 
aid  each  other  in  their  pacifications,  but  to  present  a 
stronger  front  to  the  approaching  Spaniards  from  the 
south.  The  importance  of  the  enterprise  demanded 
the  best  military  talent.  The  choice  was  easily  made, 
however,  for  who  could  come  before  the  often  tried 
adherents  the  redoubtable  Alvarado,  second  only  to 
the  leader  himself,  the  impressive  Olid,  and  the  ad- 
mirable Sandoval,  all  able, brave,  zealous,  and  evidently 
devoted.  To  Alvaradi^  who  had  already  initiated  tlic 
conquest  in  the  direction  of  Guatemala,  fell  naturally 
its  continuation,  and  Olid,  as  next  in  age  and  standing 
of  the  ii'io,  had  the  best  claim  to  the  Hibueras  com- 
mand. The  distance  of  this  province,  and  the  uncer 
tainty  of  the  land  route,  made  it  advisable  that  Olid 

'^'  See  Hist,  Cent.  Am.,  i.  Q'2i  ct  seq.,  this  series. 


THE  JAMAICAX  GOVIT.NOR. 


m 


should  proceed  l)y  sea,  wliilc  the  other  party  advanced 
along  the  already  disclosed  path.  By  August  li)2ll 
l)oth  expeditions  were  ready,  Alvarado's  rendered  iin- 
nosint;  hy  a  considerable  force  of  cavalrv,  with  four 
tiel(l-])ieces,-^  the  more  needi'ul  in  view  of  re))orts  of 
hostile  movements  in  the  border  province  of  Soco- 
nusco.  Olid  was  less  thoroughly  equi[)pcd,  but  fund:; 
had  been  sent  to  Cuba  to  secure  the  needed  horses 
and  stores,  which  ho  would  there  take  on  Ijoard.'-'' 


Thus  stood  matters  when  a  messenger  from  San 
Estcvan  appeared  among  the  captains  at  ^[exico  with 
tlie  startling  intelligence  that  Adelantado  Garay  had 
arrived  there  with  a  larije  force  to  assert  his  claim 
as  governor  of  the  province.  While  tliis  was  most 
aggravating,  Cortes  congratulated  himself  on  not 
having  as  yet  despatched  the  expeditions.  After 
expending  so  much  money  and  labor  in  conquering 
IMnuco,  and  that  in  the  face  of  royal  orders,  he  had 
no  intention  of  abandoning  it,  especially  since  ho  per- 
ceiveil  behind  the  intruder  the  portly  fiu'ure  of  Velaz- 
(|uez,  and  the  meddling  admiral  of  the  Indies,  with 
the  prospect  of  never-ending  intrigues,  attended  by 
encroachments  and  probaljly  worse  troubles.  His 
fears  and  his  ambition  allowed  him  no  rest;  and 
hroken  in  health  as  he  was,  and  lame  in  one  arm 
through  a  fall  from  the  saddle,  he  resolved  to  lead  all 
the  prepared  forces  in  person  against  the  arrival,^'* 

(jtaray's  expeditions  to  the  north-western  gulf  coasts 
had  l)v  no  means  been  encouran'ing,  what  with  com- 
])anitively  meagre  results  from  barter  and  loss  of  men 
ill  encounters  with  the  natives."''*  The  gold  obtained 
was  nevertheless  regarded  as  a  specimen  of  riches 
which  must  be  CToat,  as  the  inhabitants  were  so  eager 

'•"■('orti's  cnunicratca  liis  force  as  80  horse  niiil  '200  foot.  Cnrtan,  '2Sfl-0<). 

•' The  purchii.scs  were  intrusted  to  Aloiiso  ile  Contreras.  Orkdo,  iii.  4.")!'; 
Gomnfii,  JJIxt.  J/cc,  'i-JO,  '-M.S. 

''"He  was  licdridden.  Corti'H,  Crirtn.-i,  201.  'Vii  bra^o,  quo  se  lo  qiieliri) 
en  vn  regozijo,  por  el  iiics  dc  Setiembre.'  lien  era,  dee,  iii.  lib.  v.  cup.  v. 
The  f:dl  iinist  have  oeciiiTcd  earlier  than  September. 

^'See  Hid.  Mtx.,  i.  181),  this  series. 


lOG 


CORTES  AND  GARAY  IX  PAXUCO. 


Hi' 


to  defend  thein.  Tliis  belief  was  confirmed  by  the 
magnified  treasures  which  Cortes  had  obtained  on 
the  adjoining  coast,  and  despatched  to  the  emperor, 
(jaray  had  therefore  hastened  to  ask  for  fresli  cddulas, 
whereby  he  should  be  empowered  to  approach  more 
closely  to  Anahuac,  the  evident  centre  of  wealth. 
With  the  aid  of  his  patron,  the  admiral,  and  other 
friends,  these  were  readily  obtained  from  the  regent 
Adrian,  permitting  him  to  colonize  the  {)r<)vince  of 
Amichel,  which  embraced  the  much  coveted  Panuco.''- 
The  fate  of  Narvaez  and  Tapia  had  not  failed  to  im- 
press the  adelantado  with  the  danger  of  treading  on 
the  corns  of  the  formidable  Cortes,^'  l)ut  if  he  enter- 
tained any  serious  fears,  tliey  were  dissipated  by  the 
arguments  of  Colon  and  Velazquez,  who  were  deeply 
interested  in  the  success  of  an  expedition  which  might 
pave  the  way  for  their  own  plans;  sufliciently  so  to 
j)rompt  even  assistance. 

Preparations  were  actively  pursued,  and  about  June 
24,  1523,^  Garay  set  sail  from  his  island  domain  of 
Jamaica  with  a  fleetof  eleven  vessels,  well  provided  with 
artillery,  and  carrying  nearly  six  hundred  soldiers,  one 
hundred  and  fifty  of  them  mounted,  ani  the  rest 
largely  composed  of  arquebusiers  and  archers.  Stores 
appear  to  have  been  provided  in  a  careless  manner,  or 
left  to  the  discretion  of  different  captains.^^    Touching 

'-'The  ci''iliila  is  dated  at  Burgos,  1521,  and  signed  by  the  cardinal  and 
adniirul.  Nnvarrete,  Vol.  tie  Viaijen,  iii.  147-53.  It  contains  the  usual  in- 
structions for  good  government  and  extension  of  the  faitli,  and  stipulates 
that  '  renartimientos  of  Indians  shall  under  no  consideration  bo  made,'  as 
tliia  has  been  the  cause  of  all  the  evil  in  Espaflola  and  other  parts.  Should 
his  reports  prevail  on  the  crown  to  extend  the  privilege  to  him,  after  the  con- 
dition of  the  country  is  known,  he  must  strictly  conform  to  regulations  for 
sucli  repartiinientos.  Instructions  like  these  amounted  to  nothing,  for  they 
were  always  evaded  with  more  or  less  assurance,  and  by  this  time  the  Piii;uco 
people  had  been  enslaved. 

"  In  reply  to  a  letter  announcing  the  projected  expedition  to  the  gulf 
coast,  Corto's  had  congratulated  him  and  tendered  his  services,  but  this  was 
not  supposed  to  be  sincere.  Indeed,  it  was  intimated  that  the  wily  conqueror 
rather  sought  to  induce  (iaray  to  come,  so  that  he  might  win  over  his  men, 
and  seize,  or  buy  for  a  trifle,  the  outfit.  Lucas,  in  Cort<is,  Hemlt'iicki,  i.  275-0. 
This  was  an  idle  rumor,  no  doubt,  but  it  illustrates  the  opinion  entertained 
of  Corti^s  and  ids  wiles. 

^' '  Dia  de  San  Johan,'  WTites  Oviedo.     June  26th,  says  Herrera. 

"'"  Garay  declares  1 1  vessels  '  uavios, '  though  the  phrase  is  peculiar,  and  may 


»' 


THE  GOVERNOR  OF  NEW  SPAIX. 


107 


the 

,    Oil 

jror. 

Lilas, 

iioro 

alth. 

)thcr 

!gcnt 

30  of 

32 

aco. - 

o  ini- 
icr  on 
}utcr- 
•3'  the 
loeply 
might 
SO  to 

t  June 
ain  of 
d  with 
rs,  one 
c  rest 
stores 
[ler,  or 
iching 

inal  ami 
iisiuil  in- 
Itipulati's 
fiade,'  iw 
Should 
I  the  cou- 
Itions  fur 
[for  thi-y 
.  riiuuco 

I  the  gidf 
1  this  wa.^ 
nnqueror 
Ilia  men, 
li.  27.')-<'>. 
Vcrtaini:il 

I  and  may 


at  Jagua  in  Cuba,  he  learned  of  Cortes'  entry  into 
IMmu'o  and  his  appointment  of  governor  in  New 
Sjiaiu.  Wliile  notifying  the  men  of  prospective  resist- 
ance, he  pointed  out  their  irresistible  strength,  and 
liis  own  rights,  and  encouraged  them  with  pro- 
s|)ective  rewards,  whereof  he  gave  a  foretaste  by 
iil)poiiiting  alcaldes  and  regidores  of  the  Villa  (raray- 
ana  to  be  Ibunded  in  the  new  region.^^  The  adelan- 
tado  was  a  well  meaning  man,  but  too  pliable  for  the 
scheming  adventurers  who  swarmed  to  the  Indies.  Of 
a  good  family,  he  sought  to  maintain  his  name  and  posi- 
tion  by  initiating  some  of  the  many  enterprises  which 
ilitted  through  the  brains  of  his  companions,  but  he 
lacked  l^jth  ability  and  character  to  direct  tliem,  and 
])ossessed  no  military  experience  with  which  to  impose 
u[»()n  the  swaggering  horde.  The  more  he  heard  of 
the  wiles  and  exploits  of  Cortes,  from  the  mouths 
of  victims  who  liaidly  cared  to  mention  their  defeat, 
the  less  confident  he  grew  in  his  project,  though  Vclaz- 
<|Ui'Z  did  all  he  could  to  encourage  him.  He  i-esolved 
to  seek  a  compromise  with  his  great  rival,  and  directed 
himself  to  Licentiate  Zuazo,  an  upright  and  highly 
n>))ected  judge,  who  had  been  sent  to  Cuba  by  the 
aiuhencia  of  Santo  Dominifo  to  take  the  residencia  of 
the  governor.     Though  unable  to  leave  Cuba  just  then, 


111'  interpreted  as  12. 


Tlie  word  navios  may  exclude  smaller  ciaft. 
p.. 


Hisofli- 
I  lis  (Icflare  '  about  (500  men.'  Proviiioii,  in  Pac/n'co  and  <  'I'lnli  iia-i,  Co/.  JJor., 
\xvi.  (17-103.  Lucas,  who  shared  in  tin;  expedition,  nicniions  1 1  vessels,  loO 
linrsc,  and  400  foot.  Cortes,  I'cskleucia,  i.  27.1.  CortOswrites  120  horse  and 
4i)0t'ii(it,  and  several  cannon.  CartdS,  2!)0.  This  is  supposed  to  bo  the  number 
wliirh  arrived  in  Ptlnuco,  reduced  by  losses.  <  lumara  spceilics  D  larger  vessels 
!iiiil  2  bri;,'antines,  850  Spaniards,  with  144  horses,  200  anpiebu.ses,  ."JOO  cross- 
liiiws,  a  few  Jamaican  natives,  and  an  aliuudance  of  stores  and  nierehandise. 
//(-■'.  .l/i  .1-.,  224.  An  exaggeration,  no  doubt,  though  the  men  are  increased  by 
the  I  Tews.  Xot  to  be  outdone,  IJernal  Diaz  enumerates  11  larger  vessel^,  2 
lMi;::iiitines<,  13()  cavalry,  840 infantry,  chictly  arquebusiers  and  archers.  Hint. 
I'' i-il'iil.,  lOS.  A  royal  cudula  based  on  a  report  from  the  audiencia  of  Es- 
jiiuiula  mentions  10  large  and  small  vessels,  GOO  men,  and  IjO  horses.  Pacheco 
luid  Cn-(l<na,t,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  497-8. 

^''  Whi're,  is  not  said.  It  was  probably  left  for  events  to  determine.  Pro- 
rivnn,  in  Pacheco  smACdrdi'mix,  Col.  Dor.,  xxvi.  115-10.  (iomara  places  this 
iiiiiiltnt  already  at  Jamaica,  saying  derisively,  '  Hizo  vn  pueblo  en  ayre  (pie 
Ihniin  daray.'  The  alcaldes  were  Alonao  de  Mendoza  and  Fernando  do 
FiL'ueroa,  and  the  regidores  Grouzalo  de  Ovallc,  Diego  de  Cifuentcs,  and  one 
Yiilagrau.  lliat.  Mex.,  224. 


lOS 


CORTES  AND  GARAY  IN  PANUCO. 


the  licentiate  promised  soon  to  undertake  the  mission."' 
As  an  additional  precaution  Garay  took  a  special 
oath  of  allegiance  from  the  men  to  uphold  his  cause, 
and  then  somewhat  relieved  he  resumed  the  vovaore. 
After  l)ein<i:  tossed  hy  a  storm,  he  entered  Ilio  de  las 
Palmas""*  on  St  James'  day,  July  25tli,  and  sent  Gon- 
zalo  do  Ocampo^'  to  ex[)lore.  Their  report  was  so 
unsatisfactory  that  the  soldiers  demanded  vocifer- 
ously to  be  led  to  Panuco/'  Unable  to  resist  the 
appeal,  and  not  particularly  captivated  by  the  country, 
he  landed  the  greater  part  of  the  force  and  proceeded 
southward,  keeping  close  to  the  shore,  while  Juan  de 
Grijalva  conducted  the  fleet  to  Rio  Panuco.  For 
two  or  three  days  thoy  floundered  through  a  swampy 
country,  and  crossing  a  wide  stream*'  in  some  shaky 
canoes,  they  reached  a  recently  deserted  village, 
wherein  an  abundance  of  provisions  rewarded  the 
toilers.  Some  Indians  who  had  been  at  the  Spanish 
settlements  were  brought  in,  and  conciliated  with 
presents  to  advance  and  reassure  the  natives.  On 
reaching  tlie  next  village,  however,  the  soldiers  began 
to  pillage,  I'egardlcss  of  appeals  from  the  leader. 
Either  intimidated  or  naturally  mild,  the  natives  re- 
mained to  serve  the  army  and  to  assist  it  onward. 
The  route  proved  so  bad  that  a  number  of  horses 


lib.  V.  cap.  V.  A  letter  from  Bouo  dc  Quejo,  insti- 
gated no  doubt  by  Cort(^'S,  assisted  not  a  little  to  frighten  the  addantado. 

''"Tlio  pvoscnt  Rio  la  Marina,  or  Santauder.  On  the  map  of  Fernando 
Colon,  1.V27,  Jja-'<  PulmuK :  Ribero,  1.V29,  ]l.  dc  Palmait ;  Munich  At/an,  \o'.'>'>, 
pahiian;  Agne.sc,  ir)40.  palmas;  Vaz  Dourado,  1571,  1!"  dc  P(dmus;  Hooil, 
1592,  li.  dc  Pdliiias;  Ogilby,  1071,  J'.  LWoiidido,  marked  near  the  head-waters, 
Cidinx  I'dchiiK  Ornco'f  S  John  L'lida;  Laet,  1G.S.3,  Ji.  dc  Palmun,  and  south, 
R  de  J\foiit(nihas;  .lefferys,  1770,  Pio  dc  l<t.'<  Palmas,  at  the  mouth  Enmotcs  L., 
tributary  Plodc/anA'asihi;  Kiepert,  \Ho'2,IiioI!apido,  or Tijlc-tid.''.  Car/oi/.  P(i'\ 
Coant,  MS.,  i.  002-3.  It  must  not  l)e  eonfounded  with  Rio  do  la  Palnia  in 
southern  Vera  Cruz,  as  a  careless  writer  appears  to  do  in  Soc.  Mex.  Oeo(j., 
Pole/ill,  2da  ('■p.,  i.  474. 

^"A  relative,  says  (4omara. 

*"A  dcclai.ition  in  Prorisioii,  ubi  sup.  103,  states  that  several  persons 
wished  him  to  settle  there,  but  ho  refused.  There  is  no  doubt  that  tlii' 
soldiers  objected  to  remain  in  a  region  devoid  both  of  gold  and  superinr 
culture,  so  that  Gar.ay  had  to  yield.  Uernal  Dia^  places  hfre  the  creation 
of  a  municipality,  and  the  renewal  of  allegiance. 

^'  Named  Montalto  from  its  source  in  the  high  mountains  five  leagues  oil'. 
Gomura,  Hist.  Mex.,  225.    This  is  evidently  the  Montanhus  of  Laet's  map. 


ATTITUDE  OF  VALLEJO. 


109 


lUSC, 

age. 

LS    so 

:^ifer- 
;  the 
ntry, 
jeded 
an  do 
For 

ampy 
shaky 
illage, 
d  the 
[)anish 
I  with 
8.     Ou 

began 
leader. 
;es  re- 

nvard. 

horses 

ejo,  insti- 
IntaJo. 
iFcrnau'l" 
[las,  15;').'>, 
\n;  Hood, 
|il-wateif'. 
\\i\  soutli, 

HtllOtl'S  />., 

|,-/o;/.  /'"'■■ 
Iralnia  iu 

ex.  Gi'O'j., 


kl  persons 

that  tlie 

suiK'vii'i' 

creation 


hagues  o 
It's  mai"*. 


perished,  and  the  incapacity  of  the  captains  increased 
the  danger.  At  one  wide  stream  the  horses,  arms, 
r.nd  hiiufufasie  were  transferred  and  left  ahiiost  unat- 
tended  on  one  bank  while  the  army  eami)ed  on  the 
other  I'or  the  night.  A  few  resolute  warriors  might 
have  killed  or  carried  off  the  whole  train,  and  on 
other  occasions  the  men  were  almost  wholly  at  their 
mercy. 

On  approaching  Ptlnuco,  where  rest  and  ])lenty  had 
been  looked  for,  Garay  found  the  villages  deserted  and 
bare  of  food,  due  chietly  to  alarm  at  tiie  approaching 
host  t»f  starvelings.  Informed  by  interpreters  that 
the  cause  was  Cortesian  raids,  he  sought  to  win  them 
back  by  promising  to  avenge  their  wrongs,  and  drive 
out  the  o]>pressors,  as  governor  of  that  country.*^ 
Tlie  announcement  might  have  been  left  unsaid,  for 
his  jamished  soldiers  were  already  spreading  in  dif- 
i'ereut  directions  under  impulse  of  hunger  and  greed. 
Little  they  found  to  appease  the  former,  while  for  the 
latter  nothing  ren)ained  after  the  carelul  yleaninLj  of 
the  other  ]>arty;  and  hearing  from  a  deserter  of  the 
glories  at  jMexico,  they  felt  prepared  for  any  change 
that  would  take  them  nearer  to  the  imperial  city.  If 
there  had  been  any  real  meaning  in  the  words  of 
(ilaray,  it  did  not  take  long  to  discover  the  difficulty 
of  enforcinuc  it  in  view  of  the  jn^rowing  insubordination. 
Xow  that  the  point  of  destination  was  reachetl  ho 
had  no  definite  idea  what  to  do  with  the  expedition 
fitted  out  at  such  trouble  and  ex[)ense;  nor  had  he 
tlie  resolution  to  carry  out  any  effective  })lan.  Why 
had  he  come? 

[Something  must  bo  done,  however,  and  Ocampo 
was  sent  to  confer  with  Vallejo,  the  lieutenant  at  San 
]']stevan,  and  announce  that  Garay  came  })rovided 
with  a  commission  to  settle  and  govern  the  province, 
as  adelantado.  Vallejo  received  the  envoy  with  great 
courtesy,  and  expressed  delight  at  the  prospect  of 

*'■  The  natives  were  urged  to  support  Garay  in  driving  away  the  retainers 
of  CortOs,   iVo(,v',s(0«,  ubi  8Up.,  1"J."»  ot  scq. 


no 


CORTlfeS  AND  GARAY  IN  PANUCO. 


11 


having  so  esteemed  a  company  for  neighbors.  He 
would  willingly  show  them  every  attention,  but  as 
for  recognizing  any  other  ruler  over  Pdnuco  than 
Cortes,  that  was  out  of  the  question,  since  the  latter 
had  not  only  conquered  it  at  great  exi)ense,  but  had 
received  the  appointment  of  governor.  Nevertheless 
he  would  write  to  his  chief  at  Mexico  for  instructions, 
and  forward  Garay's  letter  wherein  he  pr()[)()sed  a 
peaceable  arrangement,  to  avoid  losses  to  themselves 
and  the  sovereign.  Meanwhile  he  agreed  to  let  the  now- 
comers  quarter  themselves  in  some  of  the  villages  near 
San  Estdvan,  notably  Taculula  and  Nachapalan,  with 
the  injunction  not  to  harass  the  natives.  This  order 
was  not  respected,  chiefly  because  of  scanty  supplies; 
and  finding  that  no  military  precautions  were  observed 
at  the  camps,  the  settlers  at  San  Estevan  one  night 
j)ounced  upon  the  most  disorderly,  and  brought  two 
score  of  them  as  prisoners  to  the  fort.*'  The  feat  was 
not  dangerous,  for  the  precaution  had  been  taken  to 
extort  in  payment  for  food  nearly  all  the  amnmnition 
among  the  interlopers,  and  weapf^ns  and  otlier  effects 
were  rapidly  being  absorbed.  Garay  protested;  but, 
emboldened  by  the  change  of  aspect,  Vallejo  intimated 
that  unless  the  soldiers  were  kept  under  control  he 
should  order  him  to  leave  the  country. 

Meanwhile  the  long-delaved  fleet  arrived,  after 
having  been  exposed  to  heavy  north  gales  in  which 
four  out  of  the  eleven  vessels  were  lost."  Their  num- 
ber was  increased  soon  after  by  a  caravel  from  Cuba, 
with  a  number  of  the  retainers  of  Velazquez,  who 
allured  by  a  fancied  scent  of  spoils  came  to  seek  a 
share.  Learning  the  condition  of  affairs,  Grijalva  re- 
ijiained  at  anchor  near  the  mouth  of  the  river,  despite 
the  appeals  of  Vallejo,  who  objected  to  the  hostiiit}- 
thereby  implied,  and  even  threatened  him  with  the 
anger  of  his  chief 

*'  Inchuling  their  captain,  Alvarado.  Gomara,  Hist.  Mex. ,  225. 

**(!aray"8  (U'cliu\ation,  in  ProrUion,  ubi  sup.,  97.  Yet  the  sontence  ni;\v 
l)e  understood  to  say  tlmt  one  of  the  four  was  lost  in  the  river.  Bernal  Dia.: 
allows  only  two  to  be  wrecked. 


lie  i 

IVS 

hail 

tter 

had 

Acss 

ons, 

n\  a 

jlves 

ncw- 

uoar 

witli 

order 

plies ; 

orvod 

night 

±  two 

it  was 

ken  to 

nition 

ifects 
but, 

mated 

ol  he 

after 
which 
num- 
ICuba, 
,  who 
fccek  a 
Iva  re- 
lespite 
Istihty 
Ih  the 


knee  nu'V 


CHAPTER  VII. 

THE   PAnUCO   affair   AND   ITS   SEQUEL. 
1523-1524. 

AxvAEADO  Appears  upon  tuk  Sce.ne— Naval  Strategy— Double  Deal- 
iNcis — How  CoRTis  Settled  the  Ajtair — Garay's  Shudkn  Death — 
General  Uprising  ik  Pam'co — Massacres — Desperate  Kkforts  ok 
the  Seitlers — Sandoval  to  the  Rescce — His  Rche  at  the  Pass — 
Terrible  Retaliation— Burning  of  the  Patriots— Garayan  Con- 
si'iuAcv — An  Estimable  Judge — His  Shipwreck  and  Isl.\nd  Life — 
Alvarado  and  Olid  Depart  for  Southern  CoNQrESTs — Marin's 
Campaign  in  Chiapas,  anu  Rangel's  Entry  into  Zapotecapan. 

Tuk  first  step  of  Cortds  on  learning  of  Garay's 
arrival  had  been  to  despatch  Alvarado  in  advance 
with  all  the  forces  ready  for  the  Guatemalan  cani- 
]);iigii.  He  himself  prepared  to  follow  with  additional 
tr()()})s,  and  had  already  sent  his  equipage  to  the  first 
camp  beyond  Mexico,  when,  on  September  2d,  a  mes- 
senger^ arrived  with  despatches  from  Si)ain,  including 
a  royal  cedula  forbidding  Garay  to  interfere  in  any 
district  conquered  or  hekl  by  Cortt^s.^  This  document 
made  his  presence  in  Pdnuco  unnecessary,  and  he 
gladly  availed  himself  of  his  good  fortune  to  escape 
from  the  hardships  of  a  march  which  might  prove  fatal 

'  Goniftra  supposes  the  messengers  to  be  Paz  and  Casas,  but  he  is  evidently 
wnmg.  llerrera  differs  in  severnl  £)oint8  from  Corti^'s,  partly  through  misin- 
ti'iiuctation;  and  Cavo  blunders  repeatedly.   Tres  Siijlon,  i.  25  et  seij. 

-It  was  dated  April  24,  152.S,  and  based  on  the  representations  of  Cortes 
iiiiicriiiiug  the  danger  of  outside  interference  in  provinces  already  8ubdue<l 
tiy  liim,  as  instanced  by  the  revolts  which  followed  the  meddling  of  Narvae:; 
iiiiil  'i'apia.  The  sovereign  desired  Cortt^s  to  be  unembarrassed  in  the  goveni- 
mint  till  the  crown  .diould  have  been  informed  of  the  condition  and  extent  of 
tlic  oduntry,  so  as  better  to  define  the  limits  for  other  governments.  The 
ilocuiueut  was  exhibited  at  Mexico  on  Sept.  3d. 

(Ill) 


112 


THE  PANUCO  AFFAIR  AND  ITS  SEQUKL. 


'ijl  |i 


:'lK      !  ■ 


! 


in  his  proHoiit  state  of  health.^  Dicj,^)  du  Ocampo 
was  accor(liiiL,'ly  sent  as  alcalde  mayor  to  rcprt'seiit  him 
ill  IMiUK'o,  su|)|»()rte(l  by  the  ccdula,  and  a  t'orcH;  undir 
command  of  Jiodiigo  Kan<(cl.  Ho  must  allow  no 
hostile  measures  on  the  part  of  either  Alvarado  oi- 
himself  till  the  peaceful  injunctions  of  the  cedula  had 
heeii  fully  exerted  and  information  sent  to  Cortes. 
Ovallc  did  not  overtake  Alvarado  till  he  approached 
Han  Estevau,  and  fouiul  him  escortiiu;  a  laryje  imm- 
her  of  prisoners.  It  aj)})ears  that  the  ca])tain  had 
been  implored  by  the  I'rontier  i)eople  of  Piinuco  to 
))rotect  them  af,^ainst  the  raids  of  Gonzalo  de  Ovallc, 
brother-in-law  of  Gaiay,  who  from  his  camp  at  (lua- 
zaltepec  was  raidin<;  the  countiy  at  the  head  of  u 
score  of  cavalry  and  other  i'oices.  Approachinjr  cau- 
tiously, he  manaj^ed  to  present  himself  before  tlic 
astonished  and  careless  Ovalle  in  a  manner  that  made 
it  difficult  foi'  him  either  to  escape  or  to  resist,  and 
since  Alvarado  possessed  also  the  advantage  oi" 
superior  force,  ho  agreed  to  surrender  his  arms  and 
horses.'* 

Encouraged  by  the  success  of  the  mancouvre  wit'i 
the  land  forces,  the  officers  of  Cortes  combined  to 
operate  against  the  shipping  under  the  probably  fabri- 
cated i)lea  that  Garay  had  at  last  resolved  to  take  up 
a  strong  position  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  and 
supported  l>y  the  vessels  to  defy  the  settlers.'^  Before 
dawn  one  morning  several  boats  with  muffled  oarsa])- 
proached  two  of  the  vessels  whi<  h  had  beeu  selected 
for  attack.  All  was  silent  on  b(Xii(l,  and  the  assailants 
gained  the  deck  before  the  jduriU  was  given.  With  a 
Viva  Cortes!  they  rushed  on  the  surprised  watch  aiul 

^  '  PoiTjuc  liiibia  sescnta  dias  ([ue  no  ilormia,  y  estaba  con  mucho  trabajo,  y 
;i  partiriue  A  ac^uullu  sazon  uo  habia  de  mi  vida  mucha  seguridad.'  C'orli^, 
Cartas,  L'Ol. 

♦  ( Jaray  protests  that  some  of  the  men  were  compelled  by  fear  or  want  to 
sell  their  horses.  The  party  was  living  peaceably  in  quarters  when  surpriscil. 
Provlxioii,  ubi  sup.,  88.  Many  were  disgusted  with  Ovalle  for  his  ready  sin- 
iL'ndcr,  and  Ovicilo,  iii.  450,  who  evidently  regards  one  I'arty  as  bad  as  the 
oi'r'I',  observes,  'no  paresciera  mal  alguna  e8caraniU9a  u  otrf)  medio.' 

*  So  aliirms  Liicas,  in  Cor/vs,  lifnidtncin,  i.  279-80,  leaving  the  imprcssii  ^a 
that  there  was  some  truth  in  the  report. 


OCAMrO'S  ACTION. 


tn 


liastciicil  to  tako  U})  positions  wliicli  roiidinvd  fiirtlier 
(ii-  iU'rctive  rt'sistiiiR'u  useless.  Indt'ctl  little  opposi- 
tiiiii  was  otrered,  owinj^  in  part  to  a  secret  arraiij^o- 
iiitiit  with  the  ca[)tains."  Alarmed  hy  tlu?  noise,  and 
suspecting,''  the  truth,  (irijalva  jirejjared  to  take  stejts 
i'or  ri'eai)turin,ijf  the  vessel.  When  A'allejo's  notary 
came  with  the  formal  demand  for  him  to  lea\e  the 
river  or  to  anchor  under  the  fort,  ho  sternly  I'ejectecl 
tlie  l;iv<>ral)lc  propositions  made,  and  signalled  to  his 
consorts  to  o[)en  tii'O  on  the  captured  vessels,  he  him- 
self si'ttini^  the  example."  Nothing  daunted,  the  res- 
olute A'allejo  made  conspicuous  jire[)arati(ms  for  de- 
ji ■nc(\  probably  in  a  great  measure  for  eflect.  Whether 
ri  a!  or  not  they  succeeded,  for  abandoned  by  the  land 
foices,  and  tired  of  waiting  for  further  di'Velopnients, 
with  vessels  rapidly  decaying  under  the  attack  of 
Avorins,  tlie  captains  all  refused  to  expose  themselves 
in  needless  danger.  Grijalva  could  do  nothing  alone, 
aii<l  so  after  a  brief  conference  he  yielded,'^  <^>'dy  to  1)0 
made  a  [)risoner,  together  with  a  nuuiber  of  his  offi- 
cers aiitl  crew,  whom  Alvarado  replaced  with  trusty 
men. 

( )campo  now^  stepped  in  to  play  his  part.  With  an 
air  of  magnanimous  consideration  he  ordered  nearly 
all  of  the  prisoners  to  be  set  at  liberty.''  He  there- 
upon declared  himself  ready  to  extend  every  aid  to 

''('astromocho  and  ilartin  do  San  Juan,  according  to  ('(jrti's.  Saluzar 
viitts  .Iiuni  do  Lcpusciiano  and  Torro  Moclio.  7//W.  Caiiq.,  lOS.  '.Vs  wortliy 
of  luiiig  callcil  good  mutineers  as  Ovallc  of  nceivini;  the  tenn  captain,'  says 
Ovicdo,  Nearly  all  the  authorities  follow  the  diplomatic  version  of  (.'i.irtcs 
that  those  eupUiins  voluntarily  surrendered,  either  by  persuasion,  or  intiici- 
datiil  liy  tlio  iornial  notilications  issued.  Lucas  speaks  on  the  other  liand  of 
a  treacherous  capture,  attended  by  pillaj^e;  but  he  takes  an  extreme  view, 
Uliil  dooi  not  perhaps  believe  in  the  perlidy  of  the  captains. 

"A  number  of  shots  being  lired.  JJeniat  Dinz,  Hist.  Wrdml.,  170. 

*"  Jlcrrera  a.ssunies  that  Ocanipo  arrived  in  the  midst  of  this  excit'juient,  and 
exliiliited  the  royal  c(5dula,  'whereupon  Grijalva  followed  the  other  shijis  into 
tile  harbor,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  vi.  Cortes  is  contradictory  about  the  date  of 
tlie  occurrence,  whether  before  Ocampo's  amval  or  after;  but  a  statement  iu 
Prorislon,  loc.  cit.,  coufirnis  Bcmul  Diaz  in  giving  Alvarado  at  least  a  sharo 
in  the  capture. 

'With  restoration  of  all  effects,  writes  Corti5s,  who  naturally  seeks  to 
place  his  acts  in  the  best  light,  Cartas,  '294-5;  but  the  follower.s  of  Cortos 
iuiuiaL:ed  nevertheless  to  retain  the  best  and  largest  portion  of  their  arms  and 
belongings. 

nuT.  Msx..  Vol.  II.    8 


I 


114 


TTTE  PANTCO  AFFAIR  AND  ITS  SEQUEL. 


tho  expedition,  but  as  tlic  province  pertained  to  Cor- 
tes, ;i  ]ar!'"e  force  of  urnu!(l  straiiLi'ds  could  not  l)e 
permitted  to  remain,  as  this  would  prejudice  both 
settlers  and  natives  and  create  trouble.  They  must 
leav(\  Almost  sick  with  chagrin  at  this  succession 
of  nuHliaps,  (jraray  met  the  alcalde  mayor  at  Chiacha- 
cata,  near  San  Kstevan,  in  the  beirinninu'  of  October, 
thei'e  to  arranii'e  terms,  lie  recognized  the  riii'hts 
conferred  on  Cortes  by  the  royal  cedula,  and  agreed 
to  leave  the  province  for  Rio  de  las  Plumas  or  ad- 
joining regions.^"  In  order  to  do  so,  however,  his 
shiijs  and  men  must  be  restored,  with  their  outfit  and 
belongings,  and  sup[)lies  were  also  recpiired.  Tliis 
seemed  reasonable,  and  Ocanipo  hastened  to  issue  a 
proclamation  enjoining  all  members  of  Garay's  expe- 
dition, under  heavy  penalties  of  lash  and  line,  to  as- 
semble at  Tacalula,  and  there  place  themselves  at  the 
disposal  of  the  connnander;  all  ca})tnred  men  and 
efi'eets  were  to  l)e  restored,  and  the  natives  instructed 
to  bring  in  supplies.^^ 

All  this  \v;is  a  farce,  for  the  men  of  Cortes  did  not 
intend  to  lose  for  their  chief  so  valuable  an  acfpiisi- 
tiou  of  men  and  vessels,  or  to  surrender  the  arms, 
horses,  and  other  efi'eets  obtained.  The  poor  })ros- 
pects  of  receiving  pay  for  the  required  su[)plies  was 
anotlun-  objection,  but  the  strongest  lay  with  tlie 
members  themselves,  who  instigated  l)y  tho  settlers, 
and  allurt>d  by  the  tales  and  s[iecimens  of  wealth  in 
JNTcKieo;  by  the  fame  of  Cortes  as  a  great  and  gen- 
erous leader;  and  by  the  projected  exjieditions  to  tlitt 
gilded  regions  Honduras  and  Guatemala,  were  almost 

'Tio  ilcl  Esplritii  Santo  w.is  aiunnr;  tlio  points  sup;,r;cstc<l.  On  an  old  iiuip 
relativo  to(laiiiy".s  oxix'dition  tliin  river  is  placud  iioar  the  K.sjiiritu  Santo  Ym)' 
in  'IVxas.   < 'oL'ciiioii  i;/' J/c'.  Mapn,  N°- 10. 

"TI:o  iiccc'snaiy  suhtcnanto  to  lie  given  free  of  charge,  under  ])onalty  "f 
2.000  peso:!  do  oro  for  any  opiiosition  on  tho  jiart  of  tho  .settlors.  Tlio  latti  r 
mnst  al:  ii  ri  slore  any  amis  and  liurses  lionglit  fioni  tiio  i^xiiedition,  on  'ri- 
ei  ivin;,'  I  aik"  tlio  nu.ni'V  paid.  'I'lie  pi'iialty  for  nioiuliors  who  refused  to  y'\\\ 
their  Kin.nir.nder  was  eonliseation  of  ill'oots,  or  "JOO  ]iesos  do  oro  line  for 
jiehhnien,  and  100  lashes  for  eoinmon  perbons.  See /'/'orMfo^,  in  J'w/f  o 
and  Canlciut.'!,  Col.  Dec,  .\.\vi.  7S,  1)2  et  sei^ 


GARAY  rnOCEEDS  TO  MEXICO. 


ii: 


iinajiimoiisly  opposed  to  follow  the  inefficient  Gamy 
t:)  the  wild  iiOitli  lands.  !Many,  indeed,  had  already 
wandered  away  to  Mexico,  regardless  of  tlie  hostile 
tribes  on  the  way,  and  others  oidy  waited  their  time 
to  do  likewise,  hiding  meanwhile  in  the  forests  hy 
day,  and  seeking  by  night  the  sheltering  houses  and 
camps  of  the  army  of  Corte's.  Garay  issued  appeals 
to  his  men,  with  abundant  [)romises,  and,  nothing  avail- 
ing, he  turned  for  assistance  to  Ocampo.  After  his 
iiiiuiy  protestations,  the  latter  felt  obliged  to  do  some- 
thing, and  his  lieutenant  was  instructed  to  scour  the 
district  for  fugitives.  At  the  same  time  he  renewed 
tlio  demand  for  Garay 's  departure,  under  penalty  of 
confiscation.^'  The  result  of  the  measure  was  the 
seizure  of  a  certain  number  of  men,  chietly  of  tlie 
A\ln;cqucz  party,  and  uncongenial  persons,  who  came 
forth  in  a  formal  protest.  Garay  was  wholly  unfit  to 
lead  any  expedition,  and  they  had  followed  him  so  fir 
under  misrepresentations.  It  was  certain,  however, 
tliat  Piinuco  was  their  proclaimed  destination,  and 
tlicy  were  not  bound  to  proceed  elsewhere,  the  more 
so  since  their  pay  had  not  i)een  forthcoming.  Tt)  de- 
]);ut  under  such  a  leader  into  an  unknown  wilderness, 
ill  rotten  vessels,  un[)rovided  with  anununition  and 
sui)i)lies,  could  (»nly  result  in  disaster,  and  they  \)i\'- 
IVricd  to  submit  to  any  punishment  rather  than  en- 
counter the  risk.^^ 

Ivecognizing  the  objections  cO  the  vessels,  he  pro- 
jiosod  to  go  by  land,  but  liiis  was  equally  objected 
ti),  and  perceiving  the  futility  of  further  efforts  in 
JMiiuco,  he  asked  permission  to  confer  personally 
with  Cortes  at  Mexico.  Ocampo  agreed,  insisting 
however  tliat  a  number  of  noted  adherents  of  Ve- 
lazquez   belonging   to    the    party    sln)uld    leave    the 


'-'Anil  pvon  'so  pon.'i  do  imicrtc,' yet  Oonnipo  aiilcil  to  ilctcr  tl  o  nifii. 
Crt'  -:  /,',.s;,/r ,(,;«,  i.  •27'.),  '28'J. 

' ' 'i'lio  iU'ot  was  no  roynl  ii.ivy  to  wliicli  they  were  liound;  tlio  o\ittit  liail 
lii-'iii  luniislnd  jinrtly  at  tliiir  own  t'xpoiiso;  ami  yet  tiny  liail  liicii  rolil)cii, 
Kt.n- cil,  ami  iiialtrcatid  liy  tlie  leader.  I'lVlifil,  in  I'rociiiun,  ubi  •'•11^^'.,  ^  10-15. 
lt:i-i-i.nt,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  vi. 


iliSlL. 


110 


THE  PANUCO  AFFAIR  AND  ITS  SEQUEL. 


provipoc  in  one  of  the  vessels,  lest  tlicy  sliould  create 
trouble.^* 

On  reaching  Mexico,  Garay  received  an  impressive 
welcome  from  his  rival,  who,  liaving  nothing  to  fear 
from  liim,  was  quite  prepared  to  play  the  magnani- 
mous part,  and  to  entertain  him  as  an  old  friend.  Ho 
even  thought  seriously  of  aiding  liini,  and  in  token 
of  liis  p-ood-will  atjreed  to  the  betrothal  of  his  natural 
daugliter,  Catalina,'"  witli  Garay 's  eldest  son,  then 
acting  as  his  father's  lieutenant  in  Panuco,  the  defect 
in  the  bride's  bii'tli  Ixniig  covered  with  a  large  dowry 
in  lands  and  gold.  T!io  latter  was  to  be  expended  in 
the  j>roposed  expedition  to  the  Tvio  de  las  Palmas 
rc'gion,  i'or  wliich  Cortes  promised  his  assistance  in 
men  and  means,  with  a  view  of  sharing  in  the  profits.'" 
AVliile  the  project  was  maturing  the  two  leaders 
maintained  the  most  intimate  relations,  and  on  Christ- 
mas eve,  about  six  weeks  after  liis  arrival  in  Mexico, 
(iaray  accompanied  the  governor  to  midnight  mass 
and  then  to  breakfast.  That  same  day  he  was  laid 
]<>\v  with  iiain  and  i'ever,  aggravated  by  previous  in- 
disposition. The  doctors  declared  his  case  hopeless, 
and  a  lew  days  later  lie  expired,  leaving  Cortes  his 
executor.^'     The    funeral   was    conducted  with  g'reat 

"Corti'S  iiiiiiics  Cioiiziilo  (Ic  Figucro.i,  Alonso  <le  irciuloza,  Conla,  Juan  de 
Avihv,  Ulliia,  'J'aljiinla,  Mixlina,  aiul  (Irijalva,  as  the  leading  exiles.  I'liiid", 
t2;!7.  I'unnissi'jii  was  iievortliclcss  |,'i\(ii  to  one  or  two  ioprooood  under  .siiiiev- 
vi^ioIl  to  Mexii'o,  and  l'"ignenia  tigures  tliero  as  witness.  It  was  jierniitted  to 
('iirti'8  liy  royal  onleis  to  exile  ]icrsous  supposed  to  be  dangerous  to  tlio  ]ieaee. 
(Jarny  exelian;;eil  letters  .\itli  Cortes  on  ti'.e  way,  for  liis  niareli  was  eoin]iara- 
tively  slow,  anil  received  assuraneis  of  weleoiue.   See/'/'oi'(,'*/')//,uliisuii. ,  llir.. 

''Surnanied  I'i/.arro.  and  wrougly  supposed  by  Lorenzana to  have'  been  the 
child  of  liis  lii'st  wife.  ( '.j/7<<, //(.</.  .\'.  A'.s/).,  ;i(il.  C'liinialpaiii  assumes  Iier  to 
li"  tlie  oll'spriug  ot  I'.lvira,  descendant  of  Montezuma,  and  eouse(|uently  still 
III!  infant.  //(-'.  <  '(un/.,  ii.  '.tS.  I'he  marriage  evidently  did  not  t;ike  place,  inr 
in  till"  bull  of  l.")'J!l,  making  Cortes'  natural  eliildreu  legitimate,  she  is  nun- 
tioned  as  a  maiden,  and  in  t'orti's'  will  of  1,")47  she  is  saiit  to  be  in  the  convent 
at  t.'oyuliuacan.  Yet,  in  a  Mininnal  >.l  Cortes  tt>  thesovereign,  not  long  after, 
be  writes:  'Chinantii.  (|ne  senale  ;l  una  liija  ]ior  dote  suyo,  y  eon  isto  la  ease 
enu  el  liijo  ma^oradgo  del  adelantado.  .  .(Jaray.'  I'dclicru  and  Card' iin.f,  ('"'. 
Jiiiv..  xii.  'J7!'.  'I'his  may  be  in  anticipation  of  the  actual  marriage,  with  a 
viiw  also  to  strengthen  his  claim  to  the  town  tlnis  bestowed  as  dowry. 

^'''  (loiiiurd,  Jli.^t.  .l/(.c.,  'J'JT.  I'.nemies  have  declared  the  ]iromises  illusi\c, 
I'nrhn,  /I'lxlili  iirin,  i.  'is;i.  but  without  good  reason,  forCortes  himself  regardul 
an  expedition  to  that  legion  with  favoi-  years  after. 

'' Dernal  Diaz  atlds  J'atlier  Olmedo. 


I 

(,'1 


DEATH  OF  GARAY. 


117 


])omp.  There  were  not  persons  Avantln.G^  who  whispered 
that  so  sudden  a  death  of  a  late  rival  was  signiiicaiit 
of  poison,  though  the  doctor  under  oath  di'clarcd  tlio 
cause  to  be  a  very  prevalent  disease  to  wliich  a  number 
of  soldiers  had  succumbed."* 


o'roat 

o 

|juiin  ill! 

Carta  ■<, 

lovsiipi'i- 

jiittc.l  to 

|io  m'lKi'. 
,,i:;i  •-•. 

|l)i'un  tin- 
's lllT  t') 

l.tlyi^tiU 
ilaoi',  tor 

is  UH'll- 
(.■(illViilt 

liijj!  al'tii-. 

j)     111    lilM 

mias,  ('■'■ 
1,  willi  11 

ilUisiv''. 
I'l'giinli'- 


Soon  after  Garay's  arrival"  at  ]\rexico  a  mosscnoer 
arrived  in  hot  haste  from  Panuco  with  the  re])ort  that 
all  llie  natives  were  in  arms,  slaughtcriuL;'  Spaniai'ds 
ill  every  (.Urection,  and  I'esolved  not  to  leave  one  white 
iiK'.n  alive.  The  troui>le  was  aseriljed  to  (Jaray's  men  : 
..hi uly  mutinous  before  his  dei)arturo,  they  wholly 
vs..  jil  the  son  he  had  left  in  charge.  A  laigo 
lii'nher  felt  also  absolved  I'rom  all  restraint  bv  the 
ab.--enre  of  ofiicers,  whom  Ocamjx)  had  exiled  for  their 
well  known  sympathy  with A\'laz([Uez,  or  takiMi  with 
liii.i  to  ^lexico.-"  Abandoniii''"  the  camps  assigned  to 
tliem,  some  disbanding,  they  scattered  over  the  coun- 
tiy  in  small  parties,-^  pillaging  the  native  villages  of 

'" 'riio  fickncss  lasted  usuany  lliree  or  four  days.  IJf mat  Diaz,  //!■</.  Vrr- 
(/.(•/.,  170-1.  Till)  niiiiDf  (if  ]'oi:ion  was  frculy  vciitilatcil  in  tlio  ai'i'tiMilioim 
.<i'iit  toSjiaiu  liy  i'oy;il  dlliria!,',  a  year  latrr,  ainl  in  Cnr/'-t,  I'l^hh nr'm,  i.-rt. 
(I.iijiara  a.scribi's  one  nuiKir  ti)  the  .s\l]^po:!ell  change  of  ferliiiL,'  liitwcin  ( 'ortis 


1  1  larav  \vlu':i  tlie  latter  rei 


an 

tVi'  ml  iiaiiK'i 


iiiovctl  Iroiii  ins 


I  Alfj 


\-i!'. 


\ac  /. 


Jl  <i.  Mv 


ukimieva,  w  licro  lie  ticiincm  ly  ciiiner.-ii 


iliu'e  ti)  til 
Iv. 


Illm^;l•  lit  an  n 


ll 


.1  uitli  Xar- 


iu  llattei-iii'' teiii:-,  .•uxoi'iliiii'  to  1! 


X'eitlior  is  .saiil  to  liiive  .sjiokeii  tlieie  of  ('ortis  save 
ll  ]>ia/.     Curtsdois  nut  alliidi^  to  (lio 


.U: 


lint ; 


uili-t. 


1, 


leatli  to  tlie  dniijiponitiiK^nts  su 


Hired  in  I' 


to  niuo.io  iV'r  the  Vr.olt  then  raging  in  that  iirovinee,  cau-icd  liy  liis  iiioii 
and  t,)  fi 'V.    foi    I'lJ  M-fetv  of  liis  s;oii.    Ciirf'ts,  '2'.)[)-','M).      The  atidi'-neia.  o 


f 


S.;iit  1  1)on.'ii,;  >,   .1 1  i'  !i  iii.d  looked  eoldly  on  (Jariiy's  expeilitioii,  reeeivrd  ;i 
io\:d    deereo  d>ted    T>ece   loer  'J7,   lol',),  inst!'Uetiiig  them    to    jireveiit  any 


ill 


iei.\ve<>!i  liiii 


I  ortes,  caeli  to  lonlis.e  liiinself  to  tl 


•tivo 


<'r(lii!ti,m  I'li'-lii  1-0  imd  C<h-(l( 


fV.  7;oi'.,  Niii. -riS  0.     Thesons 


cUd  Hot  take  advantage  of  the  jirivih'gu  tlii.;  implied,  hut  sent  to  eolleet.  what 
ri')ii:iii:e(l  of  tlio  fat!  er"s  estate.     One  of  them,  named  Antonio,  rerei\td  ii 


nto  111  San 


t.)  D. 


imngo  eity,  an 


1 1; 


■iiaiK'V  of  the  fori 


d 
'anti- 


ill  Ciiha,  and  Yaiiuinio  in  Jispunola 


itl 


1,  witli  ii  remission 


of  half  tlie   i,().i;) 


:i[i,  1. 


due  1 
III  l.'iilJ  he  (i 


IV    lu;i 


to  tlie  rovid  t 


L's  as  rc'.;iilor  of  S.mt 


leasui'v. 


rr.ro, 


11 


I  I'i't  f",  dei 


lil> 


Vil. 


tjiiuof  eeitain  estates  of  his  father  in  .lam, 


J)u 


while  ikiiniing  tlic  restitii- 
J'dili'iu  and  Ciirdciius,  ('7. 


xii.  V2-  ;!;$. 


eri;, 


inning  of  Peeeinber  l."i'2.1,  evidently. 

1'  'lilleis  from  Cortes  and  olliei's  in  as-inining  that  ll 


111'  a  of  W'la.r^i 
"'i.i'iiind.  i! 
I'.'.'.i/..  ITI, 


i('.--e  very 


ivoooeasioli  fOr  the  anarehy  liy  i|Uai  rellin;,' for  the  supremo 


ppi 


Ih' 


to  lie  exih.'d  afterward  in  e 


nii.seiiueiiei 


<ler  of  the  lieutenants  of  f 'orl's.  sa\ 


a  M  itlle^ 


'I'll  x, 


/.'..,;,/, 


i.  JS4,  hut  this  must  be  uu  exagyeiatiou  of  the  fact  that  they  were  ipiar- 


1 

,.,,1 

, 

!! 

'  IS, :    ' 

1 

ii! 

f ; 

1 

118 


THE  riXUCO  AFFAIR  AND  ITS  SEQUEL. 


provisions  and  otlicr  effects,  laying  bands  on  tlio 
\vouien,  killinijf  those  who  soutjht  to  defend  their 
M'ives  and  daughters,  and  committing  every  conceiv- 
jible  outrage.  A  warUke  people  could  not  be  expected 
to  long  endure  what  amounted  to  slow  extermination 
bv  famine  and  assassins.  Tliey  had  alreadv  been 
ai'oused  through  the  raids  supj)ressed  by  the  followers 
of  Cortes,  and  encouraged  by  the  jealousies  and  quar- 
I'els  between  the  two  Spanisli  pai'ties.  The  departure 
of  Alvarado's  imposing  forces  emboldened  tlie  con- 
spirators, who  so  far  had  numbered  but  few.  Now 
every  native  R'.  't  a  soli'mn  duty  to  join,  and  witliiu 
tlie   month  the  )    province  had  risen.      Every 

.straggling  party  v  promptly  slaughtered,  and  with 
tortures  tliat  should  in  some  degree  compensate  iii- 
jurt'd  luisbands  and  fathers  for  the  anguisli  suffered. 
(;lio\ving  l»older  with  success  and  number  tlie  natives 
attacked  the  camps,  notably  one  at  Tamiquil,--  con- 
taining more  than  a  hundred  soldiers,  all  of  whom  weru 
kilk'd,  a  native  Jamaican  alone  managing  to  escape. 

Alarmed  for  their  o>»'n  safety,  and  a^ijiealed  to  by 
the  different  settlements,  the  main  coi-ps  at  San  Estc- 
van  sent  several  parties  to  warn  and  assist  their  coni- 
rades;  but  the  hostile  warriors  swept  everything  before 
lliem,  and  one  of  the  expeditions,  consisting  of  ilftei  a 
horse  and  some  two  dozen  foot  soldiers,  was  actually 


suiprised  and  cut  t 


o 


picc 


OS  at  Tacetuco,^"  the  lieut 


(■11- 


11- 


ant  and  two  horsemen  alone  escaping  from  the  bui 
ing  (piai'ters,  wherein  those  still  alive  were  roasting 
junidst  the  triumphant  songs  of  the  eneni}'.  Ex'cry 
t)ther  field  party  was  driven  back  to  the  fort,  to  which 
si(\ge  was  laid  with  persistent  determination.  Vidlrjo 
himself  headed  the  settlers  in  several  encounters,  till 
a  well  directed  arrow  stayed  his  efforts  forever.  K]-\- 
boldened    by  the   death   of  this  valiant   captain   tli" 

tiTi'd  in  (lilTcrmt  villnirps,  pubjcct  to  rules  for  obtaining  supplies.     Soun  "f 
tlio  ]);irtics  luiinbcic'il  less  tli;iu  liiilf  !i  doi'cn  lucii,  s;iys  ('iirtc's. 


Al.soM  ritti'u  '!"iiniii|uitl,'r:iiii 


'X. 


'1> 


.tl.T 


IIHUV 


uicauliuirlu.Miii 


jinpu'o,  s;iys  L(ii'i'u;';iii.'i,  in  (  orfi'.- 


T 

Jlis/.  X.  L 


ITi 


|i|Ul 


■1. 


V' 


ili-l.     A  I'll. i- 


tivc  I'lom  huic  biouyht  tho  news  to  ^Icxko.  CvrUs,  Cu-ftux,  'MO. 


pAnuco  revolt. 


119 


->n  the 
I  their 
oucoiv- 

vpOCtv..! 

linatiou 
y  1)0011 
)ll()\\'eis 
d  qiiar- 

parturc 
he   ooii- 
Now 
I  Avithiii 
Every 
11(1  with 
isate  in- 
mifiered. 
:  iKitivcs 
ll,-  eoii- 
oiu  were 
■seapo, 
led  to  hv 
Estc^- 
ir  coih- 
hefev"' 
•  fifteen 
actually 
ieiiti'ii- 
10  biirii- 
on  still'.; 
Evel'V 
o  whirl  I 
Vall.'.i;' 
tcrs,  till 

;aiu   tli" 

3.     Som-  '■{ 

rrai|"i'''''' 
14.     A  I'll,  1- 


ilU 


^varl•i()rs  prcrssod  the  siege  closely,  attempting  also  to 
Mirpriso  the  place  by  night.  The  besieged  ibught 
with  the  energy  of  despair,  and  though  numbers  of 
natives  succumbed,  every  rei)ulse  })roved  costly,  while 
I'aniine  began  also  to  atld  its  quota  to  tlie  misery. 
Xot  knowino"  whether  the  niessaue  by  land  had  leaclied 
.Mexico,  they  sent  news  to  Axilla  Ilica  by  one  of 
(iaiay's  vessels;  but  assistance  could  in  any  case  not 
come  at  once,  and  the  delay  seemed  interminable  with 
the  dally  addition  of  victims,  now  exceeding  three 
hundred.'-' 

Sllll  disabled  by  his  broken  arm,  Cortes  could  not 
yield  to  the  desire  of  pcrs,.'<ally  relieving  the  pi'o\in(?e, 
l)Ut  Sandoval  was  immediately  despatcliotl  with  hfty 
jidi'so,  one  hundred  i'oot,  and  thirty  thousand  nativt's, 
i>  enforced  with  four  lield-pieces  and  a  considerable 
iniiiiber  of  anjuebusos  and  cross-bows."'  His  instruc- 
tions v.'oro  to  inllict  a  punishment  that  should  remain 
;iii  iaeffaceable  warning  to  rebels.  AVith  gieat  ;dacrity 
lie  hastened  northward;   I'or  when  engaged  on  iiiijior- 

•iy  allowed  him- 


taiit  a  hairs  this  u'allant  leader  scarce 


i'    time    f)r    sleei^,   as   his    admirer,    IJernal    Diaz. 


.Irel, 


ll'es. 


Oi 


1 


d 


I  approaclung  tlie  province 


the 


he  1 


earned 


1 


tliat  the  enemy  had  occupied  both  passes  leading  into 
it,  and  thought  it  best  to  tlivide  his  force,  sending  part 
aiiuinst  each,  not  knov/ing  wliicli  i)assa"j;'e  ml^ht  i)e 
iiiuie  readily  forced.  The  archers  and  arquebusiers 
weie  ordered  to  alternate,  so  as  to  maintain  a  steady 
NolKy,  and  create  a  confusion  of  which  advantage 
might  be  talieii.      This  expectation  was  not   fullilled, 

■-'  Mure  tlian  .100,  noeordin"^  to  tlio  (Icclaration  of  Oaray  witnesses,  Pnrhi'ro 
mill  i'i'irihui>-<,  ('of.  /hr.,  xxvi.  I'Jo;  40!)  fiiys  (loinara,  followed  liy  1  feircia; 
<i  i:t  i<  nfiiial  Diaz'  romul  fi,'.;nro,  while  Coitt'M  lixes  tho  losses  of  iii.i  j^arty  at 
4.'i,  nil  1  those  of  the  tlaray  faction  known  to  Ii;ive  iievisiu d,  at  "JIO,  thon^^Ii  lio 
liehincs  that  tlie  latter  iiiinilier  sIiiinM  be  niadi-  lar;;er.  ()\  iedo,  iiir4r)S, 
vrites4;i  and  '270,  lespi'etively,  wliile  assuming  thai,  (!aray  innst  have  lost 
over  l;)i)  in  leality. 

■'('ortis  calls  the  100  foot,  archer;*  and  annic^n^iers.  Ccir/n.-!,  DOl.  Tlie 
iiHics  are  f;iveii  liy  Ixtlilxnchitl  as  1.-|,():K)  Acolhuas,  iinder  ^'(!yout;:in.  the 
V'lMi'.'iMt  brother  (if  I'rineelxflilxoeliitl.  and  l,"),<l(i:)  Mcxir.nis,  nniler  a  ne;ihew 
ef  lj>:i:iMt>t(  nmt/.in.  //'.■/•.  f  >;'< /rA"A  >',  do.  I'lrriial  Dia.'.,  in  reducing'  tlie  Jiiun- 
buf  tu  8,0(10,  as  usual  with  liini,  coinpusco  them  of  Tliisealtcea  and  Mexicans. 


120 


THE  TAXUCO  AFFAIR  AND  ITS  SEQUEL. 


Ll»     L 


for  the  natives  stoutly  kept  tlieir  nri'ound,  rcspondiiij^ 
to  tlie  volleys  in  a  manner  that  laid  low  quite  a  num- 
ber of  the  assailants,  and  prevented  any  advance. 
Both  parties  held  tlieir  positions  during  the  night, 
and  dawn  was  ushered  in  with  a  renewal  of  the  con- 
fliet.  Nervous  over  the  prospective  delay ,^''  Sandoval 
reunited  his  force,  and  retreated  as  if  returning  to 
INIexico.  This  hroucjht  forth  the  enemy  in  triuni])]i- 
ant  pursuit:  but  tlieir  joy  was  brief;  for  one  niglit 
the  horsemen  swooped  down  upon  them,  and  ti  king 
advantage  of  the  rout,  the  army  hastened  back  and 
forced  tlieir  way  through  the  easiest  pass,  though  not 
without  the  loss  of  three  horses  and  other  casualties. 
Onco  throuu'h,  they  found  large  forces  i;atherin!jf  to 
resist  the  advii^ice,  and  hardly  had  they  formed  before 
the  attack  was  made.  The  natives  flunL;;  themselves 
heedlessly  upcii  the  lines,  and  even  sought  to  vrrcst 
the  iiinces  iioni  sf)mc  inexperienced  cavalryvnen. 
"Curse  the  fellows!"  cried  Sandoval  as  he  rushed  to 
their  I'eiief  "Better  a  few  soldiers  than  a  host  of 
such  imbeciles!"  The  repulse  effected,  he  led  the  cav- 
iilry  to  a  return  charge,  with  instructions  to  keep  the 
lances  levelled  against  the  faces  of  the  warriors,  and 
maintain  a  gallop  so  as  to  give  no  opportunity  l';)r  a 
hand-to-hand  conliict.  In  tills  manner  the  })ath  was 
opened,  and  the  army  made  its  way  to  the  i-iver, 
where  camp  was  formed  for  the  night.  The  hoi-ses 
were  kept  saddled,  and  all  ])repared"'  for  instant  action, 
ibr  the  constant  sound  of  drums  and  pl[)Os,  in  Increas- 
ing volume,  showed  that  the  foe  was  gathering  round 
them.  Shortly  after  leaving  camp  next  morning  tiny 
came  U[)on  three  bo<lies  prepared  for  battle.  Sando- 
val directed  his  cavalry  in  two  parties  against  them, 
and  was  warndy  received,  ho  himselt"  being  wounded 
in  the  leg,  and  nearly  overthrown  b}'  a  stone  which 

-'"'Throi'  (l;iys  of  in.u'tivity  fullowoil,  jiceonliiig  to  ]5orii;il  JJia;^;  if  no.  iu 
clVcitiii;.;  t!ie  reunion  iiud  in  rcconniitrinj:. 

-"  I'Vi'.iftil  of  confiiumling  tln'  aUiu:^  with  tlie  foe,  in  Ciisc  of  !itt;nk,  S;inil'i- 
vnl  oidircd  the  foiimr  to  eanip  at  some  distance  from  tlic  Siiauiarda.  Iknud 
iJlcr.,  Ili^t.   WnlwL,  r,l. 


SANDOVAL  QUELLS  THE  IXSUKRECTIOX. 


1-21 


)ct()ro 

selves 

vrrcst 

pnen. 

led  to 

3st  of 

c  cav- 

?p  tlio 
,  autl 
I'.ti-  a 
li  ^vas 
river, 
lorses 

(•lien, 
creas- 

iroiuul 

tlu'V 

thein, 
.vliic'U 

|if  po.  iu 

Stuiil"- 

Ikl'ltid 


struolc  liini  full  in  the  facc.-^  Previous  lessons  had 
not  been  in  vain,  for  the  foe  soon  -wavered  before  tlio 
resolute  advance,  and  when  the  foot  and  allies  eanio 
up,  the  battle  turned  into  a  chase  and  slaughter.  A 
large  number  of  prisoners  were  also  taken,  and  every 
village  on  the  way  was  ravaged  and  burned  by  the 
auxiliaries. 

Sandoval  arrived  most  opportinicly  at  San  Estevan. 
"Three  days'  more  delay,"  says  Cortes,  "and  all  there 
would  have  been  lost."  So  reduced  were  the  besieycd 
by  v,()unds,  hunger,  and  fatigue,  harassed  day  and 
iiiglit  by  the  natives,  that  but  for  the  resolute  denioan- 
or  (.)f  a  few  of  the  veterans  of  Cortes  they  would 
have  yielded.'^'  The  besiegers  having  now  dispersed, 
two  expeditions  were  sent  out  in  pursuit,  and  to  for- 
iige,  with  the  injunction  to  secure  every  rc^bel  f»f  note. 
Sandoval  remaininLT  behind  anionuf  the  disabled,  no 
ifslraint  was  })laced  on  the  troops  in  ol»serving  the 
older  of  Cortes  to  inilict  severe  punishment.  Saclv- 
iiig,  slaughtering,  and  burning  went  hand  in  hand,'"' 
llie  example  being  set  by  the  S])aniards  and  eagerly 
(■xeelK'd  by  the  auxiliaries  with  the  intenf.,ity  eustoiii- 
aiy  among  those  cruel  warriors.  'J'he  ca])tain  himself 
set  forth  a  few  days  later,  marking  his  advance  w  itli 
eotnparativc  leniency,  even  where  submission  was 
tarily,  yet  he  failed  not  to  take  prisoners  all  sturdy 
iind  [)rominent  rebels,  swelling  the  total  of  captured 
cliiels  and  notable  men  alone  to  i'ully  four  hunch't^d."' 

Sandoval  now  reported  to  ]\[exi(.'o  the  paeilieation 
el'tlie  province,  and  asked  for  instructions  concerning 

■"Tliivc  Iiorscs  anil  two  young  soldiers  arc  said  to  liavo  fallen,  licsi(lL'3 
allii'<.  w  huso  lossc.-i  arc  scMnni  tluiii,i.lit  wortli  wliilo  to  nii.utiim. 

-'■' Tjcrn:'.!  Diaz,  who  iiatuvally  sofks  to  Lrivi;  all  t!ic  iTcilit  ))os.sil)le  to  lu:i 
fiwiL  sit,  nanii's  Xavari-cto,  ( 'arratsciisa,  and  Aiaiiiilla  anmni,'  ilu'so  vitrrann. 
II'' :i>  !iincs  that  they  liad  '2S  lioi'.sus  li'ft.  OtiKis  ])!acL'  tin,'  garriscu  at  lii;) 
Hull  w  itli  '22  horses.  Ootiuira,  llixf.  Mt  r.,  'I'll,  (,'ortes  jilaees  tlu;  whole  eav- 
alr\  tone  now  nuistenil,  including  Sandoval's,  at  Hi).   ( 'arOiK,  'Ml. 

"  '(^Hietiiando  todaa  las  easas.de  niodocjne  dentro  de  jiocos  dias  lo  sar|ne;iron 
t'lil'i,  y  niataron  una  iiitiiiidad  de  indios.'  Lrtlilxof/d//,  llor.  Cnii  tihuh .*,  (i."). 

"  Hirrera  speeilies  (m)  eliiefs  and  4(K)  lieh  and  Jiroiiiim  nt  natives,  dec.  iii. 
lili.  V.  (ap.  vii.  Bernal  Diaz  refers  to  live  as  ringleader.s  and  states  tliat 
vi\'-  and  eliildreu  Merc  left  unmolested,  those  not  guilty  of  uumler  being 
iiLij  .^i*.  free. 


122 


THE  PAXUCO  AFFAIR  AND  ITS  SEQUEL. 


"11 


i 


the  prisoners  and  other  matter.  In  answer,  Cortes 
Bent  the  alealde  mayor  Ocanipo,  to  whom  pertained 
the  a(hHinistration  of  justiee,  while  the  captain  should 
continue  to  eli'eetually  assure  tranquilhty,  A  trial 
was  jield  at  C]iaeho[)al,  near  the  fort,  where  bribery 
and  jiolicy  i)l;iyed  impcn-tant  })arts  in  sccurini^^  the 
ae((uittal  of  a  few,  while  conlessi(Mi  and  testimony 
consiiiiied  the  rest  to  the  stake  and  halter.  The  eon- 
denmed  pleaded  in  vain  that  they  had  been  driven  to 
rise  in  defence  of  their  homes  by  the  outrages  of  the 
Garay  }iarty,  against  whom  tlie  followers  of  Cortes 
had  incited  them;  if  some  of  the  latter  had  fallen  it 
was  but  the  accident  of  war.''-  But  they  were  pagans 
who  had  dyed  their  hands  in  the  blood  of  Christians; 
and,  above  all,  they  had  dared  to  disobey  tlieir  mas- 
ters, and  for  such  crimes  the  perils  to  which  their  own 
insigniiicant  lives  were  exposed  could  be  no  excuse. 
Vv^IilLe  men  must  be  respected  at  all  ha.'iards,  and 
thoroughly  to  impress  this  the  pardoned  pri;jon(.'rs, 
including  the  friends  and  families  of  tlie  condemned, 
were  com})elled  to  attend  the  execution;  to  witness 
the  aii'onies  of  the  riniiloadei's  at  the  stalce,  and  tin: 
stru''eles  of  the  less  i)rominent  who  were  strangled 
m  the  noose.  Yet  it  did  not  need  the  witnessinu'  of 
death-throes  to  teach  the  lesson;  the  number  of  tlf 
victims  v>-as  sufficient.  Tlicre  were  whole  lines  vi' 
smohiufi'  cohunns,  each  enclosinu"  a  writhinn"  form  aiid 
shieldin'-;  an  aii'onized  i'ace;  a  succession  of  humau 
bodies  suspended  amidst  revolting*  contortions.  ]t 
was  one  long  continuation  of  horrors,  until  horrni' 
grew  tame,  and  darkness  brought  rest.^^ 


'-  '  I'dv  (]iio  DOS  (lupiiiiiys  jiiios  futc  vosotros  los  do  ^Foxii^o  iioa  mandasti  a 
quo  niiitaranuw  I'stn.s  xiiiaiui;-;.'  Liu'iik,  in  t'orf's,  JiCnidciirin,  i.  '2'M. 

^^ Curtis  him  I'lf  adhiits  t!iat  ii[i\varil  of  40i)  vcrc  liunuMl.  '  Sofiorc-i  y 
peivoiciK  priiK'ipali':;  so  lu'cndirron  liasta  cnatrooioiitos,  sin  otiu  gcnto  baj-i,  :i 
1(M  c'liali'^i  toilos,  ili;,'o  i'l  los  ]iriin.'ii>ak'3,  tiuoinaron  jior  justi<ia.'  Ciii-/a.<,  .""-'. 
(ioiiiara  iiicivasos  lliis  nuuibor  to  400  rich  nioii  and  (JO  ihiifs.  //(*■'.  JA  '., 
'J:IS.  LiUas  I'odiicos  it  to  ;!;i(!,  whilo  HcrrcTa  Moks  to  ci)vor  Sjianifh  faino  ly 
w  ritin;,'  ISO.  IJornal  ])ia;'.  avoids  statini:,'  ii  lignio,  for  tho  saino  rca. on,  Jind  t'l 
bliiold  Lis  frii'nd  Sandoval,  wlioni  Ji';liL'rtson  i'har;,'os  with  tlio  aot,  //.■•'.  .1/ '., 
ii.  KiT,  not  awaro  jiroliahly  tliat  Ocanijio  was  tho  jnd;;o  who  inihtti  V.  I'no 
j)Uiiislunout,  liy  tho  yonoial  oidor  of  t'witos.     While  iiot  blanioloss,  SauduMd 


111 


THE  GAUAY  PARTY. 


123 


ortcs 

loukl 
trial 
•ibery 
»•  the 
uiony 
c  coii- 
ren  to 
of  the 
Cortes 
lieu  it 
pai^'ans 
iritiau:-^ ; 
ir  mab- 
jir  own 
excuse. 

d;>,  aii'l 
T.iouers, 

lemiieil, 
witness 
.ind  the 
ranyied^ 
Issir.g  <'t' 
1-  of  til-; 
lues  et 
,nn  aiul 

llUUKlU 
i)US.       It 

horror 


|//,V.  >  ■•• 

;h  faiiH'  !■>• 


The  security  of  the  province  was  provided  for  hy  a 
jmlitie  distribution  of  the  vacant  chieftalneies,  with 
(hie  regard  to  the  claims  of  riglitful  heirs,  and  the  Heu- 
tciianey  was  Ix'stowed  on  a  resohite  man  named  Valle- 
cillu.  An  additional  wcedinLj  had  also  to  Ijo  pinfornicd 
among  the  (^aray  part}',  whoso  excesses  had  been  tlio 
main  eause  of  the  revolt.  This  measure  ap[)eared  more 
necessaiy  since  they  exhibited  signs  of  mutiny  a.t  the 
di  rcgjn'd  shown  for  them  in  tlie  ap[)ointment  of  cap- 
tains during  the  campaign,  and  on  sul)se(juent  occa- 
sions. A  nund)er  are  even  said  to  have  formed  a 
cDiispiracy,"'^  but  this  charge  niay  have  been  made  to 
'Ave  color  to  the  proceedings  against  certain  disorderly 
]!rrsons.  Sandoval  lectured  them  soundly  on  their 
in"'ratitud(^  to  Cortes,  Vvdio  had  saved  tluMu  from  do- 
strueticn,  and  on  tlieir  disregard  Ibr  the  claims  of  the 
old  si'ttlers  and  soldiers.    A  innuber  of  the  party  were 


(•iii'( 


;lh  (1  f<jr  the  campaigns  in  ]\rexico,  and  the  moi 
>lij  'rtionable  left  for  Jamaica,  many  of  tlicm  willingly 
-ince  t!ie  death  of  Caray  nni>-t  have  trust,  ited  tlx 


1 


il; 


v.hich  connec 


ted  th 


Lhl 


lem  v.-Rli  ins  exiteelition 


1' 


diti 


Tl 


lis 


iccniiiplished,  Sandoval  and  Oeampo  returned  to^Jox- 
ii-,>,  though  not  until  they  had  joined  Father  (^Imedo 
ii  .-Mlnm  thanks' 'iving  f(n"  the  success  awarded  to 
Christian    arms.     Neither    the    u'ood    fi'iar    nor   tl 


10 


woi'iliy  eonnnander  c 


•o 


uld 


sec  an; 


dit 


ot  mockery  ni 


•h  ;in  act.  They  were  naturall}'  well  pleased  at  the 
l;;<-i'i(;;ition,  which  proved  elfectual,  for  tlie  [>ro\ince 
n.'Vcr  again  revolted.  Yet  even  its  con<[neror  lived 
to  j'ec;)gnize  that  it  was  unworthy  of  the  cost  and 

imist  lint  1)0  rated  too  harshly,  ns  Clavii,'oro  ohscrvca.  Stor'in  il/rw.,  iii.  fl. 
'l)u:  uiiinbur  iippcars  to  corrci-poixl  protty  nearly  to  that  of  tliu  su| 


.1 


i::ini.Ji  vicUii! 


BUU'-X'sts   the   iutciitiiiii    to  oxiiut  lifi'  fi'r  1 


lie,  \\i[h  tl 


'  crucluc:?  jii'rpctratetl  on  tlio  Cliiiitiiiiis,  of  wlmiii  many  hail  htfn  toitniod 
M-  liuniLil  alivo.     Whatever  may  l)o  Clnisiian  cUiioh,  llio  riilrs  of  Chiiotiaa 


vc  arc  not  far  ililuTcut  from 


to.'iU  for  ii  tooth.     Aftcj 


ill,  til 


18  was 


.f  tl 
Imt 


lo  .sava;_;cs,  an  cyo  for  an  eye,  an 


one 


of  tl 


le  seni'S  o2 


hail 


lai  iiu  s 


wliic!i  followiHl  in  the  tr 


lUl  o 


f  invasi<in.     On  the  act  of  coiniuist  devi'lvcil  th 


:f  1) 


)r  every  atroiitv,  since  ilK'ideiils  of  w.-ir  eiitaihd  eruel 


Uld 


m1i'-|. reservation  ilemaiuleil  tlieni;  their  nature  having,'  to  eiiiies[)oiid  to  tiio 


cxic.aey  ot  eireiinistiinee.s,  am 


111 


araeter  ot  Ihe  iieople  anil 


the 


'J  lie  plot  was  revealed  to  Sandoval  helore  it  had  matuied,  sayd  IJeruai 


ill; 


124 


THE  PANUCO  AFFAIR  AND  ITS  SEQUEL. 


lives  oxjMMulod.  Tlic  liavbor,  wliicli  liad  formed  ono 
ol"  its  chief  atti'.'ictioiis,  proved  of  no  value  to  Xew 
Spain,  tlior.gli  a  \  iceroy  oueo  did  land  there,  and  cause 
the  ]'oad  to  jNIexico  to  bo  restored  for  a  time.  The 
settl(!ment  dwindled,  and  even  the  name  of  San  Este- 
van  disapi)eared.^ 

It  lias  been  mentioned  that  when  Gara}'  touched 
at  Cuba,  on  the  way  to  Panueo,  his  fear  of  Cortes 
induced  him  to  seek  a  mediator  in  the  person  of  Licen- 
tiate Alonso  de  Zuazo,  a  prominent  and  respected 
lawyer  who  had  been  a])pointed  juez  de  residencia  in 
conm;ctiou  with  the  audiencia  of  Santo  Domingo,  and 
who  as  judge  of  Velazquez  had  lately  held  the  gov- 
ernment of  Cuba.""  The  mediation  had  jirobably  been 
su<'''j:esti;(l  bv  the  audiencia,  which  certainly  favcM'cd 
it,  assured  that  the  mere  pi'csence  of  so  inlluential  a 
jtersonage  might  prevent  much  trouble.  His  mission 
in  Cuba  concluded,  the  licentiate  accordingly,  in  the 
beginning  of  la24,  set  out  for  New  Spain  in  a  suksII 
vessel,  accompanied  by  two  friars  of  the  order  of 
!^^l•rcv,  intent  on  promoting  the  labors  of  Father 
Olmedo.^' 

When  about  half  way,  their  vessel  was  di-iven  by 
a  gale  upon  tlie  reefs  near  one  of  the  Triangulos 
^roup.'^^    Fortunately  they  were  able  to  reach  in  safety 


tl 


le  adjommg  jsJe,  an 


id  to  save  a  few  eflects,  though 


in  lishing  them  from  the  sea  one  of  the  sailors  was 
sna})ped  up  b^-  a  sliark.     Tlie  island  being  small,  and 

••''OiK'  cnuse  Mils  thnt  tlic  borgrow  pliallowcrpnysLorciizaiin.   Corfrx.  //■'.<'. 
K.  L'k]i.,  lUi).     A  iicwvilla  wasi'ouiul'd  ill  liiti'itijiK'^  about  half  ■\vay  botwoca 


the  rivi  r  and  tlio  la 


Iho  T; 


f '','na,  and  in  iiioilcin  (inu'stiie  prcsc 


Tani]iico  lias  bct'ii  cslablislicd  on  the  ojiposito  bank  of  the  river,  forniinu'  tin 


)Utl 


icrn  iM/iuularv  o 


.fT 


iniaiiliiias  state. 


Tl 


)ld  t.' 


owns,  now  known  as  iain 


1" 


(1  Alto  and  I'licblo  cl  ^  iejo,  arc  inclnded  in  the  state  of  Wvn  Cniz. 
'Suspendeil   by  (.'olon  tludn!,'h    false  reports   of  niisniana'^'enient,   s.-iyi 
Oviedo,  i.  oil,  who  adds  that  he  was  a  personal  friend  of  both  Cortes  and 


Garav. 


'I'heir  names  were  (lonzalo  do  Pontovcdray  and  Juan  Varillas. 


'Oriido,  iv.  4S4,  400,  507 


15 


d  m 


Alan 
ri  nts 


Isl; 


liid  states  that  th 


IPI" 


ses  the  Vd 


loras,  near 


the 


an  error  of  the  jiilot,  or  by  eiir- 


drittc  d  ashi're.  JJisf.  Wrdud.,  \T<i.     This  is  less  likely,  sinee  ti;o 


islands  lie  on  the  route. 


V 


THE  rAXUCO  CONQUEST  COMI'LETED. 


I'Jj 


Irs  v>;i> 
n,  au:l 

I  prcsc  t 

lllill.U'   tr" 

as  Tiiiii- 
Iruz. 

lilt,   sn.'M 
U'lL'S  ail' I 


liicar  tlie 

l.y  I-  ^  • 

siiR-o  \  ■  '■' 


devoid  of  ^vnter,  tlic  s^lip^vr{M•ked  crossfd  in  tlicir 
1)oat''"  to  a  larger  island  containing  ])k'nty  of  turtles, 
stiino  of  tlioui  so  largo  in  the  eyes  of  the  Itunished  erew 
''tliat  they  could  uiovc  away  with  seven  men  on  their 
hacks."  Kefrc'shed  hy  this  food,  they  proceed) -(1  to  a 
still  larger  island,  the  resort  of  innuin(>ral)le  lairds, 
manatees,  and  turtles — a  paradise,  in  hi-ief,  to  the  cast- 
aways, could  they  only  have  found  iVesh  water.  The 
v.aiit  of  this,  t(»gether  with  the  change  of  diet,  and 
the  hardship,  had  quite  reduced  the  nien,^"  and  tlu^v 
Wile  on  the  point  of  despair,  when  the  discoviMy  of 
a  sDUiewhat  hrackish  spring  infused  new  spirit." 

They  now  took  steps  to  aeconunodate  then)selves 
111  circumstances,  by  building  huts  and  establishing  a 
loiitine  for  the  performance  of  daily  duties.  Fire  was 
ohtained  l)ythe  well  known  method  of  rubbiuLT  together 
two  pieces  of  wood,  and  sustained  by  shrubs;  tht-re 
was  a  variety  of  food,  and  matei'ial  existed  for  a[)[)arel 
uiid  implements.  A  tool-chest  had  been  saved,  and 
two  cari)enters  began  to  construct  a  stronLj;  boat  IVom 
the  remains  of  the  wreck,  wherein  to  seek  aid  Irom  a 
S[ianish  settlement.  In  this  three  men  named  Gome/, 
Jjallester,  and  Arenas,  together  with  an  Indian  boy, 
Milunteered  to  seek  Villa  llica.  For  this  hazardous 
undertaking  they  had  taken  a  vow  to  observe  i)ei'- 
jietual  chastity  if  heaven  should  grant  them  success.'' 
Their  praj'ers  were  answered,  for  a  favorable  wind 
•  arried  them  in  eleven  days  to  the  coast  near  ^Fedel- 
liii,  whence  their  message  and  a  letter  from  Zuazo 

"'Ovicdo  states  tliiit  Zii.izo  found  an  old  canoe  in  wlikh  to  cross  to  tlie 
atljuiiiiiig  i^sliuuls,  ■where  some  of  the  etl'ects  liad  liceii  oast  up  liy  tin:  wuvts. 

'"A  niinilKT  of  nit'ii  died  in  consefiiunce,  says  Ovicdo;  but  he  ainiears 
iiit(  nt  iliii'lly  on  making  a  strong  narrative. 

"Oyiedo  assumes  tliat  a  vow  of  chastity  for  one  year  induced  lieaven  to 
rivial  the  precious  liijuid;  the  tlircc  men  sent  in  seareli  making  tlie  vo\\-  jier- 
I'ltu.il.  Ciouiara  applies  this  to  a  later  occasion.  Oviedo  continues  tliat  tiie 
v;it(  r  Mas  found  on  an  adjoining  isle  devoid  of  animals,  yet  they  all  removed 
ti>  it.  ijringing  supplies  from  the  larger  island.  One  day  a  gale  BWulIowcd 
hunt  and  erew,  six  men. 

'- '  i;  de  se  meter  frayres  de. .  .Fran(,'isco,'  writes  Oviedo,  stating  that  they 
^v^l !•  the  same  who  had  made  the  vow  on  going  in  search  of  water.  Yet  on  a 
I'lixinus  ])age  he  secma  to  uamc  them  us  Espinosa,  Ai'cnas,  oiid  Simancas. 
iv.  41)2,  4'JS. 


126 


THE  pAnuco  affair  and  its  sequel, 


'  I 


%     (I 


M'orc  forwardi'd  to  ^FLxico.  Cortes  iiiiiin'(li;it('ly  or- 
dered a  vessel  to  be  sent  to  tlieir  reseue,  and  after 
nearly  lour  nionllis  of  island  lil'c  Zuazo  and  liis  eoiii- 
jtanions,  mnnbeiinj^  a  dozen  sni'\ivors/^  \ver(>  released 
iVom  their  sufrei'in;L;s.  Tiie  reecption  of  the  lict-ntiati! 
in  Xt;w  Spain  ^vas  worthy  of  his  i-ank  and  eharaeter, 
and  of  the  high  personal  regard  of  Cortes,  uho  lodged 
him  in  his  own  ]talaee,and  tendered  him  rieh  presents, 
though  the  worthy  judge  would  aeeept  luit  little." 
We  shall  meet  him  soon  under  trying  circumstanees, 
as  a  ruler,  where  he  came  as  visitor. 

Tlic  Piinuco  conquest  ended,  Cortes  resumed  th{3 
soulliern  expeditions  for  which  he  had  already  ])re- 
])ared.  Alvai-atlo  set  out  December  G,  1523,  with  over 
four  hundred  Spaniards,  of  wdiom  one  hundred  and 
twenty  were  horsemen,  and  an  equal  number  arehei-! 
and  arquebusiers,  su])ported  by  fully  twenty  thousMiid 
jtieked  warriors,  and  well  provided  with  tield-pit'ces 
and  war  stores.  The  force  endjraccd  the  tlower  of 
New  Spain  chivalry,  all  eager  to  participate  in  tlie 
opening  of  the  new  J)orado,  and  to  share  in  the  entei- 
jnises  of  the  dashing  Tonatiuh,  for  whom  even  thu 
natives  seemed  nothin<i:  loath  to  abandon  their  home 
and  country,  to  judge  from  their  enthusiasm.  Tlio 
whole  city,  with  Corte's  at  the  head,  turned  out  to  liid 
them  God-speed  in  the  undertaking,  which  had  grown 
even  more  attractive  with  the  delay  interposed.  TIi'; 
lirst  step  therein  was  the  resubjugation  of  Soconuscn, 
the  rapidity  of  which  served  not  a  little  to  infuse  aw  o 
among  the  peoples  to  the  south.     Nevertheless  a  hnv^ 

^'Thirteen,  says  Bcrnal  Diaz,  iriit.  Venlad.,  173,  though  he  leaves  tlio 
improssi(jn  tliat  this  was  the  total  luunhcr  escaping  to  tlie  islaiuls.  OvImIo 
states  that  tliose  who  escaped  from  the  wreck  minibered  47,  anil  that  onI\  17 
reached  NewiSimin;  Friar  (ion/alo  died  on  tlio  rescue  vessel,  iv.  4S4-olO.  His 
account  is  very  full,  and  may  Jiavc  been  obtained  from  Zuazo  s  lips,  iit  Santo 
l)oniin,L;();  yet  it  does  not  appear  very  reliable.  (Joinara,  Jli.4.  Mi r.,  -2'^, 
gives  ii  briefer  version  than  ISernul  Diaz,  and  ITerrera  follows,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v. 
cap.  V.  The  iniportiint  character  assumed  by  Zuazo  in  Mcvico  lends  an 
interest  to  this  adventure. 

^H)f  the  10.000  in  gold  offered,  he  Avould  accept  but  1,300  worth  in  al-o- 
Into  necessjiries,  such  as  clothes  and  horses  for  himself  and  party.  GoiKuia 
uiakes  these  ell'ects  worth  10,000. 


Au-.Mano  oons  to  o^.vT^^f.^,A. 


"  "».ny  s„,.oes.so«.     Tl..:  ,1,1'/;,'  '"'-'l*:-  ''V  sa„. 
'"  ■•;  l"''^'"i,.s  v„U„n.,."    '         '""'•■  ''^■'^''  '"lly  ivl,-,tr,l 

"^^  "■■."!..,,«  loft  t , ,. :?  74t:  7''-";-"  "..^  «..,.t 

III   Ills  liuircll   from  T   I  , 

"' "  ""':*1ht„  .St,,,.",  1,    '  :tr  ,"'  "'"  CVinlille,, , 

.<li'-  ilioilo  of  ],,,„  olov-,/o,^  ,   «■'"'"".'■  '■'"■<■-(  now 

,"■■■'"'  eiiiapauoos,  « 1  o  , to  i;,"'''"''  ""'^''''.^-  "•-  1  .  - 
!'■•"'  ^"«-o.s.sf„llv.  dofio,^  tl.o  ■"■  "',""""^"'''  C'stuossos 
.ri-  *  '.  ^'*  ^^^<>ntezuj,n  A.  I  ,  '"'^  "I  ado,,,- 
^  '■••-t  on^iMVo,  IIo^vcvol     W  I     m'''  ^'•^'  *^^^'  '^^'^  "  "  lu's 


128 


THE  TANUCO  affair  AND  ITS  SEQUEL. 


I 


I 
I 


tribute,  a  measure  which  the  people,  ah'cady  recovered 
from  their  first  surprise,  were  quick  to  resent.  Luis 
Marin,  lieutenant  in  Goazacoalco,  sought  aid  from 
Cortes  for  enforcing  respect,  and  in  Lent  of  152-4  he 
marched  against  the  rebellious  people  with  somewhat 
over  a  hundred  men,  one  fourth  cavalry,  all  inflated 
with  the  confidence  born  of  numerous  successes. 
ICqually  confident  were  the  Chiapanecs  in  the  shel- 
tering: strenixth  of  hills  which  so  far  had  guarded 
their  liberties.  Protected  by  good  cotton  armor,  and 
armed  with  formidable  pikes,  they  managed  so  well 
to  sustain  even  in  open  field  the  first  onslaught  of  the 
bearded  ones,  that  the  latter  were  quite  dismayed.  So 
severe  proved  the  campaign,  that  when  JNIjirm  at  last 
thought  himself  master  in  the  main  district,  his  force 
was  so  reduced  in  number  and  efiiciency  that  the  for- 
mation of  a  settlement  could  not  be  undertaken,  and 
tlie  i-esult  was  an  inglorious  retreat.*'^ 

An  equally  severe  campaign  was  undertaken  about 
the  same  time  in  the  mountainous  regions  of  Zapote- 
capan  and  Miztecapan,  hitherto  avoided  as  too  diffi- 
cult to  penetrate.  Following  the  path  of  Alvarado, 
llodrioo  Ilangcl  had  in  1523  entered  them  to  demand 
allegiance  and  tribute,  only  to  meet  with  fierce  resist- 
ance. Rainy  weather  and  ruggedness  of  country 
favored  the  natives,  and  he  was  obliged  to  retreat/^ 
This  success  emboldened  them,  and,  incited  partly  by 
escaped  negro  slaves,  they  made  inroads  on  the  adjoin- 
ing districts.  It  would  never  answer  to  encourasjfe  a 
defiant  robber  in  the  midst  of  the  country,  and  with 
the  allurement  of  gilded  river-beds  a  new  expediti  >ii 
was  formed  under  the  same  captain,' consisting  of  oiio 
liundred  and  fifty  soldiers,  chieliy  arquebusiers   and 

"  For  -.letiiils  of  tlicsn  niul  Inter  expoili''ion8,  see  vol.  it,,  Ilisf.  Cent.  Auk, 
this  sorics.  They  nro  based  on  tlio  rare  nu  turions  accounts  of  Godoij.  /.''• 
larioii,  written  by  n,  jwirticipant;  Jieinemil,  J  list.  Chijapa;  Ixtlilxcvhill,  ll"i: 
Cnu'hhidcs;  Ma~.nric(jo8,  AIoii,  t'hiajM;  also  licnial  Diaz,  Juarros,  and  oilar 
Btiindard  historians. 

**  '  Faute  do  clievnux,  il  no  ri'ussit  pas,'  snys  Brassciirdc  Bourbourg,  //'*'• 
A'(i'.  CVi".,  iv.  57-;  but  iiorscs  voro  found  '•.l'-^Icss  in  so  rugged  a  region,  mikI 
were  not  taken  on  the  subsc(^ueut  eani»;.iigu,  as  Gouiara  observes.  JJid.  Jli  •'•i 


I  r 


RAXGEL'S  EXPEDITION. 


129 


nrohcrs,  with  four  field-pieces  and  ample  stores,  sup- 
pi  uted  by  a  large  force  of  warriors/^  Raugel  lel't 
Mexico  February  5,  1524,  and  taught  by  previous 
loverscs  he  took  the  utmost  precaution  to  render 
secure  his  advance.  The  natives  on  their  side  were 
less  cautious,  and  tlms  a  prospectively  hard  campaign 
among  the  mountains  was  concluded  within  quite  a 
l>ricf  period,  and  so  thoroughly  that  no  revolt  took 
place  again.  A  fair  amount  of  spoils  was  obtained  in 
gold,  fabrics,  and  slaves;  the  latter  numerous,  since  it 
had  been  decreed  that  all  captured  natives  should  be 
enslaved  as  a  warning  to  rebels.**^ 

The  cost  of  these  expeditions  was  quite  heavy  to 
all  concerned,  for  arms,  horses,  clothes,  and  other 
cifects  were  exceedingly  dear,  despite  the  influx  from 
Spain  and  the  Islands. '^^  Soldiers  brought  nearly  all 
their  own  outfits,  including  arms  and  horses,  yet 
Cortes  was  obliged  to  supply  war  stores,  provisions, 
and  articles  from  what  he  calls  his  private  estate, 
tliough  tributes  and  exactions  must  have  been  applied. 
"  The  least  of  the  expeditions,"  ho  writes  to  the  em- 
peror, "  must  cost  my  estate  more  than  five  thousand 
]»t'sos  de  oro,  and  tliose  of  Alvaracio  and  Olid  cost  fully 
fifty  thousand."  The  expense  was  the  greater  in  the 
latter  case,  owing  to  the  fleet  being  kept  waiting 
during  the  Panuco  campaign,  with  crews  in  receipt 
of  j)ay.^'  Indeed,  he  had  not  only  spent  his  fortune, 
but  incurred  debts,  while  for  certain  revolts  which 
inn)erilled  the  interests  of  the  crown  and  its  subjects 
lit'  had  been  obliged  to  borrow  sixty  thousand  pesos 
and  more  from  the  royal  treasury.  Yet  nothing  should 
ck'ter  him  from  doing  what  was  necessary  for  the 
service  of  his  sovereign;  so  he  alftrmed.^* 

"  Acolhuas  20,000,  and  5,000  to  0,000  Tlascaltecb.  Ixiltlxockitl,  Ilor.  Cm- 

•■" '  Los  herraseu  del  hiorro  do  V.  A.,  y ...  so  repartieseu  por  aquullos  quo  loa 
fiRi-jii  iWoiniuistar.'  Cortex,  Cartas,  307 . 

■ '  I''(ir  prices  sco  Jlixt.  Vint.  Am.,  i.  r»2(),  this  series. 

^ -Thu  cust  uf  suudiiiLT  Cusas  after  Olid  iucrcoaed  the  cxpenao  to  40,000. 

"Letter  of  October  13,  1524,  in  Curfew,  303. 
Uui.  Al£X.,  Vol.  U.    9 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSHIP  OF  CORTES. 

1523-1524. 

Cortes  as  Goversor — His  Ordinances — Armament  of  Settlers— Pi>o- 

MOTINO  AcRICCLTrRE — PaLLAS  AND  DeMETER — AnTILLEAN  JeALOI'SV— 

Social  Refor^ls — Scmptcary  Laws — Taking  Wives— Cortes  Siion.- 
DERsnis  Cross — Srsnciors  Death  of  Catalina — Local  Government- 
Efforts  to  Exclude  Lawyers — Removal  of  Vera  Cruz — Markkts 
AND  Trade  Reoclations — Royal  Officials  Arrive — Traits  and 
Intrioues — Colonial  Policy — Enslavement  o  Native  Americans- 
Suppression  of  Repartimientos  Opposed — EncomiendaRegulations— 
Work  and  Pay  of  Serfs — Entrapping  Slaves — Representations  op 
the  Council — Extorting  Tribute. 

We  liave  scon  Cortds  as  a  brave  soldier,  an  able 
general,  and  astute  diplomat;  we  have  beheld  liiiri 
deluding  his  patron,  manipulating  to  his  own  purpo??c 
the  contiicting  elements  of  a  horde  of  adventurers, 
pitting  one  people  against  another  to  fight  his  battles 
or  neutralize  dangers,  and  leading  his  soldiers  through 
strife  and  hardships  to  the  overthrow  of  a  great  em- 
pire. Glimpses  even  of  statesmanship  we  have  had  in 
his  creation  of  municipalities,  his  acts  of  king-makiu^', 
and  his  regulations  for  the  army,  which  tend  in  no 
wise  to  diminish  our  admiration  for  the  man.  These 
last-mentioned  qualities  were  now  to  be  more  widely 
tested.  The  conquest  was  achieved.  From  sea  to 
sea  once  more  must  bow  all  nations  before  Tenoclitit- 
lan,  only  there  was  a  stronger  than  Montezuma  on 
his  throne,  one  who  to  the  natives  of  New  Si);iiii 
seemed  a  god,  a  descendant  of  the  sun  soon  to  conauaic 
their  very  identity.  And  now  while  military  rule 
«till  prevailed  it  was  necessary  to  pave  the  way  for  a 
peaceful  administration,  and  the  development  of  thoso 

(130) 


GOVERNOR  CORT£s. 


131 


resources  on  which  permanent  progress  and  prosperity 
could  alone  be  based.  Having  subdued  the  people, 
Cortes  bent  his  mind  to  reconciling  them  to  the  new 
order  of  affairs.  He  would  win  Ceres  to  his  cause, 
and  conquer  also  the  soil  with  a  new  vegetation,  inul- 
tii)ly  the  wealth  of  a  prolific  region,  and  with  this 
allurin"'-  bond  combine  two  races  and  different  products 
into  one  harmonious  whole.  It  was  to  be  his  grander 
and  more  enduring  conquest,  this  healing  of  wounds 
after  a  merciless  war,  this  adjustment  of  differences. 
Cruelty,  intolerance,  and  avarice  were  still  rampant, 
but  they  were  now  to  be  softened  to  some  extent, 
lu'utralized  by  blessings  which  in  many  respects  con- 
dtnied  for  the  bitter  wrongs  of  unjust  invasion. 

The  salient  features  of  the  administrative  policy  of 
Ctirtt'S  are  given  in  the  famous  ordinances  of  March 
•20,  1524.  We  may  therein  recognize  the  training 
received  by  the  framer  as  student  and  lawyer,  in  his 
native  country,  and  later  as  notary  and  alcalde:  at 
first  appearing  as  mere  hillocks  in  his  plain  of  life;  as 
points  whereby  to  measure  its  progress;  later,  evolv- 
ing into  stepping-stones  to  greatness,  adding  tluir 
ijiK^ta  to  the  wisdom  and  foresight  which  now  mark  tbc 
adjustment  of  means  to  ends.  Protection  being  still 
the  mam  consideration,  the  ordinances  begin  by  re- 
( I  airing  all  settlers  possessed  of  a  repartimiento  of 
loss  than  five  hundred  Indians  to  provide  themselves, 
within  six  months  from  date,  with  a  lance,  a  sword, 
and  a  dagger,  a  tarc^ct,  a  helmet,  and  either  native  or 
Spanish  defensive  armor,  all  in  good  condition;  also 
two  pikes  and  the  necessary  ammunition.  Holders  of 
npartiniientos  with  from  five  hundred  to  one  thousand 
Indians  must  within  a  twelvemonth  possess  in  addi- 
tion a  horse  fully  equipped.  Still  larger  holders  must 
add  tjiree  lances,  six  pi ';es,  four  cross-bows  or  fire-locks, 
and  the  necessary  annnunition.  This  was  by  no  means 
a  small  requirement  when  prices  are  considered.*     The 

'  For  prices,  see  Gomara,  Hist.  Mex.,  243;  Probanza  de  LcJiilJe,  iu  Icaa- 
lakcta,  Vol.  JJoc,  ii.  l-'l. 


132 


ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSHIP  OF  CORTES. 


i 


settlers  must  hold  themselves  in  readiness  for  any 
sunnnons,  and  in  order  to  supervise  the  observation 
of  the  ordinances,  the  municipal  authorities  must 
hold  reviews  at  certain  intervals,  exacting  penalties 
for  non-compliance.^  As  a  mark  of  honor  the  emperor 
accorded  soon  after  to  the  first  settlers  and  contjuer- 
ors  of  New  Spain  the  privilege  of  carrying  certain 
weapons  wherever  they  went." 

The  next  feature  of  the  ordinance  illustrates  the 
training  of  Cortes  as  a  planter  on  the  Islands.  A 
gi'cat  change  had  come  over  him  since  he  first  set 
foot  there,  and  received  the  offers  made  him  witli  the 
contemptuous  reply,  "I  came  to  get  gold,  not  to  till 
the  soil  like  a  peasant."  Necessity  and  common-sense 
came  to  his  enlightenment,  and  within  a  few  years 
we  find  him  a  flourishing  stock-raiser  and  farmer.  The 
lessons  thus  learned  were  to  be  applied  to  the  benefit 
of  a  great  country,  and  since  so  many  among  his  com- 
panions had  liad  a  similar  experience  they  were  ready 
to  lend  their  cooperation.  He  required  all  holders  of 
repartimientos  to  plant  for  every  hundred  Indians, 
yearly,  one  thousand  vine-shoots  or  other  useful  plants 
of  the  best  kind  in  the  best  location  and  at  the  fittest 
time,  until  for  every  hundred  of  such  Indians  there 
should  be  five  thousand  plants  well  placed.  The 
j)lanting  of  Spanish  products  was  especially  enjoined. 
Coitt^s  himself  set  an  example. 

Soon  after  the  fall  of  Mexico  there  came  to  him 
from  one  of  the  ports  some  rice,  and  in  it  by  chance 
three  grains  of  wheat,  one  of  which  was  planted  and 

"  The  penalties  were  fines  for  the  first  two  omisRions,  and  loss  of  reparti- 
niicntos  for  the  thinl,  or  loss  of  office  for  failure  to  holil  inspection.  Towii- 
ci'ievs  were  to  proclaim  the  j;late  for  review  eight  to  ten  days  in  advnner. 
In  later  times  only  one  annual  inspection  was  held,  on  St  Jolin's  day,  from 
V  hich  may  be  due  the  custom  of  dressing  boys  as  soldiers  on  that  anniversaiy, 
and  distrimiting  military  toys.  Alanuiii,  Dixcrt.,  i.  178. 

^Even  in  Spain,  llerrera,  dec.  iv.  lib.  iv,  cap.  iv.  Previous  to  this  tlin 
municipality  of  Mexico  found  it  necessary  for  public  peace  to  restrict  tl>" 
weapon  ordinance  within  the  city.  In  May  liV25  the  weapons  were  x!;'.-* 
rcthioed  to  a  dagger  and  a  swonl,  a  horseman  having  also  a  lance,  cnvried  ii.v 
a  page.  In  Felirnary  1527  the  lance  M'as  restricted  to  4he  alcahle  a)id  olli- 
cers  of  juatice.  Libra  de  CabiUio,  MS.,  May  '23,  15'Jo,  February  lo,  lo-7. 


AGRICULTURE. 


133 


yioltlctl  well,  forming  the  first  wheat  crop  of  New 
Spain.* 

Cc'ites  had  early  endeavored  to  interest  the  sov- 
ortiL;!!  in  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  country,  and 
t'Vtn  requested  that  all  vessels  for  Now  Spain  should 
1)0  made  to  bring  a  number  of  seeds  and  plants  where- 
with to  enrich  the  native  varieties.  This  was,  to  a 
cLitain  extent,  complied  with,"  though  the  selfish  en- 
mity or  short-sightedness  of  officials  at  first  cast  maiiy 
obstacles  in  the  way.  The  rulers  at  Santo  Domingo 
Were  [)crsuaded  at  one  time  that  unless  restrictions 
Were  })laced  on  the  export  of  live-stock  and  products 
to  Xew  Spain  the  Islands  would  suffer  irreparably, 
both  from  the  drain  and  from  the  gradual  transfer  of 
pi'oductions  to  that  country,  which  must  thereby  also 
absorb  the  trade.  A  prohibition  was  accordingly 
issued  against  exporting  anything  from  the  Islands 
that  might  be  used  for  reproduction.  The  colonists 
jtoured  in  their  complaints  to  Spain,  and  soon  came  a 
dcLiee  practically  annulling  the  prohibition.^  Tho 
liars  of  the  Antilles  were  not  unfounded,  for  their 
position  as  entrepot  was  soon  lost,  and  this  proved 
another  reason  for  the  increased  enn'gration  of  its 
people.''  Meanwhile  New  Spain  profited  by  this  loss, 
and  Cortes  was  amonjr  the  foremost  to  enrich  his  dit- 


*Tliis  is  tlic  account  of  Tapia,  Iiclaclon,  in  Icazhalceta,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  503, 
wild  ailds  that  whesiit  waa  soon  produced  in  great  nJ)undancp,  and  tin;  vory 
liL'st  (juality  was  sold  in  ir>39  at  one  veal  tin;  fanega.  Altliough  Ciirti';j 
ini'ivid  wlicat  from  other  parts,  it  was  damaged  liy  the  sea-voyage,  and  tho 
iuliial  introduction  of  Luia  cereal  was  thus  accidental,  (joiizalez  l^axila, 
TnitfoL'rlr.i.,  i.  8,  says  that  tho  first  grain  of  wheat  that  sjirung  up  was  fowii 
l>y  a. Servant  of  Cortes,  and  produced  400  fold.  'Juan  tJanido,  criado  do 
111  iiiiiiido  Cortcis  scmbro  en  un  huerto  tres  granoa  de  tiigo;  perdiose  el  uud, 
y  I'lS  dus  dieron  nu'is  de  quatroeientos  granos'. .  . 'de  lo  ('i  es  de  regadio  so 
eii;,'u  en  mayor  al)Hudancia;  ponjuo  un  grano  produce  docientos  y  uias.' 

■lly  royal  order  of  June.  lo'2H  the  Casa  de  Contratacion  of  Seville  wa-i 
iliiieted  to  promote  the  emigration  of  artisans  and  farm  lahorers,  andorcleifd 
ti>  send  Cortes,  in  convenient  seasons,  tpiautitics  of  plants,  trees,  untl  seeds, 
111  I'll ra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  iii. 

'''I)eeree  of  Novemlior  'J4,  l,"i25.  ifcx.,  Exfrartoa  ih  fi'ilulitx,  MS.,  f),  10. 
0\ii(lii,  iii.  471-3,  waxes  indignant  with  Corti's  for  his  sharj*  expostulations, 
as  miLTiateful  to  a  country  which  had  fostered  lioth  liiin  and  his  colony. 

'  Diifiillr,  Inform.,  in  l\u:hcto aiul  (/unliim-i,  Col.  J)oi:.,  ii.  37">-4I)S  passim. 
A!  ;;ses  of  Xew  Spain  settlers  against  the  Islanders  are  also  coniphiined  of, 
I'l,  .\iv.  43, 


it  I:  iilili 
■'Sill  11'^  ft 

tim  mmmn 


134         ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSHIP  OF  CORTl!:S. 

fcrent  plantations  with  liv^c-stock  and  plants,  notably 
in  the  newly  acquired  valley  of  Oajaea.^  He  alscj 
introduced  novelties  in  the  form  of  machinery,  such 
as  water-wheels,  whereby  the  labors  of  grinding  and 
other  tiresome  and  slow  operations  were  lightened  for 
the  women.  The  establishment  of  the  first  mill  at 
Mexico  w^as  celebrated  with  great  rejoicings."  The 
natives  took  readily  to  the  novelties,  both  in  products 
and  implements,  though  some  of  the  nobles  sneered  at 
anything  that  tended  to  raise  the  lower  classes  from 
abject  toil  and  limited  indulgence. 

Cortds  did  much  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  the 
masses,  and  to  temper  vices  among  the  richer  part  of 
the  community.  Hours  for  labor  were  prescribed  to 
check  abuse,  and  observation  of  the  sabbath  was  en- 
joined. Trade  and  labor  »vere  forbidden  during  the 
hours  of  divine  service,  and  attendance  at  mass  was 
made  compulsory  on  Sundays  and  certain  holidays.^" 
Eftbrts  were  made  to  suppress  the  mania  for  gambling, 
which  was  increasing  with  accumulating  wealth,  and 
with  the  life  of  comparative  indolence  following  as  a 
reaction  upon  the  tragic  incidents  of  the  conquest. 
Cortes  was  himself  passionately  fond  of  the  vice,  and 
though  recognizing  its  evil  he  winked  at  disregard  of 

*  He  refers  to  Matlaltzinco  as  his  Gtock-raising  place;  round  Coyiihuacaii 
were  several  farms,  ami  at  Riuconnda  dc  Izcalpau,  sugar  plantations.  J/'- 
moricd,  in  /(/.,  xii.  "279.  His  plantations  grew  more  numerous  in  time,  and 
mulberry-trees  were  planted  at  Yauhtepec,  Tetecla,  and  other  places;  at 
Matalango  were  cattle  stations ;  at  Tlaltiza^mu  horses  were  bred,  and  sugar- 
mills  rose  at  Quauhnahuac  ami  Coyuhuacan. 

* '  En  csta  ocasion  fue  quando  dixo  un  Indio  anciano,  burlando  de  la  inucu- 
cio:  Que  hazia  holgazanes  d  los  hombres,  y  muy  iguales;  pues  no  se  salii.i 
quicn  era  Sefior,  o  criado.  Y  ana<lia:  que  los  ignorantcs  nacieron  jiara 
scruir,  y  los  sabios  para mandar,  y  holgar. '  O'onzalez  JJdvila,  Teatro  Ecles. ,  i.  S. 
The  first  time  mills  are  mentioned  in  the  Lihro  dc  Cahildo  is  on  Feb.  4,  15"J.'>, 
when  to  Rodrigo  dc  Paz,  as  repi-cscntant  of  Cortds,  land  was  granted  to  erect 
mills  on  the  rivers  of  Tacubaya,  Tacuba,  andCuyoacan.  TIio  next  land  gra»it 
made  to  the  same  cflect  was  to  Diego  Ramirez  on  Dec.  IT),  \o'l'i,  when  he  m:ih 
aUowed  to  build  a  mill  near  Chapultepcc.  Afterward  the  number  increaseil, 
judging  from  tlie  diiicrent  grants  of  land  made  later  for  the  same  purpo^i.', 
Ld,m  drCabildo,  MS.,  Feb.  7,  1.V2."),  Dec.  15,  1,VJ5. 

'"  '  Entren  en  ella  antes  que  se  connenze  el  Evangelio,  y  cst^n  en  clla  hasta 
quel  Padre  diga  [tr  Ml^a  rut  y  hcche  la  bendiciou;  ho  pena  de  medio  peso  'U: 
oro.'  The  settlers  must  be  present  in  their  towns  at  least  during  ('hri.stnias 
Easter,  and  Pentecost;  a  dejiuty  will  answer  for  other  times.  UrdeMUtM,  ui 
I'uchfco  and  CiirdcHcm,  Col.  JJoc,  xxvi.  17D-83. 


i   4 


SOCTAL  RESTRICTIONS. 


135 


the  numerous  laws  enacted  against  it."  But  as  ruler 
it  beliooved  him  to  enforce  them  in  some  respects  at 
least,  though  his  efforts  availed  little,  to  judge  from 
tlio  many  stringent  decrees  by  local  and  supremo 
authorities  which  followed  during  subsequent  years. 
The  tenor  of  some  indicates  that  non-observance  was 
ahno.st  expected.*^  A  check  was  laid  also  upon  more 
innocent  pastimes  common  among  artisans,  lest  too 
j^acat  indulgence  should  lead  to  neglect  of  work. 
During  working  hours  this  class  was  not  allowed  to 
play  at  skittles  and  similar  games.^'  At  other  times 
entertainments  were  encouraged,  processions  were  held, 
bull-fighting  was  introduced,"  and  the  authorities  of 
^lexieo  city  even  favored  the  establishment  of  a 
dancing-school." 

Among  the  vices  attendino:  the  increase  of  wealth 
and  inaction  was  extravagance,  particularly  in  dress, 
and  this  it  was  thought  best  to  restrict  by  forbidding 
tlie  use  of  brocade,  silk,  or  velvet  for  clothes,  or  taf- 


"  It  was  among  the  charges  flung  at  Corttls  that  he  not  only  cnjoyecT  games 
himself,  but  stooped  to  share  in  the  illicit  profits  of  those  who  dealt  in  them 
untairly;  that  ho  would  punish  gambling  everj'where  but  in  his  own  house; 
■nliLTc  tables  were  always  ready,  with  servants  in  attendance  to  furnish  canls 
and  collect  fees  for  their  use.  Several  deposed  to  this  effect,  but  chiefly  of 
tiuise  who  liad  been  mulcted  heavily  for  violations  of  the  gambling  law. 
Cort<'<,  Iti'skleiicia,  i.  51,  and  passim. 

'-  Yet  the  language  could  not  be  more  positive,  nor  the  penalties  more 
severe.  They  were  renewed  with  every  change  of  oflicials.  A  cOdula  of  April 
5,  l.'i'JS,  liad  forbidden  all  play  at  dice,  and  permitted  only  cards  and  other 
games  with  stakes  to  the  amount  of  10  pesos  de  oro,  once  within  '24  hours, 
roiicc  de  Leon  failed  to  execute  royal  orders  in  this  respect,  and  they  were 
r(]>iatod  to  the  audiencia  on  July  12,  1.530.  I'lujn,  Calnlnrh,  23— i,  42-3. 
J  oth  having  failed,  a,  later  ci-dula  reprimands  the  audiencia  and  enjoins  com- 
pliance to  the  letter.  Iil.,  70-1.  Yet  by  order  of  Xovcndjer  5,  1.V2!),  that 
liiidy  is  directed  to  withdraw  all  actions  for  gambling  oHunccs  which  had  been 
commenced  prior  to  its  institution,  but  to  be  vigilant  against  new  oircinlcrs. 
All  order  of  March  1530  especially  directs  it  to  stop  all  proceedings  a;.'ainNt 
(Jnti'.s;  these  proceedings  had  been  followed  by  an  excessive  attachment 
ttyaiiist  his  property  in  tlie  sum  of  120,000  pesos  de  oro.  There  is  some  cuior- 
iug  for  the  charge  that  gaming  was  tolerated  in  the  executive  mansion,  .since 
K  resuhition  of  the  cabildo  on  January  '27,  15'25,  specitically  forbids  gaming  iu 
the  atarazanay  and  in  the  pahice,  and  directs  the  levying  of  prescribed  lines 
in  ease  of  violation.  Lihro  de  Cabildo,  MS.,  Feb.  1,  15'25. 

'A/.,  June '21,  15-27. 

"Panes  argues  for  15'29,  Moiutmevton  Dombi.  Exp.,  MS.,  fiO,  but  fights 
were  lii'ld  already  iu  June,  15'2t5, 1'tlaiivnt,  Tntf.  Mix.,  (5,  and  perhaps  earlier. 

' ' '  I'or  ser  enoblecimiento  de  la  Ciudad.'  A  license  of  40  pesos  was  paid. 
Liiru  (A  Cabildo,  MS.,  October,  30,  15-2(>. 


136 


ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSHIP  OF  CORTES. 


I 

i. 


fcta  for  saddles,  sword-belts,  and  shoes ;  or  embroid- 
ery or  precious  metals  in  apparel — to  all  save  those 
whoso  possessions  and  rank  gave  them  some  claim  to 
indulgence,  yet  even  in  their  case  the  amount  and 
nature  of  the  adornments  were  prescribed.  These 
regulations  were  enforced  by  a  royal  cedula  of  1528, 
on  the  ground  that  extravagance  led  to  extortion  from 
the  already  impoverished  natives.^® 

Domestic  morality  was  promoted  by  requiring 
every  married  settler  whose  wife  was  not  in  New 
Spain  to  bring  her  to  the  country  within  eighteen 
months  from  date,  under  penalty  of  forfeiting  his 
estates.  Unmarried  encomenderos  were  enjoined  to 
obtain  a  wife  within  the  same  period."  These  meas- 
ures, prompted  by  the  desire  to  have  well  regulated 
and  orderly  settlements,  found  little  favor  with  some 
of  the  conquerors,  whose  aim  was  simply  to  drain  their 
several  possessions  and  depart  for  homes  they  had 
left  with  regret,  and  to  which  they  would  hasten  with 
delight.  But  the  few  must  suiter  for  the  general 
good,  and  Cortds  was  prepared  to  shoulder  his  part 
of  the  burden.  Before  the  issue  of  this  regulation 
he  had  made  strong  efforts  to  carry  out  its  features 
by  means  of  persuasion,  and  by  placing  funds  at  tlu^ 
disposal  of  any  one  who  was  unable  although  willing 
to  comply  with  the  requirements."  Thus  he  hoped 
to  bind  the  conquerors  to  the  country,  and  assure  its 
development. 

•"  Puga,  Ccdidario,  23,  42;  Iferrera,  ilec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  ii.,  dec.  iv.  lib.  vi. 
cap.  iv.  Corti'S  deinaiulcd  in  ir)2'J  a  reiiuforcemeut  of  the  laws,  which  wiis 
done  with  effect,  to  judge  from  Salincron'a  letter  of  March  loSI  '  There  ruo 
now  but  few  if  any  to  make  silk  garments,  or  to  buy  those  already  made ;  the 
resources  of  the  people  have  become  small.  The  mend)crs  of  the  audieiuiii 
wear  only  cloth  so  as  to  promote  the  dress  reform.'  Carta,  in  i'orhno  awd 
CdnldiitK,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  202-;<.  Cort(5s  also  set  an  example  by  replacing  h'n 
adoined  velvet  cap  with  one  of  plain  cloth. 

'^ 'I'orquc  convicne  ansi  para  salud  de  sus  concioncias. .  .como  para  la 
poblacion  e  noblecimiento  dcslas  i)artes.'  Urdinaiizun,  in  /(/.,  xxvi.  14(>-7. 

'"^  Application  to  Friar  Juan  de  Tecto  or  Alonso  dc  Estrada,  the  treasunr, 
would  insure  all  necessary  assisUmce  to  bring  out  wives  or  unmarried  daugh- 
ters, on  giving  bonds.  O'vinara,  Hist.  Jfe.c.,  23G.  These  curiously  ordaiiH'l 
marriages  proved  fortunate  in  many  cases,  and  had  for  issue  some  of  the  ilh;^- 
tviousof  the  land.  The  ccnmuinder,  Lionel  de  Cervantes,  who  came  with  sivi  a 
uuiuarricd  daughters,  had  each  of  them  well  married.    Uis  daughter  Beatritc, 


; 


is. 


CATALINA  IN  MEXICO. 


137 


?mbroitl- 
vc  tlioso 
claim  to 
lunt  and 
,  Thcso 
of  1528, 
bion  from 

rcquirinfj 
in  Nuw 
ciglitcon 
iiting  his 
joined  to 
eso  moas- 
rcgulatod 
vitli  soino 
Irain  their 
they  had 
isten  with 
G    general 
his  part 
cgulation 
s  features 
ds  at  the 
h  willint,' 
he  hoped 
assure  its 


lice.  iv.  lib.  vi. 

va,  which  wad 
|1  ' Tlicre  iuu 
Idyiiiadi;;  tljo 
1  the  iuuliL'ii'i'' 
I'achi'O  aii'l 

■  replacing  lii^ 

Icomo  panv  la 
Ivi.  140-7. 

Itlie  trcasui'  !■, 
Lirieil  (IrtU-li- 
lusly  oiilaiii'  •! 
le  of  the  illi .^- 
Jiiewithsiv.  u 
Ihtev  lieatiuxi 


In  arrordancc  vrith  this  spirit  he  sent'"  for  his  own 
wife,  Catahna  Suirez,  to  whom  he  had  been  united 
iiiitler  such  pecuhar  circumstances.*^  Sandoval  hap- 
pciuid  to  be  on  the  coast  when  she  arrived,  and  under- 
took t')  escort  her  to  the  capital.  Cortes  met  them 
near  Tezcuco  with  a  brilliant  retinue,  and  tendered  all 
tlie  honor  which  the  wife  of  the  governor  of  so  vast 
and  rich  a  country  could  bo  expected  to  receive.  At 
]\[cxieo  she  was  greeted  with  processions,  ringing  of 
bells,  and  salvos,  and  at  night  the  queen  city  shone 
ablaze  with  illumination,  multiplied  in  the  mirrored 
.surface  of  the  dark  waters.  Amid  all  this  joyous 
demonstration  Cortes  is  said  to  have  borne  a  heavy 
heart,  covered  by  a  mask  of  cheerful ne.s.s.  This  is  not 
unlikely,  for  the  rather  humble  origin  of  his  wife,  the 
))nt  wholly  spotless  fame  of  her  family,  and  the  half 
compulsory  marriage,  all  must  have  tended  to  dimini.sh 
the  devotion  of  the  husband,  and  caused  him  to  re- 
L,'ard  her  as  a  bar  to  the  ambitious  dreams  nursed  by 
his  ever  increasing  fame  and  power.  This  view  was 
([iiitc  general,  prompted  partly  by  her  unheralded 
arrival,  which  made  it  appear  as  if  she  had  come  un- 
bidden, in  quest  of  a  truant  lord."^  Nothing  in  his  con- 
duct, however,  gave  color  to  the  rumor.  He  showed 
]i»yal  attention  to  her  every  wish  and  comfort,  and 
exacted  all  the  deference  from  others  that  should  bo 
accorded  to  the  ruler's  consort.  She  reigned  indeed 
a  (juccn,  a  position  to  which  the  wildest  dreams  (^f 
Cutalina  or  her  match-making  mother  had  never  at- 

tuiitcil  to  Francisco  do  Vclasco,  becamo  noted  for  her  interest  in  the  Francis- 
cnns,  and  contributed  largely  to  tlic  building  of  their  convent,  church,  an<l 
lii'spital.  Mcmor'ta,  in  Prov.  St"  Evoixj.,  MS.,  '2'2S-31.  lu  Pinjii,  Vedalurio, 
17'J-^^ll,  '20o-G,  are  decrees  dated  as  lato  as  lo59,  ordering  observance  of  tlio 
ri'gulation. 

''■"  Modem  writers  consider  that  ho  should  liave  directed  his  eflorts  more 
toHards  a  imion  of  the  two  races,  and  thus  more  speedily  have  v  on  over  tlie 
natives,  as  instanced  by  tho  inlluencc  acquired  by  liiniself  thr /Ugli  Marina, 
and  liy  others  in  a  similar  way.  But  it  was  not  so  easy  for  tlu  aspiring  <  'iw- 
tilian  thus  to  recoa-^  uc  ii'niself  to  a  perpetuation  of  an  honored  auie  by  niero 
lialf-hix'cds. 

•"S,;(j  llht,  Mcx.,  i.  48-52. 

•'Sii  r.crnal  Diaz  intimates.  'Y  quan<lo  Cortes  lo  supo,  dixcron  quo  lo 
aiiia  pLsatlo  uiueho  de  su  veuida.'  JI'>it.  I'cuud.,  1(J0. 


138         ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSHIP  OF  CORTfiS. 


taincd.  But  this  was  not  to  last.  In  October  1522, 
less  than  three  months  after  her  arrival,  she  assisted 
at  a  Ijanquet  in  her  usual  health,  and  on  the  morrow 
she  was  numbered  among  the  dead."' 

Lucky  Cortes;  men  and  women  lived  or  died  ac- 
cording to  his  heart's  desire  1  Her  return  to  Cortes 
after  years  of  separation,  while  he  was  enjoying  the 
felicities  of  another  liaison;  her  sudden  death;  the 
convenience  of  the  event  in  view  of  ambitious  dreams 
attributed  to  him  by  certain  persons,  added  to  the 
interest  pertaining  to  the  conqueror  at  this  time — all 
this  made  the  decease  a  subject  of  general  interest, 
and  the  ever  ready  tongue  of  scandal  found  willing 
ears  for  the  charge  that  she  had  been  criminally  re- 
moved. Nothing  was  openly  said,  however,  for  Cortes 
was  too  powerful  and  too  widely  feared ;  but  in  letters 
to  Spain  suspicions  were  intimated,  and  when,  in 
1529,  his  enemies  held  an  audiencia,  unawed  by  his 
presence,  the  mother  and  brother  joined  the  oppu- 
nents  to  arraign  him  as  a  murderer,  who,  like  Othello, 
had  suffocated  her.  The  testimony,  however,  rested 
(ju  imaginings,  for  death  had  removed  the  only  relia- 
ble evidence,  and  no  decision  could  be  arrived  at  even 
by  his  enemies.  The  attorney  of  Cortes  attributed 
the  charge  to  an  effort  to  extort  money,  and  he  him- 
self suffered  the  affair  to  pass  by  in  contemptuous 
silence.  The  second  audiencia  did  not  resume  the 
investigation,  and  no  notice  was  ever  taken  of  tlio 
accusation  by  friends  and  patrons  of  Cortes.^^     This 


fi    ' 


'■"Fiestas  de  todos  Santos.'  AcuKudon,  in  Pacheco  and  Cdrdeiias,  Ci'l. 
Doc,  xxvi.  347. 

''^Tlie  trial  was  held  at  Mexico  in  February  and  March  1529,  the  crimi- 
nating circumstances  alleged  Ijcing,  the  mystery  and  suddenness  of  the  (h'iitli; 
strangulation  marks  nmnd  the  neck;  the  order  to  the  brother  not  tolcaxe 
liis  house;  the  cnvdoi'.ingi.f  the  head  of  the  deceased  in  a  veil,  and  oiipositinn 
to  any  scrutinj'  of  the  body;  the  refusal  to  impart  any  information  about  tlio 
death  to  ^hc  alcalde  nmyor  and  others;  the  desire  of  Corti's  to  be  rid  of  liis 
wife  in  order  to  marry  a  lady  of  rank,  a  niece  of  the  bishop  of  Burgos.  Sev- 
eral of  these  points  were  affirmed  by  biassed  witnesses,  but  not  in  any  ^■(■l•y 
cri dible  nionncr;  while  the  wife  of  Alonso  de  Avila,  and  others  who  Imd  scin 
the  corpse,  denied  the  knowledge  of  criminating  signs.  Xo  sentcnci,'  was 
passed,  and  the  alFair  was  allowed  to  lapse  into  ol)livion,  the  mother  nuiking 
uo  allusion  to  it  during  a  later  suit  for  her  daughter's  share  in  the  property 


APPOINTING  OFFICERS. 


180 


1522, 
•listed 


ed  ac- 

12  tUo 
'^  tlio 


i; 

Ircam^ 

to  tlie 

QC— all 

itcrcst, 

willing 

ally  rc- 

.  Cortus 

1  letters 

rhen,  in 

[  by  lii^ 

10  opiw- 

Otlicllo, 

r,  rested 
ly  relia- 
at  even 
tributed 
he  Idin- 
niptuous 
uiuc  tlic 
of  tlio 

k,  the  crinii- 
Tpf  tlic  JoiitU; 
[not  to  leave 

Ion  about  tl.c 
kcvulof  b>s 

|i\rgos.  i^'";- 
,in  anv  vn> 
aio  lia<l  '''■^^ 
bcntcno'  ^v:l^ 
pthev  miiUiii;^ 
[the  pvoiitvty 


viitually  acquitted  him,  though  scandal-mongers  con- 
tinued to  hint  that  Cortes  was  not  above  accomplish- 
iii._r  the  death  he  so  desired. 

In  liis  ordinances  Cortes  further  provided  for  the 
appointment  of  local  authorities,  to  consist  at  first  of 
two  alcaldes,  four  regidores,  a  procurador,  and  a 
notary,  with  a  person  appointed  to  collect  the  reve- 
nue. The  municipality  must  meet  once  or  twice  a 
wi'L'k  in  the  town-hall,  or  its  temporary  substitute,  to 
discuss  the  aifairs  of  the  town.  The  alguacil  mayor 
liad  a  vote  in  this  council,  which  could  not  bo  held 
withcjut  the  presence  of  the  lieutenant  or  deputy 
governor.  The  municipal  officers  were  all  appointed 
annually  by  Cortds,  who  selected  those  recommended 
to  his  friendship  or  interest.  This  absolutism  caused 
many  complaints  from  disappointed  office-seekers,  and 
resulted  in  a  royal  decree  which  placed  with  the  pco- 
yh  the  nomination  of  three  candidates  for  each  office 
of  regidor,  the  governor  jointly  with  two  royal  offi- 
cials appointing  one  of  them.  The  regidores  were 
l)L'si(les  increased  to  six,  and  some  were  appointed  by 
the  king  in   perpetuity."^*     Cortes   objected  to  this 

acquirod  during  matrimony.  The  judges  were  the  hostile  Guzman  and  his  two 
frllcjw-nieuihcrs  of  the  first  audiencia.  Francisco  Mufioz  Maldonsulo  rcprc- 
Btiitid  Cortijs.  For  account  of  the  trial,  see  Antsacion,  in  Id.,  xxvi.  29S  ct 
si(|.;  Cortr--:,  licskleiicia,  i.  101,  ii.  358,  370,  372,  etc.;  Alamnn,  Dii<ert.,  i.  30, 
tto.  'Murio  do  asma,' says  Bernal  Diaz,  Hist.  VerdniL,  IGG;  but  the  death 
>vns  too  sudden  for  that.  Peralta,  a  descendant  of  Suarez,  attributes  the 
cli.ir.L'o  to  malice,  and  maintains  that  she  died  a  natural  death,  in  a  manner 
similar  to  that  of  her  two  sisters.  '  Y  no  tuvo  culpa  el  marq  it?s,  y  di6  satis- 
finiiin  dello  con  el  sentimiento  que  hizo,  poniue  la  qucria  nuiy  en  cstruino.' 
llt^  ti'ioiicously  styles  Catalina,  'Marquesa.'  Not.  /list.,  13?-'..  It  is  added 
that  two  sisters  of  Catalina  lived  many  years  in  Mexico.  One  was  married 
U  a  prominent  man,  Andrews  de  Barrios,  and  iier  three  daughters  became  liy 
luania^'c  related  to  some  of  the  oldest  and  noblest  houses  of  Castile.  Of  a 
tliinl  sister,  who  died  unmarried,  nothing  is  said. 

■^  I'di-hero  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  xxiii.  3(14,  xxvi.  184,  etc.;  ^Ii-x.,  Ex- 
t.yrioi  de  C'Jdulis,  MS.,  2,  3;  Cord's,  /{esideiicia,  i.  89  et  8e(i.,  ii.  172  et  seq. 
Tlif  jurisdiction  of  the  municipality  had  at  first  been  limited  to  3,000  mara- 
viilis,  but  the  sovereign  extended  the  limit  to  100  pesos  de  oro,  and  author- 
i.'Ail  tlio  govcmorand  his  lieutenant,  ov  jueccs  de  rcsidencia,  to  decide  incases 
not  txcocding  1,000  pesos  do  oro.  From  these  authorities  the  appeals  went 
t'l  tliL'  audiencia  and  the  India  Council.  Jlerrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  i.  iii. 
Till'  small  limit  was  placed  by  decree  of  December  24,  l.VJS,  hence  the  exten- 
fi'iu  1)(  longs  to  a  later  date,  say  1525  or  1520.  Mcx.,  IJxtractoa  de  Ccdutan, 
Ms.,  4,  5.    Sec  also  JJkt.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  207,  330,  this  series. 


140         ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSHir  OF  C0RT/:S. 


i  I 


if  I 


m 


nbrojTration  of  authority  as  tciitling  to  ovcrsluidow  Uio. 
royal  proroj^ativc  deposited  with  the  executive;  but 
the  opposition  did  not  long  endure.^'  lie  as  well  as 
his  companions  made  strenuous  efforts  to  exchuli; 
lawyers,  as  tending  to  create  confusion,  suits,  and 
embroilment  generally.""  liut  their  services  were 
soon  found  nccessjiry,  and  gradually  the  door  opened 
wider  and  wider  for  their  admission,  one  condition 
being  that  advocates  must  promise  under  oath  not  to 
aid  a  client  unless  he  had  justice  on  his  side." 

The  promotion  of  trade  and  traffic  formed  another 
feature  of  his  measures,  and  foremost  stood  the  consid- 
eration of  a  suitable  port.  Villa  Rica  harbor  was 
incommodious,  inconveniently  situated,  and  unsafe, 
particularly  in  being  exposed  to  north  gales.  The  p(  )i  t 
at  Piinuco  was  too  remote,  and  that  at  Goazacoaleo 
proved  less  suitable  than  had  been  expected.  Search 
was  accordingly  continued,  and  resulted  in  the  selec- 
tion of  a  site  on  Rio  do  Canoas,  afterward  '<nown  as 
La  Antigua.'^^  The  mouth  formed  a  broad  bay,  shel- 
tered partly  by  the  shore,  partly  by  the  si  md  reel's 
which  formed  a  lagoon  in  front  of  it,  and  wherein 
vessels  would  safely  discharge  goods  into  lighters  I'-ir 
transportation  to  the  town  which  lay  about  a  league 
up  the  river.     To  this  spot  was  transferred  the  Villa 

"  Cartas,  333-4. 

'•"* Ovicdo  terms  them  a  pest,  and  Pizarro  y  Orellana  conimcnda  Cort'j 
highly  for  exchidiug  Moors,  Jews,  and  lawyers,  calling  him  '  cstotro  Sabio  Jo 
Grccia.'   V\iro)ies  Jlvstrcs,  103-7. 

'^^ '  Jurasen  que  si  sua  partes  no  tcnian  justieia,  no  Ics  acndirian,  ni  pcdiiian 
tcnninos  n  iiu  do  dilatar.'  Jlerrera,  dec.  iv.  lib.  iii.  cap.  ix.  Under  tlio 
rule  of  Salazar,  in  lo'Ja,  the  existing  restrictions  against  lawyers  we ro  disre- 
garded, and  Alonso  Perez  was  made  the  jurisconsult  of  tho  cabildo,  with  a 
salary  of  100  pesos  do  oro.  Aguilar,  in  August  15-0,  enforced  tho  restrict  i'  us, 
w  illi  fines  and  lobs  of  patent  for  lirst  and  second  contravention,  and  couli-ta- 
tion  and  exile  in  the  third  instance.  Libra  d<;  CahiUo,  MS.,  August  4,  l"i-'>; 
August  18,  l.rJO,  May  17,  1.j:27.  By  recjuest  of  the  city  tho  prohibitory 
law  was  revoked  Ly  ci5dula  of  August  2,  1j27.  Mcx.,  Extracton  ilc  Ctdu!  i<, 
WS.,  0. 

'^^  So  named  from  the  situation  there  of  old  Vera  Cruz.  San  Juan  do  llua 
lay  about  three  Icigues  to  the  soutli.  Few  ohl  geographers  pay  attentinii  to 
the  ch.ango  of  site  undergone  by  tho  city,  placing  it  close  to  Isla  de  Sacriii'  ins 
and  generally  to  tho  south  of  it.  In  Mitnivh  Atlan,  x.  1571,  however,  we  liml 
Ji"  (Ic  kHh  Joau;  llaueracrux;  villa  riqna;  Hood,  1592,  writes,  L'.  (/e  J/"/' '"'i 
N.  ,Soii  delua,  Laueracruz;  SetiJuat;  Villa  Ulca,  Cartoij.  Puc.  Coast,  M>.,  i. 
liiO. 


COMMEnCE  A.VD  TOW.N-.Bl-,u,reo. 


() 


;'^  ""■^■•"•■s  airs,  ti,; «: :  ;;;;''t""''  ?"  '""-".v  ..r 

i"'-M(„.s  „c„r  it  were  pcnnL    *   ^'''T,"""":-?  rqwrli. 

iy>^  "as  ti.e  removal  „f  Meek  j  "'  ,f """'  "Z  Vera 
';:  "«!•■  i.io  ,„o.,th  of  the  Jan-t  <•'','  *'"^  ""<-•""•■ 
•'I  ;-Hla-n  Vera  Cr„z,  W,e^  fr''^".'-  '.?SUo.,  Houth 
■■"I  to  exercise  a  refar,  in  "rh'n  .t  I'T'",""  ^'  "'"'•'  "«* 

'■;,'''"^'  ,'■'■'•"■••  To  I  rro„  1?""';"°^"'  f"^  -.tX 

""""«!  i!iir;,;,r  the  first  t   "'°"»f«'y.  »o  person  was 
'•■■"■^;.-  to  -.Jn  ore  ,^*,^;^^■«  "«"  *'''■  arriva 

„,     „,  *"''"'  *"*  place  at  the 


;;;;>'ti.ln>t  property 

''•^-     ^^J^31mostof  thelm,,!'         '"•"""•'•-CW/M.r,,,..    jv,' 


?'.'■'■;■  ''rqiiciit,  ono"  in  tli-.f  ,;■;■:""'  "'."'«'  "onses  wore  stillnf  ^r'"'"""''  '  'V-' 
'  '"•''■  >"  ''"'•^•-    '",*'  •'*y«ar  causing  the  loss  of    -,  (i     f  "*'-'^*-.  •'""l  (iir.s 

"'stalteraateinrem  Ihiil  '!•  J'^  Y'^  ''^  ^"ly  I'J 
t]ievniii<,+  — 1._   .,    "*'^"cie,  oiieatn.  f;.„„      V  • ,    ,' 


''•":;;/  '"'•  ^0..  Sli^^J^.  -^f^jJ-'-s  for  towns,  are  X'  fn'/*;!;/'"'  """'^'•"- 
«^'"f'"V     J.m\  *''''*''^*^'"*'''t«o"AK„^^^^^^^^^^^       ^^aa  .novel  to  Vera  Crn. 


I''  ' 


Ki 


142         ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSHIP  OF  CORTfiS. 

two  great  markets  of  the  city,  one  in  the  Spanisli 
quarter,  the  other  in  the  native,  both  of  which  were 
subjected  to  stringent  regulations  concerning  methods 
of  tleahng,  kind  and  quahty  of  goods,  and  prices,  all 
planned  with  admirable  foresight.  The  manifold 
l)roducts  of  the  soil  and  sea,  of  the  manufacturer  and 
artist,  were  displayed  in  the  same  profusion  as  duriiiLif 
^Montezuma's  rule,  though  varied  with  novelties  of 
Spanish  '^rigin.  Even  the  production  of  these,  how- 
ever, was  fast  falling  into  the  hands  of  native  tilki's 
and  artisans,  who  with  a  keen  faculty  for  imitation 
watched  the  operations  of  Spaniards,  and  readily  sup- 
planted them  with  their  cheaper  labor. ^' 

Several  of  the  royal  cedulas  which  prompted  or 
modified  the  preceding  ordinances  were  brought  dur- 
ing 1524  by  the  !iew  revenue  officials  appointed  liy 

^^  For  all  goods  a  sclioilulc  of  market  prices  was  established.  The  inetlii"! 
in  the  important  matter  of  meat  was  novel.  Tlie  rate  was  detenniiicd  liv 
puMie  competition.  IJroeders  and  drovers  had  from  New  Year's  d;iy  to 
Ash-Wednesday  within  MJiieh  to  make  tenders,  and  at  the  end  of  that  tiiiiu 
the  lowest  responsible  bidder  was  assigned  the  contract.  Owners  of  cattlu 
vere  allowed  three  months  within  which  to  slaughter  and  dispose  of  tin  ir 
meats;  during  the  rest  of  the  year  the  city  was  supplied  by  the  meat  inn. 
tractor  exclusively,  at  tlie  stipulated  rate  and  under  vigilant  scrutiny  as  t  > 
weight  and  quality.  The  slaugiitering  of  cattle  within  the  tity  limits  av  as 
strictly  f<irliiilden;  the  disgusting  scenes  of  shamble  life  that  long  tlisgniml 
England  and  other  portions  of  tlic  old  world  were  unknown.  Public  sl:iiii:li- 
ter-houses,  under  surveillance  of  an  inspector,  were  estai)lislied  on  tlie  out- 
skirts,  anticipating  the  abattoir  of  France.  Particular  directions  were  glMii 
for  the  breeding  of  all  kinds  of  live-stock;  protection  and  amenability  m.  ,i; 
8i:cuied  by  having  all  cattle  dulj-  branded  and  the  distinctive  marks  fif  o\v  ii- 
ersliip  properly  registered  with  the  city  notary.  Fish-mongers  were  the  iiv  -t 
important  tradesmen.  The  sale  of  lisli,  vegetables,  and  perishable  piv-,: 
sions  was  made  the  subject  of  many  and  particular  sanitary  laws  regiilatin^' 
time,  place,  price,  and  (puilitv.  Cleanliness  was  made  to  l>c  regarded  as  a 
cardinal  virtue.  IJread  could  bo  otlered  for  sale  only  in  tlie  markets.  Ill- 
baked  bread  was  subject  to  seizure  and  tiic  vendor  to  fine.  The  weight  nf  tliu 
loaves  was  fixed  an  1  the  scale  of  ])rices  arranged  from  time  to  time  by  iho 
Jill.  The  duties  of  the  fiel  were  those  of  a  market  superintendent.  He  ^^M3 
to  inspect  the  condition  of  all  victuals  exposed  f  )r  sale,  and  to  try  wcit.'lits, 
and  gauge  measures  used  in  sales.  Jointly  with  a  regidor  he  was  to  di  ti  r- 
mine  prices  of  goods  before  they  were  ottered  for  sale.  Scales  and  weights  had 
to  be  examined  every  four  months.  An  assayer  was  appointed  to  test  the 
alloy  of  gold,  jiarticularly  the  uncoined  bullicm  used  in  lieu  of  money.  /<''''' 
(/(•  CdhiUo,  MS.,  July 'J'J,  1.VJ4,  January  ).S,  Ma;,  10,  l.VJo.  Prices  of  ],il"ir 
were  also  regulated  to  some  exte-*.,  Ii!.,  December  '23,  1.V27,  and  the  char.is 
at  inns.  See  JWhcco  and  Ctinhu  tn.  Col.  Dor,,  xxvi.  170-7,  etc.,  and  f'/'c, 
Li>critos  Siiclto»,  'J'.tetseq.,  in  l)otii  of  Mhich  all  the&u  aJmiiublo  ordiuaiKi'S 
are  given,  as  iiisucd  iu  1524  oud  fulluwiiig  years. 


:t£3. 

3  Spanisli 
hicli  were; 
g  methods 
prices,  all 

manifold 
:;turer  and 
as  durini^ 
(velties  of 
lese,  liow- 
:ivc  tillers 

imitation 
adiiy  sup- 


mpted  or 
•ufjht  dm- 
ointcd  liy 

Tliemetlio.l 
leteraiincd  liy 
Vcar's  (lay  to 
1  of  tliat  time 
•ncrs  of  cattli^ 
spose  (if  tlh  ir 
tlio  meat  im!|. 
Bcrutiiiy  as  t  < 
:ity  lii;iits  Viis 
loiif,'  (lis;.'i'arr.l 
L*ilblio  slaii-li- 
hI  on  tlio  (lilt- 
)ii3  were  ).'i\i!i 
eiial)ility  \u  .c 
nurks  of  o\\  n- 
were  the  ni "^t 
ishalilc  )ir.  \: 
iws  rcfjiilatin,' 
rcgardeil  a-^  ,i 
markets.  Ill- 
i  Weight  iif  tin; 
to  time  liy  I  In.' 
lent.  Hi'  "as 
}  try  wei::lits, 
!  was  to  ilrttr- 
ul  weiglitslui'l 
.hI  to  test  tho 
money.  /'•/•» 
'rices  of  l.il"ir 
ul  the  ohar:.>j 
c,  and  r. '>■!-, 
jIo  oriliuaiias 


ARRIVAL  OF  XEW  OFFICIALS. 


the  crown,  Alonso  de  F^f  ro.lo      i  '^^ 

;'""<»'l">-.  mill  IVIro  Aln^Kte  n  '■="  ''"  ^'f-on'o^ 
li'i.l  ai()uiro,l  a  certain  I  1  .  >'"'"""''  '^'O"'™--  AI 
V;"i"«-iii"or  cllart    on  rnr'°T,"f  *''"'•  ^'""o^  in 

;,;;;;;;  -'■  tuo  aii-,,„„.e,.f„,  gE  'trtU'i^'^-r,'" «- 

puo  .     iiii^  ^y      csnociallx-  ^1,,     ^"^^^^^^^y  to  the  cni- 

I^oth  developed  a  talont  for  1  •  ^'"'^  *'''^  i>anios.^* 
^'"-H^sstIuU,H^ocur^  fbrt^^  "^r^^^"^  ^^^^^  "n.scrupu- 
"' ^  ^u'  Spain!  Al  Wnoz  ill]  ^T,""^'»^-^^^We  record 
'•^>taiT  near  the  kino-  ZT  ^'""l'^  ""  positum  as  sec- 

'r^  '-'t  Iar-Ia.I ;  ?;';  f?-^7-^^^-^^l  ^-^eellcnt  obsorS- 
^  -:io-  ostin.aI>]e  ^rh^^J^^^S't-  ,  Estrada  .i 
"     Cludad  J^eaJ,  and  one  of  \h  ""I   '""'^  ^'^^^^'^^^^^ 

,^^tli  a  claim  of  bein-Ah^  nfr^'*".  ''''•^"'"^  ^>o^lv-gSard. 
-/;-  -a.   united  W^  c^^^sfc^'^  ^'^^^  ^^^^^'^^'^ 
^^^'■■\t  plain  and  practi  '     ,     ^^io  nunds  of  the  .son.Jl 

^'^t^:>-  aecpnred.  ^^'"'"0'»0"«  witli  tlie  pcxsitiou  JiS 

.    J  he  de\-t'Ioniy|(,,,+      n  ,, 

''.'^•'^^aso  of  officials  and  ^^      n^""''^'^'  '^^'-^^^^^dvd  this 

^/'iJ^'S  vied  witli  the  rest  in  il  ,•''""'"'•'  oi'Portune. 
•^t'-f 've  woleome,  and  n  n^^^^^l^^  '^^^''»  ^'^  ^^'n'on: 
"'"'  ^•^^^^Vtinn-entos  n  en  UH    '^'^'  ^'^^'-  I"-^'«*-^"t.s 


iiiitl: 
and 


ivj)resentin 


1^^  111  a  o-roat  nu 


tlie  inipc'iial  pi 


laps  secret  in.st 


a>^nro  the 


t'(t 


tlnji 


'^'•'ty,Mitlipei'j_..^._^, 

;'''l'^>it  on  tJie  conditjon  -i.wl  ,  -"u„io 

^"^^':v,  as  indeed  thev    1  U"^,^'""-^'!"^'"^  "'^  the 


'^nction.i  to 


"*iipivnio 
t'xamine 


y  bad.-'-'     Th 


^  ^ere  suffieientJy  evi    ;.it  V  .1^  ^'^''''''^  ^"^^''"^ 
..    ,    .  -^   ^M'i'<^it  tor  them  f.»  r-l..; 


'f^Vk'd, 


'    '\'IO(lf>         III  l/T* 


"»  to  claim 


'■■iiya,  a 
■■'This 


>s  sli,, 
'"'"■"■  "11  n  I.-it(. 

"'•'•'•^t  and 


'."'ll;"l.idi,m.so,'l, 
^*>'  l«y  tlio 


'■:'A"r.™'''K:,:','S»',"!""i.«t"fA„ 


iK 


Vnial  Diazdifl 


"iioz  as 


"""".  ••e..,K'etiveh     ;;    "•:  "'"'  "''t^-s  Ubcd 


••I'l  ort.s  wJiicli    I 


'•'/"</.,  ls,s. 


"'•'•-f^n,ds'nt;.nl?-'''r''^"  ''^•^'  vau Xl  tlS^l"   ^  .''V"'"  '"  >'-m 


lein. 
ered  to 
Of  this 


144 


ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSHIP  OF  COKTtS. 


\m 


:^l' 


"ijr: 


■Hill! 


■I:  i  ' 


considerable  sliarc  of  power,  involving  the  right  of 
interfering  with  many  of  the  gubernatorial  measures, 
particularly  those  connected  with  treasures,  tributes, 
and  i^evenue  generally.^"  The  first  step  toward  assert- 
ing their  power  was  to  demand  the  reimbursement  of 
certain  funds  appropriated  by  him  from  the  treasury 
and  expended  on  necessary  expenditures  against  rebels; 
and  further,  to  refuse  allowing  his  claims  for  other 
larger  sums  disbursed  in  promoting  the  welfare  of  the 
cijuntry.^''  These  difTercnces  were  adjusted  in  a  spirit 
of  great  moderation  on  both  sides,  for  Cortes  was 
restrained  by  fear  of  the  possibly  hidden  power  of  the 
officials,  and  they  by  hopes  of  gifts  and  grants  that 
might  How  from  a  man  so  influentiid  as  the  captain 
general,  and  reputed  to  be  immensely  rich.  The 
time  for  pranks  over  royal  prerogatives  had  passed; 
what  tlie  conqieror  desired  most  of  all  now  was  to 
have  high  position  confirmed  to  him,  so  that  he  and 
his  heirs  might  therein  rest  secure.  Therefore  nu 
rupture  took  j)lacc  at  this  time  between  him  and  tlu; 
king's  officials,  and  when  he  left  for  Honduras  in  the 
autumn  all  were  in  apparent  accord.  In  secret  re- 
ports, however,  the  jealousy  and  enn)ity  ever  present 
in  high  places  a]ipeared,  and  this  coming  to  his  ears,  Ik;, 
wrote  to  the  ki'ig  in  his  defence.  With  Estrada,  wlio 
figured  at  Mexico  in  the  early  spring  of  152-1,^*  his 
intercourse  was  exceedingly  cordial. 

This  policy  of  i)lacing  one  official  to  watch  another 
was  quite  in  accord  with  the  spirit  of  the  age,  and 
seemed  to  rulers  necessarv  for  the  control  of  officials 
far  removed  from  the  heavy  I'lachinery  of  home  gov- 
ernment.    In  the  eyes  of  Si)anish  grandees  Cortes 


"They  lirouglit  special  oi-dcra  to  collect  the  almojarifazgo  tax  of  7i  I^t 
cout  on  impoitti.  /!•)/«''•••»,  J/ist.  J  fad  ii'lu,  v.  7,  S. 

"'Tun  iiuia  hei'ho  las  anniulua  jiara  sim  iiiulos  fines.'  llcrrtra,  dec.  iii. 
lib.  V.  cap.  xiv.;  Zii)iiai-rnij(t,  t'^irti:,  in  i.'imirtz.  Doc,  MS.,  273-4.  AH'  'i- 
i>oz  eHtiniiiteil  the  .sum  duo  Ijy  (.'Dries  a*;  7-,0(.)0  ciistellauos.  Carta,  in  Piv  h'O) 
nud  Carth.nin,  Col.  JJoc,  xiii.  ~--[i,  CortesnJmilii  00,000  aiul  odd  caLtellaiKiS. 
(Vn'/d",  'Mo. 

""See  ulhision  to  him  in  Miiivh.  Cords,  Excrifoii  Sudtof,  37.  SaLzar 
arrived  in  the  autuniu.  Cork\i,  Cartim,  318, 


MEAGRE  REW.\E,DS. 


145 


gilt   of 

"asurcs, 

[•ibutes, 
assert- 

11  cut  of 

rcasury 

b  rebels; 

,r  otlicr 

'C  of  the 
a  spirit 

'tes  Avas 

er  of  tlic 

Alts  tliat 

i  captain 

:li.     The 

1  passed; 

\\r  was  to 

it  lie  and 

srcforo  no 

1  and  tlio 

ras  in  tlic 
secret  r-> 
jr  present 
lis  ears,  li*-', 
jrada,  nv1u> 

111  anotlur 
age,  and 
l)f  oflici.ds 
ionic  g«'V- 
les  CorU's 

I  tax  of  7!.  I'^r 
inra,  dec.  iii. 

7:j-4.    All;"- 

;7.     iia.U'At 


tm 


^va.s  but  an  npstart  adventurer  with  a  somewhat 
Sillied  record,  \\ho.se  later  que.'itionablo  achievements 
must  bo  regarded  with  due  caution.  Then  there 
^va■o  ever  at  hand  those  v.dio  made  it  their  butihie^s 
1')  dt'anie  that  merit  in  others  v/hich  the}- theui;;elves 
lacli^jd.  It  v.'as  his  mi-ifurtune  to  bo  one  of  a  doubt- 
i'lil  horde;  and  the  crov.n  was  at  a  lo.;s  v.hcther  to 
tre;it  lihn  a-  ^ucli,  or  as  his  services  deserved.  Its 
intentions  in  the  main  were  good,  but  it  lacked  tlie 
iKjwor  of  onmij)()tence  to  enforce  them. 

r<;r  tho;:;e  of  lesser  pretensions  the  Spanii.;h  author- 
ilijs  entertained  benevolent  regard,  being  desirous 
v'i  rewardinu'  those  who  I.'ad  served  v/ell;  theivfore 
(irJeis  were  given  to  assist  eli,;abled  soldiers  v.ith  pen- 
.-ioiis,  Vvdiile  others  v»'cre  directed  to  send  in  an  account 
(if  their  claims  and  services,  so  tliat  the  miji'Iit  be 
compensated.^^  !}>Ieanv>'hile  their  repartimientos  were 
conllrmed  to  them,  and  exemption  was  granted  for 
several  years  from  a  number  of  taxes,  with  reductions 
l.i  others.*'^  The  crown  was  furtlier  }»lea.sed  to  a;.sure 
llie  Colonists  that  New  Spain  should  never  be  alien- 
ated from  Castile.'*^ 


Tlie  most  powerful  impulse  to  settlement  in  Span- 
America  was  undoubtedly  the  .systems  of  repar- 


l.h 


"^OrdevnnrM,  in  Pnrhrcn  nnd  C.'trdenan,  Col.  Dor.,  xxvi.  147-?^.  Tlu'  i\'- 
pnvtitioii  of  ppoils  so  far  made  ninoiic;  tlicni  was  not  yet  i()iiliiiiii;(l,  linwever, 
<  \vi;.,;  t')  tl.c  iliir.ljL.i  c;!.;t  upon  it.   Jt'i.r.,  L'.c' raiiu'^  >■'•'  ('.(/.,,'(•.,■,  21-  .,  I. 

"'ihinii':;  tlie  lifst  two  ye.irs  they  were  to  jtiiy  tlie  erowii  I'lit  one  Itnth  (^f 
tlif  i.'ii!il  oljt:iiiietl  liy  iiiiiiiii;.';  the  next  yeiirniu!  niiilli,  ami  mj  foitli  till  tlio 
1  ;!ilraon  lil'th  w;ih  rci'clieil.  JIi  rri  rn,  <;''c.  iii.  lili.  v.  e;ni.  ill.;  h)i.  \iii, 
cap.  xiv.  TIiIm  was  revoked,  and  mi  l.")-J(i  tlic  iniuiiciprility  of  MeN'co  ])eti- 
ti  iiol  for  a  frehli  exeiiiptiun  in  order  to  eneonra;,'e  iniiiin;,'.  Lihro  dr  <  \ihiliU>, 
ys.,  Xov(niliir  10,  l,")il().  l-'or  six  years  exiinnti'in  was  yvanteil  from  all 
t  .\i-<  !>!!  \  ietnals  and  ]n'ovi.si(ins  jiroilueeil  in  New  Sjiain,  and  all  persMu.i  ini- 
1  rtiii;.,'  provisions  and  gotnls  for  tlieir  own  aecount  were  exc^nipti'il  from 
('/(/((^(((•//■(Cj/o,  or  other  royal  duties.  For  eij;lit  years  tlie  settlers  were  freu 
(f  (il'-ii''itlit  and  otlier  taxes  on  interiinl  trade.  In  l"),",!)  (!ie  a'nioiai  ifa/^'o 
» Miiijitiun  was  exteiuled  for  live  year.s  to  iiiiiiii;,'rant.-i  from  Spain,  .l/i. '.,  £'.<- 
//.!■ 's.s  i,V  ( V./K/rr*,  MS.,  11.  'i'radri'.s  paiil  7'^  p(M' eeiit  .i  |i;4uro  wliiiJi  xarieil 
P'.iatly  in  eourse  of  time.  Fines  am!  similar  ihies  vi.'i'e  ),'i\en  to  tlie  towns 
f  r  till  years  to  assist  tlicm  in  eonstruelinj,' roads.  Juns,,ii,  Wist.  Ilc-'nailn, 
i  I.  I'iS.  A  revoeation  of  this  gift  was  protested  against.  LVmj  dc  L'alnldo, 
>IS..  Anu'iist  :{1,  lo'-H!. 

"  licililniied  in  eednia  of  March  I'J,  lo-i-l.  /</., -1. 
UidT.  Mtx.,  Vui..  II.    10 


14G 


OIIDIXAXCES  AND  STATESMANSHIP  OF  CORTES. 


tiiiiientos  and  cncomicndas,*-  so  equivocally  begun  by 
Columbus,  and  authorized  by  the  sovereign  as  an  en- 
couragement to  enterprising  and  meritorious  conquer- 
ors and  colonists,  and  as  the  means  of  securing  tlio 
j)acilication  and  conversion  of  the  natives,  together 
w  ith  a  fair  amount  of  tribute  for  the  crown.  The 
system  as  concocted  by  the  government,  and  as  per- 
verted and  abused  by  the  subject,  has  been  fully  con- 
sidered in  a  previous  volume.*^  The  chief  blame  for 
the  constant  evading  of  the  many  measures  dictated 
with  charitable  intentions  by  the  home  authorities, 
must  rest  with  the  officials  sent  out  to  watch  over  the 
observance  of  the  measures.  When  those  highest 
in  power  set  the  example  of  disobedience,  poor  advent- 
urers could  scarcely  be  expected  to  imperil  their 
interests  by  seeking  to  stem  the  current  of  general 
corruption.  It  had  been  repeatedly  ordered  that  no 
wars  should  be  wacfed  ajjainst  the  natives  until  everv 
effort  for  gentle  conquest  had  been  employed.  Priests 
must  accompany  expeditions  to  watch  over  the  fulfil- 
ment of  this  riiifhteous  decree,  to  enliu'liten  the  natives 
as  to  the  consequences  of  obstinacy,  to  propose  favo)- 
able  terms  for  traffic,  and  to  protect  them  from  unfair 
and  cruel  treatment."  But  whether  they  resisted  nv 
submitted,  the  result  was  nnich  the  same,  as  we  have 
too  often  seen.  In  the  former  case  they  were  killed 
or  enslaved  at  once,  in  the  latter  the  chains  of  sevl'- 
<lom  were  slowly  and  tenderly  wra[)ped  round  them. 
In  the  Antilles,  to  replenish  their  fast  thinning  ranl;s, 
regular  slave-hunting  expeditions  had  been  organized, 

'-  Leon  (liflr.os  tlio  relative  mpaninn;  of  these  words,  na  iiixkTstorxl  by  tlio 
enldiiists.  Jit'piU'tiliiieiito  implies  the  lirst  distriljution  of  natives  uiikjiij;  ll;e 
eniii|ueri>!'s  ;  eiicoiiiieiida,  the  seeond  mviiit  or  redistrihutioii  tiiereof,  on  diatli 
or  reniovul  of  llrst,  holder.  Ju  Xew  Spain  tiie  former  teini  was  ret;uned  1) 
(U'.signate  tlic  Meekly  rep.nrtition  of  natives  to  work  in  field  or  mines.  'J'ruK 
Kiiri,,i)'«  11(1(11,  4,  ").  The  liodk  is  an  impoitant  compilation  nf  l.iw  s  relatiii'.r  1 1 
enenndi,  ndas,  iiiado  by  ii  relator  <if  the  Ciuneil  of  the  Indies.    Madrid,  HYotl 

'■'  ///.-■/.  Cnit.  Am.,  i.  'ICt'I-Cy,  this  fcrie.'^. 

**1"he,se  did'crent  laws  addressed  partly  to  (.'ortf^s  with  renewed  injiiiK'- 
tions,  jiartly  to  governors  in  tlu!  l^die.^  eencndly,  l;iay  be  eonsulted  in  A'c'"/'. 
ill-  liiiliit't,  i.  .">()i-70  «'t  .se(|,;  X'lniorn,  Jli/t.  Liij.  f'/t,  iii. 'Jl  Ml;  /''ir/urn  ■,.ud 
Ciinliiiim,  i'ol.  J>or.,  xxiii.  "i.jH-ti'J;  Cot.  Dor.  lu  d.,  i.  llTlf'-;  Moiitcimii/'  r, 
iSiniuirios,  i.  et  secj. ;  and  la  prcccdin;,'  v(>liuae8  of  this  series. 


REP.VRTIMIENTOS  AND  ENCOMIENDAS. 


Hi 


and  to  one  of  these  was  clue  the  discovery  of  Xew 
Si)ain,  as  ah'cady  related. 

The  conquest  aeconiphshed,  the  soldiers  demanded 
their  repartimientos,  the  main  and  almost  sole  reward 
iur  their  long  toil,  now  that  the  expected  treasures 
had  dwindled  to  insignificance.  Cortes  claims  that 
the  superior  intelligence  of  the  natives  in  New  Spain 
created  a  doubt  in  his  mind  whether  they  could  be 
successfully  parcelled  out  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
Islanders.  He  thought  at  one  time  that  the  royal 
taxes  might  be  applied  toward  the  demands  of  the 
iirniy,  but  recognized  that  the  crown  would  expect  an 
increase  of  revenue  rather  than  a  diminution.  The 
tlanior  on  all  sides,  from  royal  official  to  soldier, 
must  be  satisfied,  and  so  he  yielded.  In  addition  t<3 
tills  pretext  to  cover  the  action  of  controlling  men,  it 
was  argued  thai  the  distribution  of  the  natives  was 
the  only  means  to  pn^tect  them  against  indiscriminate 
1  illage  and  maltreatment,  and  to  reclaim  them  from 
abomfnable  pagan  vices.*'  Without  real  authority  for 
such  measures,  Cortes  could  only  make  them  provi- 
sional, but  in  a  letter  to  the  sovereign  lie  explained  tlio 
justice  and  necessity  for  confirming  the  grants.  At 
a  latiT  date  he  even  recommended  the  general  parti- 
tion of  the  towns  of  New  8})ain  among  the  colonists.^'* 
T!k;  court,  however,  had  just  been  startled  into  activity 
liv  the  outcry  of  friars  and  judges  over  the  O'ud 
( Atcrniinatiou  of  the  islanders,  and  ])v  order  of  Juno 
-i!,  I.r2;],  npartimientos  were  firbiddoii,  those  already 
made  being  revoked."  But  the  step  had  not  been 
duly  considered,  and  Cortes  with  the  approval  of  the 
royal  ofiicials  took  it  ujkmi  himself  to  keep  the  cedula 
secret,     lie  franklv  explained  this  course  to  the  sov- 

*''i'ort.:<>,  C-rrf-'.'i,  271;  G'Viiari,  /Ii-<'.  .Vir.,  .•?•_'!).  Ziinv'iiTa^a  dodarcs  tlio 
I'liyiil  tivasiuxr  AMoi'clo  to  liavo  Ivi-ii  tho  i-l'ii'f  instiLratuf  lor  a  il)itri!)iitiii!>. 
'  '. ' ',  ill  I'ainir':,  Dor.,  MS..  •J7--3.  .M'ltoli'iia  praises  (Nirti's'  CDmluct  with 
ii  .111'.  ti»  the  natives.   I'jitii,  in  IrirJinlc  ii,  ','"/.  I>w.,  i.  'i.");)-"". 

"'"\'uestva  Ma.^cstail  .live  n  pjirtire^to  ■■■  juicMos  \m\y  Inscsn.uiolofi. .  .yipio 
i"i  timeii  per  cusa  propi;'..'  MoiKjrial,  in  I'arh'Xo  uwd  Curikmi^,  Vol.  Uoc, 
\ii.  'Js;*. 

'' Vnlen,  ill  Id.,  xxiii.  3o7-8. 


MS 


ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSHIP  OF  CORTES. 


I  11 


■^1 


eroiij:!!  on  tlio  <jfrouii(l  that  its  enforcement  would  liave 
deprived  the  .settler.s  of  means  of  subsistence,  given 
cause  for  re'volt,  and  di.icouraged  innnigration.  T!i.' 
royal  revenue  would  fail,  conversion  would  cease,  and 
the  country  itself  might  be  lost.*^  So  general  were 
the  remonstrances  that  vrith  the  advice  of  the  India 
Council  the  prohibition  was  withdrawn  and  servitude 
confirmed. 

Even  v.hilc  assured  in  tlic  possession  of  their  serfs, 
the  conquerors  had  still  grievances  enough  in  connec- 
tion v/itli  the  terms,  and  especially  the  amount  and 
nature  of  the  distribution.  Indeed,  with  so  many  claim- 
ants, it  was  impossible  to  satisfy  the  expectations  and 
caprices  of  all.  The  favored  fev/  were  naturally  de- 
clared by  the  dissatisfied  many  to  bo  less  deserving  of 
reward  than  the}^  Nor  were  these  accusations  al- 
together unjust,  fV.r  besides  securing  to  himself  la^gi; 
and  choii-e  rewards,  Cortes  ga\'e  freely  to  recently 
arrived  friends,  who  had  taken  no  part  in  the  conquest, 
and  to  others  whom  policy  i;iade  it  advisable  to  court.'" 
Leading  natives  were  also  propitiated  vrith  a  shaiv. 
The  conditions  of  the  grant  required  the  holder  to 
pledge  hhirielf  to  an  eight  years'  residence  in  the 
country  in  order  to  assure  the  interest  both  of  crown 
and  natives.  This  was  readily  evaded  by  obtaining 
de[)uties  and  leave  of  absence,  while  many  made  use 
of  their  grant  merely  to  cxehango  or  sell  it.'"'  Fur- 
ther, the  holder  nmst  build  a  house  at  the  place  of 


■   1 


*^  '!Mas  que  lo  quo  liasta  alior.a  so  sabo  del  mundo.'  Curtail,  .32S. 

^'lu  drti'.i,  y.'(.v" /( /('■,'({,  i.  4S,  Gl-2,  'JjO-CJ,  etc.,  the  eonipluials  arc  freely 
ventilated;  even  Zaiii;;'.'r;iira  i.j  liliint  abiuitit,  while  r!,-i!iinraii,ituv;d!ydefeni'H 
Ills  patron's  course  against  insatiable  inaluonteuts.  liernal  Uiaz  considers  t!>at 
the  eoiiiitry  shouUl  liave  been  tlivided  into  live  parts:  the  best  for  the  erowii; 
tiio  next  for  the  elunvli,  for  benevolent  purposes,  and  forspeeial  rewards;  tlie 
remainder  to  lie  distributed  aniony  the  conquerors,  including  Cortes,  according' 
to  tlieir  standing.   iJint.  Wrt/w/.,  IS7-S. 

'■"Wliole  viKiges  were  sold  for  a  paltry  COO  to  1,000  pesos.  Pcralta,  X  '. 
Jl'id.,  VIS.  IJy  cedula  of  ^lareh  '20,  l.llili,  holders  were  obliged  to  obtain  roy.d 
permit  for  aljsenee,  or  forfeit  their  grant;  and  by  another  cedula  of  the  Idth 
eNclianges  and  partnerships  were  declared  void.  J'lirja,  Cr^hiliirio,  10,  11,  7l*- 
'J'ht^  marriage  regulation  lould  not  well  be  enfnived  among  these  loose  advent- 
urers, and  this  evoked  strong  re^iit.;L:\tations  from  such  oilieials  as  Albornn/, 
ami  President  Fueulcal.    Carta,  iu  I'acheco  and  Ciinknuti,  Col.  Doc,  xiii. 


DUTIES  TOWARD  THE  NATIVES. 


149 


i-osiJonco,  yet  abstain  from  visiting  his  villages  with- 
out special  permit  from  the  lieutenant  of  the  district, 
partly  on  moral  grounds,  partly  to  prc^■cnt  abuses, 
which  might  also  react  to  imperil  the  life  of  the  vis- 
itor.''  In  pursuance  (.)f  this  measure,  it  Avas  forbidden 
t  )  take  av.ay  v.omcn,  and  boys  under  twelve  years,  to 
Work  on  plantations. 

In  order  to  bring  forth  a  steady  revenue,  plantations 
were  to  be  established  near  the  villages  and  towns, 
and  cultivated  by  the  Indians  of  the  repartimiento. 
These  v.ere  to  be  summoned  in  squads,  each  for  a 
p.'riod  not  exceeding  twenty  days,'-  their  departure 
iii'.d  return  being  noted  by  the  lieutenant  of  the  dis- 
trict. The  working  hours  were  from  sunrise  till  one 
hour  before  sunset,  v.'ith  an  hour  at  noon  for  rest. 
])isi;iissed  men  could  not  be  sunnnoncd  a^'ain  v.iuiiu 
thirty  days.  While  employed  they  must  bo  given 
necessary  food,  and  every  year  merchandise  to  tho 
uiunlucent  amount  of  half  a  peso  de  oro.'^  In  return 
r«>r  tlie  service  thus  obtained,  the  cnconiendero  mu.^fc 
pi'oiuote  the  conversion  and  civilization  of  his  pci.ple, 
llrst  by  placing  the  sons  of  the  caciques,  or  represent  i- 
tive  men  in  his  district,  in  charge  of  friars  or  curates 
tn  he  educated.  This  step  was  promoted  by  the  sov- 
cvei.'ii  himself  in  offering  to  provide  for  the  education 
el'  ;i  certain  number  in  Spain,  though  little  came  of 
it.'^     Second,  by  erecting  a  church  in  the  towns,  and 


■' TravtlliT.s  often  disnppcarctl  as  Ciimnrrro  nfTiniis,  ///-/.  Thi.c,  181;  anil 
it  \wi.s  t'l.iiinl  ncuos.sary  i')  iiuiUo  tho  caci(|m'M  rcspousililo  fur  tluir  .saftly. 
Til'  if  lio.pitalilics  ■wi.i'o  ^•ciierjilly  five,  .iliii(jii;;h  in  ruynl  onlcrrt  ri'lntiii'^  to 
till'  protuctiiiu  of  native  women,  and  alnisos,  even  native  gdvcrnors  were  at 
l.i  t  (.;.j  iiiic.l  to  talio  nutuin;;  froiu  natives  without  jxiymeut.  Jiuultnuiijiir, 
Sr..  'in  fi,  I0."1.     Tiiia  law  was  also  ilireeteil  against  va;^rant.-<. 

"•'ilic  liitcr  rule  \\[\s  to  apportion  10  Indians  for  every  1()0  tlnrin;:;  'JO 
«(■(!, ;  (.f  ll,i;  year,  and  tvro  [ler  ecnt  f^r  tho  rem. lining  week.'.  'J'hi'^e  S'lUacU 
\\-  \y  cii'led  re'pei  lively  tlohla  and  seuciUa,  terms  corruspondiny  to  two  coins. 
y,(n«,  'I'rut,  Jj'iicDiiiiviiihii,  5. 

■■  I.ali  i;e-.s  wiMild  hardly  need  more  tlian  a  luin-e'.oth  for  ordinary  day^, 
aad  luiD  Hull!  for  gala  day.*,  so  that  the  amount  is  after  all  not  lio  ridieuhuis, 
''I'iio  oiier  was  made  l.y  letter  of  \ovend)er  ".I,  l.yJti,  iimnipted  nerliaps 
hy  .".Iliirao.^'  sny;_-es'Li<in  tiiiiiipretf;<leiidin;4  natives  with  tho  i;randfurc>f  i-'p.iin. 
■"^1  \eriil  children  died,  and  the  ))arents  objected  to  sending  them  so  far,  and 
tliiH  lli.'  project  failed.  I'lii/a,  C'Litiinu,  lit,  'Jl;  MtinlnUi,  llht.  Ecks.,  482; 
Aihiji-iio:.,  L'aita,  in  Pachccu  and  Cunkuan,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  7-. 


150         ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSHIP  OF  CORTl!:S. 


arranging  for  religious  instruction,  besides  dcstro^'iiiL;' 
idols  and  repressing  pagan  rites.  The  labor  squads 
fcliould  receive  special  training,  and  be  made  to  join 
every  morning  in  prayers  accompanied  by  an  admo- 
nition." 

Encomienda  Indians  could  not  be  taken  to  work  in 
tlic  mines,  or  to  places  very  remote  from  their  villages. 
For  such  purposes  slaves  were  employed,  consisting 
of  those  who  had  been  originally  so  held  by  the  natives, 
or  who  had  been  condemned  to  slavery  for  rebellion.^"' 
We  have  seen  how  large  were  the  numbers  captured 
and  branded  after  the  reduction  of  every  obstinatt; 
province  and  city;  quarrels  being  frequently  forced 
upon  the  natives  by  greedy  captains  in  order  to  obtain 
an  excuse  for  increasing  the  number  of  slaves.  Even 
this  was  not  enough,  however,  and  cither  under  pre- 
tence of  purchase  or  intimidation  the  caciques  were 
made  to  surrender  the  slaves  held  by  them.  Fre- 
quently the  chiefs  did  not  possess  either  sufficient 
slaves  or  treasures  to  appease  the  demand  made,  ainl 
to  save  themselves  from  persecution  they  gave  into 
bondage  free  subjects.  Others  were  entrapped  into 
borrowing,  or  to  the  commission  of  petty  offences,  ami 
held  as  slaves  in  expiation.  They  w:ero  not  only 
branded,  but  treated  with  far  greater  severity  than 


*j  Every  2,000  Indians  should  Lave  a  priest,  where  obtoiuable,  otherwise 
several  villages  must  be  grouped  under  one  minister.  Of  coui'se,  the  regula- 
tion was  disregarded  like  most  others,  and  at  the  petition  of  friars  an  onk- 
was  issued  in  1530  to  enforce  it.  Piifja,  Cedulario,  1 12.  The  regulations  iis 
issued  by  Cortds  at  Mexico,  Mai-ch  20,  1524,  are  to  be  found  in  Paclieco  mil 
Cdnlenas,  Col.  Doc,  xxvi.  135  et  seq.,  and  in  Corti'K,  Escrilox  SueUo-s,  27  it 
Bcq.  The  form  of  certificate  issued  to  holders  may  be  studied  in  tlie  follow- 
ing specimen:  '  By  these  presents  are  depx)sited  with  you,  Pedro  ^hutiii 
Aguado,  a  vecino  of  the  villa  de  Sant  Esteban  del  Puerto,  the  lord  nii  1 
natives  of  thctownsof  Tautoguene,  Granchimar,  and  Tantucii,  that  FnuuiMi 
Kamirez  visited,  to  the  end  that  you  may  avail  yourself  of  their  services,  an  1 
they  may  help  you  in  your  estates  and  business,  agreeably  to  the  orilinaiRi  s 
now  provided  or  hereafter  to  be  enacted  upon  tlie  sulgeet,  with  the  obligation 
of  giving  them  instruction  upon  the  teachings  of  our  lioly  Catholic  faith,  u.'^iii,' 
therefor  all  possible  and  necessary  vigilance  and  solicitude.  Done  at  this  villi 
de  Santisteban  on  the  Ist  of  May,  1523.  Hernando  Corti^s.  Dy  order  of  lii-^ 
Worship,  Alonso  do  Villanueva.'  Pachcco  and  Cardciiai,  Col.  JJoc,  vii.  'M^. 

""Cerbiin  villages,  originally  belonging  to  rebellious  provinces  prolialily, 
and  partly  to  mining  regions,  liud  besides  to  furniah  four  Indians  in  evtiy 
hundred  for  uiiuiug.  Leon,  Trat.  Etic.omkudas,  5. 


ABUSES  OF  POWER. 


m 


iindcr  their  ancient  laws,"  and  even  exported  to  the 
islands  to  perish  miserably  under  liardshijjs  and  cli- 
matic ravages.  Motolinia  alludes  to  the  inhunuui 
triatinent  of  slaves  in  the  mines,  and  the  conse(|ueut 
iiiortalitj,  as  the  sixth  plague  ot*  Mexico,  and  he  joins 
ill  the  representations  made  to  the  king  against  the 
abuse  of  Indians,  particularly  the  removal  from  their 
native  districts.  To  present  this  the  more  forcibly  it 
V  as  pointed  out  that  by  depriving  the  chiefs  of  too 
many  slaves  they  would  be  made  unable  to  pay  the 
required  tribute. 

Tlie  main  representations  came  from  the  council  of 
friars  and  officials  held  at  Mexico  in  September  1520, 
ill  accordance  with  the  instructions  brought  by  Ponce 
(k'  Let)n,  and  among  the  remedies  proposed  were  the 
ai)})(jiutment  of  inspectors  to  watch  over  the  strict 
observance  of  the  laws  protecting  Indians,  and  the 
^raiit  of  encomiendas  in  perpetuity  to  meritorious 
iiKii,  who  should  be  held  responsible  for  the  good 
tieatnient  of  their  vassals.  By  thus  assuring  the 
])ussession  of  the  grant,  the  holder  would  feel  an  in- 
terest to  j)reserve  the  health  and  lives  of  those  belong- 
iiiL;-  to  him.'^^  For  this  reason  also  the  tenure  of  towns 
and  lands  by  the  crown  was  not  advisable,  since  the 
))i)Iiulation  cither  neglected  to  produce  tributable 
elleets,  or  were  despoiled  and  oppressed  by  difi'erent 


'■  Sec  yadir  lines,  ii.  217-*^,  etc.,  on  conJition,  classes,  and  treatment. 
Also  Las  C'o.saa,  El  India  Esdovo,  iii.  Yet  Cortea  writes  that  the  most 
illi't'tivo  menace  toward  an  Indian  was  to  intimate  that  he  shouhl  be  restoivil 
t(i  incvious  scrvitudo  under  native  masteis.  '  Y  esto  temen  mas  iiue  otia 
iiiii-'una  auienaza  ni  castigo.'  'Esclavos  eognoaci  yo  en  casa  de  dcudos  niios 
liriiailos  in  hi cara con letras quo decian  el  nombro  de  (jiiicn  los  habia  vendiilo. ' 
Jiiinni,  JJixf.  1ml,.  MS.,  ii.  5'20-l.  Motolinia  speaks  of  the  brand  (■aIlo<l 
'ii state  do  S.  M.,'  whicli  came  with  the  royal  olliciids  in  l."r24,  it  seems. 
Vdi-t.i,  in  Ica.'.halceta,  Col.  Doc,  i.  'J74.  The  abuse  was  fostered  partly  by  tho 
riiyid  permission  given  in  early  years  to  enslave  rebels,  and  to  buy  those 
iiliiiiily  enslaved,  as  Albomoz  points  out.  Carta,  in  Pachcco  and  Cdrdeiiun, 
Col.  /idc,  xiii.  u5-();  Pinja,  ('edularin,  1(5. 

■'*lt«a3  urged  that  Indians  sliould  not  be  taken  beyond  a  distance  of  three 
ti)  fiiiir  leagues  from  thiir  homes;  enslaving  should  be  limited;  agriculturist.-) 
iiiii^ht  1)0  intixwhiced  and  given  .a  nund)cr  of  natives  to  train  in  their  braiuli. 
l.i'tuis  and  Memorials  in  lar.hidcettt,  (Jol.  Doc,  ii.  lo.V?,  202  .'{;  ,")4.">-."» I ; 
I'li'nici)  and  Cdrdfiiax^  Col.  Doc,  xii.  124-5,  284-5;  xiii.  5(>-8,  G5-7;  J/o<y- 
Idiia,  Hist.  Ind.,  18. 


1.-2         ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSHIP  OF  CORTfiS. 

officiiils/''  T  -T  result  was  a  scries  of  deorccs,  ordeiiiiij 
that  illec^ally  enslaved  Ixlugs  slioiil;!  bo  released,  tli;;t 
enslavement  innst  bo  effected  only  Ix-forc  royal  olH- 
c'ials,  and  so  firtli,  all  adr.n']-;  ')k;  in  tone,  and  eoin- 
mc'ided  to  the  clerpfy  for  cnforeenient;  but  the  nieii; 
jK'i-nilssion  to  enslave  rebellious  natives  opened  the 
door  to  many  and  great  abuses,  and  the  royal  ofMeials 
v.'crc  ready  enough  to  lead  the  waj'.®"  As  for  tenure 
of  cncomiendas,  they  Averc  confirmed  to  the  holder  fir 
life,  subject  to  goDcl  conduct,  and  though  reverting  to 
tiie  cro\vn  U}!on  his  death,  tlicy  were  generally  give  :i 
to  his  descendants,  in  part  at  least."^  Otiiers  wcire  by 
special  decrees  conferred  in  perpetuity  on  certain 
jjroniinent  far.ulios,  including  revcral  i^.ative  priijcly 
houses."^  For  the  crovn  vere  set  aside  th/e  \^(>'<'l-, 
the  leading  towns,  or  capitals  of  districts,  and  other 
select  tracts."^ 

For  a  long  time  the  encomenderos  stood  bet\vee!i 
the  crown  and  the  natives  as  subordinate  tribute  c(»]- 


■V\ 


■I 


'''Cortca  explains  to  the  sovereign  tliiit  on  perceiving  tliis  doterioniliuii  lio 
gave  cert:'.in  t'Avns  in  rcp;ir'.!;ii:i.';i'').<,  Xo  the  iinnirdiiitc  inerc;ise  in  rcvrinic, 
and  lie  therefore  recoinniendcd  tiic  transfer  of  others.  t'inta>>,  3:^-2.  This  is 
conflrnie  1  l>y  /'•auiarr;i„';i";i  report.  Jhuhirc::,  Jj<ir.,  MS.,  '27>).  Thu-tala  Iiad  ;.> 
rem:ii!i  I'.'KVr  tlio  crnv.  ii,  hut  o'.'.iei.'ls  v.-.at'.'Iicd  over  tlic  produce  yii  Id.  I  xtl''- 
xochivl  ciainui  that  Te/:cueo  declined  under  its  condition  a=<  crown  property, 
wiiili;  iii'..'-l)ur;i  collect. -rs  :•.!):!  cd  the  ir.ipovciio'.icd  lord  i-.ud  nuliu^s.  V.V,'.,  '.iJi, 

"''  IndiniiM  were  i:itinii' 'ivtcd  to  fuihir.it  to  v.'h.it  vns  called  jiiL-t  en;dav!'!!H'iit, 
or  voh;;itaryaer\  ice  in  mines,  and  thus  tlie  laws  of  lo^iJand  l.J2;i\vere  miliiile  1. 
Sdun  i:fUr  (■us';.\'cnu  :;t  in  war  v.ns  foil.idilcn,  raid  iiiir.lly  Blavcry  \\:\-j  ;;]■  I- 
ished,  only  to  ri-e  M';ain  lui'ler  tlic  term  of  peonage.  For  cvdulas  see  Pi''j'. 
('i(h:!iir.'i>,  Hi,  17,  -1;  Col.  JJnr.  Iiii'il.,  i.  111-1!);  L'ccnp.  ilr  Indiux,  i.  pas-.iin; 
Znin'^nt,  11  h.  L' ;/.  L'l'.,  iii.  r.l)  et  so«|.;  'J\ii'ifi(:^:irr''i,  iii.  "J.';-!-."!;  iju'ro,/''.  i:i 
Padvo  and  Ctinlchns,  Col.  Due,  .\iii.  4ii.').  In  l.Ml?  'llascala  decreed  t!i'! 
lihciai  ion  oi'  •'.  1  licr  i-d.ivcs,  an  exanipli'  conuiiciuhd  liy  the  viceroy.  IiL,  ii.  "Jt  J. 

"'  Tli-i  iniieritance  was  coiilirnud  by  cedula  of  June  Ui.  l.j,'!."!,  I'lijii,  (.'< ''  '- 
hir'ii),  lOi;  and  oi>cned  tlio  way  for  new  aliases,  liaoty  marriages  Ijciii ,'  foi'im  I 
ton  t:!in  t'.ie  gi'aiit.s,  a.-i  Mcndo/a  coniplaiin.   Varl-i,  in  i'l"i-'''/ci,  Cnl.  l)oc.,  V.-'k 

^'-Such  as  I'edrode  Monte/uma,  whusi' lieiis,  tlie  dukes  nf  Allixco.  enjnyi  1 
in  l(i:.9an  imuRiioc  income  chii  ily  fium  eiico.iiicndas  liou^la  liack  l>y  tlie  ;;i'V- 
cnnm  ht.  Sec //('V.  J/f.f.,  i.  4(i(t,  this  .scries,  inxA  lonsc'd,  11(4.  lltiifi.th, 
i.  4'.2t).  Knconiienda.s  were  gradually  ahsorhed  hy  the  crown,  either  liy  iv- 
versiou  or  purchase,  and  the  natives  became  noiuinaliy  iwx:,  a  coiulition  1  r 
which  they  grew  more  lilted  as  the  new  eiviiization,  with  its  arts  ami  iiidi;-- 
tries,  spread  among  them. 

'•■'' /AUiH.ru,  JJili.  Li'j.  CI/.,  vi.  SI.  'With  this  order  Cortes  ha<l  aliiiniy 
e()m]ilicd,  tliough  he  failed  not  to  remonstrate  against  crown  tenure,  snggr.-i- 
iiig  ll'.at  at  h;ist  diCi'erent  measures  from  those  prevailing  should  be  adopt-  I 
fur  udmijiisterin^  them. 


The  {U-^t  rcvonuo  ohU 


J'"'  ''■■■i'U  theiifth  of 


"'^•<I  rjvMii  Xon-  8 


m 


dves, 


'i'ain 


(ortu^ilsad 


f'omp,.]|e.tI  the  cant 


^  uuitU  of  .Ar(;iit 


ivcc 


M^'uiclanco  (^f  5 


j»cror  to  wuiTeiuI 


in^ifnhutc-rolisrortl 
I'li-co  Iiunfli.o;}  niKl 


i^'''Uiua. 


P^^ni;dh  coIK^cl 


CT 


contained  tJ 


:02-s. 


C(;l!j. 


■"."^^"ntandlcindoft 


f^..-.     •!  '■\^^^itd.>h  towns.  ulfT.  ii.^ 


(f 


•'^<'^  to  I>o  ixi'ul 


"«,  \vitli  tl) 


::£i'""i'>-j-"^';xr;:?^^:''p-''-'' 


'n  v,-J 


i;:.S'^;y:rh-- --tar'fi  "1,  -  i-v- 


'Mora! 
TJ, 


r  o::;;;:!!^^-'^;^^  ^-nni 


onco  cv 


C'u: 


2  every  efo-htv  <hv 


ie  e( 
"ont  tl 


'He 


'-Jon  t(,(,j- 


•J^vns,  tIiou,,Ii 


o' 


v.duabl 


G  ciL-cts, 


',  '•■:ic  /•,![ 


^"<-co.s,on  to  extr,rt  all  tl 


rantao-c  of  thm  t 
-ui'os,  fab 


■'■'^■•■i^J;-;-  anotJ 


"O 

'JJcv:!,  and 


'-;>^eo   a.«un)ed  patr, 


tl 


ik'ii 


!(.' 


tl 


,^^t   ccMdd   I,e  obtained 


'0  cnconiend 


y  could  n 


^  vvas  left,  watel 


"iig  in  til 


|or  111  (^uk'k 
h 

M'liat 


;o(^'^ 


producti(Tn  of 


eir  IV. 


^:' ■';'••  in  rc],ance.«<^  Burin^    f  w"  I'^  t^^enccforth   bo 

niflcd    bnflv V  ^""\?  1 110  first  1-nr.i.o  V.]...  •         -^^ 


cnconicnd 


tno  first  voar-^t^ 


'ocacKjiU'.s 


■(-■cc'i\-ni'<' 


J'-'^^'l'--  i'eean.^o  tl 


s^trnn< 

Mnt;if 


lic'Vl>T 


feiv 
ini 


;I^joetod 

it'ir  vns.^al, 


aduaIIyyio]<iea\ 


tended  to 

TOW  ]; 


oo 


^I'oat  was  tbo  exi 


i«  position  to  u 


io  J>re;;3uro  to 

''"rj'^'cri.I,  them, 

-^    "hini^sivG,  and 

"wrupuhnis 


'S.'^  f; 


;„7, 


"'•.  i.  { 


ii.  'I.SU  ft 


A' 


1    ,  <•  i.  /"ii-fv,  1 


■'^^-     See  also  ir, 
■  seq, 

'"'ccv,  ii.  2.T1    of 


"n;^'^"i'«i"tii.gs, 


<-'ort.:.,,  //i,t''j^r^  j 


?'l-,/;.rn,  f„ii  ^,, 


--«^;  /V 


escription  of  (i,„ 


etc] 


v.it 


^/■■'.  /. 


J.< .:;  ti- 


r;  i:-'i  out  that  tl 
■i'|vanta..-o  wive  t: 


''■■c  a  munhcr  of 


"'';'.  da 

•Tllcicilt 


S^r::^  i^''"- tnhut 


r*^]>ro(Iiic(tl 


"■on/^rj,  e, 


f"'"^  ''•":^«A 


i.ia  o'^;!:l^:!:''"'V-'^'Jp«^^^i.^^ia; 


lie  ,1 


I'M'S  I 


W.'f/,    < 


■-;n.w.de,.os.  rv,.,,:'S 


-'^  conia  not  bo  .f. 


0-1 


lov.-  ii;it 


llUl  -lv,.,l     I  ■"■'l\0  111 


i' Voijc  iii 


Zurit 


^i  iii  Ills  al 


''''i'l-OSOllt-i 


;il)!o  1 


>CSfiil8.' 


^'•-'i-.o.:^r:,!;;n''''^^''-" 


■eport,  M  J, 


10 

icrcin 


f-o  ujiiJ  C«aV( 


"c''nii-ri,lL.r,, 


•o,s 


154 


ORDINANCES  AND  STATESMANSIIir  OF  CORTES. 


appeared  to  repress  tlie  evil,  but  it  was  not  until  the 
development  and  reorganization  of  the  treiisury  de- 
l)urtnient  that  any  iiuprovenient  took  })]ac(.>,  with  >;ucli 
measures  as  th(!  a])olisliin;_^  of  personal  service,  and 
tlie  assessing  of  tribute  solely  by  officials,  supervised 
by  inspectors  and  the  clergy, 


6(1 


33-5,  103-4.  Nor  did  the  disappointed  lon^ors  for  a  share  in  tlic  pltiuilcr 
f;iil  to  ji^iii  in  t!iu  cry,  nccu»iiig  (Jortts  above  iill  ua  una  wlio  had  iissiihilvI  !■  i- 
hiiiiHL'lf  the  ijcut  iind  most  miiiicrous  j,roviiici'.s,  with  8onio  '200  rcnt-;olls,  lui.l 
BcvcTal  millions  in  treiisuro.  (Jvrti'n,  Ji'fsiilciiciir,  i.  'JT-S,  08-9  ct  seq.  'i'lio 
tiihiite  L'mljiz/.lcd  by  him  from  Tc/cucoalonu  was  catiniatudut  (jO,(XK»fa.st(ll,i- 
iioH,  and  yet  the  crown  rcccivi'd  during  tliu  first  three  years  after  the  fall  ( f 
Mexico  only  about  l.'JO,000  in  iifths,  besides  some  costly  presents. 

•^  Kor  the  ditlerent  branches  and  their  routine,  aee  llicop.  lie  IniJ'mx,  ii. 
3S.')  et  Heij.;  Fonwi-n,  Hist,  lldcieii'ln,  v.  13,  aXc.     Thou;.'h  needing  means,  tli« 
crown  was  quite  moderate  in  its  demands,  which  'should  never  bo  idloweil  ti 
exceed  those  of  the  i)agan  rulers,  lest  the  change  to  Christian  ruling  coinpr.i' 
unfavorably  with  previous  condition.'     In  !Mendoza"a  time,  accordingly,  \\w 
tax  was  reduced  to  the  small  sum  of  32  reales  de  jilata  for  each  Indir.n,  lir 
'ocho  tostoncs'  as  Fonseca  puts  it.  /</.,  i.  413-14.     In  l.">71  the  ti'ibuto  v.i.h 
lixecl  at  Vi  reals  of  regular  money  and  one  fanega  of  maize  for  married  tax- 
pjiyei'.s;  one  real  extra  for  widowers;  and  half  of  what  they  paid  for  luiiiianii  cl 
of  l)oth  sexes.     The  laws  in  the  JirrojiUctrioii,  ii.  '22.1  et  seq.,  ordain  tliat  bi,!i- 
d\ied  Indians  collectetl  in  towns  pay  only  liulf  their  original  triliute  f(  r  the 
Hist  two  yeai-s;  if  unconverteil,  the  doctrina share  is  to  be  net  aside  f(jr  pi'oviil- 
iiig  ministers  and  hospitals.     A  Inter  decree  of  1007  exempted  for  ten  yi;i'-.s 
from  tax  and  service  those  who  voluntarilv  submitted  to  sovereign  and  cliiii .  !i. 
'J'lio.sc  not  residing  within  such  exemjit  liistrict,  or  subject  to  encomcndi  iis, 
must  i)ay.     Tax  levy  begins  witli  the  iminarried  man  after  the  eighteenth  ytai'. 
C'acicpies  and  their  eldest  sons  are  exempt;  also  women  and  alcaldes.     No  t;ix 
must  be  collected  save  that  declared  by  the  ollicial  assessor.     Only  two  to  llr.io 
Htaplo  articles  should  be  collected  in  one  town,     Laborera should  not  be  t.-iktii 
away  from  their  towns  to  work  in  plantations.     The  cncomendero  nmst  tako 
away  tribute  from  the  towns  to  his  residence  at  his  own  cost,  and  levy  iii'iio 
in  case  the  crops  fail,     rci'soual  service  was  abolished  by  law  of  154!),  wliicli 
had  to  be  rec'nforced  by  later  ci''dulas,  ordering  produce  or  money  to  bo  iwil 
instead,  and  so  forth.  Sec  also  Zainora,  vi.  passhn;  Foiincca,  J/lnt.  Nari  inh, 
i.  410,  etc.     Authorities,  of  greater  or  less  value,  consulted  in  addition  to 
those  cited  in  preceding  chapters:  Col.  Doc  liu'd.,  i.  O'J-100;  Puna,  Cciliilario, 
7-71;  iSi/>iirr\i  ^18.,  ii.  50-02;  Uviedo,  iii.  4.'}0,  405-77;  Tcriiaitx-('oiiiji>iii<, 
lot/.,  ser.  ii.  toni.  v.  5,  0,  S0-.5,  '21'2-41,  '270-93;  Pacheco  and  Vdnleiinn,  ''a!- 
J)o,\,  ii.  '224-5;  iv.  507-71;  v.  550-01;  vi.   170-82,  '270-7, '294;  vii.  ^OO-.^N 
.\ii.  213-1."),  '277-97;  xiii.  5;j-&2,  104-8,  1.32-72;  xiv,  43;  xxiii.  ;{53-08;  xwi. 
5-'29,  13.'-84,  '298-351;   Torqiifinadn,  iii.  '2."),3-7;  Imzhalceta,  Col.  Doc,  i.  ]  p. 
slix.-li v.,  470-510;  ii.  4-'24,  545-53,  59-2-3;  Chimaf/mhi,    •'/.>/.  To^r/.,  i.  •Jli.'); 
ii.  91-113:  Coy^.x,  L'-srrdo.t  iyncllo.'i,  •2(t-10l,  109-74;  Llhro  de  CdAtdo,  M^., 
jiassim;    Motoliiiia,    lliitt.    Iiid.,   18-10;   Jiirop.    dc   Jiidia-i,    torn.    ii.   ."iii^."', 
'20S-9;  CoriM,  Hid.  N.  L'»p.,  370-99;  nrtniircz,  Pi-ocrm,  0-25,  73-0,  \7->-^i; 
L(t.i  C'(i.<(/,s,  Itei/in.  Iiid.  JJcntiilat.,  '2o  ct  sen.;  i>(da:(ir  y  Olavtc,  Co.iq.  J/fc, 
19-'2';  Pri'Hcnt'l's  M(x.,  iii.  '259-05,  .327-8;  Alamai),  Di^irt.,  i.  142-0,  171  Hi. 
2.'>.")-o,  ai)p.  lO.J-43;  ii.  30,  03-78,  178-80,309-17;  M<'.c.  L'xtrarl,..'<  dr  r,./,!,:^. 
]MS.,  2-();  Ilam'ircz,  JJoc,  MS.,  '272-4;  Jinucwl,  J/isf.  C/n/njic,  44-0:  M""- 
■iiwiitn.^  Jioiiiin.  Fsp.,  M8.,  iJS,  pt.  v.  5,  0;  Archivo,  Mcr.  Doc,  i.  19,  i,a.->i!ii. 
ii.  31  et  set).;  Pniics,  Extindon  V.  Cr\iz,  MS.,  i;  Jiiirra,  <loli.  Mcx.,  i.  b'  li: 
Vi'lnnivrt,  Triit.  J/t.c,  0;  Meiidkin,  UUt.  AVfe-f.,  519-29;  Jlinni,  //«•/.,/''■/'. 
i.  41-57;  Pizarro  y  Urdlanu,  Vurones  llcatrea,  103-0,  122-3;  CohzuUz  Du.cm', 


AUrnORITIES. 


Tfii'fo  /:'•''•«.,  i.  10;  Diirmu  ffhf.  Ivd.,  MS.,  ii.  fiSft-l;  Pnrtilh.  F^p.  rn  M,x., 
."id,  |i!M.-ini;  Jli'iinufHr  ilc  Jloitrhour'j.  Hist.  Kat.  ('h\,  iv.,  r>74-lK<,  7-7-"i<l, 
Ni.v;>."i;  l!'ii'>i-i,Mi  .c.  nil,-!.)?,  \~i-'H\,  Ixtlilxorhltl,  I!il(trionis,  in  Kiii'jslxirdiinli'ii 
M,.i:  .l/''''/y  ix.  4'J7-47;  Uo'ifrlxniin  HinK  Am.,  ii.  i;]:j^l;  Moui/'ni,-,  /,'i.ii/)iii', 
i;i,t-.S;  /I'l/'-i'  CorliK,  ii.  Kt.ViVJ;  LI.,  S/iait.  (^'um/.,  iii.  .'J-'J!(;  ('^i^tj  In,  Jtici\ 
y/  ■'.,  I'lHi  I;  Cnv«,  Tri-1  .S7;/A-,i,  i.  7-'-'!*,  «()->S;  Ct  rlidn,  KMuiI.  IlUt.,  Vll; 
Mll'n;  Hi'i'vn  ill  Mvj\,  iii.  17h-9;  Lrrdo  ile  'Jijniln,  Apiin'.  //if.,  llj-tl; 
JiK/iitlil,  I'liir.  //lit.,  ix.  i'KI.VS;  t'<itiiftr(jo,  J/ixt.  Tliu:,  Isl;  J/i.c.  J/«//i. 
,1  /W'.,  IS4:(,  10-11";  -I'f,  NiHuihitrliie  I'ernameinii/,  'iLVrtS,  S'JS-.^n,  ;t!l(^-H.S; 
]lii.sliiiii(tiit'\  Ciiwl.  l/ist.,  'w.  (J'2-.'),  (SM;  Fleiiry,  //int.  JJerotii'.,  IS.'I-.");  Fhk"'''!, 
Mixi(]ii';  1.'{I)-S;  Jdlin-c,  Mrin.  ilixl.,  ;W,  K.>-7;  ('huri/t,  Jiixj,.,  M.S.,  1-1',»; 
l.iihiiijH',  Aliri'jf,  X.  74-0;  Za mucoid,  l/id.  Mc.f.,  iv.  8'2  tt  seii.;  ,l/i//ii<',t  .1/f.i-. 
(I/-/  r.  ,S'.,  "JT-S;  A/..  ror/('.<,  aHl-3()3;  y'onic/  ?/  Mrmliril,  A/iaririon,  ii.  ls;{-9.-|; 
Wiiji/iiiiig,  ^/l:.c.  viid  (',  Am.,  59;  Mayer's  Mi\r.  A'Jtr,,  i.  S4-(i;  < '/it tidier, 
Mixi'iih'.  •_'.")](!;  K-iiOKiira,  <'oiijiirarion,\.  p.  .\iii;  Zi-rccero,  Mem.  J'ir.  Mix., 
4JS-!»;  /i'lismlfn  JJist.  Am.,  i.  'J49-6S;  il/i/«eo  i'/ex'.,  ii.  i.'t!8-71,  3.VJ-.");  Armiii. 
AH'  M,x.,  :m,  34(>-8;  /Vo.s«'^  Pic.  Hid.  Mrx.,  1'2-J-n;  /'((/i.  la/-.,  l1.  pt. 
xxxiv.  f>;  cliii.  pt.  viii.  'J.i-9,  40-50;  Salmoii\i  Mod.  1/ist.,  iii.  194-0;  .V.  .1/h. 
(/»(/  Mexiro,  i.  4.'{-4;  /\rwen,  A7c.  a«(/  IF«/A'er,  MS.,  3,  4;  Moiitemu;i<ir,  Sniin- 
>•('<-,  1!)1;  .V.»-.  J/f'j;.  6'(0</.,  /Joletin,  v,  32(J-32;  J/c»«,  /.Vi'.  Mcx.,  iii.  I7S  SO; 
Jtiihoii,  Mcxiiiiii;  85-7;  Martinez,  Hint.  liev.  Mex,,  i.  13-17;  I'erullu,  Xot. 
JliiU.,  53-00,  128-34,  250,  315-40. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


m  i 


APOSTOLIC     LABORS. 


\o22-\52G. 


EELiciors  Frrr.iNf!  amoxo  titk  Conqi-i::;(i::s— Tin:  Fn;sT  MivTsm-.s— ,Tr\.N- 
Diaz  ani>  FrtiAU  Ol:\ikdo — Pai-ai,  Intkhi'st  IIi-^i-layi-d— Fr.ANCisro  i,k 
LOS  Angelks'  I'uorosED  Mission— BitoTiiEU  Gaxt'c  and  his  Compan- 
IONS — Father  Valencia — FicvNtiscAN  Kules  and  Puivilegis — Tui; 
T\.J':.VE  A;'i)l;xli;.s — India:;  Altd.m  .ii.Mi;:-;i~(,"oiiT;'..) at  the  Flet ■  h- ■, ;:^ 
FiiiAi:s — PnEiTio  S:;i.r-Ar,A::u:Mi:NT — Fir.oT  Rynod — Mo-;A:;Trc  l>-  i- 
rT.ivr. — CoNVEr;T3  and  IIo:?riTAT.s! — Mr/riiops  of  Con\t,i:sto.v — Ciiiii::^ 

AMI    OllCHESTllArt — TuiCKS   OF  TllADE — FkIAI'-S    AND    Dl.SCIPEES — 8tiU- 

iioKN.NE,s.s  OF  Pko.selvtes — Bai'tism  en  jiasse  and  Bestowal  u? 
Xaiies— Leuality  of  the  Rite — The  ^Iauuiaoe  Qlestio;'; — Xativi^ 

CaTECIII.ST.S    and    ^Il.S.sIONAKlES— I.SC'ONOCLASTJ    and    }.lAIiTYllS — Pi;ni,- 

ra;ss  oi-  Coxveksion  and  its  Cac-u-.s — Ciir;!s;!AN-u!CE  Rit.-.^  am  -mj 
THE  Natives — Attkactive  Fi'ATrRES  of  the  Roman  Churcii— Fes- 
tivals— CiIAKACTEU  of  the  I'lllAKS. 


n  ' 


WiiiLi:  political  and  fjiiaiicial  projects  formed  tliu 
absorbing  motive  with  the  ever  increasing  .swarm 
of  adventurers  in  Nevv'  Spain,  as  elsewhere,  Cortcs 
amoii'/  others  had  not  foruotten  the  sacred  moUo 
inuk'r  which  lie  hud  set  forth,  and  to  which  he  attii')- 
iited  his  siu'ooss.  In  the  fa!nous  regulations  issunl 
at  Tlascala  before  undertaking  tli(;  sieue  oi'  ]Me\icoIr' 
had  souL>ht  to  recognize  their  Indebtedness  to  heaven 
by  proclaiming  the  j>rimary  motive  of  the  campnig.is 
to  be  spiritual  concpiest,  Avithout  which  the  i  juipor.;! 
fieipiisitioiw  nnist  bo  regarded  as  unju^^t.^  V-  ith  only 
one  friar,  however,  whose  servicos,  in  connec  Ion  with 
those  of  the  doi-gvuian  Dhz,  wore  almost  w  lollv  J<- 
sorbed  by  the  soldieis.  little  or  no  progress  could  Ic 
made  toward  the  great  aim.      In  hi.--  lottery  to  Spain, 


'See  full  tixt  llicrtof  in  IcirJuilatd,  Cvl.  J)<jc.,  i.  4-l,')-ril. 


(150) 


rELiGious  TEAciiizns.  1.-7 

rMi-ti.'.s  fL^avly  })oiiito(l  out  tliis  drficrcncy,  ana  a^krd 
\\,i'  more  workers  in  fo  proiv^'.ing  a  fiel;!.  The  ref]iie.-t 
V. a-^  sn[)norto(l  hy  Fatlicu-  OlnieJo,  and  also  hy  other:-, 
\,-liM,  v.itl'out  caring  for  the  salvation  of  soul.;,  JkkI 
f  )nr.(l  friars  an  effective  nier  is  to  promote  the  sul)ju- 
<;-ation  of  the  natives,  and  especially  to  maiiitrdn  co:i- 
1  ;•(»!,  ro  as  to  as^uiro  pos^:.cssitjn  of  the  grants  and  .^erf-:. 
Tlie  [)resonce  of  the  holy  i.ien  proved  also  a  stimulus 
to  the  soldiers  during  tlic  hardships  of  a  march,  or 
i1ie  dangers  of  a  battle,  only  too  clearly  rccogni;:  d 
1  \-  Cort.'s,  v.dio,  for  that  ^v.attcr,  vas  siiicere  in  t'l  ' 
i.cts  of  devotion  vith  vdiich  he  began  and  ended  his 
un(lert;d;ings.  So  were  his  companions,  with  more  or 
]  •-  ;  feeling,  siiico  it,  would  have  l)ecn  heresy  to  neglect 
Chri  >tian  f(»rms,  li(Vvvever  much  the  inward  nature 
ili  rv'g;.rded  them.  With  the  prevalont  simplicity  and 
I'ligioiis  zeal  most  men,  indeed,  felt  comforted  hy 
t:!  -e  rites,  which  to  them  con;itituted  a  great  conso- 
li'ioii. 

TI;e  Iiin'j;"  v.-as  avraro  of  the  need  of  spiritual  ijuidcs 
,'ir  s(d(]ier  as  well  as  native,  and  commended  the  suh- 
j.''t  to  his  councils  and  to  tlio  pontifT;  but  the  little 
kiiMWu  of  the  conquest  and  the  comitry  during  the 
!:r.  t  y^r-rs  infui-.eda  cautious  he.-.itation  on  the  part  (A' 
hiith  laity  and  churchmen,"  and  the  field  remained 
ii^'y;lected.  Durini;'  the  sii';'-e  of  the  capital  five  rcliu'- 
i  '\u  teachers  figured  among  the  i'ujusand  figlitcTs, 
v.idi  tlieir  two  hundred  thousand  andharies,  Fatlur 
Olnudo,  the  three  clergymen,  Juan  Diaz,  Juan  do 
hi  >n,  and  Juan  lliuz  de  Cuevara,  the  last  two  of 
Xiuvaez'  expedition,  and  the  Franciscan  Pedro  7\U\- 
c:UNJo  de  Urrea,  Avho  iiad  come  to  sell  indulu'cnces. 
lo  this  numlier  might  be  added  the  inter[»reter  Agui- 

■M-  iiillrfn,  Jli-t.  Ki-!,>i>,^  IS7.     The  Dominican  Rcmesiil  clianros  the  di  lay 

i:i  |:i''  t>  till'  want  <if  inti'iTst  taki  n  liy  iMHistca  in  tin:  nin(|Uost.s  ot  C'uitt  -t. 
II'-'.  '  li'/djiri.  !(,  (iiiii  Ills  li(i!*tility  must  liji-.o  ii,;'l  its  >tl<it.  ]>ias.si'\ir  tin 
l..'Utl»mrL'  I'liiiil.-i  that  llie  iu'fiitation  nf  tlicoloj^ians  ami  jurists  1  ilcilaro  tin; 
\iiViity  Ml  ^iiain'a  li^'lit  to  tlit'sio  iiimi  rios — •I'viilcmi'  en  riii'iiiicur  de  hi 
itii^'i'tii  riit!iMlii|iu'  vt  i1ls»  miiiislns  de  ( '.lark's  \".' — was  the  ivtaniing  civuso 
i"i'  not  sending  Iriuis  to  [nottet  the  natives.  aLJ,  2\'at.  Civ.,  iv.  o'lii. 


158 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


f 


liir,  who  had  studicu  thcolonfv  and  assisted  at  scrvioc'' 
Only  two,  however,  stand  forward  as  teachers  ainl 
ministers,  Ohnedo  and  Diaz,  the  latter  ah'eady  mem- 
ber (»f  the  previous  expedition  under  Grijalva,  during' 
whose  voyage  he  performed  mass  and  baptized  a  nati\ « . 
Even  he  was  forstallcd  by  the  priest  Alonso  GonzaLz, 
of  Cordoba's  party,  to  whom  belongs  Vvj  highly  prizi  ^l 
honor  of  performing  the  first  Christian  rites  in  Xuw 
tbpam. 

Juan  Diaz  labored  under  a  disadvantage  as  a 
churchman  through  his  pronounced  loyalty  to  Velaz- 
quez, which  caused  him  to  meddle  in  plots,  and 
brought  upon  him  the  disfavor  even  of  the  natiw  s, 
He  became  the  first  parish  priest  in  Mexico,  but  re- 
signed to  follow  Alvarado  to  Guatemala  for  a  slmif 
time,  after  vrhich  ho  returned  to  ^Mexico,  only  to  lie 
killed  in  a  tumult  at  Quecholac  a  few  years  latLi/ 

'  Cul  ircrn ,  E'icudo  ([>•  A  )v/ia.<,  215,  omits  Urrca,  and  dignifies  Astiilnr  as  dc;i:i, 
though  Ills  Inter  record  i.-j  rather  of  a  worldly  character.  ]  le  was  made  rci.i.1  i' 
(if  Segura  in  I.VJO,  in  reward  for  services  as  interiireter,  and  ohtaincd  a  l:iii  1 
^'rant  from  the  niuniciiiality  of  Mexico  on  Xovembcr  28,  152.").  I.il'rn  ■/■■ 
<  'ab'ihlo,  MS.  In  l."i20  lie  ligured  as  a  witness  against  Cortes,  who  had  fiii'ud 
to  meet  his  expeetitions  of  reward.  Corfrfi,  Itcildi  ucin,  ii.  17S-8.'i.  ]!(i;i.l 
iJiaz,  who  siqiiKises  him  dead  in  1.J24,  casts  a  slnron  the  moral  ciiaracterot  v.,'.i 
l)i()fessed  anchorite  by  .saying,  'nunio  tullido  do  Imbas.'  lH<t.   I'cnlud.,  'Hi. 

^Sec  J/l-if.  Mf.r.,  i.  0,  0,  2.").  (ircat  I'ivalry  existed  among  the  ditirn;;t 
orders,  each  exaggerating  J*ts  share  in  the  work  of  conversi(;n.  The  Fraiu  i.-- 
cans  ;inil  1  )onnnicans  exliihit  actnal  hostility  in  their  relations,  and  the  fuiiiu  r 
<lo  not  hesitates  in  lluir  writings  to  claim  the  primacy  as  tirst  corners,  to  wiii'Ii 
cud  tliey  eitlier  ignore  the  hrst  laborers  in  the  field,  or  argnc  that  they  cai;vi 
vithout  authority,  and  must  conse(inently  be  rcganlcd  at  most  as  t-pirit'i:l 
guardians  of  the  soldiers  alone.  Tins  spirit  is  apparent  throughout  the  vnj. 
umes  of  ^bitolinia,  Mendieta,  Torqueniada,  Vetancurt,  and  (Jonailcz  IMvila. 
Kveu  ;^p(•(•ial  papers  have  been  wiitten  to  defend  the  claim,  among  which  ii!:'V 
be  mentioned  I'iinUcia^  ilr  Id  Vi  rdad,  MS.,  177'!,  by  Francisco  Ant(.r.io  dr  l;i 
Uosa  Figueroa,  wherein  even  the  three  Flemish  friars  who  arrived  in  I'l-.l 
lire  ignored  in  their  clain:  to  jn-iniacy  among  Franciscan.s,  on  the  ground  t'lit 
they  were  not  under  tiie  jiapal  bull  authorizing  the  great  twelve  who  cann'  i:i 
l.')21.  'J'he  real  objeeti(>M  was  probably  that  they  were  Meinings,  not  Spiiii- 
iard-).  Olinedo,  of  the  order  of  Mercy,  was  undoubtedly  the  tirst  friar,  li'.t 
till!  organ  vi hlch  proclaimed  his  fame  did  not  connnand  many  hearcis.  Hh 
best  eiianipinn  is  t'lc  etlitor  of  lli'rnal  lUaz'  Uistni\a  V(  rdudi  rii,  who  iloes  ii' t 
mviiple,  like  his  rivals,  to  invi'nt  and  interpolate  in  this  history  stateniiM'.i 
will  i-ew  ilh  to  extend  the  meiits  of  his  order.  The  learned  Sigiien.^a  J  •■""• 
gora  devotes  much  attiiition  to  the  subject,  particularly  in  his  Aiivt'if''>ii'' 
Crilii-iii',  MS.,  wlurein  he  refutes  the  clain  s  of  the  Franciscans,  yet  faiU  t) 
I'xhibit  sullieient  facts  for  his  aigtiment.  (!njah-(t,  Crcii.,  1,  2. 

•'' Figuei'oa,  I'litd/cias,  MS,,  l(i4-5,  following  a.  doubt  of  Vetancui*.  sup- 
I'oseswith  several  olhers  that  he,  left  New  Sjain  jorcNcr  shortly  at'.,  r  tU' 
lull  of  Mexico,  but  oil  returuuij^  from  lluutenuilu  he  appeared  on  Octu.'cr »ii 


DEATH  OF  OOIEDO. 


139 


rviee. 
rs  an»l 
mein- 
tlurhi^' 
luiiivf. 

J  prizt  'I 
in  New 

'C   as  !i 

)  Vclaz- 
)ts,  an.  I 
natives. 
,  but  le- 
•  a  slioii 
ily  to  I'.i' 
rs  later.' 

uilarasile.'i'.i. 

taiucil  a  Ian  \ 
,_,..  /.I''/'"  ''•' 
•ho  lunl  fai'-cl 

',-8:?.    l'>;'v:l 

iivactovof  ly.' 

\\\  rd'iil.,  -'•■ 

the  (lilV'ir:  t 

'J'ho  Fraii'i- 

[iici-s,  to\vU'..;i 
lit  they  >;i-!;" 
It  a-5  bpivi'.":! 
'hout  t!u'  V  1- 
lizakv.  l'.'^'-''' 
,i,;j;\vliiil>i'-  ; 
Auii-.i'.i"  il''  '\ 
■vivcil  in  1;-'^ 
.'riuiu'l  I   ■' 
who  raiin'  .1 
'?,  imt  Sl'aii- 
,i,>.t  fiiar,  ^i;t 
hoarcis.    11;* 
who  >li.iLS  IV  " 

,1-y  Htilti'mO'.l'.S 
,  iu'WM  >  *■""■ 

.  tuiicuit,  sur- 

i,vt!v  »!•■'■  *:i^" 


A  moi'o  conspicuous  role  was  fillctl  l)y  Father  Olniodo, 
uiii\ersally  respected  for  his  prutlent  zeal  and  hunill- 
itv,  his  devotion  to  Cortes  and  the  .soldiers,  and  his 
kind  interest  in  tlie  natives.  Not  only  this:  he  was 
ill  a  reniarkahle  decree  for  the  aj^e  free  from  that 
txeessive  zeal  which  contrcjlle*!  the  conquerors,  and 
stained  so  many  of  their  acts;  and  lie  possessed  an 
admirable  clearness  of  mind  and  knowledge  of  the 
wi  rid,  which  made  him  the  trusted  adviser  and  agent 
(it'  Ills  leader,  and  saved  the  army  on  more  than  one 
occasion  from  dangerous  im[)rudence.  When  Cortes 
l<i't  for  Honduras  in  1524  he  placed  liini  in  charge 
mI'  the  religii)us  interests  with  which  ho  was  co  >- 
corned;  but  the  good  friar  died  shortly  after,  dee[)ly 
regretted  by  his  countrymen  and  the  nati/'S.'^ 

Some  time  before  this  Friar  Melgarejo  came  from 
Spain,  to  grant  indulgences  for  blasphemies,  outrages 
oil  defence's.'-;-  natives,  and  similar  sins  and  crimes, 
and  set  out  v.a  his  return  in  1522  with  a  considerable 
MHii,  which  was  captured  by  French  corsairs.''  llis 
(!•  [larture  did  not  atfeet  the  linanclal  interests  of  the 
chiireh,  I'or  the  titlu's  were  duly  collected,  amounting 
ill  I.IJ;)—!  to  five  thousand  live  hundred  and  jifty  pesos 
(!(■  oio  for  ^[exico  city  alone.'^ 

l.'Jj,  Irforo  the  niunieiiiality  of  Mexico  to  obt'un  tlie  confinn.ation  of  n,  l.-nul- 
-ra:it.  Liliro  ilr  Ctihiitli),  M.S.  In  .Time  \')'2'.)  hi'  testiticil  at  tliu  rcsiiK'inia  >if 
Ahiirad'p,  Uaniinz,  I'i-occkd,  124.  So(,n  after  1k^  was  killed  during  a  tnmnlt 
I'ltwiiu  the  I'ljpolneas  at  QiU'cholai',  togctlu  r  witii  thrct^  cir  finir  soldiers, 
luul  was  j'r.i'tiy  lalen  l)y  tlie  n.itivcs,  of  wlioni  tlie  rin;;U'adei's  weie  Imcneil 
f  I'tlieireiiuie.  Testinmny  of  Indi.uis.  in  f '.;/(c'/(o,.i /';•<)(•., /•.■J.J-'.'.T,  Il-1.">.  The 
1  dy  is  said  to  have  lieeii  ile[;i)sited  at  Tlaseahi.  Tuniin'iixoht,  iii.  71--;  C'l- 
liKi-d,  r.xcuilii  (Ic  Ariiia.^,  '_'!.'>.  In  the  herndta;;e  of  S.  l!st>  van,  udd.s  N'etan- 
lUit,  who  donlits  tlie  Ktati meat  of  (ion/alez  l):ivi!a  that  ho  wim  liiiiieil  at 
I'lieMa.  T<(!>ri',  ii.  l-Ki.  I'lielihi  wiis  not  for.nded  till  lo.'H  '2.  Kr.isseiir  dis 
1.  ^Uih'.m'''  tnatd  of  his  earetr  with  some  luiins,  !ml  niaUes  several  radical 

'lie  was  hurled  at  Tlatehileo,  ill  Salitiap)  saiipfn;:ry.  ]!■  rual  l)li-.,  Il'i^t. 
Iw-'/r/./..  •J||_  ](.  j^  ^,,j,]  jiijjj  |„,  ],.„j  h,|,,ti./,.d  2,:^m  [i.Tsiiiis.  (Iiaiiado., 
Ti',-''  ■,  •JIk;,  sond.s  him  nil'  to  Sjiain,  and  Zaniaeois,  a.s  Usual,  luu:anlH  several 
•leal.tfiilassortion.s. 

'T!ie  corsairs  rapturt'cl  neai'lv  all  the  treasures  and  remittanees  sent  on 
lli.nt  (icension.     See  p.  K\,  this  volume. 

"They  were  farn.id  out,  and  the  mouev  used  hy  the  royal  treasnrei' for 
I'liilihiii;  elmrelas,  luiying  ornaments,  ami  jiayinj,'  i>i'iists.  Medi  llin  'ind 
\  via  Cruz  tithes  were  worth  at  least  1,(IIX)  pesus;  those  uf  otiier  sttllcnient!j 
aaoiot  yiveii.  r<iik»,  VuHm, 'i'll. 


AH 


ICO 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


Xcvertlieless  a  Inill  liacl  boon  issued  by  Pope  Leu 
X.  us  early  as  April  25,  1521,  in  lUvor  of  two  Fraii- 
fi.-can  a[)p]icants,  ilio  prominent  Francisco  do  I'l^ 
An^ole.'j''  and  Juan  Cla[)i()n,  llio  latter  a  Fleming'  and 
fi'rmor  conl'eijsor  to  the  emperor,  whereby  they  were 
nuitted  to  preach,  bapti/.e,  confess,  admiriioter  tiio 
?raments,  decide  matrini(riiial  (piestioiis,  adi:iini-tiM- 
extreme  unction,  consecrate  churclies,  cxcomnmnicate 


po 

sa 


and  absolve    from    exconriuunication,  with; 


>>-lU 


int( 


M 


ference  from  any  secular  or  ecclesiastic  authority 
While  suitable  compani')ns  were  souglit  for,  and  tlie 
n!.'C(.'s;;;ny  means,  tlie  dcatli  of  the  pope  too!c  liliu-r, 
followed  by  tliat  of  Clapion;"  and  otlrjr  o])stacl 
cliief  amonir  tliem  the  election  of  An-jfel 


e; 


es  as  'icnei 


d 


lis   (trdei 


of  1 

The  election  of  the  cardinal-regent  Adrian  of  Spain 
to  the  jv.pacy,  eaily  in  1522,  and  the  clearer  acciunts 


rom  2ic\\'  k^pam,  caused   more    ener^'otic    measni 


^  H 


il 

to  be  taken  by  tlie  cliurch,  and  on  ^lay  10,  152 
a  new  bull  was  is:aied,  aut!u)ri;dn_'^  all  mendicar.t 
I'riai's,  especially  tlie  mijioi'ites  desi'j:nated  by  tin  ir 
snperKjr,  to  fively  undertake  ilio  conversion  of  n:i- 
tives  in  the  Indies.  Only  those  fitted  b}^  their  ll'b 
and  knov.dedire  fir  the  position  should  1 


1)0 


seiec 


■tA 


'Idle  [)relates  of  the  orders  and  tlieir  delegates  we 
invested  Vvlth  all  ])ower  needed  for  the  conversion 
natives  and  the  maintenance  of  the  faith  in  t]ieIni.rK 


iiulndiiiu'  t!ie  exercise  of  such 


e;)i 


ona 


1  act:^ 


as  (! 


not  actually  require  the  preroijfative  of  a  conseci'attd 


bisl 


lop,  m  [il;ices  wliero  no  sueli  prelate  existed,  ei'  la 


lati 


■;ted, 


places  lying  at  a  greater  distance  j'rom   the  Iddio 


>.s 


•  '  I'nr  ntfo  iMinliro,  de  Qniflonos,  licrm.ano  dol  cniulo  de  Lnna.'  .Vi  »'/<'■ 'it, 

Jiui.  j-:> /(■■'.,  IS7. 

'"  Ili'ini>;il,  /ii-<t.  C/iynjia,  41,  seems  nitlicr  ncttlecl  at  these  vast  piivili-es 
ti)  iv  I'iviil  (ii'ilcr,  ;iii(l  iis-;iiiiics  with  iiii  'of  coiii'sc '  that  thoy  opplicil  ii!>'>  ti> 
V,n:  'iitci'  c'diniii;,'  I)('ininii.',i;is. 

"hi  l.'.JJ,  ;iV  Vallail.ilid,  s.iys  rcniimont,  Crd}>.  Mh'h..  ii.  TiOl  -'2,  v.ho  uiitcs 
t!ii>  iiainti  ( ila|i|iin.  'J\iin!H'iiiada,  iii.  '1,  7.  fnllinviug  Mciidiuta,  aUi'ilmti'-<  tug 
iniK'h  I'll'cct  (in  the  jnnjt  t't  to  the  dcinisi;  u'l  \\w  popi'.  Yet  th''  ii'jw  x"'!"'  '"''J' 
liavi'  (iliji'L'tcil  til  till'  jii'ivilc;,'!'  a!ssi',-iud  so  u^■(.■lu.^ivl  !y  to  two  friars, 

'-111  l.'iJ.'!,  Mt'iidicta.     Ui- afii'iMiu'd  liftaiiic  I'ardiiiid.    ^(^f/.lV•;V,  T/,/'    '..  1. 

*■'  bo  icadd  the  Latiii  tuxt,  yet  alaiost  c\  cry  author  tjays  tilhur  Dili  or  loUi. 


c  Loo 
Fran- 
do  1(H 
]■'-  ami 
y  WCI'C 

:>cr  tlio 
liui  .^tcr 
unlcato 
,  v.yU'V- 
lority."' 
aiul  the 
!i  plain', 
^:itacks, 
"TonciMl 

o 

of  Rpuiu 
acouuts 
ncanun'^ 

.     1  r-oo  1:1 

»,  I')--) 

liy  tluir 

u"  of  IVA- 

hcir  li'o 

Bcioct'a. 

orr-ion  I'i 

T       'i 

-i  as  (Vul 
secvati'«l 
c<l,  <'!■  i;' 

l>.  M-1u>  uvitt"! 

I'W  iii'l"'  '"■■■''' 
|vs. 

r/.C^'-  ''■■  ■ 
yiUor  loUi. 


THE  FLEMINGS. 


lei 


;,1,<m1c  tliaii  two  (lays'  journey.^'  All  ])i''iviico-csoTantGd 
to  iViars  for  the  Iiiclius  by  preceding  pontili's  svero 
( iinfirnied. 

Vaw  >ince  the  ])r()jected  transfer  (jf  Cordoba's  dis~ 
(■(tvi.iii.'S  to  the  achiural  of  I'^lainlei's/''  the  Flonilni^'s 
liad  taken  a  certain  interest  in  the  new  region,  anil 
with  the  authorization  issued  to  Franciscans  generally 
t)  engage  in  conversion,  three  fi'iars  of  tliat  nationaHty 
(ihtalned  perniissidn  to  begin  tlie  long  delayed  work.'" 
They  Wire  Juan  de  Tecto,  guarihan  of  the  convc'ut  at 
(iheiit,  llie  emperor's  confessor,  and  a  most  learned 
man,''  Juan  de  Aora,  and  IV-tlro  de  Cante,  hiy-brotlier, 
a  ni.m  of  talent  and  exemplary  life,  who  aci^uired  great 
I'espcct  and  inlluence,  tlie  latter  chielly  througli  liis 
relationship  to  Charles  V.^'^ 

Lea\  ing   S[)ain   in   May,  they  reached  Villa   Rica 


Tho  pi 


ion  pavp  riso  to  iiumovmis  (jnililiic^i,  niiil  liy  'mil  nf  Fi''!.  1' 


l."):t.">,  lit  tlif  iL'iiiR'fit  of  tlio  Fnineiscii 


iiiiiis.sary,  this  ipisiopal  powivwas 


I'xtmiiiLil  to  any  placf,  without  ri-'strii'lioii  a:<  to  di.s'.ruuc,  liut  siilijuit  to  tiic 
t-oiisc'iit  of  till'  liishoi)  in  tho  ilioi-eso  loiiri'nicil.  'J'hc  text  of  the  (liU'iTcnt 
hulls  is  {,'ivt'ii  fully,  or  in  suhsiaiici',  in  Mi  tulictn,  lli<l.  JMrs.,  ISS-'.K!;  I'rnr. 


M.- 


iv  a 


|iL  111 


Ki;    T. 


'Ste  ///V.  MiX. 


■q'C 


'I,  111.  <i 


"'■'!■■ 


Ch, 


di:  Onit. 


ii.  ]'.):  Bi'iiiimoiit,  Cron.  Mir/:.,  ii.  .01  )7. 


tl 


118  series. 


'■'('liming  -solely  Miih  the  )ieniiit  I'f  their  proviiici'ils,  'no  eon  antoriilail 
ii[ifi.stiilie;i. .  .ni  con  nmndato  del  iiiini.stro  L'oiieral,'  they  cannot  he  recogjii/eil 


till 


le  lUot  IraiKiseaiis  111  ]\e\v  Sjiaiii,  cdisi  rve 


Mendieta.    /// 


•Jl.- 


!! 


1  \m  ife 


)f  th 


';ry. 


it  I' 


.1/0',,/;, 


ii;.i'.  r,if/.,\.  111. 


.\s  hi-i  (■'•iifi's.sor,  tho  cniporor  at  first  hesitateil  to  let  liiiu  go;  but  his  star 
cilkd  Iiiia  to  perish  iiiiserahly  on  the  tei  liMo  Honduras  e;qieditioii  in  I.VJ,"), 


uml'T  ('  irte.s.    See  (huitc  in  ( 'arta-i  I'c  Ii:(!'i 


V2;  id  o  I  list.  Coif.  Am.,  i.  rA'i, 


this  serijs.     I'ernal  Diaz  includes  Juan  el  Vlanteiuo  anioU''  those  who  were 


iliowiii  a  111  llie  v< 


till 


il  !;e!it  hy  ('ortr.s  to  M 


e.Meo  oil  :ini\  111  ' 


:t  lli.ndi 


j/;st. 


tho  Kail 
tn;a.  X. 


■_'0'\     This  may  n  fer  to  .\oni,  who  acco-jipanied  'JVeto,  and  ilied  on 
iuiirney,  as  <  Jaiite  allinns,  Li  f/ir,  in  Trr.iciiy.l  'oDi/inn-t,  I'ci/.,  t^erie  '. 


i;0,  for  'J'oi'iiiienuula,  iii.   1. 


t  .-.   d, 


M'es  (hatT. 


.lied  of  ,sta 


vation  nnd  hard.-hij)  during  the  niareli  to  Jloiiduras.     Meudieta  on  the  other 


lialid   wiitis   that   .Aora   died  while   eat 


'  at  TeA'Ueo,  soon  after  his 


d,  iu.d  that  hi.-,  I 


>oil\'  was  reiiio 


v<'d  to  the  ]■ 


r,i!!i  ise;i! 


1  convent  at  Me 


iilti  r  itseonipletion.  J/l.(,  A''/i',v.,(il)7.   ]f  so,  he  was  flu  liivt  nlis^ional•y  v  hodied 


ill  .\'i 


Ale 


'/;. 


!■ 


Tl 


to'J"( 


■nuiioiify  <  'riin.  Mil  It.,  ii 


u  the  Sp, 


li  foriii  for  .h  an  dcToit. 


')1.    What  relatioiishii)  is  no 


'  I'or  la  ilustre  sanun 


i.  ISO;  and  Ixtliloiliitl,   lla 


t!  lie  los  n  V 


del: 


.t  eh 


though 


-CO(  Tl, 


lli^t.  t  • 


,11,  III. 


.I.IJK 


1,  IIO,  Lfuesses  at  coiisui,  win 


le   IVf 


lift, 


d   riiasseiir   In.ldlv   ii.ssert,    hi.s    '  ilhntiir.ate   son; 


itlar' Would  have  hecn  a  lietter  j^iu 
it  (IJRnt  (Oaiite).     His  proper  iuirk 


iiee  Charles  was  lioni  in  l."»()0,  and 


r. 


IV 


Ml 


dif  de  la  villi: 


.lien,  <la 


lis  hi 


n'ovineo  (le 


Ihiilitnle.'  Iliiiil,  L'lli'i,  in  Ti  nmn  •-t'i,iii]i'iii.<. 


lie  i.  toni.  X.  l!>!t.    Ha/ari  writes  IVtnisdc  Muro.  Kirchcn-Ui.si:hichk, 


u.  ,-,j;i,  /; 


((/''■:,  Hit.  Kills..  < 
lliai.  Mex.,  Vol.  II.    11 


1  ,' 


102 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


vVii'^ust  oOtli,^''  and  wowi  received  with  tlie  deiiKm- 
stratioiis  suited  to  their  saered  mission.  Tezcuco  was 
cliosni  I'oi-  li(>ad-(juartt'rs.  none  of  them  as  yet  spcals- 
iivj;  Sjtanisli  well  I'noui^li  to  secure  the  attention  n\' 
Spaiiish  congreL,fations  at  tlie  capital.  Indeed,  tlic 
Fleniin,i:s  dtj  not  appear  to  have  hcen  favorites  amou;^^ 
the  soldiers,  and  (Jnnto,  at  least,  took  little  pains  to 


court  them,  or  to  employ  their  idion 


Tl 


len-  chai'^i 


was  the  natives,  whose  lani;-uaiie  they  .■;tu(lie<l  aii«l 
to  whose  Wivnts  th(;y  ministered,  wliilc  i'a[)i(lly  ex- 
Irndiu'''  the  swav  of  the  church,  and  raisinuf  her  eiii- 


hl 


i-m    m   uumercjus   e< 


liiic 


es, 


assis 


t(Kl. 


accord  I  ii'j" 


^lendieta,  hy  two  otlur  Franciscans  from  the  .\ii- 
tillcs,  who  died  soon  after  their  arrival.-'  ]jittle  is 
i<n<>wn  of  tlieir  lal>ors,  jiowiver,  for  the   chronicleiw 


CO 


nlii'ed  tlieir  attention  almost  exclusively  to  tlu 
sent  out  hy  the  Spanish  prelates. 

The  election   of  ]^^rancisco   de  los  Ancjeles  to  th 
_i>"eneralsliip  of  the  Francis(\jn<  t-nahled  him  to  prosi 


»ij 


•uti 


•h 


tl 


us  sciienie  lortnc  conversion  o 


f  tl 


le  new-\V()i- 


I 


natives  with  n'l'eater  directness,  .nid  with  the  appr(i\.:l 
of  tile'  kiiii;'  and  <"(tun«!(  he  selected  a  iViai'  to  aeeoni- 
plish  his  j)ur])i)se  in  tlie  p(  rson  of  ^[artin  de  X'^aleiicia. 
provincitl  since  l.llS  of  S..i)  (Jahi'iel,  wherein  Ik^  h;i  1 
earned  a  pious  fauK^  hy  feufidin^r  the  monastery  <■[ 
SantaMarfa  del  ]>errocal.  He  had  lonu^  sought  in  vain 
for  missionary  u'lory,  and  now,  in  his  fiftieth  year,  wiili 
lio|)e  fast  ladinij;',  liis  amhilion  was  to  he  et'atilieil- 

''••f  laiiil,  ]'>(•.  (it.    Tlicy  li;i(l  lic(  n  nearly  a  year  in  Spain,  Icaniiiig  thi:  I  '.• 
gna.m'  ami  awaitiiii,'  licciise  no  ilonlit. 

-"  Iiulinlinu'  St  .Iiiscpli,  ilu!  lirst  scininary  in  Xcw  Spain.  Jli/ulii/a,  //■•'. 

7  -S;    '/'niirr,  /.',  /.  ,/,  /„.■<  ('n.t>i.-<,  ill  /  ol.  j  h),\  /i(nl.,h  ii.,  ISl.    '(Adv<^W.'-l> 

(ill  pfir  sii  niaii'i  nius  ilc  iiii  viiHun  </<■  iiidioii.'  Alajrc,  iilii  kiiji. 
tiiyi's  ii'inilir/s   lo  tnvo  nutioia. .  .aiUKpio  supc  que  sc  cntrrraii'ii  "t 


K<-h^.AU-  -S-  P 


1i 


T. 


ii;.<t.  i:. 


:..>.  iNtiiix. 


itlai> 


aici'pts  live  trial's. 


Ilo 


ihiilis,  (10.     Out' of  thclil  wasX'arill.i,  no  ildiilit;   and  jx  rliap-!  liis  coinpa 


.1  U 


ivi'  (li(  il  '111  liiiaiil  t 


U 


K'l'ii  rciUonril  as  ilif 


vessel  sent  ty)V  Zim/c 


),  iiiav 


Ii. 


was  lidiii  a 


liltii 

t  \  ale 


la  lie  lliiii.l, 


Ovieilo  liislioidi.',  ill  (ilionf  1)74. 


his  tnii-  name  luinir  ,Ji 


Martin  <le  I 


idll 


ai 


eortlill!/  (i)  \  etai 


rt.  .1/. 


'.):!. 


.M::lti 


<le  V; 


.le  Ah 


aiitaia'  it  is  written  in  Mnrilli,  I'li'li  .\  •> 


(trf'i-t.  I(i;f.     He  t.idk  the  lialiit  iittlieurili  rat  Ma_\iir;,'a  in  lleiiiiv  eiiti-.    Attli    i::Ii 
Mutuiiuiu,  Uat.  IiaL,  i.  148-u(i,  lolluweU  liy  MeuJicta,  J/isl.  J'Jchn.,  571  !•:  ^'H'' 


ico  was 
,  speak - 

itioU    nt" 

-lains  tt» 
•  ('haiy 
icd  aii<l 
idly  I'x- 
her  (-iii- 

tin/ Am- 
J/ittli".  is 
i\)niclt'iN 

to  tlu'>c 

)S    to    til'- 

to  prosi  - 

i(.\v-\viirM 
i])pri>v;;l 
accdiii- 
ali'Hcia. 

•itory  "I 

it  in  vain 

var,  witii 

latiiio.l.-- 

iiing  ttjf  l.<fr- 
iiilii'ln.  III''' 

8up. 
■utiirMi'-ii  "» 

Urn:  ( •/   ' 
s  (•(iiiip;iiii""> 
may  l-'^'- 

I,  ,i1"'nt  1174, 

Irt.  .1/  "■'■  ■'■• 
>•,  /'"■''■  -■'    ? 

t,..  Ahii"i-i> 
\.,bl\  '.',••""1 


S.Wf 


MAP. TIN  DE  VALENCIA. 


103 


ATtcr  st'lectiiiL!;"  twelve  companions,  he  received  from 
tiir  Licncral  written  instructions,  Itased  on  the  ]>a[)al 
ilcia-ee,  wlurcljy  A'ulencia,  with  tlie  title  of  <:u.stii<lio,-'^ 
was  to  ])i'o<'ecd  to  New  S[)ain  and  there  estaUisii  the 
Ciistodia  del  Santo  Evunnelio,-*  cxtendinj^  conversion 
in  iiccMitlance  with  the  rules  of  the  order."'  ]>y  a 
^jHcial  |»atent,  dated  Ut-toher  2od,  he  was  invested,  lor 
liinisrlf  and  successors,  with  all  the  power  possessed 
Itv  the  general  in  extei'iial  jurisdiction,  including 
(iclisiastic  censures,  as  well  as  in  points  of  conscience, 
sa\e  with  two  exceptions,""  and  in  a  royal  ce(hda  the 
iViars  were  comujcnded  to  the  governors  in  the  Indies.-' 

l'iiir|iiom;iil;i,  iii.  30'2-n,  deviitc  .iiniiy  pnt;("<  to  Iiis  nirlicr  Tifc,  yet  tlioy  ri'vi'iil 


litlii!  save  liis  cl.aiiK'tc'i-.      KciiR'S'il 


that  Friar  (J 


iaiviii  do  J^oaisa,  liio 


1 1  piiiiiiicau  succi'ssor  (if  Imjiiscim  as  ini.sidfiit  of  tlio  India  ( 'miiuil,  aii|iiiiiit>   l 
\  altinia.    l/i-if.  C/n/fi/'ii,  *J.     This  <aii  1m:  tnio  (uily  in  mi  fur  tliat  Iu>  assuiiti  <l 


tip  the  1  iiuioi;  made  liv  Anv'i'les.     Jlc 


idd 


iliiuht  have  i:llc»siU  niuli  uf  ilid 


ii\'.ii  order.     Aomrdin:;  to  lioniara,  JJiaf.  J/< 
Aii.ut'Icfi  j,'avo  ini[)nl.so  to  thu  mission 


240,  L'ortus'  own 


ijipoa 


1  U. 


fn 

an' 


■ '  Till!  •iiijurior.-'  in  the  order,  .nsiih"  from  thn  arjents  and  iiispeetors,  oeeiii)ii'd 


.rr.ule 


I'' 


liiifc,  tho  chief  of  ii  ;,'roin>  of  t\ni  or  more  friars,  eolli  rt( 


I'laee,  to  which  phiee  tlie  term  nf  convc.'iit  wa.s  usually  >.'iven,  while  tho 

'1  hu  next  lii;'her  t;radc! 


jire>i(;ciit  was  otten  entitlt'd  guardian  I >y  courtesy 

Mas  that  of  guardian  ju'opcr,  inc]i;!r;_'<'ot  a  full  convent  of  I'i  voters,  hy  w  hoii 

111  wa-i  ( lec  t(.d;  tlicr  the  rii-^l'i'lio,  cnMtrnllini,'  a  certain  iiuiuher  of  convents 


■«/,  tli( 


•f  of 


;i  provincia,  tu  which  rank  a  cusindia  was  raisei 


<l 


\\\wn  the  mua'ier  of  convents,  tho  resources,  and  jiojiuiatinn  warrantei 


d   itd 


f- 


Illation.     Seven  eonve 


nts  h 


lave  lieou  deeniec 


(I  irUll 


!anii 


the  a  Ivaucemeiit,  alt! 


icient  in  sonic  instances  tu 
I 


lui.-saries,  visi 


tad( 


the  \-iv 


11  iUL,'h  ;m  do/en  \\  ere  esteemed  a  more  alij'riipnaU: 


OVHli  I. lis 


n  led  th 
nul  otiier  ollieers. 


gei 


;f  tl 


le  or<lcr,  w  itli  lus  coin- 


■' '  la\  la  Niieva  Kspiiii.a  y  tierra  ilo  Vucataii 


The  iusiriK  UoHs  i>-,ued  at  the  eonvi  nt  i.f  Santa  Maria  <lo  loa  Angeles, 
l"-!!,  I  n  Octolvv  Uli,  it  seems,  accord  to  N'alencia  full  eimtrol  nvi-r  the  I'ran- 


aii  friars  iu  New  Spjuii,  any  one  wliooKjectsl 


Tlie  riulit  acijiuix'il  liy  the  friars  i 


ia\  ing  to  ( 


h  part  for  Ivspafio 


would  continue  in  force.     At  tho 


death  "1  the  cr.stoitu),  or  at  the  expintion  of  his  thicc-years  term,  the  ehhst 
I'liv^t  must  i.H)tiv>kko  a  chapter,  e<Ho posed  of  tlio.i«>  nui/fi  res  \\  ho  could  <.'al!'ep 


wiJiiii  'A')  il,i\s,  and  liv  tlnir  votis  elect  the  new  e 


iHtiidi 


Tin'  latter  niu.st 


Hticiid  ill  person,  orliy  ilele'^ate,  the  ehaiiter  held  evj'vyisixthye.'ir  for  the  < ' 


tinn  ol 


(  II  (,'el 


1,  thei'c  to  vote,  if  ])eriii»Eti-d,  and  to  iv reive  instructions,     'j  I 


{ri;ns  should,  if  jMissihlc,  L"  e  to-etiier  i«i  one  ]>laee,  iu  oiiUt  to  promote  cou- 
Vi  i-ioit  liy  their  life  jind  »'N;,'nple:  in  any  case  they  innst  live  in  groups  of  at 


k.-tt 


Wo  or  f'liii' 


e  of  tlx'tu  as  -ii|)i'vior.  to  niHintviii  the  law  of  ohedienc 


iiiid  v.itliiii  It  distiince  of  ahoUi  L^  dl^yl«' journey.  «o  as  to  reat  ily  join  il.cir 
]i!i  lii'e  oiieea  year  f'lrdeliheratioh.  J'Hrther  rules  were  left  to  t  ie;r<liscretioii, 
and  t.»  the  ireueral  ehai>ter,  \\  hen  tht-  waiitsof  the  new  ilistiiet  wouhl  lie  iietter 


k 


"/•iilir.'Kriti!")!, 


/. 


(.-.■//■/«■. 


i:;')-l.i.  in  I'ror.  .i'o  K 


li  ■'.  Eihu..  •J<«i-'J;   Tiir'/iiciithlrt.  iii.  M>- 


•;/.,M,« 


Ml  ml, ''III. 


I'll. 


Imission  of  nuns  t  >  any  of  the  thveo  grades 


ita  <  'hi 


'viliL'  those  excoir 


iti'd 


'n'U  rii'i<  I 


t  III  Ki-rii'i 


l.v  tl 


il. 


Tl 


IS  dated  IVeiiiilier  I'J,   1  JL'3,  and  iccoi'dcd  Lu  Libro  c/c  (Jabildo, 


M^.,  March  D,  .July  -Jn,  i'olo. 


4 


HI 

'lUH 

■| 

|i 

nl 

|y«:-.i«ii 

II 

^^^^^H 

i 

11 

.1  ..-^ 

w 

1G4 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


Toward  flic  closo  of  ir)2n  tlio  inissionnrlos  g.itliorod 
at  IJelvis  convent  to  i»er{Vct  airan-'cnK'Uts  for  tlic  vov- 
aj^'o.  Tlu'Y  iiunibort'd  l)csidcs  Valencia  ton  ordained 
jiriosts  an<l  two  lay  brotln-rs,  nearly  all  belonging*  to 
the  ])i'o\inciu  do  San  (}al)riel:  1^'rancisco  de  Soto, 
^Martin  i]ij  Jesus  do  la  ( 'oriina,  Jose  do  la  (\)rnfi;i, 
Juan  Juarez,  Antonio  do  Ciudad  liodrigo, and  Torildo 
d(!  ]V'navento,  preachers  and  learned  c(Mifessors;  Gar- 
cia de  Cisneros  and  Luis  do  Fuensalida,  preachers; 
Juan  de  llil)as  and  Fi'ancisco  JiuKniez,  priests;  and 
the  iay-bi'others,  Andres  de  Cordoba  and  Juan  de 
Palos."'"'  Soto  Avas  a  man  of  recognized  intelligence, 
who  had  occupied  the  position  of  guardian;  Fuensa- 
lida  became  successor  to  A'^alencia,  and  IJenaventt; 
tigured  as  one  of  the  leading  a})ostles.  They  will 
nearly  all  appear  (hiring  the  history  in  more  or  less 
I»roniine'nt  positions.'-'^ 

After  a  sojourn  of  a  few  weeks  at  Seville  they  Lff 
San  fjucar  on  the  25th  of  Januaiy,  1524,  in  c(»m[)any 
with  twelve  ])oniinieans,  commissioned  like  them  li  i 
I'vanLTclical  work  in  the  Indies,  Jose  de  la(Viriiri;i 
alone  failed  to  join  them,  ]javing  been  despatched  i<> 
the    court    on    business.'"^     At    Santo    IJomingo  tlif 

'•"^  Piiltjs  replaced  at  tho  last  inomcut  Benmrdino  de  la  Torre,  who  fi^'ir.i  ; 
nt  the  cud  (if  tho  li.st  given  in  the  iialeiit  ahwidy  quoted,  iuid  v;!i  fm:!!! 
'iinwdithy.'  Camar','!)  (ibtaiaed  a  list  of  lo,  not  one  of  whom  corresponds  t  > 
thcahove'.    ///./.  T/a.c,  I'J'i. 

""'I'hc  family  name  of  llcnavrnte,  known  afterward  as  Mntolinia,  w:  ■; 
I'arcdcs,  it  seems,  for  so  h',  si;.'ns  the  preface  to  his  Jli^f.  /ml.,  1.1.  Juari/, 
also  written  Snares,  liecai-ic  f,'nardian  at  Uucxot.'.ineo.  Afterward  he,  to:;ellii  i- 
with  the  lay-brother  I'alos,  an  e\eii;iilary  preaelicr  among  the  natives,  jniiii  1 
Narvai/.'  cNiiedition  to  Florida,  where  hoth  perished  miserahly.  Klceu  1 
hishop  of  J;io  de  las  I'alma;,,  according  to  llerrcra,  dec.  iv.  lih.  iv.  cap.  iii.,  f  1- 
lowe«l  liy  Vtltim-ni,  Miunlvi].,  ?>'l,  without  date.  The  otlwr  lay-hrotlin-, 
Coi'iloha,  died  in  .Taliseo,  and  was  huried  at  Izatlan,  his  l)oiu:s  being  held  i:i 
gnat  \en<iation.  'J'heir  bioeiaphies  may  be  found  in  Jfi  'idiihi,  HI  t.  Ill  , 
(ill-'JS;  Tdf/iK  iiiiid't,  iii.  4I!"J-47;  F<rii(nu!i:z,  lliit.  Erlix,,  Til!,  h.'l  et  seq.; 
Viliiiitrit,  MciKiUii/.,  ."^J  ct  sci[.,  and  in  other  authorities  which  will  be  givi  u 
when  they  are  spoken  of  in  the  course  of  hi-story. 

'"Till'  pope  hail  recently  died,  and  lUaunumt  believes  that  a  ratif'"at  :i 
I'f  the  fiiar  patent  ma^  have  been  sought  from  the  new  pontill'.  Cniii.  .h  ''//., 
iii.  KSl-.'i.  A\'hatevcr  his  mission,  .losi'>  dclayeil,  and  after  replaci.ig  ii 
'unworthy'  laydimthcr,  so  as  to  conform  in  nnndicr  to  the  1"2  ajiostles  'pa 
iban  ii  <  jercitar  el  ndsnio  iilicio  apostolico,' Valencia  endiarkid  with  hi.-^  11 
companions.  Mntilhia,  IH-^f.  J-Jchs.,  '207,  0'J8.  That  l'_',  not  1",  left,  is  tin- 
tinned  by  Motolinia.  ///,'.  /n-/.,  II,  •2t'i~;  'el  padri' I'raN'  Martin,  .enw  oii'-o 
fii,ilcs;'"uUhoujjh  V'uleuciu'a  e.\^)ressiou  in  a  letter  of  lo'6l  is  doubtful;  'pr;;.- 


CHRISTIAN  HUMILITY. 


105 


tlicrcd 
ic  voy- 

Soto, 

\)rnn;i, 
roriliio 

;;  Gar- 
aclun-s; 
ts;  aii'l 
nan  (K' 

b'uensa- 
iiaveiilt; 

or  lt'>;^ 

:licy  I'ft 
'oinpany 

Lhciu  I'  !• 
.  ( Vii'iinti 

tclicd  1" 

H'VO     til'' 

[•ix'spDnils  t ■) 

^nliuin,  \v:.< 
;?.     Jiuinv, 

jivus,  .i'liiii"} 

lap.  ili-i  f"'' 
.ay-l)V')tlii'''' 
iiii'4  iH'lil  i" 

jra.  7v/(--. 

iron.  J'  ''■/'•' 

I'ldaiia.U    -' 

stlos    'l'.'. 

Iwith  III--  1  ■ 

■I'i.,  W  <■■■  :•• 

.(■iHl  lili'-'-' 

lliul;  'F".. 


puniiiiicans  reiiuiiiii'd,"'  and  tlie  Fraiuisoans,  after  a 
.stay  wiili  them  of  .six  weeks,  due  partly  to  the  t:aster 
nliluviLioii,  ])roceeded  to  Sail  Juan  do  Ulna,  ^'alelu■ia 
In  i!i4'  invested  with  the  additional  power  of  iiiijuisitor.''' 
Tliev  arrived  on  May  l.'Jtli,"'^  and  although  C*)rte.s 
hastened  to  send  oflleers  and  servants  with  oiiUrs  to 
ii'ili'iKl  to  their  reee})tion  and  ooinfort,  the  friars  inod- 
t  -lly  deelinod  every  indulgenee,  and  niarehed  bare- 
1" .'.(.  il  low.u'd  the  capital,  attracting  no  little  attentit»ii 
fiiiui  the  natives.  "Who  are  these  so  Ininihle,  yet  so 
ivveredr'  "What  coarse  and  patched  lohis!"  "Poor 
iiiriil"  AnK)ng  the  cx[)res..ioiis  thus  employed  was 
fi'r(jnent  the  term  inofolinid.  "  What  means  the  word.'''' 
;i -Ivi  d  Friar  l>enavento.  "Poor,"  re[)lied  a  soldier, 
"and  it  is  applied,  I'cverend  fathei',  to  the  hunihleness 
(.r  yuur  apj)e;!i'anee."  "  Then  shall  it  be  my  name/' 
i(ji)i:ied  the  friar;  and  henci'forth  he  called  and  signed 
jilins  If 'i'oiibio  ^rotolinia,  a  name  s[)read  I'ar  and  wido 

•oars  as  that  of  a  zealoi 


y 


»p 


At  TIaseala  they  sought  with  tho  aid  of  an  intor- 
1  It  ter  to  give  the  wondering  iiati\'es  an  idea  of  their 
mission,  and  as  they  approacheil  Mexico/''  its  im[)or- 

siitiiii  illi  iliiijiU'ciin,  fiui  missi  sunt  vii;i  imx'iiiii. '  /'(''*•  JAo''///,  l)c  Tn.-irll^, 


11 


The  1. 


Ki'ii;;iiik7.,  an 


IC 


jf  iiUeTaiirc  in  .siinu!  jiarts  cf  MoUiliuia  and  n'llici 


•;t  Kuti, 


malt  autiiiintii'.s,  ;ui' 


k; 


/ak/  llavila, 


ill  iironiiumi'  for  l;t. 


Ni 


To  await  tlicir  prtlati',  it  i.i  wiiil,  llmiigh  tlioir  Inn;,'  delay  implies  that 


hail 


lU)t  J 


•tl 


ii'oii  (k'Inu 


iU'ly 


Ud 


i-i  t.uir 


d.'.-,; 


ti.ll  >\v(  d  ll;e  IVami- lana  only  ill  X'i'Hi,     Tlio  fiiuipmiiit  so  far  had  l>o<  n 
n  for  hnili  oidii'.s,  \\  iili  ii  view  to  prDniolo  a  ;,oi)d  undLivtandinL,'.    'i 


Thuv 


<V 


had  'dvon  to  oaidi  ;;ai  nicnts  of  fiic,:u  and  otlu'i'  nfi'LS;-aric.s,  iiKluilin''  !ll)0 


for  tliuivli  pai'apla'inalia,  tiOi)  being  payaldu  in  tho  Indies.   /,'i 


</. 


U<-i.  ''/.i/(V»r,  10 

"-llii  tlllu  wan  ooniisaiio  (jf  the  inipiisition  for  Xew  Spain,  conferred  hy 
Die  iiii|r.i.atyr  I'edro  de  (.'I'lrdoba,  vivar-general  of  (he  lloiainiean-',  tiieii  at 
s^i.t  I  UiiuiiiiLjo.  The  slightly  rc-itrieied  authority  lasted  till  tho  l)ondnieaiis 
aniv,  d  i,i  l.'rja.  Id.,  41. 

Oa  Friday  hefoio    pcnteeost,  say.s  Mendieta.     Motoliiiia  Miiten  I'Jth. 


'liie  Liidiiig  may  liavo  tahen  place  on  the  l.'ul 


"/((,    ;/;.-,'.   Eclr 


•JlO-11;     Mui;. 


V 


■ihi'ln 


A 


!'.;■  ii.  1   liiaz  the  namo  was  aiiulied  bv  Mexican  chiefs  for  the  i< 


econlin'' 


T.Mil.i 

t:: 


to 

tliat 


io  ;;;'.vo  to  the  iiativcH  overvthiii'' li(M('ieived.    Hist.  Vinhnl.,  I'.ll.     lint 


ion  \a  Ics.i  eret 


liblc 


^'a/:l|lle/,  points  out  that   the  f.  iar  gi  neiaily 


Motoliiiia  I'l'.  Turibiii,'  with  true  allusion  to  t!ie  nieaniu''.  (.'hro 


il,- 


X'<l.  M<.i:,  in  Montiiuentoa  Dom.  Ls/'-i  ^I^-i  ^-->  though  othera 


lute  a  few  days  earlier. 


|l   J:  '  1; 


100 


ArOSTOLTC  LABOnS. 


taut  and  sacred  cliaraotor  was  fully  iiiiprfssod  upon 
llu'in  l)y  the  deiiioiistratlve  roce[)ti(iii  on  tlic  part  o[' 
tilt!  <^()Vei'n(>r,  wlu)  canK!  forth  to  Avcl('(tnic  them  Nvith 
a  hrilliant  ri'tinuc,  int'liidiii'^  KinLC  (^iiaiihtciiiot/in, 
the  leadin;^  cajitains  and  eliicfs,  iViais  ( )hno<l()  and 
Ciaiito,  and  with  the  enth-ct  city  lollo^vin^^  ]  )isnioniil- 
in;,»',  (.'orte.s  knelt  hef'oi'e  them,  and  seized  A'^alcncia's 
hand  to  hiss  it.  With  the  humility  chai'acteristic  nf 
liis  profession  the  fatlu-r  withdrew  his  hand,  whert  - 
uj)on  Coi'tes  kissed  the  rohes  of  the  IViar.s  in  turn,  an 
exam}tle  followed  l)yhis  retinue,  to  tlie  intense  ai-t-iii- 
ishment  of  the  natives,  Avho  liad  not  hitherto  heeii 
oliei-ed  so  [)ul)lic  and  j)rofound  a  display  of  humility 
on  the  ])art  of  the  miufhty  con(|Ue)'ois,  nu'!i  mIio  ha. I 
barely  chosen  to  dotf  tin,'  hat  to  the  sacred  ^Fonlr- 
zuma,  and  who  reci'ived  the  suhmissive  salutes  of  thtjr 
lords  with  disdainful  (-'ondescensioii.  In  hrilliant  array, 
decked  with  i;'old  and  ])recious  stones,  these  men 
humhled  themselves  to  the  dust  to  the  barefooted  and 
meanly  clad  strangers.     Could  they  be  gods  in  (hs- 


iruisi 


,rM 


With  sincere  devotion  to  the  church  Cortes  com- 


bined pj'ofound  respect  I'or  its  ministers,as\vehaves( 
Nevertheless  his  exti-eme  humiliation  on  th( 


■en. 


pi 


'CSclit 


occasion  was  dictated  chii'lly  by  politic  motives,  ^i'lie 
friars  [)osse,ssed  innneiise  power,  I'cpresenting  as  th<  y 
did  the  church,  wherein  still  lay  deposited  an  inlhi- 
encc  before  which  the  n\ightiest  of  princes  bent  suh- 
missive, and  at  whoso  hands  the  sov(>reigns  of  l^orlu- 
gal  and  S[)ain  received  the  heavenly  title  to  halt'  a 
Avorld.      Such  personages  must  be  coiii'ted,  not  al 

^8  Acoonliii;;  to  Ixtlilxoi'Iiitl,  wliocvcr  has  in  iiiiiul  liis  own  town  inul  i 
ily,  tin'  rectiition  to'jlc  iihui:  ne.ir  Tc/cuio,  on  .Tunc  I'J,    l,">'j;{!     Tlu" 
were  romluctt'il  to  Xiziiliiiali'oyotl'.s  jialacc,  nml  tlicii'  tlu'Vti'anstVirnuil 


dlh' 


1:  I. 


tlio  liiill.i  into  11  (.liiiiitl,  wlicn'in  on  tlu'  following  day 


lia]iti/iil!iH  l''i'i'nanilo.  {'oit.  s  acting,'  as  j^i 


Ifatl 


ur. 


'J 


l\tlil> 


lisiNamiik'  was  in 


l>y  liis  family,  inchnlin!,'  tin-  niotlur,  tiiouL:h  the  latter  ncccU'il  murIi  [ivi; 
BJon,  an<l  liy  all  tlic  nohlis.  as  wi'll  as  a  largo  portion  of  II 
jirc'iiari'il  as  tiny  wiiv  liy  friar  (lanti-.   Unr.  ('railihul 


w  I'onunoii  ix  > 


1"    - 

'J'luTC  i-<  <  M- 


dfntls'  ii  good  ileal  of  invenli 


on  ni  this  uecoui 


it.     It  is  li 


Coiti  s  went  to  'J't/eueo  to  receive  them.     When  the  t 


l.vi 


iro 


ri 


il«ililc  ti.at 
I 


at  this  city  thei'e  was  no  doulit  a  III 


le  li'ee 


eimngs  annn 
ition,  I'lit  Corti's  was  ^aek  at  tiio 


tiine,  aud  liia  sisit  <ji  ropcct  iniist  h;n  e  assiinicd  a  more  iiriviito  c'uiraetcr. 


CORTKS  rnoriTIATES  TIIK  FRTAR.S. 


JCT 


lart  dt" 
II  \vitU 
lotzlu, 
io  an<l 
uoiuit- 
cncia's 
istic  <>r 
wlicr*  - 
Lirn,  ail 
■  ai-t''ii- 

,o    Ix'Cll 

umility 

lu)    Ik'.'I 

ot'llKir 
itarrny, 

so  lllfll 
)ti'(l  ;ui<l 
1  in  ili>- 

,e3  ccm- 

as  tli'V 

liii  intl'i- 

iMit.  srJ'- 

Vortu- 

luilf  a 

ot  al<'ii'' 


() 


U  MIl'l  '•'■'■■ 
■I'llO  IVi^'!'* 
■iiit'il  rli'-  "t 
xi.chit!  \N.'< 

moll  jx  "!•''■• 
■JIhto  i-''' 

iii'4?>  !>ii i  ' '' 
<  AcU  at  !  .  • 
c'lumcU'.  • 


for  tluir  control  over  tlio  soldlcis  and  colonists,  l)ut  for 
llicii'  iiillut'ncL'  at  court,  to  which  tiicy  would  report 
directly  or  indirectly  conccrnini;'  tlie  condition  ot"  the 
(iiuntiv  iind  the  nianai'enuiit  <»{'  the  I'oval  intei'ests; 
)i|i()rts  that  Would  have  nioie  weight  than  those  iVoni 
other  sources.  Then,  aLj'ain,  these  I'riai's  wore  destined 
t(i  e\(ici>.o  control  over  tlie  natives  tar  more  ellectivo 
than  that  ohtained  hy  I'orce  of  arms,  and  thercljy  as- 
sun-  i)o.>sessi<in  of  tlie  concjuest  to  the  crown  and  of 
giants  and  serfs  to  the  concjuerors.  It  was  well,  there- 
I'nic,  while  jiropitiatiuLj  tlu'se  men  to  imj)ress  on  the 
natives  their  sacred  character,  and  to  si.'t  a  striking"  ex- 
ample of  lheresj)ect  that  should  l»e  |)ai(l  to  them.  This 
jMilitic  (lefei'ence  Cortes  constantly  maintained,  and 
v.ith  ^'ood  ell'(M.-t  on  all  concerned.  On  one  occasion 
il  is  related  that  the  inhal)itants  of  Tezcuco  were  in- 
dignant because  one  of  their  chiefs  had  heen  Hogged 
l'i>r  not  .'ittendinin*  mass.  Informed  of  this,  C(jrtt'.s 
(I included  for  a  little  bv-itlav  to  assume  the  role  of 
iitaityi".  ]nl"ormin_!^  the  priests  of  his  j)Ui[)ose,  Ik; 
;;l)sented  himself  from  mass;  i'or  which  delincpiency 
lie  was  sent  i'or,  and  strip[»ed  and  ilogg(;d  by  tlu;  friars 
ill  the  presence  of  a  number  of  tht!  nmtinous  natives, 
and  thus  nconciled  them  to  the  despotic  acts  of  their 
>liiiilual  ^•uardians.^'' 

Slhutly  alter  his  entry  into  i^^e.\ico,  Valencia  sum- 
iimnt'd  the  live  friars  ^vllo  were  already  in  the  country,''"* 
and  thus  seventeen  were  gathered  in  ehapt(  r  to  con- 
>ult  on  the  best  manner  (»f  pi-oceediuL;'  with  the  con- 
\(  I'sion.  On  this  occasion,  the  i!d  of  .July,  l.O'J-t,  the 
»u>-lii(lia  was  formally  established,  and  divided  into 
li'ur  districts  centrin  '  round  ^lexico,  Tizcuco,  Iliiex- 

^''  Difiumtiiit,  Crdii.  Mhh.,  iii.  ISO;  V<ttt)iciir,  C'hrnn.,  2;  f'orfi'^,  Cartas, 
<ti'.,  ill  I'tir/iii-n  mid  I 'dnli )i(is,  Ci,l.  J)o'\,  iv.  I'lO,  v.  4l!)-.'i().  'I'lic  natives 
liiiM  iiiiiiiin  iiiiii'ati'd  scvir.il  <if  tliisf  acts  in  tlKir  iiiitiirc-v.ritings.  'I'orijui. 
■in'iil'i,  iii.  -Jl   •_•;   //.  ii-<  i-<i,  ilt'o.  iii.  lil).  ii.  ca]).  ix. 

■'■'I'lii'  tiircc  l''l(iiiiii;.'.s.  \'aril!a  M  lii>  laiiii'  witli  Ziia/i>,  and  <)li!i"da  ]>npl)a- 
1'!,v.  ^'l■t  Mi'iidiita  sjiraks  of  ti:o  lifth  al^ll  as  a  I'ram  i»an.  In'  as  \vi  II  a-i  tilt; 
ii'Uitli  '\  iiiit  n'li.  .  .al  tiriiijio  dc  la  tiiiii|nisla.'  //»'-/.  /.''Av  ,  •Jl.'i.  Tin'  lUdtiiiL; 
"I  rlin|.t(r  \\as  111  Id  a  I'm  tiii'^lit  aft»  •  aiii\al.  M<i/(,lhi!u,  lliU.  IiuL,  113.  'JJiil 
Jl'  !it  \'i:,itai.i(jii  lie  Nuubtra  tienoiu,'  say-s  Mcudiutu. 


IP 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1., 


(/ 


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A-    WJ- 


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1.0 

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I.I 

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1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


<p  /M:> 


:<*      4 


f 


h 


\ 


\ 


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^^ 


IGS 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


otzlnco,  and  Tlascala,  to  oacli  of  which  were  assigned 
four  friars,  Valencia  nialcing  a  fifth  at  the  capital.''' 
Temporary  convents  were  founded  at  each  of  these 
places,  while  means  and  aid  were  obtained  to  erect 
permanent  edifices,  usuall}'  in  proniinent  localities,  as 
a  standing  exhortation  to  the  llock  from  an  architec- 
tural as  well  as  a  religious  point  of  view.  At  IMexico 
the  site  of  the  first  convent  appears  to  have  been  on 
Santa  Teresa  street,^"  and  since  the  building  in  the 

■■"  Torqncrnada,  iii.  25-8,  303,  following  cliicfly  Motolinia  and  Mcndicta. 
Those;  who  lived  in  Tc;xiico  had  been  driven  thitlicr  by  the  iKjstiiitics  lu- 
foiuitc'vcd  from  the  Spaniards  at  Mexico,  saj's  Ixtiilxochitl,  Uor.  Crucldail'  .•:, 
.SI,  and  not  bc)  incorrectly,  fur  the  ricniingji  wero  looked  upon  as  iiiLriisivc 
forei^an  rs,  and  not  v.cll  vcr.scd  in  Spanish.  Valencia  ollcred  to  resign  if  t!ie 
friars  preferred  another  custodian,  but  this  was  uuauiniously  oppo.sed.  Tlio 
cliuptei-s  wero  held  every  three  years  to  elect  s«j)criors,  and  every  Vo  inoiitlis 
an  iuternicdiato  nieetin;,'  took  place  to  discuss  aliairs.  They  wero  attended 
by  the  guardians  of  convents,  and  by  disrretos,  one  elected  for  cacli  convent 
to  repre.-cnt  the  presideucia  groups  of  friars.  See  nolo '23  for  ;;i;'ninc;i;ice  of 
thcso  gi'ades.  The  diseretos  must  bo  elected  by  at  least  four  presidencia  re|>- 
resentatives,  and  be  priests  who  had  said  mass  for  three  years.  Tuey  liad 
equal  vote  with  tiie  guai'dians  at  the  chapter.  Tliis  was  held  at  tlic  most  ci  u- 
venient  m(;eting-iilaee,  in  >;cw  Sjiain,  usually  at  Mexico,  the  sessions  ))eii;;.' 
generally  of  seven  or  eiglit  days'  duration.  At  the  present  chapter,  and  suh- 
seejucntly,  the  rules  for  the  order  were  duly  considered  with  rc;prd  to  modi- 
fications required  in  a  dilTcrent  clime,  and  with  new  associations.  Xovices 
had  to  submit  in  all  strictness  to  tho  general  constitution,  and  Indians,  mes- 
tizos, and  Creoles  could  bo  admitted  only  by  the  provincial  and  di:icret(is 
jointly,  after  a  probationary  term  at  the  convent,  the  veto  of  whose  inmates 
V.MS  re((uired  as  one  (»f  tiio  conditions  for  receiving  them.  By  regtdation  cf 
1  ■)(),")  th.'  examination  of  novices  was  made  stricter.  One  hour  of  ment  d 
prayer  wiLh  le.-son  was  leijuired  i  '  v;irly  [lart  of  the  night,  and  anotln  r 
nfter  matins;  discijiline  three  til.  cck,  with  extras  during  lent  and  fea.st- 

daya.  Alms  must  lie  asked  only  i  ctual  sustenance  and  sacristy  purpose  i, 
under  penalty.  If  the  collection  did  not  sulliee,  then  the  soverei'j'n  and  enco- 
mendeios  mijht  be  appealed  to,  as  tlio  Indians  were  too  poor  to  bo  inoleste  I. 
'J'hc  noonday  and  evening  meal  should  conform  to  regulated  rations,  exceiit 
on  feast-days,  whc^n  a  little  extra  might  be  tidicn  at  noon.  The  dress  mu.t 
always  Ito  of  sackcloLh,  and  consist  of  only  ono  rolic  and  tunic.  liluo  w:.s 
adojited  as  t!ic  cheapest  and  most  convenient  color.  Friars  must  not  intcrfi  ici 
in  disputes  Ijetween  Indians  and  Spaniards,  or  between  Indian  women,  or  in 
nppoiiUnientof  nders,  or  v.ilh  judges,  etc.  A  chorister  and  a  lay-broL'ier  h;  d 
no  active  vote  till  after  wearing  tho  robo  three  years  and  pa;  sing  tho  '2.")ili 
year  (;f  his  age.  tJiiardian  might  be  elected  in  a  convent  with  12  voLers,  not 
counting  presidcncia  nn'udiors.  Xewly  arrived  members  obtained  a  vote  for 
discrcto  only  after  one  yea""s  residence,  and  for  guardian  after  two  year.:. 
unless  given  the  privilege  by  chapter,  in  consideration  of  ability.  Xone  cutild 
be  elected  provincial,  delinidcn',  or  comisario  of  the  pi'ovincia  until  after  live 
years'  residence.  I'ur  every  fiiar  M'ho  died  one  mass  was  to  Ije  chanted  ia 
each  I''i'anciscan  house,  with  vigil;  in  addition  to  this  every  priest  received 
four  masses;  every  chori.;ter,  tin-ec  funeral  services;  and  every  Liy-brothcr, 
."fK)  jiraycrs,  etc.  Every  Sunday  services  must  be  lield  for  the  dead  member;. 
J'raiiciri.  Constif.,  123-34,  iu  Prov.  iSV"  Kmixj.,  MS. 

'"  AcH'ording  to  Torquemada,  iii.  3ii,  followed  by  V"tancurt,  Chrmi.,  31-2, 
the  »itu  wuy  thu  tuiuio  ou  which  afterward  roao  tho  catUodral.    Tliia  appears 


HOSPITAL  AND  CONVENTS. 


m 


capital  must  ever  be  regarded  as  the  centre  for  the 
order,  coiitributioiui  for  it  came  even  Crom  ai'ar,  cbielly 
from  tbe  natives,  in  men  anl  material.''^ 

Cortes  also  gave  substantial  aid  in  diflercnt  v/ay3 
in  promoting  tliuir  benevolent  aims,  one  of  wliicli  uas 
the  care  of  poor  and  sick  natives.  To  this  end  lio 
had  already  erected  a  hospital,  do  la  Purisiiita  Coii- 
a'pciou,'*''  which  still  exists,  a  monument  to  his  chari- 
table devotion  and  a  relic  of  the  reedilication  period. 

t)  be  a  mci-c  "supposition,  bnscil  on  tlic  fact  tliat  the  fiiars  hnd  obtained  a 
I'ijlit  to  tbc  callicdral  ground,  \\iiicli  they  transioi-red  tj  the  bishops  I'.ira 
cwiis;iJcra'aou  of  40  peso.;,  and  t!ic  rc.;cvva'vi(jn  of  ii  pidpit  and  altar,  'i  ho  i'.ets 
of  the  nmiiicipality,  L:hro  dc  Cah'.l'lo,  JIS.,  Jlay  'J,  1u2j,  Jiinuary  'M,  l.yJt), 
and  oi-hcr  daies,  wiCa  oboCi'va'dou3  of  Fathev  I'ichardo,  arc  cuuehii.ivo  iu  thia 
r.-jpcct.  ALunan,  JJl-crt.,  ii.  )  IJ,  iadic.ilc.i  t!io  lur.i^j  at  prcLseut  oeeupyiug 
til'!  site.  Orozco  y  Ucrra  p"e.jcnt;i  .sli;;htly  diU'ercut  ai'guMicnt.'j.  Mf.r.  Jlan., 
Ij2.  V^'hilo  not  wholly  a;jieeiug  v.'ii,h  thcso  writei'.^,  yala;;ai'  adiuics  ia  tho 
ii'.aia  their  viev,-3  in  hij  critieal  no'.a  oi  2Ie.\  cii  iJJ./,  i213  et  teq.  'Dovo 
oi'jidi  6  il  Cuuvcnto  grando  di  S.  rrancesco,'  saya  Clavigero,  lia:^tilj%  Slor'ia 
M'-s.,  i.  '1~2,  and  v.ith  total  oblivion  of  the  removal.  I'reacott  and  others 
fall  partly  into  tho  error. 

''  Ixiiilxochitl  relates  that  bis  royal  namesake  led  tho  Tczcucan  nobles  in 
proee.voion  to  tarry  i;;lone3,  thus  sctlin;^  an  o:;ainplo  to  the  eonnuon  people. 
y.V/.,  417.  Humboldt,  Essti  PoL,  i.  182,  speaks  of  a  splendid  buihling, 
v>idch  vj,  doubtful,  Biuec  it  v.as  creeted  in  great  haste;  and  tliat  (lan^o  built 
it.  in  l'j',l[  the  sice  waa  abandoned,  and  a  re;dly  lino  convent  erectnl  on  !;au 
Fraiici^^co  street,  so  as  to  be  near  the  Indians,  to  •\vhoni  the  friars  had  beeu 
triit.    Viluiicvrt,  C'/iron.,  oI-2;  I'aiie.i,  in  Moniuurntoi  IJomiii.  E^p.,  AiS.,  G2. 

^-Thc  existence  of  the  liospit;  1  at  this  date  is  shovvii  by  tho  Elbroda 
Cahilili,  M.S.,  Aujust  'J;i,  l.VJt,  and,  although  no  name  i.j  given,  it  nuist  bo 
t!iat  of  CortJ^s  fiineo  the  friars  could  not  have  erected  one  so  soon  after  their 
arrival.  Tho  buildiii;;  is  of  interest  as  tlic  only  relio  of  tho  cdiiices  erected 
by  the  llrst  Sp;iniardj,  all  others  h;iving  cither  disaiipcarcd  or  undergcno  a 
eoinpleto  eh;ingc.  Oro~.ro  y  Ucrra,  Mtx.  Not.  Ciiulud,  IGO.  It  slands  iu 
V.  hat  UDjd  to  bo  tho  lL'.it::iiIaii  quarter,  and  was  most  carefully  cou:-.a'acted, 
tho  ."ito  granted  comprising  originally  12!>  varas  cast  by  west.  ]5y  ]jull  of 
^^pril  Ii),  1,")JJ,  the  popo  conferred  on  Cortes  the  perpetual  patrouajo  of  this 
and  other  similar  csfablishnicnts  to  be  founded  by  liini,  with  tho  right  to 
rppnrpriato  tidies  and  pvciuiees  under  certain  conditions  for  their  rapport. 
A  bull  of  approximate  dato  confers  absolution  on  penitents  who  may  uUenJ 
tlierc.  All  tiic  privileges  of  tiio  bulls  v.X'iv  not  approved  by  t!io  kin",  hov.-- 
ever,  and  even  tao  catliedralsou;;ht  to  dispute  tlio  right  to  tithes,  wliieh  was 
eiiniirt:icd  to  tho  hospiail  in  IGolJ.  A  part  of  its  revenue  came  fruui  rcntd 
of  buildings  upon  its  ground.  Cabrera,  E:<C!alo  dc  Armas,  404,  states  that 
(.'orlei  pi-oj^joaed  it  as  a  sepulchre  for  his  fr.mily;  but  this  applies  to  ilie  cdu- 
vent  v.'luidi  ho  intended  to  erect  at  Coyuhuaean,  h's  favorite  city.  In  U'Ai'.i  a 
sacred  Christ  image  fell  to  the  hospital,  by  lot,  ami  henceforth  it  assumed  tho 
nmi!  of  Jesr.s  tluit  it  slill  bears.  Cortes  planneil  seveud  other  in;:titution9 
v.hiidi  Were  never  erected  for  want  of  suiheieiit  fuinis,  and  his  de:;ccndant3 
ilid  not  consider  themselves  Ijoundto  supply  the  iiKJuey,  thougli  appealed  to 
by  Arehbisliop  Manso  and  oUiei:>;  neverthele.-s  they  bestov.x'd  Ir.rge  gifts  on 
tho  hospital  and  other  establishments.  Alamaii,  I)i«it.,  ii.  81  U,  -M  app. 
2il-  1'',  (.)ro:;co  y  ISerra  and  Cabn  ra  already  quoteil,  and  Itamirc/;,  in  notes  to 
I'rcieott's  Mexico,  have  yivcu  cousideiablo  uttcutiouto  these  aud other  poiuta 


I 


170 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


Thus  l^y  precept  and  example  Cortds  song] it  to 
impress  the  natives  with  the  superiority  of  the  friars 
even  to  himself,  the  representative  of  the  greatest 
j'liler  t)U  earth,  and  the  conquered  were  only  too  eager 
to  coiifoi-m  to  the  orders  of  their  masters  by  tender- 
ing  respect  and  ohediencc  to  the  holy  men/^  So  deep, 
indeed,  was  the  impression  made  that  their  arrival 
became  a  starting-point  in  their  chronology  under  the 
term  of  "the  year  when  the  faith  came."  While  rec- 
oijnizinijf  the  itollcy  of  maintaininjif  a  hii>'h  rank  amoii*^ 
the  ilock,  the  friars  nevertheless  dissipated  the  more 
extravagant  notions,  and  presented  themselves  as 
humble  and  mortal  servants  of  the  ruler  of  heaven 
and  of  princes,  sent  to  impart  the  blessings  of  the 
only  saving  faith,  and  to  rescue  the  natives  from  the 
misleading  rites  of  the  evil  one.  To  this  end  they 
requested  that  the  children  be  intrusted  to  their  care 
fo]'  instruction,  which  afterward  should  be  imparted 
also  to  the  elders,  and  that  as  the  first  step  to  its 
accomjdishment  a  building  should  be  erected  close  to 
the  convent,  comprising  school,  chapel,  dormitory,  and 
refectory,  sufficiently  large  to  accommodate  a  thou- 
sand children.''* 

The  chiefs  hastened  to  obey,  but  when  the  time 
came  for  surrenderiuoj  their  children  several  held  back 
partly  from  devotion  to  native  gods,  and  sent  instea<l 

connoctcd  with  rorti''9  and  iloxico  city.  Another  hospital,  San  Lilzaro,  ex- 
i.stcil  ill  tlic  lirst  ilccadc  of  tiio  con(|iiest,  which  may  bo  identical  ■witli  tlin 
iiiliniinvv  !-]iokenof  by  ('ante,  near  the  convent,  wherein  as  many  as  400  si<  k 
and  du'stituto  natives  were  cared  for.  He  asks  tile  emjieror  to  f^ivc  it  alms. 
Letter  of  >i'ovonibcr  \~i'.i'2,  in  CdrUni  do  Iixliuft,  51-2.  It  was  removed  to  a 
new  site  by  IVcsidcut  ( !ii/.nian,  for  f-i'.nitary  reasons,  and  since  then  no  data 
.ajipear.  l'ii,i<t,  Coliildrio,  40.  In  1.j7- a  license  was  issued  to  IVdro  Lojiez, 
■\\  ho  fleeted  a  ho^pitiil  for  leprous  persons  ehiefiy  at  his  own  expense.  Cuhrt  m, 
ij'scinit  <lc  Ariiiciif,  4114-."). 

"  Ixtlilxoehitl  relate:^  tliat  .a  princess  of  Ter<cuco  on  first  meeting  the  friars 
imitated  the  example  of  the  Spaniards  by  bending  one  knee  before  tin  vj. 
'J'liis  muuiual  form  of  courtesy  on  the  part  of  ,a  lady  created  a  smile  evi  n 
among  the  reverend  fathers,  so  much  so  that  the  princess  drew  back  with  :iii 
nir  of  oli'endcd  dignity.   ]f(.i:  Cridlilcdca,  ".VO. 

■•'(.Janto  writes  in  l.">.'!2  that  he  had  from  .")00  to  GOO  under  his  charge. 
C<()iris  lie  IiulkiK,  ill.  ^Vhile  this  building  and  the  convent  were  in  coui'sc  wf 
encli(ju  the  friars  stayed  with  Father  Olmedn,  perhaps  in  one  of  ("orlis' 
houses.  Ih  nud  Diaz,  llisf.  Wrdcd.,  I'Jl,  their  wants  being  provided  for  chicily 
by  liiia.  G'oinaia,  Jliat,  J/tx.,  'J40. 


now  THE  NATIVES  WERE  TAUGHT. 


m 


cliildrcn  of  their  servants.  The  deception  tnrncil  to 
their  own  disadvantage,  for  the  instructed  chilih'en, 
tliouu'li  of  low  oiio'in,  obtained  preferments  wliieh 
otherwise  must  liave  been  given  to  the  young  chief- 
tains.^' At  first  the  instruction  was  confined  t'liiefiy 
to  learning  prayers  and  participating  in  the  frequent 
ri'liii'ious  exercises.  Then  were  added  readinfj,-,  writinix, 
and  other  branches.  Motolinia  goes  into  ecstasies 
over  the  quick  apprehension  and  docility  of  the  pu[)ils. 
After  a  short  training  tlfcy  could  copy  elaborate  nian- 
uscri[)ts  in  so  perfect  a  manner  that  it  was  difficult  to 
(listinn'uish  the  original.  Illuminations  and  drawimj^s 
were  reproduced  with  equal  skill,  and  sent  to  Sj)ain  as 
siiecimens,  creating  no  little  admiration.  Siniiinuf 
jiroved  particularly  attractive  to  them,  and  was  readily 
acquired,  though  taught  by  an  old-fashioned  friar 
who  addressed  the  children  in  studied  Spanish  pi u'ase- 
cloiry  to  the  amusement  of  listeners.  Althouuh 
tlie  pupils  gasped  in  astonishment  at  the  harangue, 
v>  ithout  comprehending  a  word,  signs  and  example  did 
wonders,  and  it  was  not  long  before  an  excellent  choir 
existed,  several  of  whose  members  were  sent  to  train 
tlieir  young  countrymen  in  other  towns.  Their  voices 
were  not  as  good  as  those  of  the  Spaniards,  but  in 
other  r(>spects  no  objection  could  bo  found.  A  Tlas- 
caltec  composed  a  few  years  later  a  n?ass  that  received 
high  approval.  Instrumental  music  was  also  taught, 
at  first  the  lliite,  by  Spanish  professionals,  who  were 
paiil  for  their  lessons,  thougli  the  }>rogress  of  the 
youth  soon  rendered  foreign  masters  needh'ss.  A 
band  of  these  flute-players  formed  an  acceptabh;  sub- 
stitute for  organs,  and  aided  not  a  little  to  render  the 
services  im])ressivc.  Clarionets  and  other  wooden 
wind-instruments  were  used  to  some  extent,  as  Avell 
as  several  stringed  instruments.  Some  of  tht'Ui  tlio 
iioys  learned  to  play  within  a  few  days,  and  at  Tehua- 

'*  '  Piulo  srr,  qwc  lo  ordciinpo  Pins  nsi,  para  quo  ccsasp  dc  toilo  punto  el 
St'fiorto,  ipie  t;ni  tiiaiiii.a,  y  LTUuhuciito  tcuiaii,'  is  the  jiioiis  I'tllccliun  uf  Tur- 
(luc'iucuhi,  iii.  "J'J. 


i| 


31 


'a 


It 


'  ■• 


\< 


172 


ArOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


can  a  native  youth  formed  an  admiral )le  band,  which 
within  one  month  was  able  to  assist  at  mass/" 

Wliilc  aiding  at  the  erection  of  their  school-build- 
ing, t!ie  boys  were  able  to  observe  the  operations  of 
the  different  artisans,  such  as  carpenters,  bricklayers, 
masons,  and  to  offer  their  services  at  the  bench  or 
trowel.  Within  a  few  days  they  showed  themselves 
•so  expert  that  the  friars  were  only  too  g^ad  to  hasten 
tlie  work  bv  intrustinij  even  complicated  sections  to 
them,  including  tlie  construction  of  arches,  the  placing 
of  liewn  stone  foundations,  and  the  decoration  of 
facades.  Churches  in  the  native  towns,  which  be;;i^an 
ia[)idl3'  to  rise,  were  frequently  erected  even  during 
this  early  period  without  the  least  direction  from  the 
Spaniards.  One  acquisition  led  to  the  desire  for 
another;  but  instead  of  offering  themselves  for  a  seven 
years'  ap[)renticeship  to  artisans  who  would  probal)ly 
have  refused  to  teach  their  trade  under  any  considera- 
tion, they  managed  by  brief  surreptitious  watchings, 
with  the  aid  of  bought  or  borrowed  specimens,  soon  to 
])roduce  imitations  fully  equal  to  the  European  modil. 
A  saddler  found  a  set  of  horse  fuiniture  missing  one 
day.  The  next  morning  it  was  replaced,  and  shortly 
afterward  he  heard  pedlers  crying  wares  in  the  street 
exactly  like  his  own,  and  at  prices  which  put  an  end 
t(j  his  extra\ao;ant  demands.  A  number  of  other  arti- 
sans  succumbed  to  the  same  acquisitive  spirit,  notably 
a  weaver  who  beini;  alone  in  his  business  made  even 
the  friars  suffer  from  his  monopoly,  llather  than  jiay 
his  jn'ices,  they  went  about  in  such  tattered  garments 
as  tt)  excite  the  jiity  of  the  natives.  A  devout  cirut' 
took  the  matter  in  hand,  and  sent  his  servants  to  spy 
out  the  secrets  of  the  weaver.  He  thereupon  con- 
structed a  loom,  and  soon  supplied  the  friars  with  both 
cloth  and  ready-made  robes." 

*"  A  youth  at  Tlascala  made  a  rahil,  a  tliroo-stringcd  vinlin,  imitating  one 
owiieil  liy  a  Sjiaiiiaril,  and  in  throe  ks.sona  ho  haiiiod  all  that  thi^  niasti  r 
oould  toaoh.  Ton  days  hitor  he  joined  the  lliite  baud  at  tho  cliurch,  jihiyin;,' 
in  1101-feet  accord.  Mutvliiiia,  llixt.  liid.,'l\\, 

"  The  good  chief  was  Don  Maitiu,  lord  of  Quauh(pccholluii.  Torqacinadti, 
iii.  100. 


It 


APT  LEARNERS. 


173 


Equally  adept  were  the  youth  in  acquiring  finer 
nrts.  Embroidery  was  taught  by  an  Italian  friar/'^ 
and  tliencefbrth  the  churches  were  liberally  provided 
with  most  elaborate  work  of  this  class.  Images  were 
carved  and  adorned  in  perfect  imitation  of  the  originals, 
and  larcrc  numbers  distributed  among  the  natives  to 
lulp  them  remember  their  lessons.  So  also  with 
paintings  and  mosaic-work  in  feathers,  both  of  which 
wwi'  applied  to  sacred  art.  In  the  latter  branch  tlie 
natives  needed  no  lessons,  but  in  pjiinting  they  had 
nuich  to  learn,  though  it  did  not  take  them  long  to 
equal  and  even  excel  the  mediocre  amateur  talent  to 
l)c  found  among  the  Europeans  then  in  Mexico.  Tlic 
training  of  the  boys  extended  even  to  daily  duties 
and  conduct,  for  while  a  large  proportion  attended 
school  during  the  day  only,  quite  a  number  remained 
niglit  and  day  under  the  care  of  tlio  good  fathers, 
many  of  them  supported  wholly  by  the  alms  which 
ilowed  in  for  the  convent.*'' 

The  friars  had  in  tlieir  turn  to  be  pupils,  striving 
to  accjuire  the  language  witli  which  they  hoped  to 
carry  out  on  a  grander  scale  tlieir  self-imposed  mission. 
Aguilar,  who  acted  as  the  chief  interpreter,  gave 
lessons,  and  additional  teaching  was  obtained  by  the 
differe!it  convents  from  the  Fleminirs,  who  had  the 
advantage  of  several  months'  residence.  At  Mexico 
the  chief  aid  in  this  direction  was  obtained  from 
Alonso  de  jNTolina,  the  son  of  a  Spanish  widow,  wlio 
liad  ac(juired  an  almost  thorough  knowledge  of  tlie 
xVztee.'"^    Still,  the  best  means  to  obtain  botli  fluency 


ciin- 
both 


[■[IllT     (IIIC 


**  A  lav-brothor  named  Daniel,  who  afterward  wont  to  Midioacan  and 
JiJisuo.  Jd.,  '2\-2. 

^'■"Oimte  apppiilod  in  \'h]2  to  the  emperor  for  a  regular  grant  of  corn,  to 
Buppnt  tlio  pcliool  and  hospital,  dtrfn-i  tie  Iinllm^,  31-3. 

""H(!  ri'Uiained  a.s  interpreter  till  liis  age  permitted  liim  to  join  tlie  order. 
He  luliiuH'd  actively  as  a  friar  for  over  'yO  years,  andwroto  a  number  of  works 
in  A/tee  wliieli  were  mucli  used  by  noviees  and  teaeliers,  notiibly  Aqiii  riniil- 
mriirii  rnriihidarlo  viilu  Ifiiijiia  Vnxtvlhtun  ij  Jfc.ricdiui,  Mexico,  Mayo,  l.").">."), 
4  ,  •_'.">!)  leaves,  exceedingly  rare,  and  reniarUablo  as  one  of  the  earliest  lioolid 
printed  in  the  new  world.  Hardly  less  rare  is  the  enlarged  edition  of  \'>1\, 
I'llin,  in  two  parts  of  121  and  1(V2  leaves  respectively,  the  first  devoted  to 
i^liauish-Aztec,  the  second  to  Aztec-Spanish.    Tlic  lirst  title-page  bears  tho 


im 


APOSTOLIC  LAEORS. 


and  accent''^  was  found  to  bo  intercourse  with  the 
natives,  and  to  this  end  the  friars  unbent  their  dignity 
so  far  as  to  gambol  with  their  httle  disciples,  noting 
tlio  M'ords  that  fell  from  their  prattling  lips,  and  study- 
ing them  at  leisure.  The  elder  children  soon  cauuiit 
the  spirit  and  strove  to  act  as  teachers. 

In  a  few  months  fathers  Fuensalida  and  Jimenez 
were  so  far  advanced  that,  aided  by  the  most  intelli- 
gent pupils,  they  were  able  to  address  themselves  to 
the  older  portion  of  the  community,  who  in  accord- 
ance with  instructions  issued  to  the  chiefs  were  niar- 
shalli;d  in  procession  to  the  convent.  Here  they  were 
made  to  recite  hymns  which  they  neither  understood 
nor  cared  to  understand,  and  to  join  in  cerenioni('S 
that  to  them  had  no  significance.  The  friars  them- 
selves recognized  the  want  of  sincerity  and  the  small 
effect  of  the  exercises,  but  they  persevered,  ever 
hoping  for  improvement.  One  encouraging  sign  was 
the  quick  mastering  of  the  points  of  doctrine,  which 
(lante  with  native  aid  had  translated  into  Aztec,  in  the 
form  of  a  h3ann.'"^  Set  to  a  pleasant  tune  this  proved 
quite  attractive,  possessing,  besides,  the  peculiar  pop- 
ularity to  bo  expected  where  an  imperfect  form  of 
writing  j)revails.  Many  were  deeply  impressed  by 
the  new  faith,  and  looked  up  to  the  friars  with  great 
veneration,  pleased  even  to  find  tlieir  shadow  fill 
on  them,  and  to  be  allowed  to  deliver  a  confession  nt' 
their  sins  in  picture-writing.  It  was  hoped  that  the 
sacred  inllucnce  of  baptism  might  aid  in  fructif3'ing  the 
^vords  of  faith,  and  to  this  end  quite  a  mania  was  de- 
veloped among  the  worthy  apostles  to  bestow  the  rite. 
It  was  deemed  requisite  for  the  prospective  neophyte 


escutcheon  of  Viceroy  Enriqiicz  to  ■whom  it  is  dedicated,  the  second,  a  kiicrl- 
iiig  sii|iplio;int.  I'liis  woilc  may  still  be  rc;;ardu(l  as  tlie  standard  iii  its  lirM, 
and  Ikih  iiioved  of  ^rcat  service  iu  my  studies  of  Aztec  liistnry  ai'd  litcratnir. 

^'So  dillicult  did  this  prove  that  many  a  one  thonglit  of  St  .Icroni'j's  (x- 
pedieiit  of  sawing  his  tee'.u  to  learn  IIcl)rew.  It  is  even  said  that  one  fiiar 
followed  the  example.   (  irU'.i  i.c  /lulinK,  CiO-GO. 

"^  Vetancurt,  C/iron.,  3,  gives  Gauto  andTectothe  credit;  Mendieta  points 
to  Fuensalida  and  Jiinjnez.  lie  has  evidently  less  desire  to  applaiul  foreign 
talent. 


BAPTISM  OF  THE  MULTTTUDES, 


lis 


tlio 
nity 
ting 
iidy- 

jgiit 

telli- 
es to 
cord- 

iniir- 

weve 
•stood 
lollies 
tliein- 

siiudl 
,  ever 
rii  wa>? 

\viri»-u 

ill  the 

)r()ved 
III"  l>op-^ 
bi'Ui  <'t 

knl   I'V 

<>'Ve;it 

^w  fldl 
■iioii  <>t 
iat  the. 
[n<>-  the 

"^    1 
,-as  o'  - 

lie  rit''- 

iphvte 

,,  a  UiK'il- 

1  its  t'u'.'l. 
litoriitun'. 

lone  I'lKir 

i>ta  points 
Id  foi-ti,:;" 


inerclv  to  listen  for  a  few  days  to  the  sermons  and 
ixhortations  of  the  teachers,  sorel}'  distorted  as  they 
were  l)y  perplexed  interprettirs,  and  to  imitate  tho 
(K>votional  ceremonies  in  onler  to  heconie  worthv  of 
admission  into  the  cluireh.  Fre(imjntly  even  this 
refjuirement  was  evaded  hy  tho  native,  who  felt  either 
indilf'erent  or  unable  to  master  the  intricacies  of  tho 
new  creed,  and  by  merely  joinin<^  the  crowd  which 
onthercd  to  attend  service  at  tlie  ct)nveni  or  at  tho 
village  square,  or  at  t!ie  roadsitle,  he  could  readily 
jiersuado  the  unsus[)ecting  friar  that  he  had  been 
duly  [)reparcd  for  baptism.  This  was  thereupon  ad- 
ministered with  all  the  zeal  born  of  lofty  enthusiasm 
and  assumed  victory.  Father  (rante  himself  writes 
without  hesitation  that  he  and  a  companion  used  to 
hajitize  "eight  thousand,  sometimes  ten  thousand,  and 
even  fourteen  thousand  persons  in  one  day\"''^ 

With  such  numbers  the  fcMMuaiities  prescribed  in 
the  ritual  could  not  be  observed,  and  a  readier  nu'thod 
was  adopted.  Those  who  declared  their  wiHiiigness 
to  be  christened  were  asseml)le(l  in  formidable  groujis, 
tlie  children  being  placed  in  the  Hrst  ranks.  Tho 
litual  was  then  perlbrmed  with  a  few  select,  and  tho 
I'est  were  mt'rely  sprinkled  with  the  water.  In  ai)i)ly~ 
iug  names  all  the  males  l)aptize(l  on  one  da^'  received 
the  apjiellation  of  John,  and  the  females  ]\lai'y.  Tho 
lollowing  daj  the  names  of  l\'ter  and  Catalina  were 
given,  and  so  on  through  tlu'  list  of  saints,  "^{'o  each  ^' 
])erson  was  given  a  sli[»  with  name  inscribt^d,  and  in 
case  of  torgetfulness  he  had  merely  to  exhibit  the  sli]) 
to  jirovc  his  baptism  and  identify  himseh?*    The  rite 

■''111  nil,  (InririE;  five  j'oars,  tlicy  h;u\  l);iiitizcil  'imp  telle  nmltitiulo,  que  jo 
n'iii  )ia.s  J. 11  IcH  Cdiinitcr.'  LcUrr,  127  •Inin,  l-")'-'!*,  in  '/'<  riiini:r-(  'tmi/i'iiiN,  V"'!., 
Kii'ie  i.  tmii.  ii.  l!)7.  Others  .'iilinit  lai'L;i'  iiumlicr.-i,  ami  vwn  1'(ir(|Ui  inada,  iii. 
l."i(i,  allows  such  iiistaiic'i'S,  incntiDiiiiiu'  that  (Hie  priest  at  'I'dlnra  lia|itize'l 
Iltii'O  in  Olio  (lay.  'Tlu' day  lielure  St  .Inhii,'  ^ays  Vetaiieiirt,  C/t.-on.,  .'■>,  10, 
'4(1. 0(10  were  baptized  lit  the  chapel  of  St  .losepii,  Mexieo.'  Motolinia  a])|ie;ir.i 
t.)  iittrihnte  this  lavish  extension  of  the  rite  to  iinpatienco  at  the  failiir(/  to 
proiluee  any  ett'ect  on  tho  natives  by  eateohisini,',  and  ho  seolds  the  mission- 
ai its  for  allowing  such  a  weakness  even  for  a  iiioinent  to  encroach  upon  their 

Jutv.  HM.  IihI.,  ii-j-i:{. 

"/(/.;  Torquemada,  iii.  loJ;  Vttuitcvrl,  Citron.,  5.    Caniargo  assumes  that 


I-''  L 


11 


1^ 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


had  an  attraction  for  these  superstitious  people  in  its 
similarity  to  their  own,  which  conve^'eJ  purification 
from  sjjiritual  stains  not  alone  at  the  lustration  of  the 
child,  but  in  the  iunncrsion  of  self-scarified  jiriests 
and  ascetics,  at  the  midnight  hour,  into  the  conse- 
crated pools  witliin  tlie  idol  temples.  It  is  but  natur-d 
that  they  should  look  with  no  less  veneration  on  the 
solenm  sprinkling  received  so  devoutly  by  the  mighty 
children  of  the  sun,  and  inqjarted  by  the  hands  of 
men  as  benevolent  in  aspect  as  they  were  saintly  in 
conduct.  So  impressed,  indeed,  M'ere  many  by  a  belief 
in  the  mysterious  vii'tue  imparted  by  the  rite  tliat 
they  sought  again  and  again  to  share  in  its  Idessiugs, 
yet  without  feeling  bound  by  the  assumed  discarding 
of  paganism. 

As  time  passed  on  and  revealed  the  many  abuses 
and  deceits  practised  upon  the  guileless  teachers, 
doubts  began  also  to  creej)  in  regarding  the  legality 
of  the  informal  baptisms,  though  authorized  by  Father 
Tocto  and  other  canonists,  mainly  on  the  ground  of 
necessity,  with  so  small  a  number  of  ministers,  and  in 
accordance  with  the  [)recei.lent  furnished  by  many  of 
the  early  fathers,  and  recently  by  so  eminent  a  })er- 
sonage  as  Cardinal  Jimenez,  during  his  mission  to  tlio 
Moors.  Another  objection  was  the  use  of  merely 
blessed  water,  instead  of  duly  consecrated  water  and 
oil.  The  friars  being  unable  to  settle  the  question, 
submitted  it  to  the  supreme  pontiff,  who,  by  bull  cf 
IMay  15,  1537,  confirmed  tlie  baptisms  so  far  poi- 
formed,  and  authorized  tlie  friars  thenceforth  to  ap})]y 
the  salt,  saliva,  candle,  and  cross  to  a  few  only  of  a 
group,  though  consecrated  oil  and  water  must  be 
given  to  each  person."   Another  knotty  question  con- 

tliis  method  was  pursued  already  during  the  conquest  years  by  Cortes'  clui])- 
laiiis;  but  he  inu.st  be  mistaken.  JlUt.  TIax.,  \o\), 

''■'The  necessity  for  tins  is  p(;iiited  out  by  Vetancurt  in  the  observalimi, 
'whence,  iiuleed,  could  taliv;i  couk"  for  a  larj^c  number!'  Citron.,  9,  10.  Tnr- 
quemada  reviews  the  queslicn  at  seme  length,  and  defends  the  friars,  i:i  t!iO 
t)penin^i;  chapters  of  his  lOtli  liotk.  See  alto  2Inu/'.cl(t,  JJkt.  Ech-s,,  'J()7-t'. 
\Vlicn  tile  consecrated  oil  came,  Sunday  and  Thursday  v.ere  .set  aside  for  ad- 
niiiiiatering  it  to  tlioisc  who  had  not  been  so  favored,  thus  rendering  the  rite 


MARRIACE  REGULATIONS. 

ecrnod  niarriao-o      Aln,^,    i    .,  ^"^ 

""°  "■'&■  yet  ,„any  of  "he  rfch  ?7' J''''*''"^'^'''"'  •«■' 
•I";  0  a  nu.ubcr,  and  since  the  rL"/'  ""•"  ,""'^'<'  '""1 

'■'■'lefod  to  discard  all  but  o'    i      ''"'•>'S''»"'»«''  »ero 
^ko.tho  other  husbands  n"?  T''"^';'  '»"''"'"  «'ey 
Chm  ,a„  ceremonies.     It    -^s  f      •","""''  """>>'  "■'''^ 
t"  cleterjnine  which  of  the  wi^t        'I?  "'"y  '"■••«"■ 
eonsor  ,  had  the  right  to  be  n  ofi  .'.r,  *"'",  '"Silimuto 
'leealed  after  year?  of  doubt  't„,     *-'''',  V'"'  '"^  ''*  «'« 
^vrfe  and  when  this  could  tt  1,     i'T'  "•'"  "'«  fi>-»t 
""0  chosen  by  the  husband  '«    J^f"',"',"",''"'''  '"  "'« 
ton  was  paid  by  poIyCL.  f '™""'"'« ''ttlcatten- 
tlic  fathers,  and  ere,   S       ''*.*''  *''«  exho.-tutions  of 
regarded.  ' '"  ''"«'■  times  the  law  was  dis- 

Tliose  and  other  r;t„=,  ■ 
"■ore  discussed  in  a  council  of'^w"''"'"",  ^"«>  ^"'^'-''^ 
-mars  to  have  been  he  d  in    l,r"'i'-'"'''^*^ '»''"'■'' 
«^ltl.  the  assistance  of  Corle       TK  '"""""  "^  '520, 
■'"i,ed  not  only  points  boarin.  .„  V  T'"  "'"■'^  ''"ter- 
'">d  counnunion    but  on  tW°*      f P'""'  ^""fession 
l"'tive.s,  the  nioi  difficult  te.r''*"'T".  ""''  ™'o  "f 
;»  >-9l-ese„tations   to   St  V^^l    'i^'"^'  "'""^"'""d 
pie  -niportance  of  the  roertin't,!  *•"''"  ""thorities. 
""■".t'er  and  quality  „f  Iho  a  S,  ,   V"  '''^"P^"'  to  the 
■-■"^'ons  has  Caused  it  to  be  st   '^"'1    ' ';;"'  '°  *''°  <"»- 
of  the  church  in  ^r^„  Spain'"'  "'  *''°  '^'^^t  synod 

ti.e  same  t  mo  "1  ''T  ""«'"  ''-^  illisaccfniw ''"'*"■•'  V'am  iHi,„6  "ccc- 
wii)acitv  K,.f„„  ,\"'»»s  to  partake  of  I.f.lv  n..^  °  •  '°*"-'  ^*'''«  'i-i'l  hintcl  .,f 
';;""I's  clioice  when  Tht  V  '"!!•"'''  Cayetuno  a.n^nf 'hL     ""'^''"Sa  l.ad  seut 

■^"'S  «We  to  sclent  thot^%*'^^T*'^  "'«  ""t-'xpSencV  o  "  h    7^'   ^■''"«^'^'"* 
iiianiaire  with  ri,t;J-     ^^?cwife.  dec.  iii.  liK  A-  -,1        °.  *'"^  ^"af's  in  not 

Hist.  M„..  y^,^.  „_    ^^  ^  ^™o»S  tlie  authorities  aa  to  tlie  tiio  Ji 


178 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


In  tlioir  oaj^crncss  to  extend  conversion  tlio  friars 
found  tlieniselves  altoj^etlier  too  few  lor  the  task  under- 
taken, and  as  soon  as  their  older  juipils  revealed  suffi- 
cient knowl(.'(l<^e  of  reli<^ion  and  of  Spanish,  they  were 
inii)ressed  into  the  service.  At  first  they  accompanied 
the  ministers  in  their  tours  througli  the  districts,  to 
preach  and  estal)lish</oc//v'/ja.s',^"^actin,ii^  as  interpreters,''' 
or  deliverinj^  under  their  eyes  the  sermon  already 
learned.  Afterward  they  were  sent  forth  alone  to 
impart  the  lessons  acquired,  and  war  against  idolatry', 
oiten  with  a  zeal  that  broun^ht  martyrdom.  This 
devout  spirit  had  been  well  inculcated  among  the 
children,  and  even  the  youngest  did  good  work  at 
their  homes  and  in  the  neighborhood.  On  the  way 
to  the  convent  one  day  the  scholars  met  a  procession 
of  natives,  brazenly  parading  the  living  representa- 
tive of  an  idol.  In  a  twinkling  they  were  upon  him, 
and  before  the  skirmish  ended  ho  had  been  stoned  to 
death.""  Ilegular  raids  were  also  made  on  the  tcujples. 
At  Tezcuco,  for  instance,  the  friars  themselves  led  a 
procession  amid  chants  to  the  famous  chief  teocalli, 
and  after  breaking  the  idols  to  pieces  they  fired  the 

w.is  licKl.  Ixtlilxochitl,  Ifor.  Cruchlade:^,  77,  confounds  it  with  the  informnl 
iiioetin^,'  of  \7\'li,  whcvein  tlic  Flemings  -were  consnltcd  on  convureion  niL-lIioil.s. 
Others,  like  Vetancurt,  assume  the  year  1./J3,  and  Zamacuis  ^aiCii.ics  at  June 
ir>'J(j.  ]5ut  the  letters  of  Father  Valencia,  acting  governor  Agnilar,  and 
Aloiiso  do  Castillo,  speak  clearly  c  a  formal  meeting  of  friars  and  o!!icia!s 
licld  in  Scptcmher  to  Octoher  1520,  to  consider  matters  touching  the  I)nlians. 
Jtrizli(i/((:t(i,  (-'o/.  JJoc,  ii.  l.")o-7,  -02-.'},  O-!.")-.").'].  Lorcnzana  call.)  it  Jinita 
Apostolica,  and  observes  that  title  of  Concilio  rrovincial,  iis  r.pplicd  Ly  some 
Mi'itcrs,  is  wrong.  Coiicilioa  rroi:,  iJJJ-C'J,  iv.  8.  It  was  attended  hy 
Cortes,  It)  npresentative  friars,  including  no  douht  Dominicans, ."»  elcrrrynieii, 
ninl  .1  juri  its,  some  say  5  or  (5.  ]'(faiic}n;  f'/iroii.,  0,  7'rat.  jMcx.,  22;  Gair.o'' : 
Diivihi,  Tcairo  Ech^.,  i.  20;  Paiuii,  in  Mnnumentos  JJomiii.  Exp.,  ^IS.,  li.'f. 
IjcauuKJUt,  who  argues  hard  for  Juno  l.Jl^O  as  the  time,  sides  with  Toniiu- 
niadii  for  the  convent  church  of  San  Francisco  as  the  place,  contrary  to 
Vetancurt,  who  names  San  .Tosi5  chapel.  CnJn.  Mich.,  iii.  '2'_"J-4. 

'*  Indian  towns  .and  villages  newly  converted  to  Christianity,  to  which 
parochial  organization  has  not  been  given. 

'^'^Thcsc  preaching  interpreters  were  employed  formany  decades,  since  friars 
were  continually  arriving  from  Spain,  who  knew  not  the  language,  or  v.  ii') 
entered  into  new  districts.  Mestizos  gra<Iually  supplanted  the  pure  Indians 
as  interpreters.  Many  of  these  aids  were  taught  Latin,  partly  as  a  mark  of 
favor.  Mendkta,  Ili-t.  Ecles.,  41.3-14. 

••"It  occun-ed  during  the  Ometochtli  festival  at  Tlascala,  and  not  wholly  to 
the  satisfaction  of  the  friars,  who  sought  to  avoid  similar  extreme  measures. 
Motolinia,  Jlist.  IiuL,  214-16. 


iCOXOCLASif. 


It9 


■-  V"'>  ."«-^ii.atoJ  i„t„  space  t'"         """'"'  "''""""< 

'""',t«onty  thousand  i  "^o '^f™  '"""''•'•■''  '-'"l-io, 

'•"■^■.  oxcopt  in  ti',0  rcn  otc  d  !^  •'':*'"'"»^  oxl,ibiti„„s 

■;  -  .-otained  their i„,ldet„t,ont?  '"'''"^^'^<-"  ti'o 

'efonyert.s,  fi,r  ft  proved  no  e  "'''"'  '""-'ion „C 

l'or,st,t,on.s  ,,l.eri,sl,^d  du   n  "  T/.""""--  '"  "I'root 
'w-'lv  cast  as  ,Ie  ij„j,  ,„  """y  »  ''totnv,  and  to  J-nfi, 

,';'■.     ^'^''01'  remonstrated  wit     f'  "  .■^^"'et  l„„a|. 
•'  ™™piG  once  exclaimed.' W       ■'"■  '""  ">>M,,iicy 
'•'  '■'•■'"■■o  "f  a  saint  "tlTnt  vn!  «  "  ■'*'    P»"'«"?  to 
."""=1'  "S^inst  idolaty  "d'li,??"  %'n'nnl.s  preach  s, 
,";"'"':?■*"    5'l.o  Spaniard  renliT  y?r''^^ol>  worshi 
i'''"«t"m  "that  they  "hd  2  f,  "'"',  "'"  "«"«!  <'x^ 
.^•izod  on  them  in  nlc,!  Ilr        '1''"''°  "'o  imn"-es   Ijnt 

f--i"t.,vi,o„;"h  ;tpt:;t''>'  %'  ^"■°'"  -°''-- 

fain  remar  ved:  "NoitL^i  Hereupon  the  chief 

<-.';l-      TJ,e  friars  made   ''/""'"'<"•"'  •■•'■»  offered 

,^"'t  cf  SllSec'TAd';'''?^  *^^^','1"^«  ^•<'rc  Landed  hv  P    .  ^        • 

V^-^  ob.,aiiacy  of  t],c  i,l,  ,f     '  ^"''  »-«J"Psiug  into  idoN  L  ^  9,".'^*'^'«'  ^^-'th  con- 

<"^'  "  il  one,  and  i    th  .V      • ''^  •" '^^  attributed  boti      v  f  ^''   ^^''^-  'J'^"^'- .  J  78 

'"'■■'y  tJ-e  Avorshinpcrs    7    '  *''^P"-i«tian  .ncetii£lai""%I^«''«""a&'c  hover- 


ii.i 


fMl 


180 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


Ills  excessive  zeal.  His  father  Axotccatl  had  at  first 
sought  to  prevent  his  attendance  at  school,  but  the 
friars  carried  their  point,  and  soon  the  boy  was  ba[t- 
tized  under  the  name  of  Cristobal.  Eager  to  convert 
also  his  family,  the  boy  destroyed  the  idols  and  winr- 
butts,  as  the  main  obstacles  to  the  desired  end,  only 
to  rouse  the  bloody  spirit  of  fanaticism  in  the  father. 
Half  dead  with  wounds  the  young  iconoclast  escaped 
to  his  mother's  side.  The  infuriate  parent  pursued 
him,  nearly  killed  those  who  sought  to  interfere,  and 
cast  the  boy  into  a  fire.  Presently  he  drew  him  forth 
and  ended  the  flickering;  life  with  dagger  blows,  liaise 
now  turned  to  fear,  the  body  was  buried  in  a  corner 
of  the  house,  and  other  precautions  were  taken  to 
keep  the  murder  secret.  The  friars  made  inquiries, 
liowever,  for  their  missing  pupil,  and  Axotccatl  was 
executed."^  About  the  same  time  two  other  Tlascal- 
tec  youths  were  killed  by  the  obstinate  idolaters  of 
an  adjoining  distriet,  while  assisting  two  Dominieau 
missionaries.  Thus  the  little  republic  attained"'^  dur- 
ing the  first  decade  the  glory  of  presenting  three 
widely  applauded  martyrs. 

Tlascala  enjoyed  the  additional  preeminence  of  giv- 
ing the  earliest  voluntary  converts  to  the  faith,  with 
one  or  two  exceptions,*'*  and  in  the  persons  of  lur 
leaders.  The  lords  of  the  adjoining  state  of  Huexo- 
tzinco  cmbrafcd  the  fiiith  under  the  name  of  Francisco 
de  Sandoval  y  Moreno  and  Juan  Juarez;  at  Mexico 
Quauhtemotzin  himself  thought  it  prudent  to  set  his 

**  DifTercnt  versions  relate  that  the  body  of  the  boy  was  cast  into  the  fire 
to  be  conaunicil,  but  the  flame  woultl  not  touch  the  sunctifiud  niartjT.  Tlio 
mother  was  killed  to  prevent  disclosures,  or  on  account  of  her  Christiiin  ziul. 
Camar<jo,  flint.  Tlax.,  170-81.  It  is  alsosaid  that  aqnarrcl  witli  aSiumiurd 
brought  before  the  courts,  led  to  the  apprehension  of  the  murderer,  Muli'lh 
via.  Hist.  I  ml.,  2'20-.3.  The  deed  took  place  at  Atlihuetza,  a  league  and  ii 
half  from  Tlascala.  Lorcnzana,  in  (Jortis,  Hid.  N,  Enp.,  208;  Meiuliela,  JH-'. 
Ecles.,  'J3(>-4r). 

"^They  were  Antonio,  grandson  of  Xicotcncatl,  and  his  senant  Jami. 
Their  bodies  were  cast  over  a  precipice  at  Quauhtinchar.  or  Tecalpan.  iil'i 
Bup.  Ddvila  Padilla,  Fvud.  Santiarjo  de  Mex.,  GG-74.  Caniargo  states  that 
in  this  case  the  murderers  were  not  pauishcd,  owing  to  the  iiuplicatiou  of  .'■o 
many  and  prominent  people. 

"'Sec  JJist.  Mcx.,  i.  5J8-C0,  this  series. 


fe' 


TEMFLE-BUILDIXG. 


181 


)f  n-iv- 


tlie  fno 
i-r.  'I'lio 
liiin  zi'iil. 
Ijiunia'.-.l 

le  aiiil  a 
ila,  U'-'- 

It  J'.Kin. 

Itcs  that 
lou  ut  "J 


prople  the  example,  ^vhilo  at  Tezcuco  tlie  Fleinish 
1  liars,  had  already  gathered  a  rich  harvest,  ehielly 
ainono'  the  children,  for  here  the  worthy  Gaiite  estab- 
lishotl  the  first  public  school  in  New  Spain,  in  connec- 
lion  v.ith  the  first  convent."''  More  friars  arriving,  the 
work  of  conversion  was  forwarded  so  rajjidly  that  soon 
liardly  a  village  in  the  lake  regions,  and  the  adjoining 
convent  districts,  was  without  its  church  or  chapel,®" 
(Jante  claiming  to  have  built  in  !^^exico  city  alone, 
within  five  years,  more  than  one  hundred  temples. 

There  were  several  reasons  for  this  success,  won- 
(U'rful  in  its  extent,  though  shallow  at  first.  Fore- 
most stood  fear  and  policy,  for  it  was  dangerous  t  > 
(lisi)bey  the  conquerors,  while  favors  could  be  gained 
hv  courting  them.  Then  came  the  undefined  belief 
with  many  that  the  religion  of  men  so  superior  in 
prowess  and  intelligence  must  contain  some  virtue, 
.something  superior  to  their  own.  In  the  districts 
(ici'U[)ied  for  some  time  by  Spaniards  the  idea  of  their 
\h\\vx  divine  had  long  since  faded:  still,  their  oriu'iu 
was  involved  in  obscurity:  the  land  whence  they 
came,  the  ijilded  rei^ions  of  the  rising  sun:  the  august 
lulrr  be3'ond  the  great  sea;  the  pontiff  who  repre- 
Muted  the  Infinite — all  this  loomed  dimly  forth  in 
ystic  gi'andeur,  and  awe,  the  great  prompter  of  wor- 
i[),  laid  its  influence  upon  their  mind.  In  the  newer 
districts,  where  Spanish  vices  and  weaknesses  were 
Ir.-s  understood,  these  ideas  had  greater  effect,  and 
tended  to  infuse  greater  veneration  for  their   rites. 

'''Several  prominent  men  had  been  bapti/cd  before  this  tinio  at  Tezcuco 
.".111  iitlier  places,  by  Olmcilo  and  his  coiiipaniun.s,  and  young  piincis  had 
I"  en  taiv;!it  the  rudiuuuit.s  of  secular  and  rclij,'iou.s  knowledge,  but  impul.so 
ill  lliis  direction  wa-s  lirst  given  at  Tezcuco  by  the  Fleniing.i,  and  at  .Mexico, 
ll'ii"  .it;  inco  and  Tlascala,  by  the  \'l  I'ranciscans.  Wluu  Quauliteniot/.iu 
ii!!.l  I \tlib:oc]utl  received  baptism  is  not  clear,  though  it  must  Iiavc  been  i  foro 
t'l!'  c'ld  of  b")"J4,  ^;  hen  Cortes  took  them  to  llondaras.  A  convent  exi.sled  i.t 
Tl ;  ."i!a  in  October  of  that  year,  but  the  pevmaiieiit  editice  wa.s  still  buililing 
ill  l.VJil,  when  (,'hirino3  created  a  dispute  by  taking  refuge  tlieie.  //> mrn, 
<l"  .  ii.  lib.  X.  cap.  xiii. ;  I'aiaii,  iu  Monumtntos  iJomiii.  Kip.,  M.S.,  73-5,  and 
l.it.  r  rct'rnjnees, 

"'<  l.uite  claims  to  have  baptized,  with  aid  of  one  friar,  in  Mexico  province, 
III  'ic  tliaii  '2lM),n00  .souls.  Lcl/iv,  in  7'<riiaiix-Co))iiiaii>i,  I'o//.,  serie  i.  torn.  x. 
I'T.  '-'OJ.  The  letters  of  Cortes  and  Alboruoz,  iu  Icuzbukda,  Col.  Doc,  i, 
^"^7  "^,  also  bear  witueaa  to  the  progress. 


Ill 


V'' 


:■■    ■■(     .*  I 


^i- 


'■.•fit 


i 


'5-!'  '; 


!  ■■'.?; 


ii 


''  ^i 


l\:\ 


182 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


;  !, 


Further,  the  new  rites  and  doctrines  had  many  simi- 
larities to  their  own  to  commend  them  to  the  natives. 
Baptism  was  used  for  infants  generally,  and  purifyiiii,' 
water  was  applied  also  by  ascetics;  the  communion 
was  taken  in  different  forms,  as  wafer  or  bread,  and 
as  pieces  from  the  consecrated  dough  statue  of  the 
chief  god,  the  latter  form  being  termed  teoqttalo,  'god 
is  eaten;'  confession  was  heard  by  regular  confcssor.s, 
who  extended  absolution  in  the  name  of  the  deity  con- 
cerned. The  idea  of  a  trinity  was  not  unknown,  and 
according  to  Las  Casas'  investigations,  oven  a  virgin- 
born  member  of  it;  the  flood  existed  in  recorded 
traditions,  and  Cholula  pyramid  embodied  a  Babel 
myth,  while  the  mysterious  Quetzalcoatl  lived  in  tliu 
hopes,  especially  of  the  oppressed,  as  the  expected 
Messiah.  Lastly,  the  cross,  so  wide- spread  as  a 
symbol,  held  a  high  religious  significance  also  here, 
bearing  amonjj  other  names  that  of  'tree  of  life."^' 
Although  these  similarities  appeared  to  the  friars 
partly  as  a  profanation,  and  were  pointed  out  as  a 
perversion  by  the  evil  one,  nevertheless  they  failed 
not  to  permit  a  certain  association  or  mingling  of 
pagan  and  Christian  ideas  in  this  connection  with  ;i 
view  to  promote  the  acceptance  of  the  latter.  The 
Indians  on  their  side  availed  themselves  so  freely  of 
this  privilege  as  frequently  to  rouse  the  observation 
that  they  liad  merely  changed  the  names  of  their 
idols  and  rites.^^ 

Even  more  effective  than  the  preceding  features, 
from  the  permanent  allurement  it  offered,  was  the 
ceren\onial  pomp,  the  gorgeous  display,  in  connection 

*'  A  very  similar  term  was  applied  to  an  Egyptian  cross  accordinn;  to  Li]^- 
sius.  Dp  C'nic,  lil).  iii.  cap.  viii.  Several  more  similarities  of  ritis  lUiil 
Iwliefs  could  1)0  pointed  ont,  but  for  such,  as  well  as  for  a  full  considcniti'ii 
of  tlic  above  points,  I  refer  to  my  Native  Hacc/i,  particularly  vol.  iii.  bwiiiii^ 
on  mythology. 

"^'La  Vifiye  hmimruh'c . .  .c'est  I'image  qui  approche  lo  plus  do  cello  dc  la 
mc're  do  leu'*  dieii  Iliiilzllojnic/dli,'  observes  IJeltraini  in  this  conuec;!"!!. 
Mcx'iqiie,  ii.  52.  Mexican  writers  also  And  objections  in  tlio  picture  usul  liy 
Indians.  MoiiamfiitoH  ]>omi>i.  Enp.,  .'''JO.  Viceroy  Mendoza  soutrlit  to  n  uinvo 
one  obstacle  to  conversion  among  noidcs  by  restoring  tiie  fee/en  order  of  kiiicl't* 
hood.  Carta,  iu  Puchccu  and  CunknaiS,  Cul.  Doc,  ii.  -01--. 


PLEASEsG  WORSHIP. 


1S3 


sinii- 
tives. 
ifyiii.L; 
union 
I,  and 
ji  the 
.,  'god 
Dssors, 
:y  con- 
n,  and 
virgin - 
:coi'd(-d 
Babel 
,  in  the 
cpccted 
d    as   a 
io  liere, 
f  lite."^' 
c   friars 
ut  as  a 
y  failetl 
ling   ef 

with  a 
ir.  The 
'rocly  of 

irvatiou 
lof  their 

Features, 
l^vas  the 
mectiou 


fin!?  to  Lip; 

Insiili^''"!'''"" 
liii.  hcMWi 

cello  a.;  U 
Iconut'c'ii"'"' 

It  to  viiaiivc 
1-  of  kiii^l't- 


with  the  services,  so  fascinating  to  the  cultured  Euro- 
pean, liow  much  more  therelbre  to  the  ruder  Mcx- 
The  effect  can  be  readily  estimated  by  compar- 


lean. 


ing  the  rapid  progress  among  tlie  northern  Indians  of 
Catholic  missionaries,  and  their  stronger  hold  upon 
tlicni,  as  compared  with  Protestant  ministers.  With 
the  ruder  man,  as  with  children,  the  appeal  to  the  senses 
is  always  the  stronger.  When  the  eye  is  dazzled,  the 
ear  soothed,  the  emotions  of  the  heart  can  be  the  more 
readily  stirred  and  kept  awake  than  by  the  unaided 
eftbrts  of  oratory.  And  who  shall  questi(jn  the  legiti- 
macy of  such  aids  in  so  good  a  cause  as  the  substitu- 
tion of  a  gentle,  elevating  religion  fora  bloody,  debasing 
ritual?  lleligion  is  primarily  an  appeal  to  the  senses, 
and  even  the  cultivated  philosopher  who  may  enter- 
tain a  vague  pantheism  is  allured  by  the  object-lessons 
ui'  nature  to  thoughts  bej'ond  the  material. 

The  priests  took  pains,  therefore,  to  make  attractive 
tlie  [)lace  of  worship:  the  altar  with  lace,  and  gold, 
and  {lowers,  all  resplendent  with  lights;  pictures  and 
statues  with  colors  and  attitude  appealing  to  the  ten- 
derost  feelings;  solemn  chants  and  gorgeous  proces- 
sions, wdiile  around  in  the  recesses  an  awe-inspiring 
half-! 'loom  impelled  the  thouijhts  and  feelin2;s  of  the 
worshippers  yearningly  toward  the  enchanted  scene 
before  them.  The  numerous  feast-days  gave  the  friars 
frerpient  ojiportunity  to  indulge  the  natives  with 
alluring  pageantry,  varying  in  its  nature  with  the 
si'>nilicance  of  the  festival.  Christmas  came  with 
ap[)ropriate  and  brilliant  tableaux;  epiphany  had  its 
representative  magi  following  an  imagined  star  to 
render  homage.  Palm-Sunday  revelled  in  Howers,  and 
easter-tido  followed  with  impressive  scenes  and  ser- 
vices. There  were  processions  brilliant  with  gala 
(hesscs,  ilowers,  plumes,  and  banners,  with  here  and 
there  crosses  and  saints'  images  borne  by  chiefs  and 
chosen  ones,  and  attended  by  large  escorts  of  candle- 
bearers.  The  priests  chanted  solomnl}',  and  now  and 
then  the  refrain  was  taken  up  in  swelling  volume. 


'«r-  \\ 


1 


Ik 


184 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


Arches  rose  at  frequent  intervals,  and  embowered 
diapc'ls,  i\[otoIinia  describes  a  Corpus  Cliri^Dti  cele- 
l)rati()n  at  Tlascala  for  which  more  than  a  tliousand 
floral  arches  had  been  erected  along  the  streets  talccn 
by  the  procession,  with  ten  larger  arches  in  form  of 
naves,  and  four  artilicial  scenes  of  wild  and  placid 
nature,  rocks,  trees,  moss,  and  lawns,  one  representing 
Adam  and  Eve  in  paradise,  a  second,  the  temptation 
of  Christ,  the  fourth,  Saint  Jerome  and  Saint  Francis, 
and  all  elaborated  with  surprising  skill,  and  with 
hunters  and  animals,  some  natural,  others  imitated."^ 
jMany  pagan  ceremonies  were  introduced,  endeared  to 
tlie  congregation  l)y  long  association,  and  frolics  and 
dances  lent  a  cheerful  after-glow  to  the  solemnity,  and 
gilded  the  remembrance  of  the  feast. 

Another  factor  remains  to  bo  considered  amonix  the 
causes  for  success  with  conversions:  the  saintly  char- 
acter of  the  friars;  their  benign  appearance;  their 
kindness  of  heart;  their  benevolent  acts;  their  exem- 
plary life;  all  so  worthy  of  admiration,  and  in  so 
striking  contrast  to  the  fiercer  aspect  and  bloody 
doings  of  the  native  priests,  in  harmony  truly  with 
their  horrid  idols  and  rites,  as  the  appearance  and 
acts  of  the  friars  accorded  with  the  gentle  virgin 
image  and  tlie  ])ious  teachinsjs  of  their  faith.  The 
i-ecords  of  the  chroniclers  arc  filled  with  glowing 
testimony  to  the  self-sacrificing  conduct,  in  private 
and  public  life,  of  these  missionaries,  misdirected 
thougli  they  often  were  from  a  more  active  and  use- 
ful path  b}^  excess  of  zeal,  and  b}''  hallucination,  whicli 
caused  too  many  of  their  heroic  acts  to  bo  spent 
aLjainst  the  bare  cell  walls,  instead  of  furthering  the 
real  good  of  individuals  or  connnunities.  Yet  they 
remain  heroes  in  their  s[)licre,  ennobled  by  a  lofty 
thougli  empty  purpose.     Others  there  are,  like  \i\- 

•"•Tliia  celebration  took  place  in  lofJS.  Motolinia  describes  sovcvnl  others 
biinlly  less  elaborate.  Jlift.  //((/.,  73-Sl ;  TorqiiciiKidri,  ill.  'JliO-l ;  /hiciht  I'd- 
(lilla,  Hist.  Ffini.  Santiaijo.  7!t->S4.  'Souvent  qiiatre-vin;;ts  et  nieiuc  cent 
niille  persoiiuca  ussistcut.'  Uoloi/iie,  iu  Ternaux't'omjiaiia,  Voy.,  sOrio  i.  tuui. 
X.  '2-20. 


MIRACLES. 


185 


CO 


ivato 
ctecl 
uso- 
liic'li 
pent 
the 
llliey 
ot'tV 

>(I  /'«■ 

Cl'llt 

I.  toiii. 


loiicia  and  Motolinia,  who,  hocclless  of  hardships,  of 
dangers,  seeking  not  even  glory  save  perliaps  martyr- 
dom, passed  in  toil  and  travel  even  their  declining 
years,  v.lion  comfort  lures  most  men  to  repose.  Tliey 
})enetrat'jd  to  distant  provinces,  now  following  in  the 
wake  of  ruthless  invaders  to  act  the  part  of  Samari- 
tans; now  intruding  on  the  golden  arena  where  rival 
<;(^vernors  were  ranging  the  forces  to  wacre  hot  battle 
for  possession  of  the  sliaclded  native;  now  entering 
alone  on  some  primeval  scene  to  plant  the  crucifix, 
harbinger  of  a  gentle  culture,  even  thouixh  it  servo 
only  too  i>ften  to  guide  tlie  way  to  vultures,  in  the 
sliape  of  rapacious  and  cruel  soldiers.  If  the  mission- 
aries could  not  [)revent  thi^.i  evil,  tliey  could  at  least 
soften  it  l)y  inter[)osing  at  times  the  shielding  arm  of 
llie  church,  and  range  tiiemselves  as  cham[)ions  of  the 
oppressed.  In  this  work  tliey  shine  with  brightest 
glory,  undiinmed  even  by  that  thirst  for  gold  which 
overshadows  them  in  many  another  part.  Yet  even 
licre  the  more  immediate  end,  at  least,  may  bo  sum- 
iiioned  to  justify  the  means,  embracing  also  doubtful 
mummery  and  miracles.  The  latter  were  not  so 
numerous  in  Ne\v  Spain,  says  INIendieta  with  unin- 
U'utional  siii'nificance,  for  the  reason  that  the  natives 
eiiibiaced  the  fiith  readily  enough  without  nmch 
stimulant  of  that  nature.  There  are  records,  how- 
ever, of  rains  produced  or  stayed  by  carrying  around 
the  cross  and  saints'  images;  of  the  resurrection  of 
dead  persons,  and  the  like."'^ 

Several  of  the  miracles  arc  properly  attributed  to 
Father  Valencia,,  as  the  chief  of  the  Franciscan  apos- 
'^•■^,  and  because  of  a  saintly  life.  While  most  exem- 
plaiy  in  conduct,  and  rigid  in  the  observance  of  rules 
laid  down  by  the  order,  he  was  a  stout  defender  of 
the  preroga.tives  of  the  church  and  of  tlio  oppressed 
natives,  aiul  on  more  than  one  occasion  assumed  a  bid- 
ligerent  attitude  toward  the  local  authorities.     H'\h 

'"  Motclhtki,  Hid.  IiuL,  105,  14o-C;  Jilendkta,  Jlkt,  L'cks.,  597-GOO,  and 
oIIil:-  authorities. 


.;■'  ""■ 


186 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


apostolic  zeal  was  so  j[^rcat  that,  although  approachnig 
the  ago  of  seventy,  the  confined  limits  of  New  Spain 
were  evidently  too  narrow  for  him,  and  he  made 
more  than  one  attempt  to  go  to  Cliina.'^  As  if  dis- 
heartened by  the  failure,  he  retired  to  a  spot  near 
Tlalmanalco  to  meditate  and  mortify  the  llcsli.  So 
severe  was  the  self-imposed  penance  that  he  fell  sick, 
and  on  being  removed  for  nursing  to  Mexico,  he  died 
on  the  way,  and  v/as  buried  at  Tlalmanalco.'"*  His 
dress  and  other  belongings  were  preserved  as  relics, 
and  his  grave  was  for  years  a  point  of  attraction  tt) 
worshippers.'^  No  less  revered  figures  are  to  be  found 


U:  ^ 


"  Tlic  plan  was  conceived  in  common  with  Bisliop  Zumdrrajta.  and  the  Do- 
minican Ik'tanzos.  The  first  attempt  was  frustrated  by  the  rotten  condition 
of  the  vessel  for  which  ho  liad  been  waiting  some  seven  months  at  Teluiaute- 
pec.  /./.,  ;]!)-l-8,  584-8. 

'^  lie  died  at  Ayotzinco,  the  21st  of  Miarcli  lo34,  and  was  taken  back  to 
Tlahnunaico  convent.  Tlie  journey  to  Tehuantepec  in  153.'?,  barefooted,  liad 
broken  Iiis  health.  JlofoHnia,  U'ct.  I  ml.,  158-9;  Mcinlicla,  Hist.  L'cIck., 
5y.>-(>,  G01-'2;  Vctancurt  makes  the  date  Aug.  31.  Mciiolo;;.,  'Jo. 

"  Tlie  corpse  was  several  times  disinterred.  In  l.")G7  it  suddenly  disap- 
peared, by  a  miracle,  it  was  said,  as  a  chastisement  for  curiosity  and  lack  of 
res-crenee.  Up  to  that  time  it  had  shown  no  putrefaction.  Mendieta  writis 
that  only  one  of  liis  several  letters  bad  been  jirescrved,  but  in  Tiriiniir-Ci'in- 
paiin,  Voy.,  si'ric.  i.  toin.  x.  'l-\,  and  in  fccr.balceta.  Col.  Doc,  ii.  155,  are  oth- 
ers, speaking  well  for  hia  zeal.  Authorities,  in  addition  to  those  elsewheio 
cited,  that  treat  wholly  or  in  part  of  church  history;  Pwheco  and  (Mnlrifin, 
Co!,  nor.,  iv.  4.")(i,  5GS-9;  v.  449-50;  viii.  19;  xii.  281-3,  485;  xiii.  5()-l ; 
IcarJiakcttt,  Col.  Doc,  i.  pp.  xlv.-cxix.  487-8;  Puna,  Cedulario,  21,  40;  Ori- 
jdlrii,  Cn'iu.  S.  Anij.,  1,  2;  Orledo,  iii.  4G9-71 ;  Cartas  de  Iiid'uis,  54-0,  71'-, 
780-857;  Libra  de  Cahildo,  M.S.,  C5-G;  Ixllilx-ochill,  liulaciones,  in  Kiiuj^- 
horou'jh'ti  Mcc.  Aiitiq.,  ix.  429-47;  Hcnicsa/,  Jl/sf.  Chijapa,  9,  10,41 ;  Tcrmmx- 
Cowjians,  Vi.ij.,  si'ric  i.  toni.  x.  199-200;  Vnziiwz,  Chron.  (fvat.,  2-3,  19,  20, 
527-35;  (W.  Doc  Imd.,  Ivii.  181;  Archivo  Mcx.,  Doc,  i.  49-50,  92,  150-G-.'; 
ii.  17S-S:{;  Uucop.  de  IiidutK,  i.  29  etc.;  Jiamhrz,  Proceno,  24G-8,  2".)9-;il)2; 
Cortrs,  J/'ist.  N.  E«p.,  208,  389-95;  Piter  Martyr,  de  Insvlii,  145- G;  Proc 
Slo  Evaiiiflio,  pt.  i.  iii.  v.-vii.  xvii.;  Moitumentosi  Domiii.  Esp.,  MS.,  G;i, 
25.')-79,  3Ji,  :!00;  M'X.  Ex'r.  de  Cedidas,  JLS.,  1;  Fernandez,  ILst.  Echi<., 
4.")-(i5;  J)iiriln  PadU'a,  Hid.  Fvnd.  Mcx.,  GG-74;  liiviro,  Me.v.  in  IS//?, 
225-7;  (I'onzulez  Ddvila,  Teatro  L\len.,  i.  20,  25,  74-5;  Frijcs,  Hist.  Comp, 
70;  Morclli,  Fa.-ti  Kovi  Orliis,  103,  112-14;  Medina,  Chrun.  Snii  Dixjo, 'J; 
Mix.,  Not.  Ciiidad,  GG;  Fujiteroa,  Vindirias,  MS.,  22-4,  98-110;  Ak'/re, 
J/i.st.  Couip.  (A-, A.SIM,  i.  180-i;  Presctt\t  .Mex.,  ii.,  90-8,  iii.  2G5-8,  3S',)  !l; 
also  notes  in  Mex.  eds, ;  Caro,  Tre.i  Si'/hs,  i.  20-7;  Cabrera,  E^citdo  Annn-'. 
401-8;  Alinnnii,  Disert.,  i.  198,  209,  app.  109-12;  ii.  109-91,  app.  20-4'-.; 
J/eredia,  Sena,  y  J)i'<ert.  Uiiad.,  pt.  1.  l.')9;  Pizarro  y  Orellanri,  Varones 
llrsfres,  102-10;  Znmaenis,  I/iat.  j\fex.,  iv.,  pa'^sini ;  v.  108-71,  49!i;  J'efan- 
cvrt.  Trot.  Mex.,  22;  /(/.,  Meuoloffui,  32,  54-105,  149,  297-304;  Id.,  Chrdii. 
Slo  EraiK/elio,  4-10;  Id.,  Teatro  Mex.,  ii.  140;  Mex.  Ilieroi/lyphienl  IHkI., 
113;  Cru)Hido.t,  Tardes  Am..  270-4,  298,  .327-9;  U.  S.  Cath.  Ma/.,  1S44, 
4S8-93;  /(/.,  1S4G,  20.3-5;  Frost'.^  Pict.  ///V.  Mix.,  125-30;  Quart'.  Hec.i. 
214;  Mayer's  Mtx.  Aztec,  i.  84-5;  MamhaWi  Chritslian  Jlissions,  ii,  229-35; 


I'  f 


TORIBIO  MOTOLIXIA. 


m 


among  liia  companions,  tlio  apostolic  twelve,  whom  wo 
shall  moot  frequently  in  the  course  of  our  history. 

C'lircia,  Hist,  li'th.,  ii.  13,  14;  Moxdico  Mex.,  ii.  448-JO;  Abbott's  Mex.  nnd 


/ciisa  <le  la  Vinlad.,  4-ti;  Burke's  Europ.  Still. ,  i.  l'J4-'J;    t'>tiiuu\/o,   //^^^ 
Tl(i.r.,  I.".S-GO;  I/az'trl,  Kirr/ien-Gcirhlrhfc,  ii.  r,:]\--2;  ]>Uy.  U,i:i\,  ii'.  ;U 4-1,"), 


One  of  tlie  loading  anthoritica  on  tho  ecclesiastical  history  of  Jlexico  fop 
the  first  period  succeeding  tlio  conquest,  is  Father  T<)ril)io  de  L'enavcnte, 
known  as  !Motolinia,  wliose  family  name  appears  to  have  been  I'arcdus,  for  .so 
ho  signs  the  preface  to  the  Ilistoria  de  loa  ludioa.  Uu  was  bom  at  Lc^navonto 
in  Leon,  and  early  evinced  a  devout  disposition  and  a  loaning  for  tho  priest- 
hood. After  entering  the  Franciscan  province  of  Santiago,  he  w;!s  tninafernxl 
to  that  of  San  Gabriel,  and  came  as  one  of  the  apostolic  twelve  to  Jlexico. 
Hearing  frequently  from  tho  wondering  Indians  who  clustered  along  their 
route  the  word  Jlotuliuta,  and  learning  that  it  meant  'poor,'  in  allusion  to 
their  threadbare  garments  and  careworn  appearance,  ho  adoptcil  it  as  an 
ai.propri.itc  name  for  himself,  and  was  ever  after  so  called.  Ho  even  signed 
himself  Motolinia  Fr.  Toribio,  with  true  reference  to  the  meaning.  Vdzqarz, 
Chron.  Gvat.,  5'27,  534.  Tho  name,  in<lec(l,  became  identified  not  alone  with 
a  man  of  profound  humility,  but  of  a  zeal  that  bordered  on  fanaticiwin, 
as  instanced  by  his  fiery  advocacy  of  forcing  conversit)U  with  the  sword, 
which  involved  him  in  bitter  altercation  with  Bishop  Laa  Casas.  While  im- 
bued with  views  dilTercnt  from  those  of  the  apostle  of  tho  ladies,  he  was  no 
lo.><s  a  champion  of  tho  oppressed  natives,  devoting  to  them  his  best  talents 
and  energy;  now  appearing  in  hot  contest  with  political  powers  in  tlicir  be- 
half; now  shielding  them  from  cruel  taskmasters;  and  anon  following  with 
cn;citlx  in  hand  tho  bloody  path  of  eon<picrors,  to  act  the  good  Samaritan. 
Already  during  the  first  decade  of  tho  Conquest  he  had  penetrated  into  Cen- 
tral America,  wandering  through  Guatemala  and  Nicaragua,  nnd  adding 
tliousaiids  to  the  list  of  converts  baptized  by  his  han<l.  A'etancurt  allo«  s 
him  to  have  baptized  400,000  during  this  tour  alone.  Mciioloj.,  8'>.  Torque- 
iiiada,  iii.  441,  makes  this  the  total  number  of  his  recorded  converts  'por 
c\ionta  que  tiivo  en  escrito. .  .sin  los  (pie  se  le  podrhm  olvidar.'  On  his  retui-u 
ho  became  superior  at  Tczcuco;  hiter,  comisario,  and  vice-coniisario  general 
foi-  (iuatemala,  and  attained  to  the  dignity  of  sixtli  provincial.  Tlie  la.st 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  at  San  Francisco  convent  in  ^lexico,  iji  devout 
exercises,  and  during  the  performance  of  oiic  ho  expired  in  1508,  says  lieri- 
Htain,  probably  August  t)th,  the  lai.t  of  the  apostolic  twelve  according  to  Men- 


\vp^ 


18S 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


III 


;:■  t 


Vf 


dict.a.  //m'.  Eclr.').,  C20-1;  Bcristain,  Bib.  Jlisp.  Am.;  Ramirez,  in  Ica-J>nh-eta, 
Ciil,  Doc,  i.  p.  cxviii.,  etc.;  Diiton  Biofj.,  in  Cartnn  tic  Iiiilius,  810;  revnan- 
dez,  Hint.  ICck'n.,  52-3;  Salazar  y  Olarte,  Conq.  Mix.,  207-11.  His  rol)C  was 
ki'pt  118  tlic  relic  of  a  saintly  man  to  whoso  prayers  many  miraculous  happen- 
ings were  attributed.  Ilia  intimacy  with  the  natives  led  to  a  careful  study 
of  tlieir  eustonis,  religion,  and  history,  m  hilc  hiaadndrable  knowledge  oi  iVzteo 
e.'iused  him  to  prepare  several  writing's  for  tlieir  instruction.  The  list  includes; 
]>f  morihna  Indontm,  used  to  a  great  extent  hy  Toi-qucniada;  Advciitus  lUiO' 
(helm  Patriim,  (iiiiprlmi  ras rcnioiies deveiiertnit,  ct  de  conim  rehit.i  'jculi^;  giving 
uu  account  of  the  apostolic  labors  of  himself  and  his  companions;  Doclrina 
Cliridlana,  in  Mexican,  for  tlic  benefit  of  the  converts,  to  which  Torquemailu, 
iii.  riSfi,  alludes:  "Ilieo  liiego  una  breve  Doetrina  Cliristiana,  l"r.  Toribio 
Motoliiiia  lo  qval  anda  iiriprcsa;  Oin'rra  de  hs  Indi'is  dc  la  Xiicra  E-'ptii'i'i ; 
Ctiiiiiiio  del  Esp'irltu;  Calcndario  Mexicano,  to  which  Henrico  Martinez  makes 
reference,  Miimorialcs  J/istdricox,  quoted  sometimes  by  Ilerrera  and  often  by 
TorciUenuida;  and  some  letters,  notably  tliat  of  January  2,  looo.  But  the 
most  important  of  !Motolinia's  writings  is  the  Hldoria  de  los  IiidJos  i/c  In  Xik  ca, 
K-<;'(iii(i;  tov.-liieh  Antoniaand  Pinelo,  Ep'.loiw',  ii.  711,  refer  undo;- the  oriu^inal 
title  of  liilwlnn  da  Ins  coxan,  Idolatrina  Ritoi,  i  Ccrfmoii'idn  df  hi  \iirra 
Ettpaila,  MS.  fol.  It  i'orms  three  tratados,  the  first,  in  15  chapters,  relating 
to  the  idols  and  religious  ceremonies  of  tlio  Mexicans;  the  second,  in  10 
chapters,  tt)  missionary  labors,  and  acceptance  of  Christianity  by  the  natives; 
the  third,  in  20  chapters,  to  a  medley  of  civil  and  ecclesiastic,  scientific  points, 
resources,  towns.  One  of  these  chapters  was  intended  for  tlio  second  pai't. 
In  eliapter  ix.  of  third  part  the  author  promises  a  fourth  tratado,  which  he 
failed  to  add.  It  was  probably  intended  as  an  amplification  of  the  Adcentm 
diiodccim,  to  judge  by  the  productions  of  other  moidi  chroniclers,  and  conse- 
quently of  great  value.  As  it  is,  the  treatise  contains  a  vast  amount  of 
information  of  which  later  writers  have  eagerly  availed  themselves,  based  as 
it  is  on  personal  inquiries  and  observation.  While  it  exhibits  a  rambling 
order,  and  a  naive  acceptance  of  the  marvellous,  yet  it  is  pervaded  by  a  vein 
of  candor  that  wins  confidence.  The  manuscript  circulated  in  several  copies, 
two  of  v,  hich  have  of  late  years  been  published,  in  Kiiii/tihorowjh'ii  JIcx.  Aitli'j., 
wherein  the  first  tratado  by  the  duplication  of  a  eliapter  number,  closes  with 
chapter  xiii.  instead  of  xiv.,  and  in  the  admirable  collection  of  Icazbalceta, 
prefaced  by  an  exhaustive  biogi-aphy  from  the  pen  of  the  Mexican  scholar 
llamirez. 

There  were  several  others  who,  with  a  longer  period  and  a  wider  range  of 
subjects  at  their  command,  assumed  a  more  important  position  as  chroniclers 
Biich  as  Mendieta,  Torquemada,  Vetancurt.  They  will  be  noticed  in  more 
appropriate  places.  All  the  orders  had  their  annalists,  though  the  writings  of 
most  appeared  to  the  public  only  in  compiled  form,  in  the  books  of  favored 
ones.  Among  these,  Juan  de  Grijalva  early  appeared  as  the  historian  of  the 
order  of  San  Augustin,  Mhieh  :  'oyed  a  comparatively  small  representation 
in  New  Spain.  The  writer  is  the  more  interesting  to  us  in  being  a  creole,  bom  in 
Colima  'about  1559.  As  a  child  already  he  displayed  a  literary  taste,  and  as  a 
priest  he  delighted  the  public  with  his  oratorical  powers,  while  the  order  es- 
teemed him  as  authority  on  theologic  and  other  topics.    He  figured  successively 


I   ::? 


'  ^'^i>^CIA,  DA  VILA. 


08  rector  of  San  Pal.lo  col  W„        ,.  '     '         ^-  jgg 

'i-e  .0  salo/e     '        '''^'"■'^"*'  '^^  ^''"'■'o  olilon.'l'^  ^'^  -"^""l-rari..., 
t"  \\.t.u    '  r      ^?  '"  "^  '^'""'^  I"-o"u.to  "    /■  •  ■      ''  ""'"'•'■•■'  '''"»  '>-nta 

H;.;.,u„„  o/v"':^*™'  •»"™... »..  ■.....',;:■:;  r,i;":,/': "■- 

■*<'•.to.  "S»  •,"'''■'■  '"  "'"  '■"•1.11.  o  ,°.  -H  '""«'-»l"'>'»f  v,.,„„. 

^-^-'H' the  two  '      ^"""'«t""«'  convent,  t„     ,  IV      '  *"  Ca.span.s  Plantiu. 


1 

[ 

1 

'  f 

^ 

1:1 

:;t; 

f  ■ 

11 

i 

tsd 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


of  the  fountlation  nnd  progress  of  the  churcli  in  rnch  province  of  Spnnidh 
America;  its  ofliciuls  nnd  coats  of  nrnis,  tofjctlu-r  witli  tlio  liiogrnpliy  of  l)iHli- 
ops  and  pious  members;  nn  account  of  tlio  introduction  of  literature  nnd  nrt, 
and  some  vnhuiblo  vocnbularies.  It  wns  Diivila'a  first  work  ns  cliicf  clironi- 
cler  of  the  Indies  nnd  the  two  Cnstiles.  Tlie  dciliciition  to  Felipe  IV.  refer_ 
ling  to  him  as  'mvy  alto  y  mvy  Catolico  y  por  csto  mvy  poderoso  Sefior  Ucy, > 
shows  Diivila  to  ho  at  least  a  devout  rcnsoner,  since  the  subject  of  the  book 
nnd  the  chni'ncter  of  the  age  hardly  permit  tlio  supposition  of  veiled  irony  in 
the  simple  'por  esto.'  For  a  royal  chronicler  tho  work  ia  very  carelessly 
vritten,  ^vith  glaring  faults  on  nil  hands,  nnd  in  poor  style,  rinelo  gives 
l(i-l.">  ns  the  date  of  one  volume,  but  this  is  probaljjy  intended  for  tho  Tcatro 
LclcHuixttco  lie  Inx  ilon  Cantil/nx,  Madrid,  U'A'y-oO,  3  vols.,  witli  a4th  volume  in 
1700,  concerning  which  Ddvila  had  sent  to  the  king  a  memorial,  n^fcrrcd  to 
by  Pinelo.  This  and  his  Tcatro  de  lui  ilrandtrax  dc  Mudril,  102,'l,  wero 
probably  better  written,  since  they  must  have  aided  in  obtaining  for  him  tho 
position  of  chronicler. 

A  rarer  and  earlier  work  tl'"n  DAvila'a  is  the  Ifistoria  Kdcu'inxtica  dc  Xirs- 
tros  Tkwpoii,  by  the  Dominican  Alonso  Fernrindcz.  Toledo,  1011,  folio.  Tho 
chief  object  of  which  claims  to  Ijo  tho  recording  of  tho  glorio\is  deeds  of  zeal- 
ous sons  of  the  church  outside  of  Spain,  particularly  contemporaries,  with  a 
view  to  animate  her  children  to  remain  steadfast.  The  first  and  largetst  of 
the  three  libros  is  occupied  with  America,  beginning  with  tho  Antilles,  ))ut 
Boon  passing  to  Mexico  and  Central  America  as  the  main  field,  an<l  dofsing 
with  South  America.  The  entry  of  friars  and  tho  progress  of  missions  and 
ecclesiastic  provincias  arc  related,  with  innumerable  passages  on  miracles, 
martyrs,  and  saintly  men,  and  with  some  account  of  native  idolatry  and  of 
books  printed  in  native  idioms.  Tlic  rest  treats  of  tho  other  continents  and 
islands.  Tho  title-page  bears  an  engraving  of  tho  madonna  adored  by  St 
Dominic  and  St  Francis. 

Another  general  work  on  the  church  is  the  KervTcehjche  Historic  van  da 
fjhchcdc  U'treldl,  by  tho  Jesuit  father  Cornelius  Ilazart.  Antwcrpicn,  KiOT, 
4  vols,  folio.  Among  its  several  editions  tho  most  notable  is  tlio  German 
Kirchcji-Gescfikhte.  Wienn,  1G7S-1701,  3  vols.,  rearranged  ami  improved  by 
M.  Soutermans  cf  the  same  order.  Besides  giving  an  account  of  missionary 
labors,  particularly  by  Jesuits,  tho  political  and  social  condition  of  cacli 
region  of  tho  world  is  considered,  though  not  with  any  care  or  critirpie. 
Opening  with  Japan  the  first  volume  proceeds  to  treat  of  other  parts  of  Asia, 
while  Prester  John's  country  heads  tho  second  volume  for  tho  African  divi- 
sion. Tho  last  two  thirds  is  filled  with  the  Xcw  World,  beginning  with  Soutli 
America,  and  proceeding  with  Florida,  Canada,  Mexico,  and  ^Maranlian.  Tlio 
hundred  pages  of  tho  Mexican  section  treats  of  tho  origin  and  belief  of  tho 
Indians,  tho  omens  preceding  the  Spanish  arrival,  the  conquest  and  descrip- 
tion of  Mexico,  and  tho  conversion.  The  copperplates  are  chiefly  illustra- 
tive of  martyrdom,  with  fancifully  dra\in  natives,  headed  by  a  portrait  of 
St  Francis  Javier,  not  only  as  missionary  apostle,  but  ns  a  Jesuit,  ono  of  tho 
first  nine  companions  of  Loyola,  as  the  author  vehemently  maintains. 

Regardless  of  the  efforts  made  by  the  church  historians  already  nientione<l, 
and  by  others,  Father  Touron  of  the  order  of  Preachers  conies  forward  with 


FERNANDEZ,  HAZAIIT,  TOURON. 


101 


n  II'tMo'rr  Ci'ni'nth'  do  VAirn'riqiir,  Piiris,  17GS,  S  vols.,  12',  m herein  ho  proposes 
to  repair  the  neglect  of  >,'eiieral  histurius  to  fully  record  the  important  branch 
of  spiritual  conqneat.  Diviilin;^  his  work  into  four  parts,  relating  to  tlio  juris- 
ilictions  of  Santo  Domingo,  of  Mexico,  of  rem  and  Chile,  ami  of  New  Granatin, 
he  relates  under  three  epochs  for  tho  three  centuries,  tlio  progress  of  Chris- 
tianity in  each  section.  Aware  of  tho  necessity  of  rendering  ecclesiastic 
records  acccptahle  to  'Lecteurs  dans  uu  sitcle  d'autant  plus  frivole,' he  rc- 
siilvcs  to  '  marcher  sous  Tescorto  do  I'JIistoirc  Politique  ct  Naturelle,'  in  short 
to  sugarcoat  tho  pill.  While  several  religious  chronicles  have  heen  thoguido 
for  the  main  subject,  the  rest  is  evidently  borrowed  from  ono  general  history, 
V  itliout  much  digestion  of  either,  since  this  was  probably  deemed  irreverent 
witli  respect  to  the  former  and  unnecessary  with  tho  latter,  as  contributing 
merely  to  a  minor  topic.  With  tlie  progress  of  the  work  the  author  gradually 
throws  o(T  the  political  shackles  which  have  so  far  liound  the  guileless  student, 
uud  leaving  him  adrift  he  abandons  himself  wholly  to  his  clerical  guide. 

In  connection  with  these  may  bo  mentioned  tho  Crremoniin  tt  coiitiimea 
rili'iieiisrn,  Amsterdam,  IT-^W.I,  8  vols,  folio,  to  which  belongs  Siipcrxtilioii3 
(iiirit mic-i  ct  moilirnr.'i,  ITUH  fl,  2  vols.  It  opens  with  a,  full  account  of  tho 
Jewish  religion,  M-ith  the  rites  and  social  institutions  in  connection  therewith, 
ftnd  proceeds  with  the  Roman  Catholic,  to  which  aro  appended  h'ngthy 
memoirs  on  the  rise  anil  operations  of  the  inquisitions.  Then  comesan  account 
of  American  religions  and  features  relating  thereto,  particularly  those  pre- 
vailing in  New  France;  but  Mexico  receives  a  considerable  space,  followed  by 
South  America,  chiefly  Peru.  The  origin  of  the  Indians  is  naturally  considered, 
ami  analogies  with  Old  World  customs  areconseipiently  numerous.  The  nations 
of  Fast  Inilia  and  other  countries  are  next  taken  up.  The  work  was  compiled 
]>}  J.  F.  liernurdand  oMiers,  and  owes  its  success  chiefly  to  tho  fine  engravings 
ii.tcr  Pic;:rt.  Among  the  several  editions  is  The  Hcliijious  Co'emoiilc^  end  Ciin- 
tmiin  of  till'  Si'veral  Xitlioii8  of  the  Knnirn  World,  London,  1731-9,  7  vols.  Tho 
plates  arc  the  same  bearing  the  mark  of  Van  der  (Jucht. 

One  of  the  main  sources  for  the  history  of  missions  and  of  the  condition  of 
tlie  church  in  remote  lands  must  be  sought  in  Lctlrrn  fuUjiuiilfH  ct  Curieuses, 
I'crik's  di'.i  idinKiniiK  ftnii.ijrrm  jictr  i/i'c'qncx  ^f!.<s!o)ifur(H  dc  la  Coinjimjnic,  ile 
Jiiim.  Paris,  1702-7(5,  .ll  vols.  12';  to  which  belongs  Mimniren  dvA  Mix.'iioiia 
(III  Levant,  9  vols.  As  indicated  by  the  title,  the  contents  is  a  scries  of  letters 
by  .Jesuit  nii,''sionaries  in  diirercnt  parts  of  the  worlil,  addressed  to  their 
suptriors  and  to  one;  another,  describing  the  i)rogrcss  of  convei'tion,  together 
with  historic  events,  native  customs,  geograjilu',  and  other  scientific  matter. 
]'.i I )lio;;ra pliers  arc  greatly  at  variance  as  to  the  date  of  the  set,  owing  to  tho 
(lilTercnt  title  of  the  first  volume,  published  in  1702  as  Lcfliri  dc  i/iirli/itcn  Mia- 
eioiiairi'.i,  etc.,  for  which  the  sanctions  of  the  .Jesuit  provincial  and  king  aro 
dated  1702.  These,  followed  by  tho  Lett  rex  fAl'iji'i  nles,  were  rei)riuti'd  in  1717, 
forming,  according  to  Charlevoix,  the  first  whole  issue  of  tho  set.  An  luig'iish 
tinnslation  of  the  first  three  volumes  appeared  in  1707.  In  17"iS  the  work  was 
interrupted  with  the  2Sth  volume,  owing  to  the  persecution  of  t'.ie  Jesuits  in 
France ;  but  it  was  resumed  in  1 773.  Another  cause  of  confusion  is  in  the  several 
riinints  and  abridgments  of  sets  or  partial  sets,  among  them  the  issue  i:» 
ITSO-.'J,  in  20  volumes,  of  the  lirst  systematically  arranged  edition,  and  for 


.jf '  < 


m  ' 


I 


1 1 


it 


192 


APOSTOLIC  LABORS. 


I    !| 


tliia  reason  ostepmrd  ul)ovc  others.  A  continuation  was  issued  in  1818-2,1  as 
Konn'Urn  Littrrn  IkViJhnilis,  wliioh  also  enters  into  neveral  foreign  editions  in 
connection  wi til  tho  first  set.  Tlie  Spaniiili  translutioti  iH  interesting  from  the 
fact  tlint  it  bliareu  inthetrouldcs  wliicli  fell  upon  the  original,  and  stopped  in 
conae((uenco  with  vol.  10.  CarluH  Ld'ijiiaiilcK.  Madrid,  17^3-7.  It  was  com- 
piletl  by  1*.  Davin  from  the  Lillnx  as  well  as  the  Mimnircs  da  Livaiil,  and 
prefaced  in  each  volnmo  with  a  review  of  tho  contents,  and  of  mi-ssimi 
progress.  Tho  letters  of  tho  original  colh;ction  were  published  as  soon 
as  a  suflicient  numl)er  had  accumulated,  without  regard  to  tho  country 
they  related  to,  bo  that  a  lameutahlo  want  of  order  resulted,  which  had 
to  bo  rectified  in  later  editions.  In  that  of  181'J  they  arc  separated  into 
"cts  called  MilmoirfH  ilu  Levant  d'Aun'riqitr,  etc.;  but  arc  otherwise  not 
well  arranged.  In  tho  earlier  volumes,  for  instance,  relating  to  America, 
IV,  is  devoted  to  the  north-east  cojist  of  tho  northern  continent,  and  to 
South  America.  Tho  latter  region  extends  over  tho  greater  part  of  \'., 
wherein  is  given  also  a  memoir  on  Lower  California.  V.  Charles  le  CJubii  ii 
was  tho  first  editor,  succeeded  by  the  talented  V.  Du  Ilalde,  well  laio\Mi 
through  his  nhtory  of  Ch'inn,  and  after  them  came  Ingoult,  dc  Xcuvillo,  jind 
I'atouillet.  Tho  value  of  the  letters  to  science  as  well  as  to  history  beeonus 
apparent  from  a  mere  considei-ation  of  the  extensive  learning  and  zeal  of  the 
Jesuits,  and  their  power  of  observing  and  of  acquiring  inlluence  with  rulers 
and  people.  But  tho  valuable  material  is  interwoven  with  a  ma.':s  of  prosy 
tedious  details,  chiefly  of  a  religious  nature,  and  it  is  to  be  noticed  that  the 
contributions  of  the  ,Spanish  and  Italian  fathei-s  appear  more  exaggerated  and 
credulous  than  thoso  written  ])y  men  from  France  and  adjoining  countries  in 
tho  north.  Tho  needless  prolixity  was  the  chief  cause  of  the  many  abridg- 
ments which  taxed  tho  forbearance  of  tho  worthy  editors  by  their  irreverent 
omissions,  and  by  frcjuently  giving  no  credit  to  the  original.  Iho Mnnoin  !<0.  o- 
(jraphiqne'i,  etc.,  Paris,  1707,  4  vols.,  .-fiords  an  instance.  A  more  ungrateful 
borrower  is  Lockman,  who,  in  condensing  tho  fii'st  ten  volumes  of  tho  Letters 
in  his  Travels  of  the  Jtsuil^,  announces  that  he  omits  prosy  accounts  of  miracles 
and  conversions  as  'ridiculous  to  all  persons  of  understanding.'  Tho  prom- 
ised continuation  of  the  work  failed  to  appear,  to  the  delight  of  the  pious 
fathers,  who  no  doubt  saw  m  this  nou-success  a  condign  punishment  of  blas- 
phemy. 


Ill 


I? 
1  I 


I'  i 


CIIArTEU  X. 


INTRIGUES  AGAINST  COKTHS. 

l.JJi. 

IsTittorr.s  oT  DisAPVoTNTED  OrnciALs — IssixrATiovs  Afi.MNST  Conrts — 
llisl'oriiiii  Li;iTi;u— TiikSilvkrCan.non— CdnvovSvstkm— I'i:rKi:i;i:i) 
Contract  with  tiii:  Suvkkkkin — Coi:ti:s  rNi>i;ii  a  ('i-oru— l'iii;i'Ai;KM 
KuuTiiKMAUcuToIIoNuiitAs—AcTiMidtiVKUXDusAi'roiNTKi)— Machi- 
nations OK  Salazau— Till':  IlYrnciiiii-;  and  tiif.  Toot,— ATTi::\irT  to 
OrsT  TUK  TiiKAsruKK — Si  nii.K  Dm.HiTY — ZcAZo  Madk  riiisoxKU — 
Camas  anu  (.ioN/ALr.z  Ai'i'KAu  O.N  Tiu;  Sii:nk. 


1\()USF,D  by  the  jj^l()win«jf  rojiorts  of  st)l(liers,  tlio  i-oyal 
•IHi'mIs  liiul  come  to  ]\[cxico  full  ot'lii!j;li  aiitici[)ations 


(■'■  llH't 


'I'liii)'^  the  oTcat  treasures  ohtained  iVom  iiativ 
jiriuces,  ii  siuall  portion  of  whieh  had  sufliced  to  da//,le 
the  court  of  Spain,  'i'liev  were  disapijointcd,  like 
most  of  the  crowd,  yet  witli  tlie  men  of  A\laz(piez 
t!i(V  chuin^  to  their  belief  (lold  existed;  hut  where? 
iJirected  by  J^ossip,  they  looked  ui)on  Cortes  as  pes- 
sessinjr  countless  colters  tilled  with  the  fabled  wealth 
of  ^lontL'Zuma,  and  others  lilhn!.>;  witii  the  constant 
stream  of  tributes  and  presents  tVom  cities  and  prov- 
Such  a  man  must  be  won;  and  straightway 


I'.ICCS. 


tiny  began  to  fawn  upon  the  eaj)tain  general.    Though 
pompous  with  their  own  inq 


)0 


rtanc 


e  and  power  among 


the  colonists,  thev  readilv  sank  all  i)rid(,'  in  l)endin'jf  to 
(V(esus.  They  were  quite  willing  to  hide  iVom  the 
crown  and  others  the  deposits,  if  they  were  but  allowed 
a  share  f)r  themselves;  and  this  regardless  ot"  their 
(hity  as  royal  ofhcials.  They  had  not  left  comfortable 
homes  in  Castile  to  brave  the  dangers  of  the  sea, 
and  the  hardships  of  a  new  settlement,  only  to  swell 


m 


UisT.  Mex.,  Vol.  II.    13 


(133) 


! 


i 


! 


1^ 


K  I 

m 


?! 


:l 


i 


194 


IXTRIGUES  AGAINST  CORTI^IS. 


tlio  rc)3'al  coffers;  tlicy  must  have  soinothinc^  for  tlioni- 
SL'lvcs.  ]>ut  Cortes  neither  possessed  the  treasurers, 
nor  was  he  iiiclnied  to  sliare  liis  reeei|)ts  with  tlie 
cormorants.  lie  jirel'erred  to  extend  tlie  inilowin^ 
I'evenucs  on  furtlier  expe(htions,  wlierehy  to  enhance 


iiis  i; 


une  an 


d  Ills  credit  with  the  kin; 


S( 


tl 


lev 


said,  ''this  upstart  ignores  us;  tlien  sludl  In;  suilrr." 
And  wliile  still  hendinj^  low  to  ])our  the  oil  of  ilat- 
terv,  they  prepared  a  vi.'nomous  stin;^' behind  Iiis  hack. 
Soon  I'ivalry  was  displayed  in  their  eh'orts  to  cata- 
logue his  defects,  and  build  a  rej)utation  for  zeal  in 
jiis  overthrow.  In  this  work  of  lihel  tlie  vanity  an;l 
jiresumption  of  the  royal  bastard  Estrada  were  added 
to  the  insidious  caution  of  Albornoz,  and  the  suhtl  ■ 
cunning  and  ambition  ol'  Salazar,  supported  by  C'hir- 
inos.  'i'hoU''h  divided  amon'>'  themselves  thov  were 
united  iu  their  oppejsition  to  (Jortes. 

Despatches  v.-l'I'c  sent  l»y  "vei'V  opj)ortunity  ])artly 
in  cijdier,^  re[)eating  every  tale  that  could  in  any  v/ay 
injure  their  o[iponent.  The  treasuivs  of  Montezuma, 
and  those  lost  during  the  retreat  i'roni  ]\Ie.\ico,  wer*' 
all  in  his  ])ossession,  they  said,  to  the  value  of  three 
or  four  millions,  buri(xl  in  diiferent  spots,  aiul  vessels 
were  building  in  the  South  Sea  to  carry  them  to 
Franco  or  to  lands  that  were  to  be  wholly  under  hi- 
control.  Countless  [irovinces  with  vast  rent-rolls  ha<l 
been  seized  for  himself;  caci(pies  were  made  to  sv.t  II 
his  wealth  with  presents,  and  common  natives  to  work 
in  the  mines  for  his  beiietit,  while  to  the  king  he  sent 
a  few  iewi'ls  whi(.-h  min'ht  please  the  roval  fancv.  ]fe 
thwarted  their  every  ell'ort  to  increase  the  royal  re\  - 
ciuie,  partly  by  marking  his  gold  with  false  stamps,  so 
as  to  avoid  paying  the  lifth."  Worse  than  thl.  .  he 
w 


as  preparing  vast  armaments  which  could  not  he 


'  'Arcaiiic  vcro  no  ])!irtieiil;ircs  littciw  a  solo  ooniputatorc  Allioraozio.  ic  ,!> 
a  sccrctis,  vt'iiiunt  miIj  i;.iiiuli.s  carautciibiis,  niios  Zil'ias  minciiiuit  usius.'  J''  !<  r 
JI((rl>/r,  (U'c.  viii.  cn]i.  x. 

-'  Ixtlilxiiiliitl  of  Tc/i'iioo  liail  /riven  liiiii  incsoiits  wortli  OO.OOOcastil'.aMi .', 
mill  (iiiiLe  this  was  a  myal  iiroviiur,  tln'  accciitaiicf  of  such  i^ilt,-;  was  riililiLTy. 
Tliuso  uiul  similar  statements  are  given  also  in  Corlc-i,  Ii'midLiirid,  i.  HOD. 


I  'A 


JEALOUSY  AND  DKXUNCIATIOXS. 


in.i 


intoiulod  f(U'  Indian  warfare,  tlioivj,-li  siu-li  was  tlio 
])ie'toiu'e,  and  with  this  rrhi-lHous  aim  lie  luul  even 
sci/'.cil  over  sixty  tliDusand  pesos  do  oro  iVoni  tiKM'oyal 
treasury.  The  natives  looked  upon  Coi'tes  as  a  Iviii-j", 
and  would  follow  him  anywhere,  and  so  Mould  the 
soldiers,  whom  he  had  attracted  hy  his  maLj'netism  or 
Won  with  his  gold.  This  strength,  sup[)K'mentcd  hy 
iiianii'old  resources,  had  made  him  so  amhitious  and 
imperious  that  he  gave  no  heed  to  royal  ordci's,  hut 
d^alt  with  the  country  and  the  otHces  as  it"  they  Wd'e 
his  own.  A  change  was  urgent,  or  all  would  \n'  lost 
to  the  idn'j.    The  hest  means  was  to  u'ivi;  them  author- 


itv  t( 


d 


st  1 


tluh 


h 


d 


o  jM'oceed  against  Jum,  witiulraw  Jiis  arms,  an( 
gradu;dly  dispossess  him  of  the  government.  Jit; 
should  be  ordered  to  do  nothing  v.'ithout  the  ap[)i'o\id 
nf  the  I'oyal  oilicials,  and  hlank  connnissions  shwuld 
he  sent  for  them  to  distribute  to  loyal  men  so  as  to 
strengthen  their  party,  and  they  shoulil  be  gix'en  a 
place  among  the  I'egidores,  whose  votes  were  at  pr^s- 
ent  controlled  by  their  jtatron  Corte's.'"'  Authority 
sliould  also  be  given  tlu-m  to  make  a  Iresh  reparli- 
niit'uto  of  the  natives  who  had  been  appro[)riated  by 
tlie  suj)jK)rters  of  the  captain  general.'* 

]n  this  tirade  of  denunciations  they  spareil  not  one 
anoth(^r,  and  foreseeing  the  evil  effect  of  sucli  jealou^^y, 
the  wily  Salazar  intimated  that  Cortes  was  creating 
discord  betvreen  them  for  his  own  purposes;  adthng 
tiiat  lie  ]iad  sent  one  hundreil  and  thirty  thousmid 
jii'sos  to  Spain  wheiev.ith  to  bribe  the  nicmlx'rs  of  t!ie 
council,  and  to  his  lather  other  lar!>-e  sums  embezzled 
from  the  royal  treasury. 

•'  'J'lic  kiiiLi   li;i(l   orilcroil  rcgidorcs  iiml   oUkt  officiiilH  to  l)o  .T]ip(iiiit '<1 
illy  liy  tlio  pivcniur  iind  royal  iiLrciits,  liiit  lliis  liad  not  \<vvn  ilonr 


AliMiiiioz,  (_'arta, 


II  ir(r.,ii 


/'■■i,t,  Vol.  Do 


li'ircil  to  lu'cp  liis  rctaiiK  r.s  in  tlies''  coiitroliiiii,'  )ii>siiii)ii>i. 


■ID"),  iniplyin;^'  t'.iat  ( 'oi-trs  y 


Jl 


n  aulicrcii 


t  1. 


,1, 

('oii.fiiilailor  C'oImis,  tlio  j^atroii  of  tlio  (illii-iais. 


'aiii:iiii(';.;()  van  the  licai'cr  of  tliocli:;r;:os,  (iiicctcd  also  to  (lie  iiowtiiii 


(|Uc!  so  iiiTuiities.si',  i|iio  cHoh  iiudi'ssoii  tcncr  Mnooniiciiil:! 


/A 


111, 


lil 


).  VI.  I'ap.  11 


T( 


■ild 


iciidas  had  liooii  cNpivssly  forliidilcii 


till'  roval  ollk'.fs,  yot  tlicv  liad  cam'rlv  i^oraniMrd  for  a  ^;!l, 


It    \Vi 


ivi'd  tliat  the  h>"i 


.f  (■ 


lit  I 


I'-r  niistr 


s  ajiiiro|iiialril  al 


tlio  daii'^htir.s  of  iiohlcs 


■s,  so  tluit  huiiorublo  iiiou  could  obtain  no  wives.  /.'( find  JJlaz, 


lli-t.  Vi,d<ul.,  Vdl. 


iJ 


if 


.1 
St 


19G 


IXTRIGUES  AGAINST  CORTES. 


.    ^ 


•  '  ■  ?, 


Aware  of  the  macliinations  of  the  offii-ials,  liavinof 
learned  imicli  in  his  relation  with  the  Velazquez 
j)arty,  Cortes  takes  ])ains  in  his  I'onrth  letter  to  the 
kinL(  to  ])oint  out  many  things  that  may  ex[)lain 
ehar_<;'es,  yet  he  cannot  jieei"  into  those  cipher  de- 
spatches and  counteract  all.  To  promote  the  sul)juL;'a- 
tion  of  the  country  he  has  ex[)en(led  all  his  i'unds, 
over  one  hundred  thousand  pesos  do  oi'o,  and  has  heeu 
ohliu'ed  to  take  a  sum  from  tlie  treasury,  thouij;h  this 
v\()uld  he  recovered  a  hundred-fold  ai'ter  securing'  sr.ch 
})rovinces;  he  has  also  borrowed  thirty  thousand  ]n  sos 
wherewith  to  buy  in  S})ain  arms,  implements,  plants, 
and  otlu;r  needful  material  for  the  colony,  lie  asks 
tliat  the  royal  otiicials  be  ordered  to  reco;_i'nize  these 
expenditures  and  repay  his  outlay,  or  he  would  be 
unable  to  settle  his  debts. 

Jn  a  sj)ec!al  letter  of  the  same  date,  15tli  of  Octo- 
bci-  1;V_!4,  he  thanks  the  sovereiu:n  for  iu:norin<jf  tlie 
I'alumnics  of  his  enemies  and  i'avorin'4'  him  as  he  had 
(lone.  Jle  submits  a  nund)er  of  pro])osals  for  bent'- 
iiting  the  country  and  the  natives,  })articularly  the 
introduction  of  moi'e  fiiars  to  educate  and  ]'acify  tlie 
natives,  and  he  uryes  tliafc  the  roy;;l  officials  be  told 
not  to  meddle  with  his  aifairs.  This  he  supplements 
by  letters  to  his  iVieuds  and  assents,  relating'  how  Al- 
bornoz,  for  instance,  has  become  imj)lac;d)le  because^ 
hi'  does  not  I'cceive  all  the  cncomiendas  and  noble 
maidens  he  desires.'' 

With  his  usual  prudence  he  resolved  to  stren<4'then 
his  (tbservations  with  such  i>litterin<x  tokens  as  he 
could  oather,  including'  a  (|uantity  of  silver  from 
jMichoacan,  somojiearls,  and  _«;'old-\vork,  besides  fealli- 
ers,  skins,  and  I'ahrics,  and  a  I'evcniio  remittance  oi' 
seviMify  thousand  j)esos  de  oro.  These  presents,  lu' 
olisi'i'ves,  wer(3  I'ar  inlerior  to  those  sent  belong  hut, 
tlieir  ca])ture  by  the  French  made  him  desirous  of 
tenderini^  some  compensation.     The  ol>ject  of  Cortes 

•''  All  tlios(^  lottcrs  went  in  iliiplitiitcs  so  that  if  the  bishop  of  L'lirgoa  adzed 
Olio  tilt,  t!iu  uCIri'  iniiiht  roach  its  dobtinatioii.  Jb. 


THE  SILM^R  CAXXOX. 


lf)7 


lioinn  to  attract  attcnticMi  to  himself  and  to  Lis  r 


^pi' 


SL'utation,  he  roconnized  that  the  presents  were  ina(l(>- 
(juate,  and  bestirred  iiis  in^'ennity  to  discover  a  means 
to  enliance  their  vahie.  Finally  he  Iiit  n])on  tln^  idea 
of  joi'minn'  the  silver  into  a  cannon  of  abont  twentv- 
tlnve  hundred  weiu^ht,  cost inij  nearly  thirtv  thousand 


ix'sos  do  oro 


It 


was  eiiiiraved  with  several  artist 


(Iesii;iis  "to  bo  worthy  of  a[)[)earing  before  so  hinh 


xud  exec 


■llent 


prmct 


The  chief  figure  was  a  phoonix  in  relief,  with  the 


inscription 


Tyi 
TotI 


:  from  out  tiro,  a  poorlosa  thing 


■11  Hi 


1)1^  I'l'  tlu^  sorvirrs 


II) 


HO,  ininv 


-Ik'd 


ity  kiiif 


Cortes  also  sent  twenty-iive  th( 


)usanil   cas 


.tell; 


mos  ni 


O'O 


Id,  and  over  tiftt^en  hundred  marcos  in  silvin-,  to  I 


II- 


faiher,  with  instrut^tions  to  buy  arms,  (h 


'esses, 


1' 


ant^ 


Ln  cliarge  ot    th- 


and  other  elfccts   for  the  colony. 

prcsi'nts  was  ])ieg'o  do  Soto,  accompanied  by  Diego 

do  (Jcampo  and  h'rancisco  do  ]Montejo,  [»rocuradoi 


'(.  s 


for  Cortes  and  New  S[)ain. 

Orileis  had  been  issued  fVoni  Spain  to  send  oidy  a 
limited  amount  of  treasure  in  one  vessel,  so  that  tlio 
loss  might  not  bo  great  in  case  of  capture;  but  Cort 


es 


"'I'woiity-foiir  r[iiiiitals  niul  '2  .arnilias  of  silver  wore  iisiil,  soinc  Idst  in 
till'  tliiiiJ)lo  sinc'ltiiiLr,  the  liut.il  oostiii!,'  24, "(M)  jicsds  dv  (iro,  at  5  iicsus  do 
i>r'i  t'i)r  tlic  iiiiiroo,  lit'  wliitli  2  wriit  to  tiic  pi)untl.  l'jiL;rii\  iiii,'  jiiul  snioltiiij^ 
<(i-it  l!,(lll().  Cortri,  ( 'ar'd-'^,  ;>17.  '  l'<ir  rsto  [ircoiii  so  vo  (|iii!  l;i  )il;it;i .  .  .ostal>:i 
lni/rhi(!,i  01111  0()s;i  ilo  una  toroor.a  ]iiiito  tlo  ooliro,'  (il);'orvos  ,  I /((///((/»,  y>/'.-ry7., 
i.  r.'L  Ovioilii,  iii.  4(iS,  wlu)  saw  it  at  tiio  paliioi'  in  Spain,  oalls  it  '  nioilia 
(iililiiira,  ilo  inotal  rioo  ilo  oim  i'  ]i!ata.'  A  list  ot  the  uthi  r  invsonts  is  liiviii 
ill  l'(ir/ii ro  iu\i\  ('iir<!(iiit<,  Col.  l)t)r.,  xii.  ;',.")i)-."r2. 

'  It  was  aiiionu'  tlio  last  spooiinons  df  iiativo  art,  fur  alioiit  tin's  tiino  work- 
ors  in  prooious  nittals  woro  furliiijiloii  to  oNoroiso  tlioir  oallin;:  in  \ow  Spain. 
Tliis  iirilor  was  allinnoil  in  a  sjiooial  clooroo  of  t!io  illli  of  Novi'inlior  lojd, 
Mlionin  t!io  )-.onalty  of  ili'alli  was  aii)ilio(l  to  its  int'rini.roinont.  I'nijn,  ('r^/iila- 
rin,  1(1,  2i).  Prnolaiinod  at  Moxioo  oil  till' liist  of  ,luly  loJT.  Li'im  i/(  t 'nlh/^/o, 
Ms,  Aloxiuaii  wiitors  lanuiit  this  as  oiio  of  llio  gioatost  Mows  at  luilivo 
oiiltiiro. 

8  Ai|il<'<l:i  Iiai'ii)  siti  pur, 
yu,  1  II  Mi-iiir  iM  i-iii  M'L-miili: 

Vui,  sill  .V,L,'lllll  ell  ll  IHUllclo, 

Xono  over  mailo  .i  silvor  gun,  savo  Cortis,  I  trow,  oliscrvos  rimiiiira,  and  many 
siuiL'lit  in  vain  to  form  a  Hiiuilar  vorso.  I/ist.  J/i.c,  2H.  Uonial  Diaz,  lio^ia.s 
tiio  tlrst  lino,  ]']staaiio. 

"Ilorirra  states  tliat  a  son  of  Monte/iinia  aoooniiiniioil  tlioin,  and  waa 
lihioed  with  the  Diiniinicans  at  Talav  era.  dco.  iii.  lilj.  vii.  cap.  i. 


,»  J 


193 


INTRIGUES  AGAINST  CORTES. 


I 


chose  to  disregard  tlie  injunction  in  view  of  the  press- 
ing need  ibr  money  at  the  court,  as  he  ])leads.  Soto 
reaeheil  the  Azores  in  safety,  and  receiving  news  of 
I'reni'h  cruist-rs  olf  the  coast  he  resolved  to  stay  thtve 
awhik>,  together  with  lialf  a  dozen  otiier  vessels,  some 
hringiug  valuable  collections  of  pearls.  Great  was 
the  alarm  in  Spain  among  the  traders,  whoso  ship- 
ments of  merchandise  to  and  I'rom  the  Indies  were 
gradually  assuming  largo  proportions.  Convoys  had 
been  provided  for  sevei'al  years  to  protect  their  ileets, 
but  owing  to  trouble  in  collecting  the  convoy  tax, 
and  other  causes,  the  protection  had  been  withheld 
i'or  some  time.  Strong  efforts  were  made  to  reestal)- 
lish  the  convoy,  which  were  successful,  and  a  regular 
boartl  v.as  formed  to  assume  the  management  of  this 
department,  known  as  the  Contathtn'd  dc  Accr'ni:  to 
collect  the  (ircrtd  tax  from  the  merchant-vessels,  and 
attend  to  its  distiibution  for  the  benelit  of  the  ships- 
of-war.'^ 

'J'he  tirst  fleet  under  the  new  arrangement  consisted 

'"Tlio  ollicials  of  till"  (U'partiiu'ut  consistod  in  eonrso  of  time  of  four  r"iit,i. 
(/'!/•' N  i/c  ((i-rriii,  or  aofiiiiiitaiits,  a|ii)()iiitcil  for  life,  two  lieiii^  jii'o)(ri('iaiy,  a 
i-:iii/(:i/iir  i.nnior,  i'(|iiival('nt  to  sii|u'iiiit('ii(li'iit,  n  rirvjilnr,  or  rcccixiT,  ami  a. 
few  siili-otiicials.  'J  lu!  ollii'i-  was  sitiiatotl  in  thu  ( 'asa  do  ("ontratacioii,  ainl 
siilijcct  lo  il.s  ]irc'.si(U'iit  and  JU(1;,h'.s,  who  assi;;ii('(l  niurli  of  tiic  work,  iiail 
(KcitK'd  i:i  case:;  of  (liis|iiit('.  One  of  tin- olllciiils  of  thcCasa,  tfiiiicd  /;/<:;  i;//- 
(•>(/,  \\\\n  altoniUd  at  tliu  do))arturo  of  tlio  lli'cts,  tonollici'  with  ci.-.(iiiiLir< ■<.  or 
ins|icutois.  to  watch  over  tlii'ii'  outlit  and  dcspati'h.  f^'avt;  also  a  certain  htqn  r- 
vision  ill  till'  inli'ii'st  of  tho  a\<'iia  di'|iartincnt.  'llio  »•.  ('/n;-i  s  and  yc'/r/'Ay/v.-i, 
insjui'toiM  and  iiayniastcis,  and  olhir  ollicials  of  tlio  ilucts,  altcmicil  to  llio 
c'lllcc'iion  of  (he  tax,  and  I'cndurcd  acciiuiit  to  1  ni;a\cruiollii'c.  'J'ho  levy  was 
at  liist  not  ii'^ular,  imt  on  the  formal  t'stalilishment  of  the  ollice  it  vas  IInciI 
at  one  per  cent.  In  l.">"J,S  this  Mas  increased  to  live  \n;v  cent,  and  snhse- 
(|uently  lo  a,  hiijlier  liLjure,  reaching,'  a.t  times  14  jier  cent,  accoriling  to  the 
risk  and  loss  involved,  'i'his  was  eolleetcd  from  every  i)art  of  the  car;,'o,  in- 
clndin;,'  the  royal  treasures,  and  in  course  of  time  also  fioni  every  ]i:iKscn;;cr, 
witiiout  exception.  1"lu'  fund  was  increased  l)y  eti'tain  lines,  si  i/urts,  ai:d 
jiri/es,  ;iud  kept  in  a  .stroni;  box  under  thre(?  keys.  All  wariants  foi-ilishurse- 
ments  nnist  he  drawn  liy  the  jii'esident  and  juilj^'es  of  the  t'asa  do  (/'nntiata- 
cion.  ^Vi(ll  the  liei^'inniuL,' of  the  oi^diteentli  century  the  averiu  tax  i>niper 
appeal's  to  luive  ceast'd,  and  the  expenses  of  the  convoys  were  covered  liy  the 
l)al)lio  treasury;  hut  in  1 7 .'i- the  govei'nmeut  was  so  jircssed  as  to  accept  an 
oiler  of  the  nu'rcliants  to  convert  the  furiner  averla  into  a.  contiihution  of  foni' 
]ier  cent  on  gold,  silver,  au<l  first-class  cochineal.  Yet  one  per  cent  of 
averia  continued  to  he  collected  till  177H  to  pay  the  ox])enses  of  in.ail  and 
cles])ateli  hoats  to  the  luilies.  After  this,  only  a  liaU"  jicr  cent  wa'  collected. 
l'"or  details  of  the  laws  governing  the  ollice,  seo  Ilvrop.  dr  India-,  iii.  8!)-l:.'0: 
''■niiO'-a,  Jlih.  /,(';/,  / 7/.,  i.  41)0-7;  Miiiit<  uiaiior,  Sctndvioidi'  CkIiiIus,  14.'!:  idso 
JJcrrcni,  dec.  iii.  lib.  vii.  cup.  i.,  uud  Jliat.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  l25--y,  tliia  scries. 


A  KING'S  REWAIin. 


loa 


(if  riv(>  vi^sst'ls  iiiulcr  Sanc.'lio  tic  ITerroi'n,  obtaiiKtl 
tVdiii  (lillorriit  gruiulces,  and  rciiurorct'd  by  three  l*i)i-- 
tuuiu'se  ciMiisers.  Moaiiwliile  the  Fi'eiu'h  ilcet  was 
^tl•ove^l  hv  a  storm,  and  without  waitiuLi"  lor  escort 


(le 


;i  seore  of  tradinL>'-vesse]s  liasteni'd  to  escape  from 
their  coniinement  at  San  J^ucar.  So  (Hd  the  treasure- 
sliip  at  the  Azores,  and  Soto  reached  San  Liicar,  ^[ay 
•JO,  IfrJ,"). 

.Vll  this  time  tlio  alfaii'.s  of  Cortes  liad  been  pi'omi- 
nt'iitlv  befoi'e  tlie  court.  Xow  liis  deeds  were  extolled, 
and  aL;ain  his  fame  ^vas  sullied  by  malicious  I'ejiorts, 
or  tossed  about  bv  contradictory  riunors,     Jn  I'esijonso 

I'  *.■  I 

to  \hc  appeal  of  the  kini;-  ibr  money,  in  Ij'2'A,  Cortes 
had  empowiTt'd  his  agents  Juan  de  IJibera  an<l  Friar- 
]\bl;;arejo  to  meet  the  demand  and  set'ure  ad\anta,nes 
foi'  himself.  In  the  eai'ly  part  of  hVif),  accordingly, 
they  olferi'd  to  provide  two  liundred  thousand  pesos 
de  oro  within  a  year  and  a  lialf,  partly  throu;^h  the 
I'e'^ular  channels  of  royal  revenue,  partly  in  the  Ibriu 
ef  loans,  '{'he  two  a^vnts  ple(lL;ed  themst'Ues  to  fit 
it  three  vessels,  and  in  them  jiroceed  to  Xcw  Spain 
1(1  prtjcm'e  tlie  nioiiev.      To  this  end  letters  wei'e  to 


ol 


1ie  L;iven  them  for  the  leadinu^  Spaniards  and  chiefs  in 
the  t-oloiiy,  some  unatldressed,  to  sujiport  tlu'ir  ap[)eal.'^ 
Ill  return  the  kiny;  ])romised  to  duly  remember  the 
sei\  ices  of  Cortes.      The  welfare  of  the  country  and 


lia 


tives   l)ein'jf   lel't  to  his  c 


U'C 


he  miii'ht  make  what 


ajipointnuMits  he  thought  lit,  and  exercise  the  pardon- 
iiii;'  power  in  connection  with  ci'rtain  crimes  and  in- 
filii'4ements.  In  addition  to  pre\  ious  dignities  he  was 
to  be  made  adelantado  of  New  Sj)ain,  with  the  title 
of  Don,  and  the  habit  of  the  Santia^'o  order,  a  coat 
of  arms  commemorative  of  his  achievements  being 
also  granted.'-^     It  was  cheap  recompense,  truly,  for 


"  Any  sum  over  ,'0.000  sent  to  Spniii  .tftcr  tlic  diito  c)f  tliis  nf^cctncnt  \\:\» 
let  lie  (.'iniiitcil  as  \Y,\\t  "f  tlio  'J{M),()00;  tlu'  (!,(!()()  (liKuts  to  be  sjn'iit  on  litlini^ 
(■lit  tlic  vtss(  Is  .slidulil  111!  iijiaiil  li'oni  tlii'  treasury. 

'-'Tiiis  was  ((iiU'iri'd  in  ii  s|M'(ial  ilcspatcli  dati'il  ^lafili  7,  l-")-,",  wlit'ri'iii 
ail'  ni'i)uut(.'(l  villi  .sonic  iniuulciuss  llic  services  ami  deeds  of  the  eii|itaiil 
ttui'in^'  the  eoncjuest.     It  consisted  ot  a  liuaiteied  sliieUl  bearing;  on  the  upper 


r 


200 


IXTRICiUES  AGAINST  CORTES. 


one  who  had  porfonncd  such  services,  achieving  vast 
conf|UeHts  without  C'*st  to  the  crown/'' 

Ai'ter  all  this  liad  been  arranged,-^  the  letters  came 
from  the  royal  officials,  so  full  of  abuse  and  insinua- 
tions au'ainst  Cortes  that  the  kin<«:  be!>"an  to  'doubt 
what  course  to  pursue.  The  intimation  that  innnense 
treasures  ha<l  been  collected  by  the  conqu(;rors,  con- 
iirmed  by  the  liberal  offers  of  llibera,  indicated  that 
equal  or  larger  contributions  might  be  obtained  with- 
out this  agreement.  It  was,  besides,  dangerous  to  con- 
fer more  authority  ui)on  a  man  whose  ambition  leaned 
toward  an  eni])ire  of  his  own,  over  a  pliant  and  numer- 
ous people,  aided  by  a  host  of  devoted  soldiers.  Th(! 
'charges  of  the  Velaz(|uez  pa)'ty  had  proved  exag- 
gerated, yet  the  susj)icions  scattered  by  them  kept 
smouldering,  now  to  burst  into  llame  on  tlie  arrival 
<tf  conllrmatory  statements  I'rom  all  of  the  four  royal 
officials.  About  this  time  also  a  quarrel  arose  between 
Kibera  and  the  father  of  Cortes  concerning  some  funds 
which  the  former  had  failed  to  deliver,  and  finding  his 
master  fallincr  in  favor  the  secretary  thoucfht  it  best 
t(>  secure  himself  by  kee[)ing  the  money  and  currying 
i'avor  with  the  opposition  by  offering  damaging  testi- 


mony.^^ 

lender  such  circumstances  it  is  not  surprising  that 
the  kini;  took  alarm;  he  miLjht  lose  o-reat  treasures 

riglit-li.'iml  (livii-iou  a  doulilc-licaJcd  Mack  e.iglc  on  a  white  field,  the  nrms  if 
the  I'liipiro;  in  the  lower  ilivision  ;i  j^roldeii  lion  on  a  red  lield,  siLrnifuant  "I 
Cortes'  deeds.  In  the  upjier  left  division,  three  golden  erowns  in  ]ivraiiiiihii 
jiosition  on  a  blaek  lield,  denoting  liis  std)jngatioii  of  three  .soveieigus;  in  tin: 
lower  division  a  lepresentation  (  f  'JVnoeh.titlaii  eitj'.  The  yellow  liord'.r  dis- 
j)layed  seven  lieads  of  leading  elnefs  linked  by  a  ehain  with  a  padloek.  A 
plmned  elostul  hiilinet  smniuunted  the  shield.  Ji'aa/  t'cdula,  in  Col.  Doc.  Im'iK, 
iii.  I!)(i--J04. 

'^ 'J'lie  agents  I'eeeived  a  jiroportionatoly  greater  reward,  Melgarcjo  beiii,' 
appointed  royal  preaeher  wilii  permission  toeall  hiinselt  of  tlio  ('onneil  of  tli'i 
Indies,  and  Kibera  was  made  royal  treasurei'of  tl>e  Soiitii  Sea,  'por  eonlinii", 
di!  su  easa,'  with  r)(l,()(M)  niaravi'dis  in  ])ay,  and  permission  to  wear  an  opt  ii 
helmet  in  his  eoat  of  arms.   ll(  rr<  ra,  dee.  iii.  lil).  vii.  eap.  iv. 

"  'Se  k's  dieron  los  despaelios  dependientes  desta  capitulaeion,'ete.   /(/. 

'■'While  engaged  in  defaming  Cortes  lie  died  from  overeating,  says  ( Honiara. 
'Comio  vna  noelie  vn  torrezno  en  ea(hdialso,  y  mnrio  thllo.'  ]l'<st.  Mi.r.,  '1~'>. 
liernal  Diaz  givi's  liiiii  a,  bad  eliaraeter.  Il}st.  Vou/iid.,  I!l()-1,  His  preniatii  i' 
death  is  d(jubtful,  for  tiie  Libro  i/r  '  '<ili!/</o.  Mareh  1,  l.VJT,  nicntiona  Jiiau  iIj 
Kibera  as  regidor  of  Mexico,  evidently  the  nuuic  man. 


COXQI'ERORS  AS  GOVERNOrvS. 


201 


rast 


v; 


oaino 
siuua- 
'aoul)t 
incnso 
s,  (H)n- 
il  that 
1  Nv'itli- 
to  con- 
.  leaiu';l 
lunncv- 
s.    Tho 
il   cxa;4- 

3  arvival 
)ur  royal 

\)etNVt.H'U 

uic  t'vuals 

t  it  i'cst 
cun-vin;4 


tosti- 


Isms; 


tliat 
Itvoasuvos 

,i.ins-.  la  til.: 

pmllock.     -^ 
U.  Doc.  Ji>>''i-' 

h.'iireio  lii'iii-; 
•ouncil  of  tlio 
Miorcouuiuv. 

bn,'ctc.  /«'• 

..^^u...■., --i'-- 

Uis  pvouwitu  '' 
Uions  Jii'"'  "^ 


aal  tliG  Xow  Spain  empire  also.  It  had  been  found 
])rn,li.iit  ill  other  cases  to  rei)laee  a  con(]ueror  by  crown 
aL;'euts,  so  as  tojjjuard  ao-aiiistthe  contr(!l  and  inlhience 
ac(juired  by  niilitary  leaders  in  distant  jiroviiuv-s. 
JiVcn  the  (jreat  Ca[)tain  was  recalled  from  Naples 
with  delusive  promises  lest  he  should  grow  too  power- 
ful. With  others  it  was  often  deemed  suflieient  to  Itt 
an  agent  suddenly  a}ipear  aud  take  the  command  from 
the  hinder,  uiisu})portcd  by  any  other  power  than  the 
i-oyal  commission,  which  in  those  days  received  devout 
obedience.  The  com[)laints  of  the  humbled  coiKjuis- 
t;i(l(!r  met  with  little  consideration  where  the  interests 
of  the  crown  were  at  stake.  In  jnu'suance  of  this 
jiolicy  it  was  decided  to  supersede  Cortes,  and  at  the 
saiue  time  offer  the  government  as  a  peace-oifering  to 
.Diego  Colon,  who  through  his  oitices  as  admiral  and 
\  iceioy  pretended  to  cei'taiii  claims  over  Xew  Spain 
as  wi'll  as  other  regions.'"  Since  Cortes  with  his  ini- 
i)eiiousiu'ss  and  lai'u'c  armaments  min'ht  resist  a  re- 

I  t*  CD 

iiiovid,  Colon  must  take  with  him  an  army  suHicieiit 
to  t'lilbrce  respect." 

These  measures  were  not  made  public,  lest  Cortes 
should  receive  warning  and  prepare  for  resistance,  yet 
they  leaked  out,  and  createtl  no  little  conilict  of  octill- 
ions. ICven  the  opposition  clamored  against  Colon  as 
head  of  so  large  a  g<n'ernment,  to  the  acquisition  of 
which  he  had  contributed  nothin'jf.  The  father  and 
agents  of  Cortes  were  greatly  alarmed.  Fortunately 
they  possessed  a  powerful  friend  in  Aharado  do 
Zuhiga,  duke  of  Bejar,  with  whose  niece,  Juaiia  Are- 
llano, a  marriage  had  already  been  arranged  for  Cortes, 
lor  the  famous  conqueror  of  ^lexico,  the  rumored  j)os- 
sessor  of  millions,  controlling  the  greatest  empire  in 
the  western  Inde,  was  an  acceptalde  suitor  even  in 
the  house  of  a  duke.  Atteiuled  by  a  number  of 
liieiids  and  Martin  Cortes,  this  grandee  a})peared  be- 

"j'l'.l  Aliiiir.intazcjrKlo  la  Xuoua  Esp.iua.'  Id.,  103. 

''  'I'lu'  cost  of  wliii  li  was  to  1)0  recoveruJ  from  CurtOs,  says  Beruul  Diaz. 
If  giiiltv  lie  was  to  bo  IjuheadcJ. 


i 


m 


202 


INTRIf.UES  AGAINST  CORTIIS. 


:iti 


-11 


foro  tlic  kiii'L?  to  protest  a!:y;uust  tlic  intended  injustice 
to  a  man  wlio  liad  gained  such  vast  domain  and  treas- 
ures I'oi*  the  crown,  and  whose  loyalty  was  im{)UL,nied 
solely  by  u'rei'dy  and  iealous  intri'-uers.  lie  showi'd 
the  letters  of  Cortes  to  his  lather  and  aijjents,  hrcalh- 
iniL^  the  most  devoted  sentiments  i'or  tlie  king,  and  re- 
vealinu'  the  cunniniif  artilices  and  hostility  on  the  i)art 
of  the  royal  otHcials.  Finally  he  olfered  himself  with 
all  his  estates  as  surety  for  his  i)i'ote'jfe. 

With  such  iniluential  and  explanatory  representa- 
tions the  king  was  induced  to  await  further  develop- 
ments, particularly  as  Soto  arrived  at  this  juncture 
with  the  tifths  and  the  [)resents.     "  In  good  truth," 
says  Gomara,  "  it  was  this   n'old  that  saved  Cortes 
from  I'emoyal."     This  was  not  literally  true,  hov.cvcr. 
The  money  yaluc  of  the  presents  could  have  had  little 
etfect  on  the  decision  of  the  king,  in  yicw  of  the  pecul- 
iar nature  of  his  sus[)icions.     jMoreover,  he  seized  the 
])riyate  remittances  of  Cortes  to  his  father,  and  with 
little  scru}>le, since  this  money  was  declared  to  be  stolen 
from  the  crown  and   intended  ibr  armaments  where- 
y.ith   to  strengthen   his   position.     The  seizure   was 
made  under  pretence  of  a  loan,  with  a  ])romise  of  rc- 
])ayment  never  intended  to  l)e  ke[)t.'^     The  strength 
of  the  treasure  shipment  lay  wholly  in  the  silver  gun, 
and  it  no  doubt  assisted  with  its  boastful  and  llatter- 
ing  yolley  to  make  a  breach  in  the  barricade  of  pix-ju- 
dice  raised  against  its  sender.     Brought  to  the  palace, 
it  created  great  attention,  from  the  novelty  and  the 
inscription,  as  Cortes  had  intended.     Not  a  few  took 
umbrage  at  the  pretentious  triplet,  even  among  his 
friends,  though  the  greatness  of  his  achieyements  was 
conceded. 


I  ■■■' 


The  silver  gun  may  have  embodied  also  a  propitia- 
tory idea,  for  at  the  time  of  scndin""  it  Cortes,  con- 

'"Long  after  his  final  return  to  Spain,  in  1540,  Cortds  was  still  pressing  h'V 
the  fnlfihncut  of  tiie  royal  promise.  Col.  Doc.  Iiif'il.,  iv.  '221.  Other  ])eis(ins 
in  the  same  vessel  as  Soto  were  allowed  to  rctai.i  their  property,  observts 
Herrera,  loo.  cit. 


i 


traiT  to  the  wisl 
I'lioat 


lOXOKLI.:  IDLHXKSS. 

^^f'  the  foloin'st 


203 


'"»  at  tJio 


<-'OMrt.     ll 


'«»"io  tliaii  th 


to    coil). 


'^^^^  inonaci 


Il<r 


.V  1110(1- 


'''^  ;>^^'-aIs,  and  anno  "^^^^^^^^^  

I  wsmoM   „..,.  ,  .  •»""    Jilu.sorv   ox],ectations    ] 


I  "■^'tioii  M-as  1 


I  Kill- 

att 


^('C()n)Ji](r    ] 


'o  and  tI,o  ..,!..      ''  ''"''  '^^^^'"-stoinod  to  fi.  ' 


"t'  tho  advent 


anut 


-"^    J-  unut'o 
*^  tho  stir  of 


ir-Jr^i^'/'^'-o'inc 


'J^H'-od  ak)  I 


»<J  laaivli, 
onv  to 


SiiJJ 


'''\yy  ^^z  ^^'^''  ami  ,d 


natouial, 


\V  I'oports  „f  fi 


1  inn 


t"^'ijii.soIt'the  f; 


Joi-  AJ 


'1110  of  SLlcl 


<*^;V,  J)o  Jono-ed  t 


lo 
varado. 


Jio'd 


'•■^'ivd  abovo  all  to  I. 


■'■oat  c-it 


'OS  and  ti-ea 


loin 


Jio 


IvJllL'-.  "f  .n+   _       ^^ouuxt   to   nu'."    w.  „...:^ 


^Ul'os. 


that  mv 
J'<'Horininn-  auxtl 


r^'''«<"i   i.ad  Inwr  ] 


'"o,"  ho  M-ritcs  to 


Ion*'-- 


A\'J 


on    now.s    c 


^"'^•"on'in  v„„Aj, 


*oon  idle 


t] 


10 


'Ijo^tv 


\vithonfc 


"    ''ow.s    eanio    of    /u- p       ,  «'    ■  -^  ■ 

I"'""I'tod  to  o'oin    1..  .    ^^'!'«    ''^-'"ootio 


«  sor\-ic( 


'ID 


;:':''^'''"    prossino-   d 


£  '')  J-orson  a<rainst  h 


lUics 


iin 


hut 


"'    Jio    fMt 


V.;i.s    i 


;ui( 


-'^  tho  task,. f;,^;"rV 

!  ^^  'T  f-  ^'^^^-'  and  one  ^-';r  ^^^^^^'  ! 
".^■J't  himself  of  ()I   i'A.„    ^'^"».  i 


owino-  t 


t) 


o 


"s  1-eJat 


onant 


ivo. 


oiiiVs'^dn 


'SS     (J 


liis  foil 


IS  a  Jead 


lowevor   J 


;■   ■    C.»a.  t„  effect  l,i»  "l,  1"%™':'!--*!.,.! 


lO 


and  tl 


10 
10 


an^I  to  tlio  all 


ly  nn 


'oi'efo,-o,  yie'ld 


outcry  hotl 


parturo.    At 


^vi«t«;.);r,ier-':K"^ "'"--''--' 


on  CO 


Jlio 

I'orh 


^nnt, 


"'conio  of  th 


<'PI>onont,> 


th 


ft^ttor  Of  September  3, 


"s  sciics. 


l-JiG.  Crfn., 


-"l"ict  native.  S 


full  ,V,  ""''-•'  -^  J-J-'G.  0,r/^ 


.'?o.-,-o. 


itiou, 


««e  //«,.  ce„<.  ^ 


»*•.  ''•  528-34. 


if  ■ 


904 


IXTRICUES  AOAINST  CORTi;.S. 


i:\Vo  advaiita'j^o  of  this  to  I'iso  and  oxtcriuiiiatc  tln> 
Siianiards.  His  mere  [)r('soiK'e  siiilii't'd  to  pi'i.'vciit  all 
tliis.  The  road  to  Ilondums  was  unknown  and  full 
of  danp;er;  the  ])unishniont  (»f  Olid  belon^'cd  to  tin; 
IviuLi',  iliou'i'h  Casas  nii'dit  hv  this  time  have  efreot('(l 
it.  The  roval  olliccrs  also  considoi'od  it  th(,'U'  (hitv  to 
remonstrate  against  an  expedition  wliicli  must  take 
away  so  many  of  the  nuieh  needed  soldiers,  and  eu- 
dano-er  the  safety  of  all.  They  no  doubt  felt  (leli;4hted 
at  the  blow  struek  by  a  rebellious  lieutenant  at  one 
whom  they  both  feared  and  en\ied,  and  would,  under 
ordinary  circumstanees,  have  preferred  to  see  him  du- 
pait. 

Cortes  had  expected  these  remonstrances,  and  re- 
plied that  prompt  chastisement  was  needed  to  jinn-i  iit 
other  otlicers  from  revoltini^  and  creatinijf  disorder, 
with  a  loss  to  himself  of  respect  and  territory.  ]le 
would  take  due  steps  for  tlio  j^ovcsmment  and  safety  of 
!Mi'xico.  This  was  not  deemed  satisfaetoiy,  howt'Ncr, 
and  a  formal  protest  was  lodged,  which  Cortes  couU 
not  altogetlun"  ignor(\  He  pretended  to  yii'ld,  and 
declared  that  he  would  merely  proceed  to  the  Cloaza- 
coalco  region,  where  troubles  demanded  his  presence 
He  even  wrote  to  the  king  that  he  had  yielded  to 
the  general  desire. 

As  rulers  during  his  absence  he  appointed  Treasurer 
Estrada  and  Licentiate  Zuazo,  the  latter  more  \)Vo\)- 
erly  as  justicia  mayor,  to  control  all  matters  pertain- 
ing to  justice.  It  may  appear  strange  that  he  should 
have  ovei-loolced  his  many  faithful  folhnvers  in  this 
selection,  and  it  nuist  be  assumed  that  the  reason  l.sy 
greatly  in  the  mistrust  created  by  the  conduct  of  ()!i<l, 
who  had  been  one  of  his  thi-ce  most  intimate  friends. 
To  prevent  jealousy  he  must  have  given  the  prefercii- o 
to  the  leading  captains  of  the  conquest,  and  with  tin  ir 
militaiy  skill  and  authority  among  natives  and  cojn- 
nists  thev  mi'jrht  become  daniiferous.  The  aijpointees 
had  neither  experience  as  soldiers  nor  great  popularity, 
while  the  selection  of  a  royal  otliccr  would  be  a  pros  if 


Tin;  IIOXDUIIAS  kxpkdition. 


SOS 


lu'roro  tlio  sovorciL;!!  of  his  iDvalty,  Jiiid  iiii^lit  aid  to 
(•■)iiciliato  a  libellous  ('li(|iu,'.  It  must  l>o  uKMitioncd 
that  ii^sti'ada  was  tlu;  least  obnoxious  of  thu  oUicials, 
k'ss  I'alsu  in  his  iVicndshi^)  than  the  others,  anil  Zuazo 
\,as  a  most  estimable  man,  Ibr  \vhoni  Colics  had 
L;i'eat  respect  and  admiration.  To  promote  good 
r.'(lin«^  a  distribution  of  natives  was  made  to  the 
(•fiieials  and  other  })ersons.  Jn-aneiseo  de  Solis  was 
appointed  connnandant  of  the  arsenal,  with  coidrol  of 
the  ileet  and  suilieient  arms  Ibr  an  emeruencv,  and  to 
liodrigo  de  l*a/,  his  own  cousin,  a  rather  turbulent 
\'  llow,  Cortes  intrusted  tlie  care  of  his  house  and 
j  roperty,  as  mayordomo  mayor,  with  the  ollices  of 
;;!^iiacil  mayt)r  and  re^idor,'-^ 

For  greater  security  he  took  with  him  the  three 
late  sovereigns  of  ]\lexico,  Tlacopan,  and  'J'e/.cuco, 
al.^o  the  actual  ruler  of  .Acolhuacan,  Jxtlilxochiil,  and 
several  (»f  the  leadiiiL;'  caci(jues,  nearly  all  destined  to 
Miecuml)  to  the  hardships  of  the  march,  or  })eri^h  by 
tli(.'  liaiid  of  the  executioner,  as  in  the  case  of  (^uauh- 
ti'Uiot/in  and  Tetlepan(pu>t/:al.'--  "J'he  })ati'iotism  and 
i'.ilhience  of  the  former  had  ever  rendered  him  an  ob- 
ject of  suspicion,  particularly  after  his  unjust  torture, 
i'.ud  he  must  fall  a  victim  to  the  first  adverse  circum- 
stance that  seemed  to  threaten  tiie  safet}'  of  the  Span- 
i:!r(!s  from  Ids  side.  His  seeminL!:  strength  and  his 
friends  caused  his  fall,  for  their  muttered  remonstrances 


rr- 


i 


»     I.    r 


"'  ITia  fominl  inshillation  as  .ilguacil  mayor  did  not  take  place  till  February 
17.  l."._M.  Libra (li'CaJ,Ud\  MS. 

■-  r 'P  a,  dutailod  nccoinit  of  the  L'!iar;,'C'3  ii^;'.iust  tliciii,  and  tlioir  i.xociitinn, 
g-e  H'i:(.  <  '('.it.  All).,  i.  r),"d-(),  tlii.s  .scrii:!.  Aiii'iii;,'  the  otlier  liiist;r,'cs.  as  they 
iiiiiy  1j3  called,  are  nainud  ()(|uitziii,  loi\l  of  Axiaim/alco;  I'aiiit/iii,  lord  of 
lv-at'';iec;  Andrt'.i,  lord  of  Moxicali/iiiCi),  a  limilu'r  of  the  kin.;  of  Mi- 
rliiiaraii ;  the  I'ihiiaooail,  or  lic'iitniiiiit  C'f  (Juatditt'iiiut/.in ;  ThuTctocatl,  a 
li'.ave  ami  spirited  chie'.tain.  A.-s  lieutenants  fur  the  t!nee  Hnvereiu'us, 
or  nominally  so,  v.'ere  appointed  Mexiealteeuhtli  at  Mexieo,  (.'..luiateeatl 
iit  'J'iaciipan,  and  Alonso  itzeiiineuaid  at  Tezeuco.  None  of  them  nieni- 
1  cis  of  tiie  royal  fainilies,  it  semis,  v.  ho  wci'o  exeluded  for  the  viiy  ri'a- 
>:iiiis  that  caused  'iosta.u'cs  to  be  taken  with  the  exjiedition.  Ixllilxo- 
eiiitl.  A'./.,  4'!.",  44(1,  who  gives  the  above  names,  rather  tardily  admits 
tliis  motive,  after  olicrin;.' i^overa.l  unlikely  I'easons.  Aceordin;,'  to  ( 'hinialjiain, 
y/'.s'.  ('i.iiif.,  ii.  I'JO.  I,"),"),  Don  Andres  Motelehiuht/.iii  was  elected  i)y  tlic  .Mex- 
icans as  tlieir  captain  general  in  jtlace  of  the  cihnaeoatl.  See  ako  y/i  ;wc«, 
dec.  iii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  x.;  (wuuua,  Hkit.  JIcc,  '2Hj;  Cava,  Trc;^  tSijlon,  i.  JJl. 


h'. 


■I 


i    i 


H    I 

4  a'    'i. 

u  5        It 


coo 


INTRiriUE.S  AGAINST  COIlTi:?!. 


ill  l)o1uiir  <»f  tlieinsc'lvos  and  tliuir  IcaiU-rs,  under  the  dif- 
riciilties  of  tlie  niarcli,  I'oso  a.s  daniagiiii^  cvideiire,  wliilc 
their  iiunilx  r,  ovcrwhcliiiln'^'  as  compared  with  the  sol- 
(Hers,  made  a  severe  example  appear  necessary.  Tlie 
control  ol'  the  natives  of  Mexico  was  left  partly  to  the 
inlliiential  i'liar  (Jhnedo,  with  the  injunction  t(.»  i>ro- 
tect  them  and  promote  their  conversion,  which  he 
faitld'ully  did  duriuL,'  the  short  term  of  life  left  liim. 

The  i)reierence  j^^iven  l]strada  in  the  appointmt'iit 
of  rulers  was  a  sourc(!  of  hifter  annoyance  to  the  other 
oilicials;  and  rather  than  be  subject  to  him  Sala/.ar 
and  Chirinos  offered  to  accompany  the  expedition, 
much  as  they  disliked  it.  Albornoz  would  probably 
liave  joined  them,  but  he  fell  sick,  it  is  said,  and  the 
factor  sui^gested  that,  since  he  must  lemain,  a  s:hari' 
in  the  n^ovei-nment  oUL;ht  to  be  accorded  him.  This 
was  done  with  the  malicious  vx[)ectation  of  creatiii;^- 
mischief,  for  he  W(dl  knew  that  the  treasurer  and  co  :- 
tadoi'  nursed  a  strong-  dislike  and  jealousy.  Cortes 
couhl  not  have  been  wholly  unaware  of  this,  yet  he 
ac(|uie.sced.''  The  a]i])ointment  was  most  mischiiivous, 
for  Jvstrada,  who  ])ri<led  liimseH'oii  bein^'  an  ofrsiiriii:^,- 
of  the  (.'atholic  kino-,  despised  Albornoz,  and  felt  nut 
a  little  annoyed  at  the  partnership,  while  Albornoz  rc- 
gardetl  himself  as  undei*  no  oblio-atit)n  for  an  ap[)oiiit- 
ment  tardily  gi-anti'd  at  the  instance  of  others.-* 

Cortes  set  out  from  ]\Iexico  in  the  latter  part  of 
October,  with  about  one  hundred  and  lifty  Spanisli 
followers,  chiefly  horsemen,  and  three  thousand  natives, 
both  largely  reenforced  on  the  way.-'  During  the 
march  news  overtook  Inm  of  repeated  disagreements 

^^ '  Coino  fuc  importuiKvii  >,  ■-  cU'sscana  coinphizcr. .  .lo  liizo,'  says  Hiitivi, 
loc.  cit.  Cioiuiini,  tissiiiues  tliatCortis  tuok  thu  iiccoinpimyiiiijollicials  with  li'm 
of  his  own  acooid,  to  soi.thc  thfin.  In  the  acts  of  Iho  municipality  all  lli,t;; 
rulers  arc  tcrnictl  tcnieiites  por  tl  pilicruadur,  Zuazo  standing  at  tiic  lic.i'l. 
Lihro  (le  Ciihi'do,  M.S.,  "Ji-j;  Zuinurnijn,  t'arla,  in  2'ac/uro  ami  Cur'l'i:n', 
Col.  Doc,  xiji.  10'). 

^'Alluding  to  this  appointment,  in  a  letter  Mritt(?n  after  the  reported  dcii'di 
of  Cortt's,  he  relents  so  far  as  to  aduat  tiio  loyalty  indicated  thereliy.  Cari'i, 
in  Icnz  alfr'ri.  Col.  l)or.,  i.  4S7.  xVlhornoz  had  heen  worsted  by  Cortes  lu  a 
love  aliair  jirevious  to  the  conijuest,  and  Ik  never  forgave  him. 

•jj  ],\,j.  .^  i„ji  account  of  the  expedii  ion,  its  strength,  suflcrings,  and  achieve- 
ments, bcu  U'tit,  Cciil.  Am.,  i.  oo7-8o,  this  series. 


INTAMOUS  OFFICIALS. 


2ft7 


Kvt  of 

Itivis, 

lith  li'.iii 
Jo  1h':M. 

Can", 
t'tOs;  111  :v 

cIi'k^*-- 


l)ctAVCCU  Estrada  and  Allionioz,  who  on  ono  occasion 
\vcnt  so  I'aras  to  draw  tlu;  sword  on  each  other  Ix'l'oi'o 
tlic  town  council.  'J'licy  were  warned  to  desist,  or 
llitir  conunissions  would  l)c  revoked,  'i'his  had  no 
I  ll'ect,  and  on  reachinj^  ]']sj)iritu  Santo,  Cortes  i-eceived 
;ui  ur_L^ent  tleniand  tor  a  ri'niedy  in  the  niattei-;  his 
pre-^ence  was  imperative.  Salazar  and  ( 'liirlnos  wer(i 
not  displeased  at  the  success  of  their  niacliinalions. 
Tli<^  condition  ol'  allairs  was  now  nioro  iavorahlo  lor 
tiieir  return,  and  tliey  certainly  would  nevi'r  proceed 
farther  than  ({oazaeoalco.  ])y  .stirrin«jf  the  discord 
and  usin;^'  their  inlluence  over  the  weaker  Alhornoz, 
tlicy  nii:4'Iit  emerge  intoaconunandin;^'  position.  Thero 
Were  even  hetter  pros[)ects,  for  if  they  could  so  I'tadily 
procui'e  the  ap})ointment  of  their  associati>,  their  own 
could  he  ohtniucd,  and  for  this,  indeed,  they  had  heen 
strivinij;'.  ^<one  could  have  shown  ei'eater  attt-ntion 
to  Cortes  than  they,  particularly  Salazar,  v.dio  always 
(lolled  his  hat  in  addressing  him,  says  IJernal  Diaz; 
ever  ol)se(|uious  and  intent  on  llattery.  Finding  his 
importunities  unavailing  for  Cortes'  return,-"  he  did 
not  I'ail  to  detract  fi'oni  the  character  of  the  ruli^rs  at 
?de.\ico,  and  to  insidiously  urge  his  own  ability  and 
devotion. 

Cortes  was  a  good  judge  of  human  nature,  much 
of  his  success  bein<>'  in  iact  due  to  this  instinct,  vet  he 
often  misplaced  his  conlidence.  Like  many  men  of 
Li'eiiiiis  he  was  irreii'ular,  erratic  in  certain  lines  of 


"  Accortliiig  to  the  custom  lie  gave  tlieiii  .a  poetic  form,  singing: 
To  which  Cortea  replied: 


Ay  ti'i,  linliriiMniis, 
Ay  till,  bulu:iniuuus. 


Ailc'l.uitc  mi  Holirino, 
Adi-I.iln  mi  M.l.i  inn, 
Y  iiocri'iiit  cii  ii^^iirros, 
(;>r' wr  !  Imiih'  liim  <iiiisiore, 
AdL'laiito  mi  ^uln'iuo. 
Which  may  be  translated: 

Alas,  unolp,  lot  us  return, 
Alas,  uialc,  let  us  return. 

l{"nly: 

Onward  my  nniilu'w, 

Ouwanl  my  miiliew, 

In  vain  Milieus  I  lit  no  trust: 

What  (luj  wills  111  liaiipen,  must. 

OnwarJ  my  nei.liew. 

Bi'j'iud  Diaz,  Hist.  Virdad.,  196. 


■fj 


il'M 


t.   ' 


mil 


:\A 


t 

I 

MM 

I  I'   ! 


208 


ac'tiiMi,   aiK 


INTIIKIUR^  ACAIXST  CORTl'S. 


1    i.ll. 


owt'il  \vr;i!<ti'  traits  to  oxcicoiiic  liis 
ju(1l';iii('Ii1.  Sii!-li  missteps  arc  iioticcaliK.'  in  tlu'  cai-cH;!' 
of  the  most  illustrious  leaders,  and  erealo  a>toiiis!i- 
lueiit  e\en  in  eommoiiiilace  minds,  (u'nerally  it  is 
tlu^  result  of  miscalculation,  often  of  jjreoccupation. 
In  this  instance  Cort^'.s  was  too  al)S()rl)i'(l  Uy  his  im- 
mediate ])rojects  to  sound  tlieii-  hollow  deceit,  tho!iL;h 
he  acct'jited  hut  little  they  said  as  irne.  At  any  rate 
he  was  jiei'suaded  to  issue  a  conuiiission  for  Sala/,ar 
and  C'hirinos  to  rule  jointly  with  the  other  lieuti'U- 
ants  at  ^[e\ico;  and  further,  to  t>ive  them  a  seci'et 
mantlatc  to  sus[)end  the  treasurer  and  oontador,  if  still 
creatiu''' trouble,  and  to  rule  iointlv  with  Zuazo  alone.  '' 


Cortes  is  said  to  have  l)een  waiiied  aiiainst  the 


so 


men,  particularly  l»y  tlu;  friars,  to  whom  he  e\'er  lent 
an  attentive  eai',  hut  their  voice  had  not  the  intluence 
of  H'ood  Olmedo.  Jle  could  not  endure  the  idea  of 
returninn'  to  3.!e.\ico  to  settle  th(j  dilliculty,  lor  tlils 
involved  not  aloiie  delay,  hut  a,  prol)ahle  abandonment 
of  the  exjiedition.  Agents  nuist  he  sent,  and  he  did 
not  See  the  dani;'er  of  selecting'  these  ollicials  wiio 
besides  were  proving'  irksome  witnessi's  to  hisactsjm  I 
]iioveiin,>nts.  Their  ap[)ointment  mi^ht  ]>rove  a  bund 
of  n'l'atiUide,  and  an  additional  comnieudatit.n  liefmc; 
the  soN-ei'eii;'!!.  It  is  not  uidikely,  as  llei-rera  su;.>'^\'st'<, 
that  he  also  hoped  thi'oun'h  their  ilissensions  to  liiid 
his  o\>  u  .'onductaiid  [joliiy  [tlaced  in  a  more  favorahl; 


liuhr 


liV  CO 


iitrast  and  bv  the  discredit  to  l)e  thus  vwA, 


iU)on   tlieir  testunonv, 


ii[)on   tiieu-  Tesiunon 
hui  ly  away  with  th 


Tl 


le  oili'/ials  were  ea'''er  to 


le  iirecious   connmssions,  and  eu 


1 


taking-  leavi',  says  an  (yt'-witness,  balazar  sobbei 
he  cMubraced  his  dear  iViend,  (*ortes,  the  comnnssi 
hea\  in;4'  in  sympathy  from  the  breast-pocket. ■'^ 


oiis 


liiniti 


'  I'iiia  i|iu'  ciistiyas.seii  los  exi('s:5(i3  del  Ti'soicro,  y  ("niitailor. .  .jn 


ti"l. 


UUMl,  IJIU    til 


l-.S    I 


lallasscii  i(iiil'i)niH's,  int  ti-atasscii  tlu  I'asti;,''!,  BiiinijUi; 


)s     niitiiti  ';oiR'rii.is.irii. 


// 


I'rri  rii,  dci'. 


lil 


I.  VI.  cap.   XI. 


KTlia 


!    Ili:iz 


iiiliniatrM  that  tlic  coiiiiiiis.sions  witu  iiuidc  mil  l>v 


iizar. 


//; 


I'ciililil. 


lie. 


■taiy  fiit'iiilly  ti 


-^Va 


iH'ii  Sala/ar  is  said 


to  lli 


lavc  inailf  sdiiu'  faint  (ibii'L'tinnH  fo  tlu'  ili.-tiil  ii- 


tioii  lit'  |iM\\iT  aliiniii,'  sii  many.    // 


I /•/■<■/■(?.  nhi 


diih 


MJiU'  1 


lai'i'i'ia  i|  i|iii'ria  llnrai'  a 


I  iiumcra  i^  «.■ 


L'l  luij 


ll   (|lS]li 


'1' 


•ni'ii  mil 


III.  i.  .'.S!t. 


liuisi)  iiutai'. 


lire,  y  iM)  .siis  pi'DiusionL's  uii  il  ^.ll'> 


JJi  riiai  Jjktz,  loc.  cit. 


(■VI '  I' 

>li 

■.111>  <i 

v. 

;,1    1' 

A/. 

I'.S 

A- 

i^tlil 

■w- 

'lU 

no 

COXSriRACY  AND  TREACHERY. 


200 


Oil  rcacliiiiLif  AT^'xico,  diiriiiu;'  tlio  Christmas  liolidays, 

flu'V  lound  I'lstrada  and  All)(»ni()Z  iu  liariuoiiy ;'"  I>ut 

siiicf  tills  did  not  suit  their  plans,  concocted  on  the 

way,   they   cxhihitcd   merely   the   secret   coininissioii 

■ni|)o\vcring  them  to  remove  these  two  oflieials  and 

On  the  2!)tli  ol"   D(>e(;nilKr 


to  assume   their  places 

I.VJt,  acttordinuh  ,  they  were  received  hv  tho  cahildo 


sole  rulers  in  ■connection  wi 


th  Z 


ua/o. 


S 


oon  the 


liick  became  a[){)arent,  liowever,  prohahly  through 
Lttcis  iVoiu  the  cam[),''^  and  presentiui;'  themselves 
h(  I'oie  tlu!  town  council,  Jvstrada  and  Alhornoz  de- 
manded to  be  reinstalled  as  lieutenant-!L;'overnoi's.  The 
case  was  rel'errcd  to  Zuazo,  as  one  Icarnecj  in  law  and 
at  the  head  of  the  tribunal,  and  he  decidinu^  in  their 
faNor,  they  were  admitted  as  joint  rulers  with  the 
others  on  the  'Jath  of  February."'-  Salazar  and  V\\\- 
riiKis  had  sought  to  win  Zua/o  to  their  side,  but  lu; 
was  incorruptible,  and  iu  tlunr  (lisa[)pointment  th(y 
\owed  Ycni>eance.  To  resist  the  tlecisioii  ol'  the 
council  was  out  of  the  question,  for  this  body  was 
really  more  powerful  than  the  combined  lieutenants. 
It  could  be  made  an  instrument,  however,  through  the 
I  lower  possessed  by  the  ijfoyernor  to  apjxtint  re^'ii  lores. 
The  [tresent  members  beiujj;'  of  Cortes'  .selection,  his 
Word  and  interests  were  law  to  them.  ]>y  and  by 
llie  new  rulers,  throun'h  intri^'ue  and  forcible  ap})oint- 
iiients,  mana!i,'ed  to  obtain  a  controlliu'jf  voice  in  the 


;'-sen\bly,  and  com 
tiieir  own  schemes. 


Mjuei 


itlv  tl 


le  power  to  carry  out 


}Tat^ers  weMit  smoo 


thly  f. 


'!•  some  time,  dmiii'i"  which 


S;!la;;ar,  second(Ml  i)y  Chiiinos,  w;is  inaturin!L(  ])lans  for 
t!ie  i-emoval  (4'  his  obnoxious  partners  in  the  t^overn- 
iiieiit.     The  most  inilueiitial  man  in  ]\[exi<'o  at  this 

'"Tlicy  li.jil   Ik'i'oiiic  recoiu'ili'il   the  very    ilay  Jift'T  tlic   s\V(ircl-ilr;i\viii_'. 
M' iii-ir/t(,  ill  li<i\h(tlf('tii,  Col.  ])(ii\,  i.  7)\'l.    A  tloi'iiiiii'iit  attiiKutiil  tu  J!.~tr;hlM. 
•' /iiiii:irrii,L;n   statis  tliat  on  !iiri\iil  tlu'  twain  liail  taki  ii  AllioriKiz  into 
conlii'.t'iR'i',  j'.inl  111'  oilii'c'l  to  w  itiiilraw  finin  tlic  ^^oxcriiiiiciit  si.  .;.i  to  jiio- 
iii  Hi'  till'  ivmoval  of  Estraila  ai'il  tliiiH  lio  lovcii^cil  iiiioii  him.     Soon  tiny 
li  rami'  fiii'iuls  aLfain.  ami  now  Allionio/  lU'iuanilcii  tiir  '•riH.-itiillaiioii  of  Lolli, 
("/■/((,  in  /'(ir/iirn  iinii  Ciin/ciiiin,  Col.  JJuc,  xiii.  lU'J-lU. 
A/'//'n  (/-■  Cfiliililii,  MS.,  •_'."),  .11   8. 
Ulsi.  MiiX.,  Vol.  II.     U 


*   hm 


m 


§ 


210 


IXTPJGUES  AGAINST  CORTP.S. 


jMM'iod  was  llodi'ij^o  tic  Paz,  \vli(>,  as  relative  of  Cork's, 
ill  c'liarno  of  his  vast  interests,  and  iiu'iiriiiij:  as  al<>'iia('il 
mayor,  stood  the  conceded  leader  of  his  contiollinj;- 
party.  Tlic  success  of  Sahizar's  schemes  I'efjuired  thr 
cotiporation  of  such  a  man;  but  he  was  the  I'riend  of 
Zuazo  and  Mstrada.  Tlie  lirst  steji,  therefore,  must 
he  to  alienate  him  from  them.  Findini^  that  some 
old  offence  of  Paz  still  remained  un[)unish<'d,  Salazar 
diMuanded  that  the  joint  governors  should  sign  an 
order  for  his  arrest.  Estrada  susjtected  sinistiM- 
design  on  the  ])art  of  his  opponent,  and  ohjected, 
declaring  the  olfence  insutlicient  for  the  i)ropose(l 
penalty.  The  others  were  persua<led,  ho  weaver;  the 
joint  signature  Avas  obtained,  atid  the  alguacil  mayoi' 
found  hims(,'lf  suddenly  carried  off  in  shackles  to  ►"'ul- 
azar's  house.  This  selection  of  a  prison  was  part  nf 
tlie  ])lan. 

^Vfter  allowing  time  for  his  feelings  to  foment, 
Salazar  presented  himself  "  This  is  rather  seven; 
tri'aiment  your  friends  subject  you  to,  sehor,"lie  said. 
**  Had  you  been  so  devoted  to  me  as  to  them,  I.  never 
would  have  permitted  such  an  outrage."  Nor  thd  lin 
fail  to  paint  their  motives  in  colors  as  black  as  their 
(K'eds;  he  declared  his  aversion  to  them  and  his  syiii- 
]>athy  for  him,  and  finally  |)roposed  an  allianc'(\  J  b; 
would  libiM'ate  him,  cost  what  it  miglit,  and  joint ly 
tluy  would  drive  the  othei's  from  the  govermneiit  and 
share  it  b(!t\veen  themselves.  The  prisoner  acfpiiesccd. 
Within  two  hours  their  compact  was  ratified  by  solenm 
oathsand  fokens,'''"' and  within  two  days  the  other  gii\- 
ej'iiors  had  been  prevailed  upon  to  allow  the  liberatinu 
of  the  i)risoner. 

iiumors  of  the  compact  reaching  the  ears  of  Sala- 
zar's  partners,  they  challenged  his  conduct.  He  (!•'- 
nied  tlie  accusation,  and  jnvtendiMl  to  be  angry  with 
l*az,  and  pro[)osed  a  combination  for  his  oveilhrow. 
^J\)  strengtheii  the  proposal,  and  lull  tlieir  suspicii)ns, 

•'•' Ik'llo,  (.'Iiaiilain  to  Salazar,  adiiiinistorod  the  oatlm.  Paz  siirrciidi'ivil  a 
valued  ring  as  tokfii.  Mmiurht,  in  IcaJialata,  Vol,  Doc,  i.  514  l.'>. 


THE  COXSPIRATOUS  IN  COUNCIL. 


211 


]io  joined  tlic'in  at  coiiuminioii,"''*  and  on  Easter  Sun- 
day 1h!  dined  witli  Estrada.  Next  day  the  three  eon- 
N[)irat()rs  proeeedetl  to  the  couneil,  wliere  l*;iz  lind 
iiiaiiaL,a><l  to  win  the  innjority  to  liis  side,  and  liad 
ai'ranL;'ed  for  the  exehision  of  Estrada  and  Albornoz 
from  the  jf^overinnent,  partly  on  tlie  ])lea  that  they 
were;  seekinj^  to  ijj^nore  tlie  autliority  of  Cortes.  On 
the  19th  of  April  1525''''  tliey  wer-e  aecordin^ly  de- 
clared excluded,  on  the  strength  of  the  secret  eoin- 
niission  already  so  effectually  used  by  Salazar  and  his 
companion.  Zuazo  protested,  as  did  the  minority  in 
the  council,  and  the  excitement  became  so  givat  in 
tlie  city  that  bloodshed  was  leared.  Indeed,  i*edro, 
a  brother  t)i'  I'az,  came  to  blows  with  Albornoz.  ]']s- 
trada  rushed  to  the  rescue,  and  Rodrigo  do  I'az  joined 
ill  the  melee  with  a  largo  force,  showering  stones."'" 
J'eace  was  restored,  and  Peih'o  placed  under  arrest, 
(iiily  to  be  rt'leased  by  his  patrons, 

Ei'ancisco  J  );ivila,  one  of  the  alealdes,  now  issued  a 
))roclamation,  forbidding  any  recourse  to  arms  under 
iieavy  penalties.  This  being  directed  against  tho 
.Salazar  faction,  they  indignantly  attacked  him,  l)roke 
liis  staff,  and  carried  him  to  prison.  ][ere  an  effort 
was  made  lo  win  him  to  their  side,  and  this  failing, 
;iii  assassin  was  instructed  to  I'emove  him.  lie  es- 
caped, however,  to  a  place  of  refuge,  and  his  pursuer.^ 
N\  naked  their  vengeance  on  his  property.  ^^  ]']strada 
icid  Albornoz  continued  to  sign  documents  aslieuten- 
fiut-governors,  reganlless  of  the  injunction,  and  orders 
\\;'re  issued  for  their  arrest.  Fearing  more  trouble, 
i!n'  I'^ranci  cans  interposed  and  prevailed  on  them  to 
c'liinit.^^  This  etlectually  excluded  them  from  tho 
gnvernmcnt. 

•"  '  I'nra  f|iio  su  roiifdrinidail  fiirssp  mas  nntoria  nl  pnclilo,  y  nndio  rp  ntre- 
uicssc  a  fissi.-tir  ;i  Jiddi  i;.()  do  I'az.'  llirrcra,  lou.  cit.;  Mciiwriu,  id)i  sup. 

:''/.,/,/•,.,/(•  cihihi,,,  :sis.,  ti-,->. 

^'''  I'cdro  do  Pa/,  intended  to  kill  Albornoz,  tlirco  of  whose  companioiiH  wtTo 
wiiiiiidrd.   Miiiiiirin,  in  Jcd-Jjrilrila,  Col.  Doc,  i.  .'>l(». 

•'■  111' was  i(ii\statid  uiukr  the  later  rule  of  J'lutrada.  JAhro  dc  Cahililo, 
Ms.,  j'chniavy  'J--',  I.VJti. 

'''\\t  (lu'ir  resjK'ftive  rosidcncca,  iiiulcr  tho  piiard  of  Paz.  Zurndrraija, 
(  urta,  in  I'lulu'co  trnd  t'lirdcnan,  Col.  puc,  xiii.  110-11.  ' 


I 


!l 


■I 


.'i'! 


1* 


I 


I 


;F 


212 


INTRIGUES  AGAINST  COnTi:S. 


Tlio  removal  of  Zuazo  was  equally  desirod,  but  this 
couM  not  )x;  oii'eetod  lor  want  ot"  grounds.  Jt  so 
liappened,  liowever,  that  a  cudula  arrived  demanding' 
the  licentiatci's  presence  in  (.'uha  to  undev<]^o  resich'ucia 
ill  eonnection  with  liis  administration  thi're,  Tins 
fell  into  the  hands  of  Pa/  in  opening  the  despatclies 
for  his  master,  and  was  only  too  eagerly  seized  upon 
to  I'urther  his  }>lans.  On  the  evening  of  ^Tay  L*;5d, 
Zuazo  was  sunnnoned  to  confer  with  Salazar  and 
(Miirinos,  and  in  tlicir  presence  the  alguacil  mayor 
exultingly  snatched  I'rom  him  the  statf  of  cliief-jus- 
tic<v  and  he  was  ordered  to  be  innnediately  removed 
as  .t  '  nier  to  jMedellin,  there  to  await  tiio  iirst 
depar*  .*or  the  Islands.  "I  thank  God  for  taking 
me  from  ..  country  so  rile  witli  discord,"  he  exclaimed, 
as  the  guard  bore  him  awa}'."'" 

This  treatment  of  a  man  so  irreproachable  and  so 
imiversally  respected  created  no  little  excitement,  and 
many  resitlenls  ])i-c[)ared  to  abjuidon  the  city,  but  .Pa/ 
canu^  forward  with  the  cedula  and  reassuretl  them." 
Shortly  al'tii'ward  news  was  recoiveil  of  the  api)]oacIi 
of  (  'asas  and  (^il  (Gonzalez,  on  the  way  from  Honduras 
to  report  to  (\)rtes  tht'ir  overthrow  of  Olid.  While 
they  were  advancinsjf  alon<jf  the  easy  hiiihwavs  of  con- 
(pu-red  (lUatemala,  their  chief  was  marching  in  the 
o|)posite  (hrection,  along  the  eastern  borders  of  \'era 
l*az,  wading  througli  marshes,  climbing  rugged  ranges, 
and  cutting  his  way  throui>'h  dense  forests,  ,struu''li"u' 
with  famine,  disease,  and  discontent,  and  all  in  [)Ui- 


ji 


'*Aeconliiis  to  Ovicclo  'JOO  men  surrounded  liia  dwelliuL;  nt  niidiiijlit. 
llliviu;^  a  niniiliiT  (if  iiniicd  men  vitli  liim,  lie  im-jiai-cd  to  resist,  1uit  I'.i/.  :is 
Miis  tVii'iiil'  iier.snailed  liim  to  surrender,  ))idiiiisiuj,'  tli.it  liis  jierson  and  pi'e|i- 
erty  would  lie  reslieeted.  Cismm  joined  liiin  at  Medcllin  with  'JOit  eavaliy, 
and  oll'ered  to  install  liiin  ;it  Mexieo  as  sole  ruler,  Init  Ziia/.o  refused  to  eie.itc 
tiiiidile.  All  this  is  ludikely.  Jle  was  enili.nrked  iit  S;in  .Inan  in  sliiiekles.  in 
the  middle  of  August,  for  JfaliJiiiii,  wheie  all  vieil  to  do  him  honor.  II  ■ 
jiiissed  the  resideneia,  withont  a  stain,  iuid  w;is  tlwreuiion  aji]iointed  oidor  "I 
the  iiudii'lieia  at  iSanto  l)iiminL;o  with  a.  ji;iy  of  ,'!()0,(l(K)  m  I'avedis.  'J'iiere  lie 
died  in  l.'i.'f!),  rieh  and  honored.  Oirido,  iii.  SlS-'Jl,  i.  o-ll';  Xanimti ,  in  ( '"/. 
Jhtc.  J  mil.,  ii.  ,'{7<»-  '■•• 

^"Ivstrada  iuiil  All'ornoz  aiijieju'  to  liave  lieen  anion;;  the  alarineil  ones,  .iiid 
to  hiive  goiu'  in  hidin;,'  in  the  .sidnnii,  whiK^  the  fureesof  l\\z  seourcil  the  city 
fur  tlieia.   Mimor'at,  in  Icazlntkrlu,  Vol.  JJuc,  i.  oW. 


CASAS  AND  GONZALKZ, 


213 


suit  of  an  object  already  accoinpllslicd.  Estrada  and 
AIlx >nH)Z  wore  tlio  lir.-.t  to  receive  tlie  inlorniation, 
.•nid  witli  a  view  to  obtain  news  of  ( 'ortes,  and  to  take 
counsel  with  Casas  about  the  pohey  to  be  pui'sued, 
they  )>ro[>osed  to  meet  them.  As  they  could  not 
leitve  the  city  without  permission,  they  ol)tained  this 
on  the  plea  of  conveying  a  quantity  of  gold  to  AC'jdellin 
for  sliipnuMit  to  Spain.  No  sooner  had  tluw  gone 
than  Chiiinos  also  learned  of  Casas'  ajtproaeh,  and 
iiurrvin'jf  after  them  with  a  squad  of  men  he  bi-oui-ht 
them  back  to  their  houses,  seizing  their  arms  and 
horses." 

A  weeV  later  Casas  and  Conzale/  arrived  in  the 
city,  and  prejeeded  to  l*]strada's  residence.  Humors 
(if  llieir  intention  were  riiv.and  formal  charcjes against 
tliciu  \."ere  matle  before  the  notary,  concocted  prob- 
ably by  the  lieutenant-governors,  who  resolved  not  to 
nl'brd  time  for  conspiracies.^-  ''.riiat  verv  ni''iit  thev 
appeared  before  their  house  and  diunanded  the  sur- 
iciider  of  cei'tain  armed  liien  haibored  by  I'^sti-ada 
colli I'ary  to  orders.  Whatever  may  have  been  the 
lircj.'cts  of  the  treasurer  and  his  guests,  they  wei'o 
111  it  ])rc|)ared  to  resist  this  prompt  sunnnons,  sup- 
]M>r!i'd  by  a  strong  force  with  artilleiy,  nor  did  Casas 
fci'l  it  jiroper  to  oppose  Pa/,  the  relative  and  re])re- 
sent;itive  of  Cortes,  and  so  the  gate  was  opened.^'' 
All  the  arms  were  now  seized,  even  those  of  Casas' 
paity,  and  iive  armed  adherents  of  ICstrada  were  car- 
ried (»if  to  be  lashed  and  exiK'd,  regardless  of  their 
rank  as  hidalgos.     Salazar  tlid  not  fail  to  wreak  his 

■"  'J'lio  hostile  olijuct  of  thi'ir  journey  was  cnnliniuHl  hy  tlio  alisi'iico  of  tlio 
I'l'Mil  ti(:isui<!  wliii'li  (lii'V  im'tcuiU'il  to  coiivoy.  iicniid  in  /'•irjinlrttii,  CdI. 
/'■"•.,  i.  ."iJ4-.">.  'J'liis  is  statfd  also  l>y  otiu  r  witnesses.  I''stiMila  (li'elare.s  tlie 
(iisas  meet  iui,' to  lie  an  invenleil  eliar^'e,  and  state  stiiat  tlieyilid  ennvny  },'nlil, 
\it  with  the  ol)jt'ct  also  of  semlini;  ]ii'ivate  ile.-patehes  to  Spain.  Mi  iimriii,  in 
/'/.,  old.  llerri'iM  says  tho  fiiar.-;  interl'ereil  to  jirovent  l.lnoilshecl  when 
(  liii  inns  ovi'itooU  them. 

*■'  Mstrada  proposed  to  .«ei/e  tiieni,  inelndim^  Paz,  nnil  assume  the  j:oveiii- 
mint,  with  Casas  for  aleude  mayor.  'J'l  liiiiimulo,  in  Cnrlis,  Hf.siili  nrin,  i. 
■JI7.     Oeana,  uhi  sn]i.,  was  the  notary  w  lio  reeonled  the  eharj,'es. 

^'  "'I'his  was  done  at  the  instance  of  t.'asas,'  says  Jleiicra,  yet  other  testi- 
ninny  intimates  that  lie  wonld  hy,vo  bocu  ready  iii  uid  Eati'uda  iu  robistiu^'. 
twUd,  livmltiiciii,  i.  77i  40-. 


M 


m 


ii 


214 


INTRIGUES  AGAINST  CORTKS. 


hatred  on  Casas  in  abuse  and  iiisimiatlon,  and  the 
latter  being  a  lngli-s[)irited  cavaHer  retorted  in  no 
measured  terms."  Such  insolence  was  beyond  endur- 
ance, but  as  it  was  conveyed  by  a  relative  of  Cortes, 
whom  VdA  would  most  likely  [)rotect,  the  I'actor  was 
obliged  to  nurse  his  wrath  lor  the  })resent.  Casus 
i  bought  it  prudent,  however,  to  leave  lor  his  estates 
in  Oajaca.'*' 

**  IIo  even  vontiircd  to  nttack  Siilazar's  party  -  ic  day,  and  maltreat  Al- 
lioi'iio/,  whoso  ViU'illaUnij  dcmoanin-  tliil  so  imicli  to  id  the  former,  li'i'iii'tni, 
J  list.  Mvr.,  'J4S.  lie  woidd  hardly  liavo  dai'ed  to  raise  his  liaiids  a;:aiiist 
Salazar.  lUTiial  Diaz  j^ives  some  doiihtful  details  aboutCasas'  eoiuluet  aiiaiiist 
Sala/ar.  Ill-il.  VcnluL, 'lW-\\.  lie  was  iii)t  present.  Estrada  was  eoalincd 
in  another  house,  and  Aibornoz  in  the  arsenal.  Mvmorhx,  in  Icazhalcvta,  Col. 
Hoc,  i.  r.li). 

*••  'i;.\iled  by  Salazar,'  says  a  witness  in  CorUs,  liemlencia,  i.  403. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

SALAZAR'S  USURPATIOX  A\D  OVEKIIIKOW. 

l.V2r>-U"i_'(i. 

Ovki;tiii;o\v  ok  Pa/— TTih  TKunini  e  I'.vri;— Pr.i:sKcrT!(iN  or  tiik  Fiirr.Nns 
oi'  CouTKs  — Alvaiiaiio  Ci)N.sii)i:us  Tin:  Mattkr— Skaik  ii  mu  Cciu- 
Ti;s — His  Fi-nkkal  Hunoks— Srui.iATioN  ok  his  PiiopKurv — Lasmim;  a 

WlKK — TVUANMCAI,    PllOCKKDINCS  OK  SaI.A/.AU— It   Li;aI>S  'Id   lil.Vol.l  — 
(il.NKUAL,   Al.AKM  — KxVK.niTIUNS   A(;aINST    RkIIKLS— ClIIKINOs'    I'lAxd  — 

'I'ln:  FiiiAKs  llriii.  Anamikmas — Tin;  (Jovkknous  lIiMni.r.D— 'I'm:  Mvs- 
Ti;Kiors  Mi:sskn(;i;r— KisiNd  ok  the  Mkn   ok  Coutis — I'J.kition   ok 

l^STUAUA    AM)    Al.UOKNOZ— ASSAL'LT   UN   THE   GoVEllN.MIiNT    lIoi'M:— Sv- 
J.AZAU   FN(.'A(II.1>— Co.VHl'lKACY   TO   RELEASE   IIlM. 

After  aidin;:^  Salazar  in  the  acliiovcniont  of  liis 
jilots,  Paz  was  no  K)ngor  indisjicnsahlo  ;  indeed,  lie 
was  an  obstacle  to  the  iVee  sway  of  the  heutcnants. 
Their  lon^'ini;-  for  uncontrolled  action  was  fostered 
jiartly  l>y  rumors  of  disasters  to  Cortes,  horne  fri)ni 
the  natives  of  the  south,  and  all  the  more  alarmintjf  in 


the  absence  of  news  from  liim 


Tl 


le  ruliuLj;'  i'actinu 


(lid  not  hesitate  to  magnify  these  reports  and  to  cir- 
culate fantastic  stories  about  Cortes,  ^Farina,  and  San- 
d  »val  liavinL;-  been  seen  burninjji;  in  vivid  llamcs  in  the 
'I'lateluco  church-vard.^  ^Machinations  airainst  the 
iiinuediate  adherents  of  Cortes  could  accordinuly  be 
M'ntured  upon,  but  their  leader  nmst  abovc^  all  be  re- 
uiovtHl.  An  additl'.-nal  iiicenti\-e  existed  in  the  wealth 
of  the  captain-general,  of  which  Paz  was  the  guai'dian, 
and  in  the  enmity  of  Chirinos,  who  had  lost  to  him 
at  the  gambling-table  the  greater  part  of  his  fortune.' 


'Ji 


le  iiiiin  who  saw 


also  at  Tl 


n 


it  became  sick  with  horror.     Their  ghosts  were  siei 


d  DIdz,  Jlisf.  WnlioL.  •_•!(). 


■'Soiiie  "JO, 000  ]Hsiis  (le  oro. 


list 


rada  a.-^suii 


les  this  to  have  Imcii  the  iii 


cijial  eause  lor  the  jilots  against  Paz.  Icazbukctn,  Col.  iJuc. 


!t-'JO. 


(210  J 


81S 


SALAZAU'S  USURPATION  AND  OVERTHROW. 


0: 


III  furtliorjiiu'C  of  tlio  (lesi<jfii  tlio  dcvotoil  tViciuls  of 
Cortus  had  been  gradually  ivplaeetl  l)y  more  pliablu 
inombci's.  An  able  advisor  and  jnoniotor  of  tliosc 
luachiiiatioiis  existed  in  JJioi^o  do  Ooafia,  who  had 
lately  arrived  as  royal  notary,  j)rol)ab]y  at  the  recoiu- 
iiieiidatioii  of  Cobos,  the  powerful  patron  of  his  prin- 
cipals.^ 

Paz  had  t>ivcn  umbrage  to  the  Franciscans  by  a 
neiflect  of  rcliu'ious  duties  and  want  of  resi)ect  ibr  the 
friars,  a  proceeding  which  was  aggravated  by  his  ]ias- 
isionatc  and  reckless  nature.  Salazar  re[)resenteil  this 
to  Father  Valencia,  the  custodian,  and  agent  for  the 
Inquisition,  and  })roposed  that  authority  be  given  t() 
.seize  and  arraign  him.  The  friar  replied  that  tli(i 
anger  of  the  church  had  been  ])ropitiate(l  Ijy  humble 
j)enitcnce,  and  that  Paz  stood  al)solved.  This  answer 
may  have  been  dictated  ]>artly  by  a  repugnance 
toward  the  a])[)licant,  whose  evi-ry  })ro]iosal  seemed  to 
cover  some  deep-laid  ])l()t,  and  whose  reverence  for 
tlie  cloth  Mas  by  no  means  cons})icuous.  Thus  foiled, 
Salazar  turned  to  another  quarter. 

After  the  treatment  received  from  Paz,  neither 
K.strada  nor  Albornoz  could  be  exi)ected  to  harbor 
any  good-will  i'or  him,  and  they  were  readily  induced 
to  join  in  the  not  altogether  impro])er  demand  upon 
the  mayordomo  of  Cortes  to  exhibit  what  treasures 
his  master  had  sent  to  Spain,  so  that  the  royal  iiith 
nn'ght  be  collected  where  still  due;  and  furtlu'r,  since 
Cortes  was  e\idently  dead,  to  ivpay  to  the  treasury 
the  sixty  thousand  pesos  do  oro  tcdvcu  by  him.  I'a/. 
naturally  objected,  and  his  refusal  was  made  to  appeiir 
as  contem])t  for  the  ollicials  ol'  the  king,  stronuly 
indicative  of  tri'ason.  With  loud  words  about  the 
necessity  for  protecting  the  royal  intt'rests,  Salazar  and 

•' In  Icii'Ji'ilri  III,  Col.  Jhir.,  i,  ,'i'J4-.'!7,  is  jiiiiitcil  n  litter  pf  tliis  ]i<rs(iii, 
ndilrcssfd  jiriiliiilily  to  utrKiuls  of  tlio  Cjisa  do  ];i  ('imtratiu'inn,  witli  \\liii  li  lie 
pi'ciiis  ti)  luivo  hi'i'U  ciimu-itiil.  It  is  full  <if  injiliiimis  i  luiriiis  iiuil  iiisiini.i- 
tioiis  iiLraiiist  ( 'ortOs  mnl  liis  j^aity,  and  nvials  him  as  a  liaso  liyputiiti",  as  nld 
iu  \\  ickeducss  as  in  ago,  ^\■llol•c(Jf  lie  claiuicd  uvor  GO  yciiis. 


■4 


upon 
iiltli 

;\snvv 

TaV. 

|p|uai- 

It    til-' 
Iv  iUltl 

]hi>  U  1.'' 
iiisiinia- 


IIIDPFA'  TIlKASUnKS. 


217 


Cliirinos  bogan  to  siiiniuon  iiu'!i  to  llirlr  suj>poit, 
]ii'(»inisinn'  iv});u'tiinientos  and  other  iiivors  to  sdiiu', 
and  assuriuLj  others  tliat  wo  harm  shoidd  (.•onu'  to  l*az 
liinisfh".  Ubsorving  thi.s  luovouK'iit,  the  latter  also 
l)('i;an  to  niustcr  tor  dctcnec.  A  proclamation  was 
is>-iu(!  I'orbidding  aii}^  one  under  lieavy  penalties  to 
resist  the  roval  cause.  Nevertheless,  when  llu;  lii>n- 
triiant-novernors  appeared  hetoi-e  his  house  on  tlui 
I'.ith  of  Auj^'ust,  Viva  had  (piite  a  force  within.  JCs- 
liada  now  s[)oke  to  him,  and,  i'e[)res!  ntinj^;  the  tnwson- 
alile  ai)i>earance  and  danj^'er  of  resist int^  royal  ollicials 
ill  discharge  ot  their  duty,  he  jn-evailed  U])on  him  to 
yii'lil,  after  receiving  the  solemn  oath  of  Salazar  and 
Chiiiiios  that  his  j)erson  should  he  respected.' 

Alter  disarming  and  dismissing  the  op])osing  forc(>, 
•,\]\d  sending  Paz  to  the  arsenal,  the  four  royal  oiiiccrs 
tiMi);  possession  of  the  residence  of  Cortes.  An  ex- 
amination of  the  prt'inises  followt'd,  and  a  nnmher  of 
^•alua!ll^.'s  at  once  disa])])eared,  while  the  native;  pi'in- 
ccsscs  and  ladies  of  noble  birth  there  living  as  wai'ds 
v\ere  grossly  insulted,  to  the  (hep  humiliation  of  tlieir 
]'( i>ple.  The  belief  v,-as  that  vast  treasures  lay  hidiK'U 
in  or  1)eneatli  the  palace,  and  ]Cstrada  and  Ah-orno/ 
\\(ie  directed  to  I'ctire  so  that  the  lieutenants  might 
liave  no  oilicial  witness  to  their  further  search.  The 
brtirr  to  promote  their  designs  these  worthies  caused 
lluniselves  on  the  2'2d  of  iVui^ust  to  be  swoi'u  in  as 
heutiiiant-governors  i'or  the  king,  till  his  ^NFaji'stv 
slmuld  (hx'ide,  with  the  same  power  as  that  possess(>d 
by  Cortes  in  his  oiHces  of  chief  justice  and  cajitaiu 
U' iieral.^  A  devoted  adherent  named  Antonio  (hi 
\  illaroel  was  at  the  same  time  installed  as  alguacil 

'This  oatli,  torinod  jihifn  hniiiriKiiir,  w:m  tciidiTcd  licfdvc  scxiTal  r;'.va!ii'f.s 
mill  iViMi.s  in  tlic  iircsiMK'c  of  .lorpe  di'  Ahai-ailn  ainl  Amlvi.s  ilo  'I'aiiia.  Jlotli 
lit  t!iis('  lit  ill l;  altenvaril  iiroscriht'd,  S;i!azar  may  lia.\c  (■(nisiilcicil  tli 


li  -•  valiil.     ( iil  (  IdhzjiK'z  w 


thr  .1/, 


11.4  aiiiDii''  tliiiso 


mill  HI,  111 


/-/. 


H). 


will)    1" 


(It'll   L'a/.  to  vi 


.atli 

ia\s 


71!  (i. 
air 


ei'uoiu. 


Tlio  louiuil  swuiu  to  olx'y  lliein  iis  '  Tciiicntcs  <1(^  Cai)i(an  (luiuTal  i'  <lo 
lailor  V  .lustii'ia  iiiayoi'  dc  csta  \.  Iv  \»>v  SS.M.M.'  LUiro  <!■  ('■thil'hi.  MS. 


II  iiiailor  V 


'I'lll  ( 'ortis  slioidc 


■tiini,'  wa.s  oil'.'  of  till'  clai 


ir 


flU'rtorlll  tin'V 


■l»iki.'ii  of  ivi  goveniorsi,  tliougli  the  record  title  n.'iii;uin.'d  lii.uti.'iuiiit-yov- 


1  !' 


1 


m 


SALAZAR'S  USURPATION  AND  OVERTHROW. 


l:-'*!: 


mayor,  in  place  of  Paz,  and  the  subservient  oounril 
Mas  made  to  issue  permission  to  the  new  f^overnors  to 
take  an  inventory  of  the  property  of  Cortes. 

The  search  for  treasures  proved  comparatively  bar- 
ren, thou,!^!!  every  corner  was  examined  and  the  ground 
dug  up  beneath  and  around  the  palace.  They  were 
fully  convinced,  however,  that  treasures  existed  some- 
Avhere,  for  a  belief  in  the  wealth  of  Cortes  was  too 
wide-spread  not  to  bo  true,  and  it  seemed  incredible 
that  he  should  have  neglected  his  opportunities  to 
enrich  himself  The  only  question  was  about  the 
hiding-place.  Paz  must  know,  and  nuist  bo  made  to 
sjjcak.  Regardless  of  their  oath  they  submitted  him 
to  torture,  applying  among  other  means  boiling  oil  to 
liis  feet,  which  were  then  slowly  roasted  before  a  lire. 
In  his  agony  he  declared  that  Cortes  had  taken  his 
treasures  with  him:  ho  knew  of  none.  This  answer 
was  not  accepted,  and  the  torturing  continued  till  the 
toes  fell  off,  and  the  feet  were  charred  to  the  ankles." 

Peu'ardiii'':  it  as  unsafe  to  leave  alive  an  enemv  so 
terribly  outraged,  to  bear  convicting  evidence  against 
them,  the  governors  concocted  fresh  charges  against 
him,  notably  that  he  intended  to  excite  an  insurrec- 
tion, and  condemned  him  to  death.  The  popular 
feeling  was  strongly  in  favor  of  the  prisoner,  and 
efforts  were  made  to  enforce  the  appeals  against  the 
sentence;  but  the  safety  of  his  persecutors  demanded 
its  execution,  and  effective  precautions  had  been  takin 
to  cloak  the  proceedings  in  the  royal  name,  and  sup- 
port them  with  a  considerable  force,  while  stringent 
orders  existed  ai^ainst  armed  <j:atlierin<i's  on  the  part  of 
oi'dinary  citizens.  Still  hoping  to  extort  a  confossioii, 
Salazar  held  out  to  Paz  the  delusive  promise  of  pardon 
if  ho  would  reveal  the  treasures.  "  I  have  none,"' 
replied  the  outraged  victim,  "audi  implore  Cortes  to 

"  '  Dii'ronlc  graiules  tormcntos  dc  aguad  de  cordclea  ddefucgo.'  Mcimni, 
ill  Ii'Kz'iidcda,  Col.  l)oi\,  i.  ."i^l.  This  authority  bclievi's  the  trcasiiros  to  have 
l)L'('ii  sent  away  before  l'i.z  came  to  servo  CortL-s,  a  year  previous.  '  Con  hiLrin, 
y  fuego  le  atormttard.'  //crrcra,  dec.  iii.  lili.  vi.  cap.  xii.  'Dc  que  no  poilui 
vivir.'  Tcdiinunio  Mcx.,  in  I'acheco  u.i\d  CYudouis,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  34. 


■M  ;,  \ 

:  I  ,    r : 
!;    J  ;■ 


EXnCUTIOX  OF  PAZ. 


Sl» 


jianlon  ino  for  snyiiit^  in  my  apfony  tliat  li(3  li.itl  taken 
them  away;  it  is  not  true."  L"naI>lo  to  Wiillc  he  wiia 
carried  to  tlio  square  on  an  ass,  und  lianu^evl.''  What 
;i  I'all  was  this  of  the  liaughty  letuler  of  a  fiction  wliieli 
hut  a  few  weeks  before  controlled  the  destinies  of  an 
(iupii'c !  How  iar  removed  were  such  procecdiniijs  from 
tlioso  of  sava'j^es?  It  is  a  sin<jfular  coincidence  that 
the  roprcsenlativo  of  Cortes  should  have  sulfei-ed  tlio 
s.ime  torture  for  the  same  end  as  Quauhtemotzin,  and 
have  been  hanged  about  the  same  time  as  this  prince, 
under  a  similar  pretext.^ 

Petlro,  the  brother  of  Paz,  was  seized  to  ploaso 
Alhoi-noz,  but  he  escaped  from  prison  and  took  refuge 
in  the  sanctuary  of  San  Francisco,  followed  by  u  mnn- 
hcr  of  adherents  of  Cortes,  such  as  Jorge  de  Alvarado 
and  Andres  de  Tapia,  for  none  knew  where  the  tyrants 
would  stop,  or  whom  they  had  marked  for  their  next 
\  ii'tini.  The  desire  was  now  paramount  to  find  Cortes 
if  peiadvcnture  he  still  lived,  as  the  only  one  who 
could  save  them  and  the  country.  Aware  of  this 
fcelin<jf,  the  c'ovcrnors  ordered  the  sails  of  vessels  at 
the  gulf  ports  to  be  removed,  so  that  none  might  go 
without  their  knowledw."  Efforts  were  made,  how- 
ever,  to  send  intelliLTencc  throui^h  Guatemala,  and 
J'edro  de  Alvarado  was  urged  to  come  to  the  rt'scue 
and  assume  the  government.  The  [)roposition  fell  on 
no  heedless  ears,  for  this  leader  was  only  too  willing 
to  figure  as  the  savior  of  a  country  he  had  assisted 

'  '  ]'];<tiivo  cii  picrnas  u  ilcsniulo6un  pauosucio  tocado  en  la  cabcza. .  .todo 
nil  dia.'  Mimurla,  loc.  cit.  J)uiiiiLC  liis  iinjii  isijuincnt  of  a  month  and  a  half 
lii.4  p:-!ip(M'ty  waj  appropriatad  hv  S.ilizar  and  Chirinos,  jiartly  ti)  iv;viy  tlio 
.fiaihliii;,'  losses  of  tlio  latter.  AllKiriiD/,,  'wIhj  had  ln'cii  left  na  lii.s  luir,  riiys 
Jl.iTini,  uliisup.,  withlittio  jirohahility,  faded  to  reeeivo  aiiyoftlie  jiiopeity. 
\  illaroel  elaiiiud  l'J,Oi)'J  peso)  of  it  won  fmiii  lain  atthc  gambling-tablo.  I'az 
v.;i-i  eviileutly  fortunate  on  the  greLii  elotli. 

■"  Patriotic  Mexiean.sdid  not  fail  to  reco;,^iiize  in  thia  oeciUTenco,  and  in  t'lO 
s|iiliatioii  of  his  e-itatcs,  the  divine  vengeance  for  the  torture  and  execution  of 
till,-  A::tec  ein])cror  by  (.'orte3. 

'•'(Joinara  writes  that  Casaa  had  done  a  similar  tliin;^,  shortly  before,  to 
pi'evcnt  Salazar  from  sending  false  reports  to  Spain,  or  transmit  royal  moneys 
ill  Ills  own  name.  ///>/.  Mc.r.,  'J  IS.  Pernal  Diaz  states  soinctliin;^  similar,  and 
a'Ms  that  it  v/as  mainly  this  that  drew  upon  him  the  persecution  of  llie  gov- 
I'liiois.   Hid.  Wni.uL,  -JIO. 


S20 


SALAZAirS  USURPATION  AND  OVERTHROW. 


to  cM)iK|uor,  and  if  Cortt's  proved  to  bo  <l('ad  it  wn? 
iiccossaiy  to  i'o.stcr  his  own  pretensions  to  indejjenden 
sway  in  Guatemala.  lie  accordin;j;'ly  ])repared  to  set 
out  with  a  small  escort.  At  the  last  moment,  h(;w- 
over,  the  trip  was  abandoned,  partly  because  it  became 
aj»parcnt  that  a  larj^er  ibrce  was  needed  for  the  j)roj(<t 
than  could  bo  spared  from  Guatenuda,  and  partly  bu- 
cause  his  interests  at  court  might  bo  imperilled  by  an 
armed  demonstration  against  officials  cloaked  in  royal 
authority  and  protected  by  the  powerful  Cobos,'*' 

Shortly  before  this,  Diego  do  Ordaz  had  arrived 
from  Spain,  proudly  bearing  the  new  coat  of  jirnis 
connnemorating  his  famous  ascent  of  the  Popocate- 
petl volcano,  lie  was  naturally  interested  in  the  fate 
of  his  Ibrmer  chief,  and  rumors  coming  from  Xicalanco 
of  th(!  death  of  Cortes  in  that  region  Salazar  agree  I 
that  he  should  sail  down  the  coast  with  two  vessils 
to  investiLjato.  On  reachinix  the  Usumacinta  he  oli- 
tained  confused  versions  of  disaster  to  the  forces  both 
l)y  land  and  water,  the  latter  under  Cuenca  and 
dina  having  Ijocn  destroyed  near  the  coast.  A 
those  captured  was  ]\Iedina  who  met  a  learful  cUndi 
as  a  siicrilico  to  the  idols.  Wooden  s[<linters  wen! 
stuck  into  his  body,  and  fired.  Thus  bristling  with 
torches  ho  was  made  to  walk  in  solemn  pace  round  a 
hole,  till  ho  drojiped  from  agony  and  exhaustion,  and 
^vas  then  burned  to  death."  This  story  by  no  means 
encouraged  Ordaz  to  penetrate  the  country,  and  ascer- 
tain the  truth  of  the  reports  that  Cortes  and  his  land 

'"  Brassmr  (le  Bourl)nurg assumes  that  .a  great  outcry  was  raisc<l  aaainst  liis 
<1epnrtiire,  l>ut  the  munioipal  records  sliow  iiothiuf,'  of  the  k'n.l,  an  esci'it 
liciiif:  aeti;al!yollerocl  him  on  Octoher  4,  l.VJ,").  Ari'vulo,  Actus,  Ai/iin/.,  dici'., 
15.  Si'j  also  Remfsdl,  ll'iKf.  C/ii/npn,  7.  IJcvnal  Diaz,  loc.  cit.,  writes  that  In; 
returiH  il  on  rceeiviu,!,'  frc^li  news  of  Salaxar's  despotic  measures  ami  eviikiit 
Btren^'lh.  Cliirino:.i'  expeilition  af,'ainst  Oajaca  iiljout  this  time  is  snpposiil  to 
have  h>  en  intendecl  chiilly  to  intercept  him.  Tcstlmonio  Jlcx.,  in  I'udicfo  ami 
L'uril(i;a.<,  Col.  ])oc.,  xiii.  40. 

"  <  Jomara,  U'lKf.  Jfrx. ,  247,  relates  that  he  met  his  fate  when  goiufj;  in  scaivli 
ofCortr?.  See  also /iVwesf//,  7y;.s7.  Ch>i<i]ia,  104.  But  Medina  was  of  Carts' 
party,  as  shown  by  hi*  conipauiou  JJernal  Diaz.  Jlid.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  j4;)-4, 
this  series. 


i.t'   *■ 


CORTi:S  RRPOnTED  DEAD. 


m 


pnrty  liad  been  killed  somo  seven  moons  before  at  a 
city  ill  the  interior.'"  He  contented  liinisclf  with  jie- 
(vjitJML;-  the  i-eports,  and  retnrned  to  eurry  favor  with 
the  new  luh'r,  who  rewarded  his  devt)tion  with  tlio 
otlieu  of  alcalde  mayor. '^ 

Salazar  and  C'hirinos  eajj^crly  oircnlated  liis  state- 
ments with  the  authoritative  deelaration  that  ( 'oi'tes 
was  indeed  dead.  To  ini})ress  this  ii{)on  the  jicophj 
^oK'iim  I'uneral  honors  were  ordei-ed  by  the  loeal 
authorities  to  be  held  throuij^hout  the  country.  The 
si  rnions  on  the  occasion  were  duly  tempered  in  tlefer- 
cnce  to  the  hostile  feclin<x  of  the  rulin«jc  faction.  At 
]\k'xieo  a  monument  was  erected  in  the  parish  church, 
and  a  sum  of  money  was  assigned  from  the  estate  of 
Cortes  to  pay  for  masses.'* 

The  evident  effort  to  enforce  the  acceptance  of  this 
view,  ;uid  by  men  of  Salazar's  intriguing  nature,  ex- 
cited doubts  among  many.  Sucli  sus[)ici(jns  were 
regarded  as  mischievous  to  their  ]  rojeets,  and  the 
uovernors  forbade  their  expression  under  heavy  pen- 
alty. Jua^a  Ituiz  dc  ^Marcilla,  wife  of  A-^aliente,  sec- 
I'etary  to  Cortes,  not  only  criticised  the  i)ermission  to 
iiKUMV  granted  to  women  whose  husbands  had  le'ft  on 
the  Honduras  expedition/'  but  loudly  declared  that 
the  followers  of  Cortes  were  not  such  poltroons  as 


!   ; 


'-'.\ll)ornoz  pivcs  tlio  report  ■\vith<lctail.  Cortos  liail  maltrcatid  tlio  lord 
(if  ( 'luamilco,  a  laUc  city,  si.'V<'ii  dajs'  jonnioy  tVoiii  the  coast — cviclciitlN  Itza — 
ami  the  natives  liad  ris(jlvi'd  to  lie  avciiLjcd.  At  tlio  next  caiiiip  t!icy  fell 
niiuii  the  y'eepinj^  forces  with  swoid  and  tire,  and  hKw  the  gr'aler  muiihcr. 
The  remain  lei',  iiieliiding  Cortes,  were  sacriliced,  not  a  man  escaping.  Car/u, 
in  I'  (i:'hi/<  cfit,  i'J.  Jioc,  i.  4S5-(i. 

'■^L'liro  (./(■  Ciihllilo,  MS.,  Novenilier2,  \'r2'y.  'Afirnn'i  f|UO  era  mnorto  y 
trajiiLieitos  Inilios  fpic  lodecian.'  Or(iii<i,(_'(irhi,  in /</. ,  ."r_'(J.  lie  swore  liefoio 
(.''irtes  r.fterwaiil  that  he  never  ailiinied  the  death  of  his  jiarty;  he  merely 
reported  the  native  rumors.  Ho  .sailed  on  to  ('ui)a.  Ill-it.  (V/r/rc/.,  •_*•.!  1.  Her- 
nia iiitiiuates  that  Ordaz  pretended  to  have  \\\iidv  greater  in vesligatiim.s  thau 
111'  did.  in  order  not  to  lie  regardcil  as  intimidated  liy  the  natives.  Ifo  eoin- 
iiient.s  on  Salazar's  neglect  to  properly  search  for  a  [larty  engaged  'lu  royal 
i<crvice.  dec.  iii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  xi. 

"  When  Cortes  sued  for  the  rccovciy  of  this  and  other  funds,  .Tiiaii  ile 
(Viceres,  nicknamed  the  rich,  bought  the  masses  for  his  bcnelit!  lUrnnl  JJinz, 
luc.  cit. 

''Chiefly  with  a  view  for  the  governors  to  obtain  possession  of  two  of 
these  Women.  Their  new  husbands  wire  given  re]>arliiiiieiit(js,  and  cou- 
VLiiienlly  withdrew  from  the  city,  Ihrixru,  ilcc.  iii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  xii. 


m  SALAZAR'S  USURPATION  AND  OVERTHROW. 

the  soldiors  of  Chirinos,  to  allow  a  horde  of  natives 
to  cut  thejii  down.  This  contunia'n'  must  not  be  tol- 
erated.  Ilcgardless  of  her  sex,  position,  and  weakh, 
she  was  ordered  to  be  pubhcly  hished,  as  a  w^a-nin;^- 
to  others.^" 

A  certain  portion  of  the  estate  of  Cortes  which 
couhl  not  well  be  seci'etly  aj)pr()priated  by  the  despoil- 
ers  had  been  placed  in  the  depository  for  the  property 
of  deceased  persons.  Salazar  now  ventured  to  have 
this  sold  at  any  price,  and  appropriated  the  proceeds 
to  the  payment  of  real  or  fictitious  claims  by  himself 
and  friends,  also  cancelling  any  of  their  indebted- 
ness to  the  estate.  So  rapidly  did  the  properly  dis- 
a})pear  that  when  the  royal  treasurer  made  his  claim 
for  the  sums  which  had  served  as  pretext  for  the 
spoliation,  there  was  not  enough  left  to  pay  them.^' 
When  remonstrated  with  for  this  reckless  manaue- 
ment  both  of  private  and  royal  interests,  he  declared 
that  the  king  did  not  know  what  orders  were  issued, 
nor  the  Council  of  the  Indies  what  was  observed.  Be- 
sides, he  had  authority  to  seize  Cortes,  should  he  ever 
return,  anil  might  even  hang  him,  a  piece  of  bombast 
which  tended  to  intimidate  quite  a  number.^^ 


'"January  4,  1,"'20.  She  received  100  laslics,  according;  to  licr  own  formal 
coiiiplaiiit  prest'ii'Lcd  on  the  return  of  the  husl)and.  I'<ir/:cro  mid  Cdnh  i-a.-. 
Col.  J)ur.,  xxvi.  l(X>-223.  (.'ovtts  made  amends  hy  carrying;  licriu  i)n)cis.--ii'ii 
on  his  Imr.sc,  fi  dowed  by  all  the  cavaliers  of  the  ciLy,  and  liy  ever  afterward 
giving  her  thv-  noble  title  of  Dofia.     Rhynister  scoilingly  alluded  to  this  Hi- 


re:! por  alLi,  Ti  Ic  ai'ian  sacado  el  d(ji.  de  Lis  esjialdas,  cdiii 


iioljUnient.     'J.^i;. 

iiarizes  (hi  bi-aeo.'  (lainani,  Hint.  Mtx.,  'JtS.  lienial  I*iaz  states  that  i;>- 
trada  made  thi-i  amend.  He  rehitcs  that  Cionzalo  Ilernamlez  of  (Joai^aeoalm 
ii.'.rrowiy  esia])ed  lianL'ing  for  expressing  a  doubt.  On  luinddy  deelariii;.'  this 
a  falsehood  told  to  console  a  sorrowing  widow  he  was  rewarded,  but  mad"  lo 
leave  tlie  city.  Hist.  Vtrdnd.,  "ill.  Cortes  was  later  aeeused  of  having  a^- 
sumed  the  jirivilege  to  eor.fe:-  knighthood  on  several  followers.  L'urli:<,  Jir-i- 
diiicia,  i.  l(i.'!-t;  ii.  ]'.'.». 

"This  is  Kst:ada's  formal  declaration,  yet  the  obsequious  Albomoz  inti- 
mates tliat  the  royal  claims  eouM  be  covered  by  the  rea)  estate  yet  remain- 
ing, valued  at  '200,000  castell-iios.  Curia,  in  Jvadialn  a,  Cot.  J)o<\,  i.  o'C 
Corces  estimates  Ids  looses  througli  tlie  spoliation  at  .U)0,00()  dueados.  /'/. 
Sirvicioii,  iu  Cortrs,  JC.<crilon  •Siirllo.'',  224-0.  Salazar  borrowed  large  Piiiiis, 
MJiicli  were  sent  to  a  safe  place  in  Spain,  says  Zunuirraga.  Carta,  in  /'cc/i  k 
and  CdrilviiaK,  Col.  jJur.,  xiii.  IIH.  t'ertain  gold  dejiosited  by  Cortes  in  the 
coflers  01  the  sanctuary  was  also  seized.   Ilerrcra,  ubi  sup. 

'^"Aunquo  Fernando  Cortes  fuese  vivo,  y  bolviese,  no  Ic  recibiriun,  mho 
que  lo  aviuu  do  aborcar.'  Torqucmaila,  i.  5113.  Ttstimvnlo  AJex.,  iu  J'uilu-o 


'-;■  '  -  '«»oHt  of  tl  ;„' t::r'rv"'.-o  appropriatocl 
» '"■  )i"^l  fir^lcl  to  take  ici-uJcVj"'"'^''-  ""''  ■"••">y 

tln'insulvcs  aii.oiK.  tho  I,  i  -^     ;'■ '"''^^'^•'■'■"ig  to  trust 

"■■■le  not  overlooked  tl  o  f  .,       ?' ,""''  ^>'  0<,nzal,.7 

•'"'I  eonclcniiied  to  flo',fl,r  i  ."'"'"'•'''•'•  of  Olid 
;:tu.co  since  ti.e  cj  S  '„. X  r';,'*"''""  'I'  ""'^  i"- 
''.'""  tl'c  isnoUo  no oso.  T  '  i,  '  "■■','■  '""'''  exempt 
'  W;  «■««  at  first  disroivarde       „fT''  ';".""'  ''o^'''- 

^pain  lor  judo„,e„t,'»  "'"•'  "'O"'  removal  to 

Jn-  tlie  vessel  in  wldcl,  r ..     . 
S"vern„,^  sent  a  j.alfr    ,'e  ,i,7     '"'r"  <""'^n'*od,  the 
l^"-.^«  number  of  „,s     :    "-""«■"'<-•«  to  t!ie  l;in„  ,  „,!  .; 

>■  '"-o  ofibetive  t  n  '  ,t;:;*?  ■"  ^•»-  ''^■1-if  wo,;;, 

^;r  the  cr,nvn.  Tl,e  f  ,ie  of  f  ?■  "l"'''  PoHorn, 
,^  '""■>=,  .-md  tl,e  sneeess  of  t| m  ,'  '•'•"^"''o''^  Vase,, 
♦'"■  tvrant  I^draiias  had  „,!  J ,'";'""  •*''«"^'«  "f 
"'""l'^'-  t-esides  Salaza      inTtlT,     '''  '""'•""  *"  •"""y 


224 


SALAZAR'S  USURPATION  AND  OVERTHROW. 


deservedly  for  llstcnincf  to  partisans  to  the  disconrapfo- 
meiit  of  loyal  and  zealous  servants.  For  support  of 
their  [)retensions  the  governors  convoked  the  delegntes 
of  the  Spanish  settlements  in  the  country,  as  well  as 
the  town  council  of  Mexico,  and  by  subterfuge  and 
intiniitlation  compelled  them  to  sign  a  representation 
to  the  kiuLT  recommend  in  ji;;  their  confirmation  as  uov- 
crnors  in  lieu  of  the  defunct  Cortes.^^  The  same  poi-- 
sons  were  made  to  elect  as  agents  or  procuradores  in 
Spain  two  of  Salazar's  friends,  Bernardino  Vaz<puz 
de  Tapia  and  Antonio  de  Villaroel,  to  replace  thoso 
appointed  by  Cortes.  They  reached  Spain,  though 
the  vessel  was  wrecked  on  Fayal  Island  with  the  loss 
of  the  treasure  and  most  of  the  documents,  includiii'»' 
the  process  against  Casas  and  Gonzalez.'*' 

With  a  view  to  render  themselves  secure,  the  gov- 
ernors fortified  their  residence  with  artillery  and  anus 
from  the  arsenal,  appointing  Luis  de  Guzman  captain 
of  the  battery,  and  several  others  as  captains  of  llicir 
guard  and  house.'^^  The  apparent  devotion  of  tluii" 
followers  made  them  quite  overweening  in  their  con- 
fidence, and  they  ventured  to  sneer  even  at  demands 
and  ri\gulations  connected  with  the  royal  interest,  dc- 
clai'ing  that  any  royal  judge  who  might  arrive  and 
presume  to  interfere  with  them  would  find  it  difficult.-^ 

"  rraiuisco  Cort(''9  nnd  otlu-r  procuradores  of  settlements  swf)ro  t!i,it 
tlioy  never  aH'ixvd  their  signature  to  tlie  document  for  their  apiniiiiliiu  nt 
as  governors.  Orfci/d,  in  J'ttf/icro  and  Ciirilaicis,  Cnl.  Doc,  xxix.  !i;i.  'I'lje 
iiuthoriti<s  of  Mexico  in  their  representation  to  the  king,  I'Vbi-uary  l"'-'i, 
deelari!  that  they  were  obligeil  to  nigii  docnmenta  without  leaining  tiieir  in- 
tents. '/'(■■■</ ■'mo Ilk)  Mir.,  in  /'/.,  xiii.  .Sli-S.  Tliough  conlirnicd  by  tlie  di  le- 
gates as  governors  for  the  king,  the  nuinicijial  acts  aUuih;  to  tiuni  .is 
lit'iitcnant;  ovirnors.  L'thrn  ili'  Vali'ildo,  MS.,  ])ecen.licr  1(1,  loi.'y,  etc.  hi 
January,  liowcver,  the  ah.sent  Chirinos  is  called  simply  by  his  royal  otliee  ut 
vuedor,  v,  hile  Salaz.ir  ligures  as  tiie  'gobcrnador.' 

--'  //<  mm,  dec.  iii.  lil).  vi.  cap.  xii.  Ytt  Loaisa,  loc.  cit.,  states,  'sah'eso 
el  oro.'  'I"he  agents  wei'e  furtlier  secured  with  hirge  salaries  and  fci's,  Villaiml 
recovering  IJ.bOO  ]iesos  of  gambling  los.ses  from  the  estates  of  Paz,  says  lb  r- 
reru.      His  oihee  of  alguacil  mayor  Mas  confirre<l  on  Oida,";. 

'■^•' Ai  Icaga.  was  made  captain  of  the  guard,  <  Sim's  Xortes  received  anetli-  r 
important  trust,  eti'.   IlrriKtl  Piir.,  Hint.   I'lntni/.,  ^2\\ 

'-'Alcalde  Ijonal  of  Villa  b'ica  declared  that  lie  had  ,rders  from  Salaz.ir  to 
nrrest  any  royal  judge  who  might  arrive,  and  send  him  buck  to  Spain.  //"■ 
rtni,  ubi  .sup. 


OFFICIAL  ROBBERY. 


Tlicv  hampered  tlie  treass^rer  and  contador  in  their 
(hities,  and  transferred  crown  lands  and  diverted  reve- 
nues into  different  channels  whereby  they  and  their 
friends  might  profit,  going  even  so  far  as  to  apjiropriate 
tlieni  partly  as  presents  to  influential  friends  at  court.'^'* 
In  this  process  of  enrichment  the  defenceless  natives 
were  subjected  to  every  extortion.     Salazar's  agents 
scoured  the  provinces,  and  entering  the  houses  of  all 
wlio  a[)pcared  rich  carried  ofF  every  object  of  value, 
maltreating  those  who  failed  to  satisfy  their  exi)ec- 
tations.     Many  caciques  out  of  fear  or  self-interest 
assisted  to  extort  property  from  their  wealthy  sub- 
jects.    Itzcuincuani,  the  lieutenant  at  Tezcuco,  aided 
to  sack  the  palaces  of  his  royal  master  Ixtlilxochitl, 
absent  on  the  Honduras  expedition,  and  to  persecute 
liis  family,  distributing,  .besides,  his  lands  and  reve- 
nues, in  the  belief  that  he  must  be  dead.'^"     All  this 
ffieatly  excited  the  natives,  and  in  a  nund)cr  of  dis- 
tricts the  feeling  led  to  serious  demonstrations.    Yet 
a  general  revolt  was  [)revented  thrt)Ugh  the  numerous 
matrimonial  alliances  established  witli  the  conquei-ors 
and   colonists,  and   through    rivalry  between  tribes, 
classes,  and  caciques,  for  the  hostile  feeling  of  pro- 
vincial peoples  against  those  of  the  lake  valleys  was 
still  bitter,  the  former  clinging  to  the  white  leaders 
wlio  had  guided  them  to  the  long -desired  victory,  or 
vying  for  the  favors  which  flowed  through  them  alone. 
The  friars  also  had  acquired  great  influence,  and  knew 
how  to  apply  their  warnings  and  counsel,  informed  as 
they  were  by  the  children,  of  the  projects  of  their 


uld 


ers. 


27 


^'^  Some  treasures  discovered  in  acertain  building,  and  properly  claimed  fur 
the  king,  were  apjiropriated  by  Salazar  on  tlic  ground  that  tlio  house  adjoiiH-d 
\\\-'  own.  /'/.  Kitrada  presents  a  doleful  complaint  against  tlio  criminal  mis- 
iiiMiiaLremcnt  and  treasonable  conduct  of  tlicsc  rulers.  They  are  prepared  to 
ilii  anything  against  the  king.  Memaria.  in  /ruzlidlreld.  Col.  Doc,  i.  5'J2-3. 
Ocafia  defends  their  management,  as  may  be  cxpeoted.  /(/.,  o'2(). 

■'^  IxtliLrnrhif/,  Ih'l,  44(i. 

"'  The  lingering  doubt  about  the  death  of  Cortc^s  had  also  an  efTect.  '  ^laa 
rspcra  an  (pie  Quahntimoc  se  lo  einbiasse  a  dizir,' says  «!omara,  llht.  Mcjc,, 
•J."ii),  i.i  allusion  to  the  proposed  revolt  of  this  prince  during  the  march  to 
Honduras. 

Hmt.  Mcx.,  Vol..  II.    IS 


i  i 


f 


226 


SALAZAR'S  USURPATION  AND  OVERTHROW. 


[ 


I  i' 


As  it  was,  the  natives  did  rise  in  several  directions, 
notal)ly  in  Oajaca,  Goazacoalco,  and  Pdnuco  regions, 
attacking  the  Spaniards  not  only  on  the  road  and  in 
the  mines,  where  isolated,  bnt  in  the  settlements. 
Quite  a  number  were  killed,  and  many  under  the 
most  atrocious  tortures  that  gradually  accumulated 
wrongs  could  exact  or  invent.  Some  were  kef)t  with- 
out food  until  iamislied:  then  one  of  their  le<]rs  or 
arms  was  cut  olf  and  cooked  and  eaten  before  their 
eyes.  Some  were  flayed  alive,  or  roasted  over  slow 
fires;  others  were  used  as  targets."** 

The  absence  with  Cortes  of  so  many  of  the  influen- 
tial conquerors  tended  to  increase  the  alarm,  and  the 
colonists  retired  to  the  larger  settlements,  particularly 
to  ^[exico,  to  prepare  for  what  might  happen.-''  As 
it  would  not  answer  to  encourage  the  natives  by  a 
neutral  or  vacillating  policy,  several  expeditions  were 
formed  to  chastise  the  revolted  districts,  and  to  keep 
the  otlicrs  in  awe.  One  party  of  sixty  men,  under 
Captain  Vallecillo,  proceeded  in  the  direction  of  Ta- 
basco, there  to  encounter  great  hardships,  the  leader 
among  others  becoming  incapacitated  for  active  ser- 
vice. Under  these  distressing  circumstances,  one 
man,  Juan  de  Lepe,  ventured  to  find  his  way  to 
j\Iedellin  alone,  and  thence  to  Mexico,  where  his  a|»- 
peals  were  responded  to  with  a  i'resh  force,  undei- 
Cai)tain  Baltasar  de  Gallegos,  bearing  extra  sup})lii's 
and  arms.  The  confjuest  was  now  com[)leted;  the 
country  was  divided  among  the  soldiers,  and  near  the 
spot  where  Cortes  had  gained  his  first  victory  in  Ni'W 
Spain  a  town  was  founded  under  the  conunemorative 
name  of  Xuestra  Sehora  de  la  Victoria.^" 

'"In  Tntntcprc  rej;i<in,  toward  tlio  North  Son,  a  number  of  cnptivoa  wito 

filacod  in  a  yard  tiulosod  liy  a  Ktone  wall,  anil  goailod  with  jiointcd  ]>ol(s, 
iki)  Imlla.  Some  clinilu'd  tlic  walls  to  ivicive  a  (|uicki'r  death;  others  kiult 
in  resignation.  Ilaurxul,  Hist.  C/ii/((ji'i,  l(i-l.  Fifteen  were  killed  at  one  (mwii. 
J/eiririt,  dec.  iii.  lili.  vi.  caj).  xii. ;  Tcnliiiioiiio  Mu:,,  in  I'dchcro  anil  Vunli- 
jias,  ('(//.  Jktf.,  xiii.  .'!!>. 

''" 'J'ori|Uemada,  iii.  ."7.  assumes  that  before  tlie  influx  Mexico  eontaiiied 
but  200  defenders,  but  this  is  evidently  too  low  a  tigure,  as  \\  ill  be  seen. 

^"  One  league  from  the  sea,  where  vessels  euuld  Is.nl  elose  to  the  b;iiik. 
llenera,  duo.  iii.  lib.  vii.  cap.  iii.     The  name  aiiplicil  by  Cortes  to  the  iia- 


REVOLT  IX  OAJACA. 


227 


The  chief  expedition  sent  out  in  consequence  of 
the  revolt  was  directed  to  Oajaca,  where  the  most 
serious  slaughter  of  colonists  had  taken  place/^  in  the 
Coatlan  JMountains.  The  party  consisted  of  about 
two  hundred  nicn,^-  commanded  by  Chirinos,  who 
prided  himself  on  his  military  qualities,  and  preferred 
to  figure  as  captain  general,  while  Sulazar  was  only 
too  irlad  to  rule  as  sole  governor.  In  these  inclina- 
ti(Mis  and  qualities  of  the  worthy  pair,  respectively 
soldier  and  diplomat,  may  be  found  an  explanation 
for  their  continued  harmony,  when  all  other  bonds 
were  disregarded.  Chirinos  had  evidently  been  con- 
tent to  cede  the  first  place  to  his  partner  in  civil  mat- 
ters, receiving  in  turn  supreme  control  in  the  military 
dejiartmcnt.  A  still  stronger  bond  was  perhaps  that 
both  were  prott'gcs  of  the  king's  secretary,  to  whom 
they  owed  everything.  The  leading  men  in  Mexico 
attributed  the  present  elaborate  ex|)edition  chieily  to 
the  ])ros})ect  of  an  encounter  with  Pedro  de  Alvarado, 
who  was  also  supposed  to  have  incited  the  revolt  in 
Oajaca."''^  However  this  may  have  been,  Chirinos 
found  occu})ation  enough  with  the  rebels,  who  unablo 
to  I'aee  him  on  the  jilains  took  refuge  in  the  hills  with 
their  treasures,  and  finally  concentrated  on  the  ponol 
Coatlan.  This  was  im})regnable,  or  ^learly  so,  and  the 
jiai'ty  was  obliged  to  invest  it.  The  siege  contiiuiecl, 
willi  gambling  and  feasting  in  the  camp,  until  the  na- 
tives were  almost  forgotten.  The  besieged  were  more 
watchful,  and  one  niglit  they  surprised  the  camp  and 
killed  a  number  of  men  before  they  were  driven  back. 

♦  Ivc  town  hero  apiioarsto  have  l)cen  nli^'htly  ihiingoil.  Sec  Hist,  ^frr.,  i.  !)'2, 
this  mrirs,  l](iii;il  Diaz  JialiieH  Jliilta.-ar  Os.soiio,  an  liidal^^o  of  S<.'\i!I(',  as 
till' Ici'ler  sent  l)y  Aguilar  to  Hettlo  Tabasco.  //<'^■^  Vcnlad.,  '2'2l.  Aguilar 
nilnl  alter  .Inly  l.VJiJ. 

^'  I  ifty  SpanianlH  anil  froin  S.OCO  to  10,000  slaves  beincf  kille.l  in  tho 
niiiHs.  Orirdo,  in.  ."ilS.  It  i.-i  more  liliely  that  the  10,000  slaves  kille.l  tln.'iO 
tahUniaster-s.  Lioniara  places  tlie  inciilent  in  lluaxaeac  and  Zoutlan.  Jiist. 
.l/o-.,-J47. 

•^-Oriiito,  iii.  .">14.  The  Ti.-t'iW(niio  ^f(.l•.  has  '(10  infantry  and  ."lO  eavaliy,' 
Nvhieli  may  l)i'  the  force  taken  from  Mexico  city  ulone,  iia  llciTcra  iilaces 
the  total  at  300,  ot  which  1(K)  were  horsemen. 

^~'  'Sn  principal  niotivo  file  ir  li  resistir  el  capitan  IVro  dc  Albarado.'  Tii- 
liinoiii.o  Mtx.,  ill  I'lichcco  uuil  Vui'dtnas,  Cot,  Doc,  xiii.  40. 


228 


SALAZAR-S  USURPATION  AND  OVERTHROW. 


Shortly  afterward  the  Spaniards  awoke  to  find  the 
jicuol  evacuated,  and  all  the  effects,  including  a  serpent 
of  pure  gold,  carried  away.  Circumstances  now  com- 
pelled Chirinos  to  take  a  hasty  departure,  leaving  in 
command  Andres  de  Monjaraz,  who  had  lately  ar- 
rived with  reiJnforcemcnts.** 

Affairs  had  been  gradually  assuming  a  different 
aspect  at  Mexico,  where  the  overweening  confidence 
and  attendant  excesses  of  the  usurping  rulers  were 
preparing  the  way  for  their  downfall.  Particularly 
unpleasant  to  their  sight  were  the  refugees  in  the 
San  Francisco  sanctuary,  whose  mere  presence  there 
seemed  a  defiance  of  their  power,  against  which  they 
were  known  to  be  plotting.  Repeated  orders  were 
issued  ibr  them  to  leave  the  temple  and  return  to 
their  homes,  but  this  demand  implied  in  itself  some 
nefarious  project,  and  after  the  disregard  shown  by 
the  authorities  for  solemn  oaths,  none  could  trust 
himself  in  their  hands.  The  obsequious  council  now 
assisted  in  condemning  the  refugees  as  traitors,  with 
confiscation  of  property.^^  In  his  bitterness  Sulazav 
even  went  so  far  as  to  forcibly  take  them  from  the 
sanctuary.^"  Friar  Valencia,  the  custodian,  protested 
against  this  desecration,  and  no  heed  being  given  to 
his  words,  he  laid  the  whole  city  under  excommunica- 
tion, and  departed  from  it  with  his  Franciscans,  carrying 
away  also  the  sacred  vsssels  and  other  paraphernalia. 
Imagine  the  excitement  created  by  this  withdrawal  of 
the  divine  favor!  The  church  was  no  louLjer  so  oni- 
nipotcnt  as  in  the  days  of  Hildebrand,  who  compelled 
the  mighty  Henry  to  creep  for  mercy  at  his  feet,  yet 
among  the  Latin  races  it  still  appeared  as  an  arbiter 
invested  with  superhuman  attributes,  by  whose  decree 

'*Thc  news  of  Corti5a  being  alive  contributed  to  their  rednction  soon  afttr. 
Dvrnal  D'hiz,  Hid.  l'erilaiL,'2io;  Loaiaa,iu  Ovitdo,m.  524;  IJirrtrUidw.  iii. 
lib.  vii.  cap.  viii. 

'^  Their  houses  would  be  torn  down  and  salt  scattered  upon  the  site.  Lilif> 
lie  CahiUo,  MS.,  December  10,  lo25. 

^^  To  despatch  them  to  Spain,  says  Hen-era;  yet  it  is  probable  tliut  somo 
were  intended  for  a  worse  fate. 


CORTES  MAY  BE  ALIVE. 


229 


a  world  was  partitionctl,  and  by  whose  servants  niill- 
it)iis  of  souls  were  redeemed  from  paganism.  Men 
who  liad  tamely  submitted  to  Salazar,  even  yield- 
ing their  leader  to  his  executioner,  now  dared  to  raise 
their  voices,  so  that  his  adherents  wav^ered  and  fell 
back.  Comparatively  free  from  the  passion  of  the 
others,  the  governor  had  failed  to  weigh  the  effect  of 
his  step.  It  dawned  upon  him  with  the  first  protest; 
but  he  was  too  proud  to  retract.  Now  he  must  yield, 
however,  and  with  curses  on  his  lips  he  bent  to  implore 
i'orgiveness  of  the  friars.  The  prisoners  were  restored, 
and  he  received  absolution.^^ 

This  humiliation  of  the  tyrant  brought  about  a 
revulsion  of  feeling,  as  he  probably  had  feared,  for 
the  result  of  the  exconnnunication  revealed  how  slight 
was  his  hold  on  the  community,  despite  his  seemingly 
unbounded  sway.  Men  who  had  hitherto  shunned 
their  neighbors  with  suspicious  fear,  now  began  to 
reveal  their  feelings,  encouraged  also  by  the  mute 
suj)port  of  the  friars.  Opinions  were  revived  that 
Cortes  was  alive,  and  these  appear  to  have  been  based 
not  alone  on  hope,  or  a  longing  for  relief,  but  on  a 
litter  from  Pedro  do  Alvarado,  and  probably  on  re- 
jiorts  from  the  Islands,  whither  Cortes  had  despatched 
vessels  from  Honduras,  in  the  earl}^  part  of  the  sum- 
nur.''^  The  friends  of  Cortes  <;rew confident  again, and 
hi  gan  to  collect  arms  and  discuss  the  best  means  for 
removing  the  usurpers,  whether  by  the  hand  of  an 
assassin,  or  by  declaring  open  war.  Salazar  became 
alarmed,  and  proportionately  profuse  with  favors  and 
promises  to  his  adherents.  8t>  serious  did  he  regard 
the  movement  that  he  convoked  a  meeting  of  citi/ens 
to  consider  repressive  measures,  and  sougijt  at  the 
same  time  to  propitiate  them  l)y  tendering  an  enter- 

"  'Con  poca  rovcroncia  do  la  lulesia,  dioiondo  muclias  iiijtirias.'  T'on/'"'- 
viiiild,  i.  r>!(.'l;  iii.  r)7-<S.  Tlic  friarw  liad  gone  to  'J'lnsi'ida.  lie  and  otliir 
cluoniclera  cominont  on  the  frtuiiu'iit  servifi"  tlic  friars  ii'iidowd  l>y  their  iiiter- 
ftriiiee,  liiit  ho  forjjets  tliat  this  very  lucchlling  frequently  allured  tlic  liest 
men  fi'du)  the  determined  uctiuii  demanded  agaiuBt  nefarioua  Bchcmcs.  Molo- 
liiiiii,  llisf.  hid.,  '20-1. 

"'  Seo  JJint.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  5'(  1-2,  this  series. 


m 


! 


230 


SALAZAR'S  USURPATION  AND  OVERTHROW. 


tainmcnt   at   his   gardens,    a   league    from    Mexico, 
^vllitller  he  led  them  with  great  pomp.^^ 

In  the  midst  of  this  turmoil,  on  the  night  of  Sun- 
day, the  28th  of  January  1520,^°  a  man  in  laborer's 
attire  knoclved  at  the  gate  of  San  Francisco  convent, 
and  was  admitted.  In  a  close  conference  with  the 
inmates  he  revealed  himself  as  a  messenger  from 
Cortes.  He  related  how  poignant  had  been  his  mas- 
ter's grief  and  anger  on  receiving  from  the  exiled 
Zuazo  an  account  of  the  outrages  and  misrule  in 
Mexico;*^  how  he  had  prepared  to  come  in  person  to 
restore  order,  but  had  been  deterred  by  a  succession 
of  mishaps  wherein  he  jierceived  the  desire  of  God 
for  him  to  remain  and  achieve  the  conquest  of  Hon- 
duras.*" He  had  accordingly  contented  himself  with 
sending  instructions  by  the  hand  of  his  groom,  Mar- 
tin de  Orantes,  a  man  of  great  intelligence,  who  left 
Trujillo  during  the  new  year  celebrations,  accompanied 
by  several  cavaliers  and  chiefs,  through  whom  the 
statement  of  the  messenger  miijht  be  verified.  The 
captain  and  pilots  of  his  vessel  had  been  well  paid  to 
observe  every  precaution,  and  Orantes  was  landed 
alone,  some  distance  above  Vera  Cruz,  while  his  com- 
panions sailed  onward  to  the  safer  district  of  Panuco. 
Disguising  himself  as  a  workingman,  in  bushy  beard, 
with  the  despatches  concealed  round  his  body,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Mexico  on  foot,  avoiding  Spaniards  as  nuich 
as  possible.  The  despatches  which  he  now  exhibited 
revoked  the  existing  gubernatorial  commissions,  and 
invested  Casas  with  the  supreme  command.  In  case 
of  his  absence,  Pedro  de  Alvarado  should  govern. 
If  neither  appeared,  Orantes  was  to  institute  inquiries, 

'*0n  January  10,  ir)'26,  several  gardens  were  granted  liy  the  council  to 
Cbirinos,  Salazar,  and  other  prominent  persons,  those  of  the  fonucr  lying  at 
ban  Cosine.  Lihro  ile  Cabililo,  MS. 

*"  Salazar's  own  letter  gives  it  with  great  precision  as  3  A.  M.  on  Mond.ay 
Parhcco  an<\  Ciinleiias,  Col.  Doc,  xxix.  95. 

*'  'Dixo:  Al  ruin  ponelde  en  mando,  y  vereys  qiiienes.'  Gomara,  JHnt. 
Mcx.,  270. 

*-  For  a  full  account  of  these  singular  mishaps  and  their  result,  see  Him , 
Cent.  A  m. ,  i.  573-0,  this  series. 


cortp:s  lives. 


231 


LTuided  by  the  friars,  in  whoso  jiidii^mcnt  and  devotion 
Cortes  reposed  great  laith,an(l  if  l']strada  and  AIl)or- 
nt)Z  a|)])eared  in  accord  and  trustworthy,  to  surrender 
to  t'.ieni  the  despatches  and  counnand." 

The  treasurer  and  conta(k)r  were  accordingly  suni- 
iiioned,  together  with  tlie  rel'ugees  of  the  Cortes 
jiarty,  among  whom  Andres  de  Tapia  and  Jorge  do 
Aharado  were  the  lea(hng  sjjirits.  These  two  inune- 
(liately  summoned  the  less  hostile  members  of  tho 
rouncil  and  the  reputed  adherents  of  their  party,  and 
sent  to  traders  and  friends  for  lances  and  other  arms. 
A  suihcient  number  having  gathered,  including  thirty 
horsemen,  Alvarado  led  them  through  tho  city  in  the 
moonliufht,  shouting  Viva  el  rev!  and  calliuLi:  ui)on  tho 
citizens  to  assemble  at  the  convent  in  the  service  of 
the  hing.  The  news  had  spread  by  this  time,  and 
soon  a  large  crowd  was  gathered.  As  Ta[)ia  read 
the  letters  of  Cortes,  cheers  upon  cheers  rent  tho 
air,  revealing  clearly  enough  the  popular  feeling.  He 
tlieroupon  reviewed  the  usurpation  and  despotic  rule 
of  the  incumbents,  now  dispossessed  by  their  chief, 
and  indicated  his  wishes  in  the  appointment  of  Ks- 
trada  with  Albornoz,  who  had  governed  so  acceptably 
hi'fore.  This  selection  was  by  no  means  to  the  liking 
of  a  largo  number,  but  the  evident  wishes  of  Cortes 
must  be  respected;  and  it  would  have  been  ditKcult 
to  iind  ono  more  fitting  for  tho  position  than  Estrada; 
for  tho  condition  of  ali'airs  demanded  a  man  of  i'.itlu- 
ciice,  like  tho  loading  royal  othcial,  upon  whom  the 

"  Such  is  the  intimation  of  Bemal  Diaz,  lli^t.  Vcrdnd.,  'JIS,  and  of  fJoniara, 
///'■i'.  Mcx.,  '248-0,  botli  of  whom  must  have  known  tiic  facts;  yet  Ilcrrcra 
M litcM  that  Andres  de  Tapia  and  Jorge  de  Alvarado  received  the  conlideneo 
and  despatches  of  Orantes,  and  that  Tapia  in  particidar  managed  to  impress 
upon  tho  adiierents  of  Cortes  summoned  to  the  sanctuary  the  necessity  for 
cliuosiug  Estrada  and  All)ornoz  as  rulers,  since  Casas  was  atisent.  dee.  iii.  111), 
viii.  ca]).  v.  This  is  ])robal)ly  taken  from  the  memoirs  of  Tapia,  to  judge  hy 
the  jiromincnee  given  him  for  several  pages.  Zua/o  had  not  failed  to  speak 
f'lVorahly  of  ins  fellow-suHcrcrs  Estrada  and  Albornoz,  whost!  government  hud 
pri)_'ressed  smoothly  till  Salazar  overthrew  them,  and  although  he  preferred 
Sikh  al)le  militivry  men  as  Casas  and  Alvarado  under  tho  circutiistances,  yet 
tliere  could  have  been  no  reason  for  him  to  set  aside  tlies  oyul  ollicials.  'J'he 
aots  of  the  town  council  allude  to  no  appointee  save  Casus,  out  Cortes  couhl 
Hot  liave  failed  to  signify  several  selections,  by  which  the  council  must  have 
hceu  guided. 


U 


Ef  id'  r 


i 


11']-    ii  £., 


2r,2     SALAZAR'S  USURPATION  AND  OVERTHROW. 

majority  could  unite  without  tlio  rcproacli  or  jealousy 
which  niiL^ht  have  tended  to  division  and  conse(]uent 
failure  if  any  of  the  refuujees  had  been  chosen.  The 
objections  centred  Drobahly  in  Albornoz,  and  the 
feeling  was  not  diminished  when  he  was  met  shoitly 
aftei',  coming  from  the  house  of  Salazar,  whom  he  hud 
hastened  to  warn  of  what  was  brewing,  promising  to 
take  no  active  part  against  him.  Not  possessing 
sufficient  confidence  in  the  strength  of  the  new  j)arty, 
even  to  voluntarily  acce[)t  the  position  then  ofi'ercd 
of  joint  governor,  he  insisted  that  they  should  take 
him  prisoner,  so  as  to  give  an  appearance  of  com})ul- 
sion  to  his  election.** 

The  meeting  before  the  convent  having  declared  in 
favor  of  Estrada  and  Albornoz,  and  having  [jromisod 
to  assist  in  overthrowing  the  usurpers,  Tapia,  Alva- 
rado,  and  Alvaro  de  Saavedra  Ceron,  a  cousin  of 
Cortes,  were  chosen  captains  to  plan  the  operation 
and  lead  the  ]iarty.  While  a  portion  scoured  the  city 
to  obtain  fresh  arms  and  supporters,  Taj)ia  proceeded 
with  the  rest  to  the  house  of  regidor  Luis  de  la 
Torre,  to  which  the  council  members  had  been  already 
summoned.  Pfavincf  nothiuLf  more  to  fjain  from  Sal- 
azar,  the  njajority  of  these  were  readily  induced  to 
listen  to  a  dejnitation  so  numerous  and  well  armed, 
appearing,  besides,  under  the  auspices  of  the  mighty 
Cortes.  The  two  candidates  were  accordingly  sworn 
in  as  lieutenants  of  the  real  governor  and  cajttain 
general,*^  and  they  in  turn  strengthened  their  position 

■•* '  Para  r|Uo  si  la  parte  contraria  vcn^iesse,  pudicsse  tle(;ir  que  yba  foryailo,' 
Loa'iKn,  in  Oviii/o,  iii.  r)24. 

*-'Thc  iiicmbers  who  elected  them  were:  Alcalde  Juan  de  la  Torre,  ainl 
rcgidorea  Oarcia  Holguin,  the  captor  of  Kmperor  Qiianhteniotzin,  Cmmn- 
dador  Leon  dc  Cervantes,  Ilernan  Lopez  de  Avila,  Luis  de  la  Torre,  and 
Francisco  Verdngo.  Tlie  new  governors  ai)pointed  Cervantes  alcalde  in  ]>l;iro 
of  the  hostile  Diego  de  Valdcnchro,  Rotlrigo  llangel  receiving  liis  vaiatr.l 
otlice  of  regidor,  and  Andres  de  IJarrios  that  of  an  obstreperous  regidor  naiiiiil 
Car)>ajal.  Arriaga  and  Tirado,  the  procurador  and  niayordonio  of  tin^  city, 
were  removed  in  favor  of  Miguel  Diaz  and  Hernando  de  Villainieva,  and  the 
irascible  nofairy  Ocaila  was  dispossessed  in  favor  of  Hcrnan  Perez,  wliili;  liis 
garden  was  given  to  Orantes.  Libra  i/e  Cabililo,  MS.,  Jan.  -!>,  Feb. ."{, !),  b'>-<). 
I'lie  plea  for  tlie  election  of  the  governors  was  that  they  hail  held  the  oliicu 
before,  by  the  ai)poiutmeut  of  Corttis,  and  that  the  choice  would  obviate  dis- 
orders. 


INSURRECTION. 


233 


ousy 
inent 

The  • 
I  the 
lortly 
a  hiul 
u'j;  to 
Dssin;^ 
party, 

.1  tiiko 

^red  in 
oinised 

UHlU    <»t 

)eratu>n 
the  city 

do  la 

already 

lUi  Sal- 

aced  to 

armed, 

r  sworn 
(ca|itaiu 
l)Ositiou 

iTorre,  ami 
In,  Coiiu'u- 
iTorrc,  »w\ 
lie  in  I'li"'^; 
lis  vao;\ti'i 
idoiMiaiii'il 

[i  t\w ti'y- 

I-a,  anil  thu 
I  w\iil«^  l'i-< 

ll  tlie  otVuf 
Ibviatc  Ui^- 


and  rewarded  supporters  by  appointiniif  Bacliiller  Juan 
dc  Urtej^a  alcalde  mayor  of  the  country,  Andres  do 
'l\i])ia,  ali^uac'il  mayor,  Jorge  de  Alvarado,  alcalde  of 
the  arsenal,  and  Suavedra  Ceron,  lieutenant  at  Vera 
(Vn/i  and  adjoining  ports,  while  the  council  was 
strengthened  with  two  new  men  to  take  the  place  of 
obstreperous  n)cnd)ers,  Comendador  Cervantes  being 
promoted  to  joint  alcalde  with  Juan  de  la  Torre.*" 

On  leaving  the  council  the  party  joined  the  gath- 
ered citizens,  now  about  five  hundred  strong,  and 
marched  to  the  residence  of  Salazar.  The  new  gov- 
ernors were  kept  in  the  centre,  Tapia  and  Alvarado 
k'd  the  van,  and  a  notary  and  a  crier  attended  to 
attest  and  announce  the  new  order  of  aifairs.  On 
reaching  the  house  they  found  it  held  by  some  two 
hundred  men,  protected  by  a  strong  battery.*^  After 
arranging  for  the  distribution  of  his  force,  Ta[>ia 
(Unianded  a  parley.  Although  he  and  his  comrades 
had  been  deeply  injured,  they  bore  no  malice,  but 
(U'sired  peace.  Salazar  had  declared  himself  empow- 
ered to  arrest  Cortes.  Let  him  exhibit  this  and  other 
oi'ders  from  the  authorities  in  Spain  and  they  would 
obey  him.  If  he  possessed  no  such  authority,  it 
Itehooved  all  lo^al  men  to  adhere  to  Cortes,  or  his 
substitute,  as  the  legal  representative  of  the  king. 
Sala:5ar  replied  that  he  had  no  such  orders,  but  had 
acted  as  he  thought  best  under  the  circumstances. 
]  fc!  would  continue  to  lule  or  perish  in  the  attempt. 
''Gentlemen,  you  hear!"  cried  Tapia  to  tliose  attend- 

*"  Tapia  claims  to  have  been  invested  with  the  oflice  of  captain  general,  or 
ratliir  v>itli  the  control,  under  the  governors,  of  the  military  dejiartmeiit. 
Ill rnra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  v.  (Trtega  was  afterward  arraigned  for  ac- 
ii'iiting  the  oflice  of  alcalde  mayor.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Salamanca  Univer- 
tsity  and  about  50  years  of  age.  Ortfi/a,  in  Parhcco  and  Cdrdaiax,  Col.  Doc, 
xxix.  7.  Oeana,  Car/a,  in  /razlxilirfu,  Co/.  Doc,  i.  5127,  and  witnesses  isi 
Ciir/'s,  nmidenrht,  i.  81,  stamp  the  changes  made  l)y  the  new  movement  as 
('H'Lcted  by  intimidation  and  force.  According  to  tliem  two  regid  ires  and  ono 
of  the  alcaldes  were  placed  under  arrest.  One  of  these  regidores  was  Mejia, 
]M(ilial)lj'an  alternate,  who  figures  shortly  after  among  the  loyal  ones  in  direct- 
in:,'  a  ttatcmcntto  the  king  against  Salaziir.  Tcstbnouio  Mex.,  mPachfco  and 
Ciif-(lnin.i,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  .'U—i.'). 

*'  Louisa,  iu  Ucicdo,  iii.  525.  Henera  raises  the  number  to  1,000,  with  1*2 
cannon. 


El; 


1    ■ 


ii:l 


234 


SALAZAIl'S  USURPATION  AND  OVRRTIIROW. 


injT  Salazar.  "Scizo  liiiu,  for  you  cannot  afVoid  to  ho 
traitors  to  vour  k'ni'^!"  ''Bv  still,  or  I  will  lire  I" 
shoiitotl  the  other,  at  the  same  tnno  takniuf  up  a 
match.  No  less  rrsohite,  Tapia  ^i^avo  the  signal  for 
attack,  whereupon  his  opponent  applied  the  match, 
calliniiif  on  all  to  lally  round  him.  The  men  of  Coitt's 
had  watched  the  movement  and  had  opened  a  patJi 
aloiiLj  the  ranLje  of  the  cannon,  so  that  the  hall  sj)e(l 
liannless  into  the  church  wall.  The  next  moment 
they  rushed  forward  amidst  rimjinix  cheers.  I^ittle 
resistance  was  offered,  for  no  sooner  had  the  waver- 
ing supporters  of  the  usurper  ohserved  the  numher 
and  determination  of  the  assailants  than  they  threw 
their  arms  ri_ufht  and  left  and  turned  to  escape,  a  huL^o 
]iroportion  joining  the  opposite  party.  Among  the 
first  to  desert  was  Guzman,  captain  of  the  artillery, 
whose  example  was  followed  hy  some  other  leading 
men,  hitherto  wing  with  one  another  for  the  favors 
of  their  chief,  now  jijstling  at  the  windows  for  an 
exit,  or  scramhling  for  the  roe^'.  Only  ahout  a  dozen 
followers  remained  true,  with  whom  Salazar  retired 
to  a  less  exposed  jiosition,  o.  ly  to  delay  for  a  hricf 
moment  the  inevitahle  capture,  yet  not  till  Tapia  had 
received  a  sharp  reminder  in  the  form  of  a  btone- 
throw,  which  knocked  him  down,  though  not  perma- 
nently injuring  him.*"* 

The  feeling  against  the  resolute  captivo  was  intense, 
and  hut  for  the  protection  aflorded  him  hy  the  new 
governors  and  leaders  he  would  have  been  killed. 
There  was  no  restriction  as  to  ahuse,  however,  which 
flowed  in  endless  tirade  as  he  was  led  through  the 
streets  by  a  chain.  Nor  did  it  stop  with  that  day,  I'or 
lie  was  not  conducted  to  the  regular  prison,  but  was 
l>laced  in  a  cage  of  strong  timbers,  under  two  keys  and 

•*Bcrnal  Diaz  names  a  lew  of  those  who  remained  with  Salazar.  liu 
assumes  that  Salazar  was  seized  before  he  could  lire  tlic  gun.  Hiiif.  Vi  nlail., 
214.  Zumiirraga  implies  a  eonsiderahlc  resisUince,  by  saying  that  the  aiUiti- 
ents  of  Cort<?s  liatl  to  force  an  entrance  with  artillery.  J'luheco  and  ViirilviKf, 
Col.  Doc,  xiii.  114.  During  the  jiarley,  or  immediately  before,  Guznuiu 
withdrew  his  artillery  into  the  building  to  prevent  its  eapturc.  JJeirera,  loo. 
cit.;  Ovitdo,  iii.  518,  o'2i;  t'ortcs,  itenideitcia,  i.  171. 


TIFR  Ti'RAXT  CAOED 

/-"I'wto  C|]  i„„»  i,.„i  .,.  ■•'■':"*■   ,'"  tills  „,,|„,]  I,- 

•■-^l'«>t  fo,- their  pouiri  Lt,"^""'?  ''■■"'  »  «l".loso,no 
-; 'V  "  l.nvo,l  t„  live  H„  .^  .",  f  "'"rt,  aiul  s„  ti,l 
•■^^■11  n,  behalf  of  a  man  wif  ,  '""  *"  ""'"""*  '"•...- 

'■•""■t  "■"  Cortes   for  >  I,"       .  "'''  '"•«''•■' ri""**  Ikvo    ,t 

*"  tlio  hands  of  trnstee,      }  ,;'*^''''T'''''''«l'a«se.l 
'■  ff.;vornors  cli.l  „ot  M  jo  n    «;",  ""f  *''"""""n 


!lli-= 


!         1 


SALAZAR'S  USURPATION  AND  OA-ERTTIROW. 

a  fear  wliicli  to  the  disgusted  adherents  of  Cortes 
became  a  h()[)e. 

So  fierce  was  the  raid  against  the  late  party  tliat 
a  revulsion  set  in  among  them,  strongly  in  sympathy 
with  their  liberal  chiefs.  Indeed,  a  conspiracy  was 
formed  to  restore  them  to  power.  With  this  object 
the  rulinfj  men  were  to  be  killed,  includinj;  Orte<j:a, 
who  as  alcalde  mayor  hod  shown  a  pronounced  zeal 
for  the  interests  of  Cortes,  and  the  "aged  leaders  ic- 
leased  so  that  they  might  assist  in  carrying  the  movi - 
ment  to  a  successful  issue.  Since  the  cages  could  not 
well  be  broken,  keys  were  needed,  and  application  was 
made  to  a  locksmith  named  Guzman,"'''^  a  supposed  ad- 
herent of  Salazar,  but  above  all  devoted  to  his  own 
interests.  With  expressions  of  sympathy  he  secuiid 
tluiir  confid(^nce,  and  on  the  eastor  eve  set  for  the 
attack  revealed  the  plot.  A  number  of  the  coiis|iir- 
ators  were  arrested,  largely  coniposed  of  deseiteis 
from  Guatemala,  and  seven  of  the  ringleaders  suf- 
fered death,  the  rest  being  lashed  and  exiled,  with 
loss  of  property.^* 


'"Son  of  a  Seville  Jew,  wlio  took  this  name  from  his  godfathor.     ITc  wna 
an  aik'pt  in  niakiii;^  eross-bows  and  locks.  Ori<<to,  iii.  .VJo. 

'■' In  (Jiiii/(i,  I'whiro  and  Ciirdcuaa,  Col.  /)or.,  xxix.  0-45,  three  liitl;;l- 
g08  are  named  as  the  h'aders,  who  were  helieailed ;  three  others  wciu 
liungeil,  and  one  was  dragged  to  death.  More  wonM  have  been  executed  Imt 
for  the  arrival  of  ("ortt's.  Testimony  in  Corlrs,  Itvuidi  win,  i.  244.  IVniiil 
l)ia/  Ktates  tiiat  Albornoz  knew  of  the  revolt,  and  had  an  interest  in  if, 
according  to  the  eonfesfiion  of  prisoners.  Kstrada  therefore  arrested  tlic 
eidprits  withont  informing  him.  Hint.  I'lnfai'.,  '214.  lUit  this  may  he  hut 
rumor.  In  addition  to  tiie  authorities  already  ijuoted  in  this  eiiapter  1  rii;iy 
mention  ('<>rti.<,  J/isf.  X.  Es/i.,  ;{K7  S;  I'lir/ininmil  diinliiKif,  Col.  />(»■.,  xii. 
;<IH-4l»:{. -Jsd;  xiii.  .•{•_'-4!l,  ;()-!,  )(!!»  II,  ;j(iS  !(,  ;!lt4  4(KI;  xxix.  !».'Mi:  /-/■.• 
Iiiif.rt,!,  Col.  l>o<:,  i.  -JO-l,  470-.'>;<7;  /'»./</,  Cihil.ino,  K,  '_'();  <V-)V'.<,  A'-W'.i 
Sinlli,.f,  !(».■),  -JiM-l};  Arr/ilvn  Mix  Dor.,  i.  7'>  S'J,  147,  177-S,  'Jl.Vls.  -Jl! 
ecM(.M|.;  ii.  Hi, 'JDS  etsecj. ;  i'til.  J)or.  Jii'il.,  i.  l(»l  '2;  ii.  .'{7S-J);  iv.  2J7:  />• 
VKsiil,  Hist.  C/i>/(i/>(i,  i:<,  lfi4;  Oririlo,  i.  542;  iii.  4(iS,  5l(»-25,  54!»;  7.'..  y. 
ill'  Jiiilin.i,  i.  ,'{5;  IxlHl.rochill,  llchiciinn':',  in  Kinii^lmroii'ih'.*  Mi.r.  An' ''I-, 
ix.  4.'{5  4(1;  Cnro,  'J'ris  .S'/i/Zo.-,  i.  ,'{l  5(1,  7<*-l;  Ti riKtii.c-CniiijHtH",  I''//..  .-<  rii; 
ii.  torn.  V.  7-l!>,  47-50;  i'liiiniiljutin,  IH.<t.  Coii'/.,  ii.  11,5-25,  1 17  54.  I-I; 
'J'tir'/iioiKidii.  i.  ."(24  (I,  5(!!),  5SS-!M;;  /,'riiniii-.,  />.»•.,  MS.,  275  S!»:  Al'i-'m, 
in.^irt.,  i.  17-',  I'.M  5,  222-4.".,  iipi>.  24  (i,  1(!2  214;  ii.  51,  .-112,  i  jip.  :!  It; 
Sulin,  llist.  :>/,.,:  (Madrid  cd.  lSj;f),  471  S;  Pnsroll's  J/«r.,  iii.  ;{tHMi:  als-j 
notes  in  Mex.  eds. ;  lli  Ijix''  < 'orli  ■<,  ii.  U."it>-4i,  Jlr'iMCiir  ilf  lioiirhiiiirij.  IH't. 
Silt.  Cir.,  iv.  7<>((-22;  S'lhiznr  ij  iilnrfi.  Comi.  .)/<..-.,  .•US-2;».  .SiCl- 7.  4li.  -'■; 
Mitiili  111(1  •iiti;  .Srniiiriiis,  II,  12;  I'iziirro  i/  i >rill'iiiii,  Wiroiics  J/rsln.-'.  II'-  I'.'; 
Jiiciru,  .   int.  JuiiijKt,  i.  45;  Id.,  Hob.  JItx,,  i.  10-22;  Zumora,  iitlt.  I.ij.t  li., 


AUTHORITIES. 


237 


hh 

A- 

0    \\  elf 

,-l 

.lit 

liiiniil 

t  in 

It, 

.a 

tlio 

I..' 

llllt 

V  I  iiiiiy 

<"•.. 

Xll. 

(1;  / 

.  ((".■ 

A- 

■;t,,< 

!■<. 

•Jit 

).>-. 

/>■ 

-.  /.'' 

'•'/'• 

.1. 

'■'/■■ 

,''■• 

~i  in; 

,".». 

I'.l; 

.1'- 

.  f(/', 

'I'- 

!  W: 

ll  'i; 

,  -J  1; 

.  11 

-  f.i; 

iii.  .'fiO-OS:  Snndovdf,  Wst.  farfos  I'.,  i.  "in.l;  Zamnrolx,  IlUf.  M<-x.,  iv. 
•_':>:>-.">•_*,  .'iJT-.'iT;  Annin,  Alle  Mix.,  ;i(VJ  (J;  Jlii.i''iiTn',  L'Kin/i.  Ma:,  .'UD-M; 
r,.:<l(iiniiiifi'.  (lah.  Mr.c.,  ii.  4(i;  h'xroKiird,  L'oiijiiniciitn,  i.  pp.  v.-xc\i.;  A«- 
i-n,t-ji,  ] tiviir/iOH  //int.,  pt.  xxxiii.  4.">.'i-'J;  MvihIdzh  ami  Itaiiio,  Xix-iniiiti 
f  /i.HK/r'.'/.,  "JST-S;  Mrx.,  yol.  Ciiiilnil,  'Jli-t-fi;  Mena  ;/ L'om/iiirt,  IliM.Aiii., 
i. 'Jli.Vit;  I'iiiijero  Uiiif.,  xxvii.  J)SS-!t;  lidltj'rieit,  Hiy.^iii,  iv. ;  Miis-o  Mu-., 
iv.  4."i4-(i,S;  (ivr(ion''<  Aiir.  Mcr.,  ii.  'Jl.VlS;  .4r(,  yamtb'iu-'i'je  VviniumliiKj, 
.\i.  S  •_'!,  .")'J-(>i?,  94-104;  ClraiiailoA,  j'unliD  Am.,  •J74-t>;  iJomtimh,  JJisl, 
Mtx.,  i.  '241-9;   \'oj/aijei>,  SdtclioH  of  Curious,  OUl. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


THE   rONCE  DE  LEON  EPISODE. 

152G. 

Altamirano  Sent  to  Buing  Cortks — His  Arrival  at  Medellix— Dk- 

MONSTRA'IIVE   RECEPTION — ReKOUM   MeASPRES— A  Jl'EZ  DE  REHIDr.NCI  V 

Sent  to  New  Spain — Ponck  de  Leon  and  uis  iNsTRrcTioNs— Ifow 
C'oUTES  Ri:t'Eivi:i)  tkk  Blow — The  Banqiet— A  Sciiemino   Tkiak 
Ponce  vk  Leon  Assumes  the   Goveuxment  — The   Resident i.;  (pk 
Ci)UTi;s — Death  of  Ponce  ue  Leon — AcriL/XU  Succeeds  Him — His 

UnKITNEIjS  and  DiLiTIt. 


However  promising  tlio  new  administration  min'lit 
have  bt'cn,  it  could  novor  bo  rcijarded  oven  by  t In- 
most tudilidcnt  of  thoadlicrcnts  ot"  Cortes  as  anvtliiiiL' 
but  tcmjiorary.  Cortes  alone  would  l)e  able  to  restore 
order  and  save  the  countr}'.  The  efforts  to  accom- 
])lish  his  return  were  theri'i'ore  continued,  and  wliilc 
some  \vr<*te  to  IV'dro  do  vVlvarado  to  «jfo  in  search  <if 
him,  others  [)ejsuaded  to  the  same  end  Father  ])ii  ^n 
Altamirano,  cousin  of  the  ,i;reat  captain,  and  a  man  nt" 
•sagacity,  who  had  also  ibllowed  the  i)rotession  of  arii 


Family  interests  did  nuich  to  j)revail  upon  the  cousin, 
anrl  <'h;ntcrinn"  a  vessel  at  ^[cdcllin  he  reached  Hondu- 
ras, tluM'c  to  lind  his  kinsman  absorbed  in  glowing  visions 
of  ct)n(|uest.  Kindly,  yet  lii'udy,  he  remonstrated  with 
liiin  for  abandoning  actual  vmssessions  and  ncLrlect 
liis  dutv  to  familv,  friends,  and  soverei^jfu,  for  shade 


illL 


U'ains.     Interlerei 


K-e  w 


ith  i;<'vernments  already  c 


)!l- 


i;i- 


lei'red  on  others  would  surely  meet  with  condenii 
tion,  and  further  inju.i'e  his  tottering  interests  at  coiiif. 
He  had  already  achieved  as  cou(|ueror  of  IMexico  ;i 
reputation  lar  above  that  of  any  man  in  America,  and 

(•2J8) 


ARRIVAL  OF  CORTl":.?. 


239 


I'lllAU  ■ 
INCIA  <iK 
LIM— III!* 


VlUU'l 


he  must  not  iinpciil  it  by  <loul)trul  pi'ojects.  Ho  must 
I'ctuni,  assLiiuo  tliu  clii^nity  duo  to  his  position,  and 
exact  rovercnc'o  IVoui  subordinates  and  recognition 
lioiu  liis  kin:^. 

'I'ho  sagacious  Altaniirano  succeeded  in  every  par- 
ticular, and  Cortes  eniljarked  at  TrnjiUo  on  the  2atli 
of  April  lo'Jd,  with  a  lew  followers  and  a  number  of 
iiatives.^  When  off  Yucatan  a  gale  compelled  him  to 
M'ck  a  not  distasteful  refuge  at  Habana,  where  several 
(lays  were  passeil  in  the  society  of  former  conu'ades. 
A  voyage  of  eight  davs  brought  him  on  the  24th  of 
May  to  the  port  of  8an  Juan,  whence  he  proceeded  on 
foot  to  ^Medellin.^  It  was  midnight  when  ho  rea(;hed 
the  spot,  and  all  luul  retired;  but  the  door  of  the 
( hnich  stood  open,  and  the  weary  wand(!rers  entered 
to  give  thanks  ibr  their  safe  return.  The  sacristan 
had  heard  their  heavy  tread,  however,  anil  rushed 
i'liiih  to  alarm  the  settlers,  who  soon  aj)peared  in  a 
\nn\v.  ]Iardshii)s  and  fever  had  so  cliant^ed  their 
chirr  that  be  was  not  known  until  his  voice  revealed 
liiiii.  Then  all  ci'owded  round  hin>  to  kiss  his  hand, 
(•vcijoycdat  his  presence.  He  was  escorted  in  triumph 
ti»  the  best  house  in  the  town,  where  night  was  turned 
into  day  with  lights  and  bustle.  ^Messengers  were 
iiiiiiiediately  des[)atehed  to  carry  tlu^  news,  and  in  a 
^j)r'ci;d  letter  to  the  town  council  of  ^lexico  Cortes 
commended  their  adhesion  to  l^^strada  and  Albornoz, 
iui;l  i'e(]uested  that  in  view  ()f  the  unquiet  condition 
(if  tlie  country  none  should  leave  the  city  to  moot  him, 
c\c 'pt  perhaps  when  he  ap[)roached  it.^ 

(ueat  as  was  the  joy  amoU'>;thecol(>insts  at  hisarri- 
v,il,  (hat  of  the  natives  appeared  to  surj>ass  all  bounds. 
Maliiiche  was  clu'rished  by  them  not  alon(.>  for  his 
liiilliant  qualities  as  a  military  leader,  so  alluring  to 
iiiiy  race,  cs[)ecially  to  a  peo{»le  cnnstituted  as  were 

'  l"'ir  ili'liiils,  Bco  Ififl.  Cut,  Am.,  i.  .">SO-'J.  tliis  scries. 

'  r.inial  \)uu  \\  rites  tlmt  tlu'y  luit  ii  )i;irU-tiiiiii  <ii  rmito  with  p.'isHciijtiTsi 


f'lr  S  11  .lu.in.     This  (•.•inii"\  tlu'iii  to   McilcUiM.   /l><'.    I'lflul.,'^] 
0)11.  ,  .states  that  he  w:iii<e(l  '. !m   I'liur  k-a^iiea  to  the  town.   L'(ir/i.f<,  47',>. 
■^  Libio  lie  CabHiLi,  MS.,  117-lU;  CorUfi,  L'-^critos  Sueltos,  102-0, 


Ihit 


240 


THE  PONCE  DE  LEOX  EPISODE. 


the  ^Icxicans:  but  lie  had  oiuloared  liiuisclf  by  what 
tlicy  rcfifarded  as  iiiagnauiinous  acts  in  a  coiu|Uei()f, 
and  by  his  ollbrts  to  protect  them  lr«)ni  tlie  more  cnid 
soldiers.  These  eftbrts  aotjnired  an  even  brighter  color 
under  the  late  oj)j)ressive  administration,  until  the  per- 
secuted beinnjjs  beoan  to  invest  their  hero  with  tlio 
divine  attributes  of  on  onnii[)otent  savior,  a  messiali, 
who  must  come  and  deliver  them.  From  afar  they 
flocked  into  jSIedellin  to  pay  him  homage,  bringing 
])resents  of  food,  fabrics,  feathers.and  gold,  and  offering 
their  services  an^ainst  his  enenjies.  Thev  were  williii''- 
to  die  for  ^[alinche,  they  said.  This  well  known 
iniluence  over  them,  greater  than  any  one  ever  has 
since  wielded;  combined  with  the  devotion  of  soldieis 
and  friars,  was  the  foundation  of  the  suspicions  that 
Cortes  might  ])lace  himself  at  their  head  and  found  a 
kingdom  for  himself 

At  Medellin  even  he  found  evidence  of  wrongs 
against  him  by  the  removal  of  its  chief  interests  ami 
settlers  to  A'l'ra  Cruz,  bv  order  of  Halazar.'*  After 
a  soiouiii  of  eleven  davs  he  proceiMled  bv  slow  sta-^'es 
toward  Mexico.  It  was  a  triumphal  march  worthy  ef 
the  conqueror  and  governor,  and  in  accordance  with 
the  lordly  dignity  that  Altamirano  had  prevailed  upon 
him  to  adopt.  I'omp,  indeed,  came  naturally  t  >  him, 
and  com[)lacently  he  received  the  title  oi'  sc no rkt  iVom 
the  deeply  bowing  suite.  It  was  one  series  of  deiuon- 
strations,  by  settlers  and  natives,  who  congregated 
from  every  direction  at  the  stations,  laden  with  pr*  s- 
ents  and  burdi'Ued  with  complaints.  The  nativ(S 
swept  the  ]-oad  and  even  strewed  it  with  llowers,  ;i>^ 
if  indeed  a  monarch  were  advancing;  and  in  the  deseit 
they  erected  shelter,  with  food  and  water. '^ 

On  aj)proaching  Tezcuco  he  was  met  by  Alboriiez 
with  a  large  Ibllowing,  and  a  bi'illiant  reception  was 

*  Alvaro  de  Siiave'lri,  uho  sufTiTfd  great  loss  by  tliis  removal,  was  ;it  tin; 
iiiMtaiR'o  of  CortiM  ^'laiiti'd  coiiiiKjiisalory  iiitiTcstH  ill  Vera,  Cruz,  by  i"V'il 
onlir.    /fi-rrrra,  i\vc.  iii.  lili.  vii.  cap.  viii.,  dee.  iv.  lil>.  iv.  rap.  ii. 

•'  liiiis  exi^ited  in  Hcvei-al  iil  lees  aloni;'  tlio  route,  us  sliown  by  the  reii'vl  ^i 
griiats  ill  L'ibro  (/e  L'abildo,  MS.,  Nuv.  "JS,  lo'Jj. 


A  NEW  MARCH  TO  MEXICO. 


241 


\vitU 

miou 

him, 
tVoiu 

I'.inn- 

iitivi'S 
rs.  a>* 

I  was 
1^  lit  tii>' 


arconlt'd  liiiu  and  his  0(>ni]xiiii()n,  Prince  Ixtlilxot'liiil, 
thi'  loid  (if  the  piovim-t."  Still  nioiv  ini})(>sinL;-  was 
tlic  jtrocc'ssion  hcatlcd  by  Ivstnula,  which  came  forth 
fioui  ^NFcxico.     It  incliided  ncarlv  every  S;)aniard  in 


the  ii(\-  and   snhurhs,  all  arrayed  i 


n  ualit  dress. 


X 


ti\rs   ininnnei'ai)le  lined   the  roads  and  covered   the 
lake  in  their  canoes,  j)resenting  a  brilliant  spectacle  in 


11 


own) 


iheir  yarici^ated  devices, 

inn'  jiarajihernalia.    !^^nsic  souik 


'  led 


unia^'c,  aiK 


1  ulitt 


ii- 


ni  every  dncetion. 


accoiiipanit'd  by  the  lingin^'  of  bells  and  the  iirini^'  of 
cannon,  and  at  night  then*  were  lH)nrires  and  ilhnnina- 
tion,  with  feastini;",  singing',  and  dancing,  'i'he  letnrn 
of  so  small  a  i)roj)ortion  of  the  native'  warriors  and 
jiriiices  who  had  shared  in  the  ][ondnras  expedition 
does  not  appear  to  have  diminished  the  general  joy 
among  the  natives.  Cortes  proceeded  dii'ectlv  to  the 
(•(  nveiit  to  j-ender  thanks;  and  there  ho  spent  a  week, 


jiaitiy   m    religious  meditation,   ]>artly   in   consultm 


tb 


dti 


the    iViars   and   others   about   ncH'dful    rei'orm.>- 


TI 


le 


1' 


w 


as  constantly  thi-onLi'cd  with  visit 


ors  and  par- 


tieipants  in  the  solemn  ]>raise  services  in  honor  of 
]ii>  i(  turn.  ]*rescnts  and  complaints  llowed  in,  eviii 
iioiii  distant  j)royinces  and  nativi'  courts.  Many 
(Kiefs  came  to  elear  themscKes  of  tlu'  suspicions 
r;i^t   upon    them    and    their  vassals   during    tin-    late 


t  |iMll)|(' 


an 


I  t. 


o  renew  ilieir  noma""" 


J 


IK  I  miles  Were 


lii;itle  III 


to  th 


it  ab 


dd 


le  recent  ai)Uses  and  (Msorders,  and  wrongs 


V.I  IV 


ri''hted  by  the  restoration  of  estates  and  ofH 


ee 


sexeial  new  appointments   being  also  made,"  notably 
that   of  Aloiiso  de  (irado  as  inspector  general  of  tin; 

riiis  jiiiiii't'  vt'ouvftcil  littlo  <if  till'  ]iri)jic  rty  sciiiiiinliMcil  Ky  lii'  f:iitli!iss 


lii'iit. 


riiiiiil.  Mill!  .s;iiik   iatii  ('>ini|Mi'ati\  t 


l"i  ulimn  [if  liiiil  .liiciit'u'fil  lainilv. 


cimiitrv 


ii 


lt\,   llrj.'lci'tfi!    (Mil    liy<'i)l'ti 


ll< 


il    ill   l,V_'(i  tlif 


w  bluv,  of  l!iii|«'iiir  ( 'iiitl.iliii;il/hi,  ufA  lirinft'iiilli  iiiltiviittMJ  cliiclly  tin-  smii  t  y 


"t  llic'  iViiiis.  wli 


'Mf  >yiiiii;iliiv  toiin 


I'll  :i  iinisii 


Mtiiin.     lli-t  hi.--l  iintiililc  act  \\:\a 


t"  M't  liii  Miliji'i'ts  tlir  t\:iiii|i|i'  iif  lansiiii:  .-.tniiiH  lor  tlii.'  iliiiiih   Imil.lin.;  ^f 

Attcr  Ill's  iliiitli.  ill 


111  I  Tdii.'iMci,  a 


t   M.\i.M..    Jrt/;/.,-<,rli,i/.    /:</..    U7.   ft. 


.1/ r, 


It  I.V.",),  Vdi'iiiitzili  Mici'tcdiil  til  Uu'  il 


//.■v'.  ///-/..  IJ4  .-.. 


>\< 


Sii/f 


iijiiii, 


nut.  <; 


Tlu'  l.il.nxl,  Ciil.H.I,,,  MS.,  1-JI    •_',  n 


X; 


il.l.'M  !■• 


iii'lscu   (k' 


jiiivilii 


rvcal.i  several  eh.nnu'es  lll  tlie  iiilllii  11 


.1  .Il 


la  'j'l 


ianiilli>.  till'  )iii>1>iiii<l  i.t   Marii 


Hire  lulll),'  It 


<l 


lUi.ililitt  I'olliiw  in:,'  llie  <'\,iiii|ili 


'I  C'ristnlial   Floris  ami  a  miiulxr  uf 


lllsT.  Mt\.,  Vol.  H.     U! 


242 


THE  PONCE  DE  Li:ON  EPISODE. 


Iiidiniis,  with  a  view  to  rcnicdv  their  f^riovanoos.  Tie 
was  iiistniftcd  to  make  a  toin-  of  all  sottloincnts  in 
New  Spain,  with  full  power  to  release  the  wroiiLiffuUv 
enslaved,  to  eni'oree  o'ood  treatment  for  othei's,  and  to 
ai'mi-'ii  eivillv  or  eriniinallv  all  offenders  aLrainst  tlic 
laws  for  protection  of  natives.  In  order  to  hind  liiiii 
more  elosi-iy  to  his  new  sj)herc  of  duty  he  riH'i'ivcd 
for  wife  the  heautiful  Tocuiehpo,  widow  of  C^uauhtc- 
mot/in,  eniiehed  ou  the  same  occasion  with  a  ilowiv 
of  several  lari^e  encomiendas.^ 

In  measures  like  these,  not  entered  upon  foi-  effect 
only,  hut  with  earnest  intent,  wo  may  lind  (pialities 
eli!vatinuf  the  hero  to  the  plane  of  true  jj^reatness. 
They  were  the  crowning  deeds  of  his  life;  atonements 
tluy  might  he  called,  as  lie  was  the  jirimai'v  insti'U- 
ment  in  the  grievanc(.'s  calling  for  ivdress,  Xo  won- 
der that  the  name  of  ^[alinche,  if  at  first  fear-ins|»iriiig, 
li'raduallv  hecame  hallowed  amoiiLf  the  natives  with 
gi'ateful  remer.ilmmces,  exaltiMl  hy  simjile  contrast 
Vvlth  others.  Yet  during  tlu^  i'c>])uhlicau  irenzy  of 
a  later  century  all  seenu'd  to  he  lorLTotten,  save  tlic 
ahhorrent  fact  that  he  had  led  the  first  of  the  hordes 
wliicJi  descended  upon  the  counti'V  like  hirds  of  ]ii(V, 

Coi'tes  was  less  prompt  and  determintul  in  ri'gaid 
to  his  own  interests.  vSala/ar  and  Chirinos,  who  had 
tarnished  his  memoi'v,  persecuted  his  friends,  despoiled 
his  estates,  and  well  nigli  overthrown  ids  file's  work 
hy  enda.ngering  possession  of  the  country — these  men 
were  left  uidiamied,  r(\gardli'ss  of  the  importunate 
cries  of  the  supi>orters  of  .l*az,  and  his  own  desire. 
So  sui'e  did  he  feel  of  tiieir  condemnation  hefore  a 
trihunal,  that  he  pieferred  not  to  figui'e  as  judge  in 
his  own  case,  especially  against  royal  ofhcials.      Ner 

•^Ciraiitcil  lur  as  tlic  (laii^litcr  i>f  Moiiti.'/uiiiii.  :^vc  Hist.  Mi  r.,  i.  4."i;).  t!iis 
Bcrii't.  (Iiadii'n  iiisti-iu'iiiiiis  arc  jiivcii  in  tin-  /,(';/•()  (/,  ((thlli/n,  MS.,  .lunu 
2S,  I.VJd.  Ill  Corti's,  /Jsififos  Siii'l/iis,  '.).")-  Kl'J,  lA  till'  fi'au'iiiciit  iif  a  ici;iilalinii 
f(ir  trcatiiicnt  (if  Indians,  issiu'<l  somi  attcr,  |irnliaMy.  Oi'afia,  uli'i  jiiiks  mit 
only  till'  laultM  in  tli"  iii'\\  incaNiircH,  nu'iitinns  thi'  assmiiiitinn  i-f  tlic  m  ii"riit 
titlo,  tlic  Halo  of  tlic  iiHicc  of  iiotaiy  at  a  low  piici'  to  a  t'liciid,  ,ind  ho  furtli, 
Crrfii,  ill  /iir.liulii/ii,  <'t,l.  J>i,r.,  i.  fiL'S-,'!!).  'I'liis  very  Oiaiia  and  tlic  troiilik- 
fcHjiui;  Ocaniiio  wore  aiifstcd  liy  Cortes.   HiriKil  l)kt::,  IliM.  WnlatL,  -10. 


RESIDEXCIA  OF  CORTKS. 
was  he  wholly  five.  frnn.  fl       r  „  ^ 

'■'■ "-  cuuneii  of  III  'i  Lr'i'rr"  •  -v"  '■.^- '-»■'-'« 

'-  vacilatu,,.  attention  to  d'l^.n^lt  "coun:,!!'^'''^'  ""^ 
»Vo  Ii.'ivo  soon  ?i(.u-  *i       1  1 

'>"'^';'V'  tocon,lc.n,n  I,in,  m^,   I   ,'T'''''''.''I'''''  *'"■■ 
;'"'■'■-*«  involve,!  t,?\,    "■-;,""  ■^'■':i""s  and  tU. 

rr'-.  ^'  ^™^  <i™'!-dt,  in  "'■'"',"  ""■•  '""«-■■ 

■7"l'"ii.i  on  tliu  ,.,,„t   i„      '    '     "  •'""'.-'«  *"  falio  a 

"'  '^l-iM,  ".Ml  involli, ;;    J'?  "^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

«;""iMn,...nt  was  natur^lh  U  c  ;    /? '=''''-^''  '"  *'"' 

■"■'•'".^";'."«'t  "f  .Spain  to  I, it'    *i  •  ""1  ""  '"'""Vahlu 
""•  "Hrl.ifion  and  avarice'   ■•  ''''''"'".>■  '■'"''  "» 

yy  ^}"<'^'>r  ona,  in"   ts    t  i  afTn'T'  *;'"""''■  1''^- 
> "■»■  of  tlio  intwsts  .,      ,1  ,'  '''  '""I'iisi-'."     In 

'"./'"bs  in  tl,o  person     I- J      '  ''■""";,?  «as  selected 

' ■"-'-'^-■"■"^.^.^rra^d:^./::::;:,;lr 

I'li'Uy  of  both    n  '  •'""'  <^"  «'iiv  f|,,.,t  tl...    ■..;  Walt.v,  ;.n,I  w.-, 

^"-  ^"'"'"'  •"  <-W.  i>oc-.  /«,,/.;;.  ;;;;_;,';>'-i''neia  ^^onU^  reveal  th 


to 
.■;is 
ful  tJio 


-3! 
)■  ■ 


2tt 


THE  rONCE  DE  LEO\  EPISODE. 


til 


1 


injjf  foi*  liiin  as  oorrc^idoi-  in  Toledo.^'  TliouLjli  ooiii- 
j»aiativt'ly  yoiiiif]^  he  cnjoyi'd  fjiiito  a  rqmtatioii  as  a 
well  read  man  ui'  adiuiialde  jiid-niient.  JJotli  to  siis- 
tain  liini  in  case  of  resistance,  and  in  pursuance  of  tlu; 
new  |)')licy  to  limit  tlie  power  .-'.nd  domains  of  ^Dvernors, 
tlie  J'linuco  re<rion  was  «>ra'.ited  to  Nuno  de  Guzman, 
who  nevertheless  failed  to    trescnt  himself  at  his  jxist 


i\ 


or  a  Jon<r  time 


Furtl 


ler  aids  wei 


re  provided  in  ( 


mendador  IJiego  Ilernandt^z  de  Proano,  as  alij^nacil 
mayor,  and  Pedro  de  Salazar  de  la  Pedrada,  as  com- 
mandant at  ^Mexico,  with  Lope  de  Samanii\!4'o,  as  lieu- 
tenant.^"' He  was  also  empowered  to  call  u})on  tlie 
audiencia  at  Santo  l)()min;4o  and  authoi'ities  for  assist- 

him,  adflressed  to  the 


;nc(\  and  letter 


s  were  oiven 


leadin'jT  colonists  and  native  chiefs,  orderiuLT  them  t( 


nip 


lOl 


tl 


nm. 


In  his  instructiouR,  dated  Xovembcr  4,  1525,  Ponce 
was  directed  to  forward  the  letters  to  Cortes  and  tlu' 
I'oyal  othcials  inunediatily  on  landing"  at  Vera  Cruz, 
and  to  follow  without  delay,  evidently  v.ith  a  view  to 
{^ive  no  time  U>v  })lacing  obstacles  in  the  way.  ]  lu 
cate  with  the  otKcials,  select  coniidants, 


must  commui 
assu 


and  while  assuniinu;"  the  governorship  and  taking  the 
lesidencia  of  Cortes,  he  must  ask  his  opinion  in  all 
mattei-s,  so  as  to  render  less  irritating  the  neeessaiy 
m(>asures  for  ri'ducinu"  any  daniierous  or  undue  con- 
trol  over  vassals,  soldiers,  ofticers,  and  military  nia- 
chinerv.  The  charoes  to  be  investi<i'ated  cmbracid 
tliost!  already  enumerated  in  the  letters  of  the  royal 
ollicials,  notably  the  disregard  of  orders  from  8})ain, 
the  assum])tion  of  regal  privileges,  the  proposal  to 
withdraw  the  country  from  the  crown,  the  possession 

'*  Oricdo,  iii.  4!U.  'Alc.nlile  Miiyor  ilo  Toledo,  sicmlo  Corrcgiddr  ol  Comlr.' 
Phorro  1/  Ordi'diiii,  VtirDiif.'f  I/rs/rii,  II!).  IJotli  of  tlio  (hu'iilimuso  <if  Aivus. 
JlcKinnniil,  C'niii.  MicL.  iii.  •J.'l'X  A  ciiusiu  of  tlic  (MUiit,  say.s  ruriial  \>\n/.. 
Jii.^f.  I'ln/fid.,  \'.K\.  Uispaj  was  .'$,000  tliicats  a  year  whik' on  this  si'ivirr. 
J/il>ro,l,'  Cdhifdo,  MS.,  l.T.. 

'•H'orti''s  complained  sharply  to  the  king  iit  this  reckless  grant  of  important 
(>11iee.s  to  tlie  lir.it  applicant,  to  thi.slioy  Sanianiego,  a  mere  servant  of -Mhoi'in'.'.. 
/.'■■<'  ri  I  OS  Siicltos,  1 14-1.").  Salazar  is  wiitten  Salvador  in  I'achvco  aud  Curdt  latf, 
i'ol.  Doc,  xxiii.  371;  Mcx.,  Lxlradon  d<:  didulus,  MS.,  5. 


^  •U'DrjK  Arroix 


nt 


^■^*  ronf-rolls,  and  f  J 


Tf:n. 


5« 


^'■« '.IS II res  Ik.] 


10  n 


i--:fVi:r?:;;7;'">''"A-f'><iu./ 


r'r'""I"-i.i<ion  ..r 


.(■( 


10   CVjicdifi 


oil 


I' 


ISS('( 


''•"•;iy  .-iDd  Olid  II    Ti 


Isc,  tJ 


M 


ir  ('(,rt 


oiioo  shoiild 


10  tl 


'O    (VIIIv 


'"'.^•»I'.'ir(Ivf 


niinicii 


so 


<>  Jiinii. 


i;  tli,>  <K.;,t| 


■■^^oiid  in  1 


"VV^'""M'sorn.sfd 


./■ 


J'cca 


II 


I 'Von,  fl.n  l.:.,.r    ',  ''•^'"'"''i  lA'..Jv..n  ./ 


ojicia 


t<»  ••onsult  I 


uviM 


\'  (_ 


'"11.     Iff  I 


"i.U",  mJ],)  f] 


"d'ailcrd 


''•^  ^vas  dlsr, 


lorofn 


['inioji. 


i'Veii  a  Ivti 


:;S  "".*'- v'- 1™„,  i 


"  '•->.^»;  tl)o  ,-1 


'  dj 


(■?• 


I  \vi>h 


^■^^"•<'od  J,o  should   I 


;;:':r""  ;'^  ^^'i-Jantad., 


lUltllci-    J 


'^■ff<'i'  add] 


""O'-.^    M-ould    tn]] 


'<'  ^Jloidd   I 
^\"'tll    ihr    tit] 


''I'^<'^I"-"V.<I   tol 


)('   ir 


Wiietl 


OSSot 


ii"t,  tJi 


lor  the  c] 


i  to  C 


oil 


OS, 


o\v, 


.^■■'vin  tl),. 
^'  of  1),,,,  1 


•0 


foil 


'locordi,,^,  to  11 


and 
10  J-ov;d 


laj'fc 


l:Z'i:;'?:'^-'-"t-<'^i 


•^  a,o-an)st  Cort 


<"'-''^  .^lioidd  I 


I'arod 
niitvy 


on  (1) 


(•(I 


^oinvostio-atci.!'     a 
^^oondition,  fl.atu 


oiiioanor  of  tl 


0.^  W(.,v  f;,I 


so  or 


"■  J'oyal  ofJi 


i'( 


11 


Ji 


ISfl' 


■l'» 


"•M-ttiii.. 


I'^iiticularJr  tl 
loasiirosan'd  ivf( 

.^'ir-l  for  f;,„I  ,,„,,  ,. 


I'v 


'o  iinno 


oi'in 


^■^•J"^i't  should' I 

""id  I'l'soni...,.^   ,, 


will 


I'osoiuv 


1   sili 


c's  ti 


'I'fV- 

f  tho 


AllovodVT,],! 


O/IS     /'of. 


I'!'"vinoc.- 


'■".v.-il  ;in(l 


tl 


ii;Wt  ,,f 


IIKIS 


VilSS.-ils 


cvtcndi, 


111;.'; 
Iiilitv; 


I'l'f'pjuillljr  „_,( 


Was  iof. 


■  ovvr 


•■lilt 


I'flVltl 


I'f; 


"'  'ili.iii.v  )•,. 


Iiu.l 


>viiliii,,],i 


'  "11  tliv  s, 


<'".V;  tl 
m  tl 


:'(}() 


IC  il 


1^1  ."Ilea  (.f  .■{()()  ] 

"f  AvJlii.| 


'-■  iiKasiiiv.' 


'"'IS. -111.1 


'Vlit-ro/j, 


''•■I'-Tllcvi. 


•.  ii;iii;iiii^  (or  I 


^^•ii'iii.itcrial 


Mit; 


I  nvvr 


';ir'j''-<--'fM;:x' ::;:;'!•- y-'w.'.) 


lastclii 
Ji!ia!!( 

li.'IHll.l 


M'cfV,,,,,  ^ 


I"i,'lll0  1„yal 


'':  f'>"'itry,  ai„| 
iitll.S.'a;  a 


miisi  If 
a  niiFimi  ai„l 


fXIlM),    wl 


'evi'iiii, 


'I'  t'.xact 


•"'!l'I"'i^'  tli.-in  t, 


iiiia.-i  tl 


Ion  (,f 


^:  J,Ia 


S'lIll'.S 


iilf.  i)r<.t<.| 
iNiiry  I, J 


ei/iii^'  (J 


■'-  lil'tli  of  all  t 
"'  '.".v.'I  tr,,,s„i 


!■('; 


"";-/''•';  ""Vl.a, I 


■■*  ^O'tll  tl) 


■i.(H».'».()(H) 


I'  Vf.- 


-c.i.s 


i;, 


'••^"iii.stnl.s,)  1 


"1    l.'iO.COO 


"'•^■i-  .'^Jiall, 


occn 


.1  <1 


Hills.;/'; 


""'•«  i.iii.st  liavo  1 


"'  lllVl'sfi 


<l. 


VeaoH  (1 


«'".V  of  liux'tlji;,'  1 


tlie  latt. 


<■!•    IS 


'"».  for  i;,  ,1, 


'f':!'ia\or.,ljivi,; 


I'l'f'liin 
"-'  "'"  l'''oia  (.•or,l,",i 


■^t;  tak 
IK" 


iiriiiL,'  t! 


r,,/. 
Has  I 


'■     Tlu,I, 
'/'•  ''ill,,..- 


iliva.l 


.V  «'-.vl(.,l   J), 


V  ""''■i.il  a.-t 


I'lTs.sp.I  „.i,J|  f 


JMrty  il 


.^so.s  11 


"1.    /'a,/, 


of 


I'll  as  /), 


"'•"  and  <• 


f^iinviiiK.ri 


.'■f''-*' J".V.'iUy  f,, 


,';"/" '-fnv..ii.;i..,;'^'r^\^^:'^-"-t 


oil    II 


I     (■: 


imK-I, 

of  S: 


'■•■•oriiiii^r  to  tl 


••iiraii. 

<>  COIlVcvcl  ,,|, 


iiitail 


Hi.   lil,.  viii 

••'iit'iitwid,  j;ii 

o    tl 


a  coiuii 


■nf, 
'liila 


'1,^'  tl 


""■f,   t'o/.  J), 
"1'  l.c'd.  A 


'111  tl 
r"vorn,,r.s|ii 


■\.\vi. 


\  V. 

"ivi  ill  (!i, 


'Ut 


llsslDii  of 


"i-iiir, 


"^in:  ffi:!"--:i 


"lilt! 
"■f''.s  lia.l  , 


or  an 


eu!ii,.ri-( 


r"^'""fi'"n.  A,;;i, 


''i'""^'<'f'  I.-, 


Iivaii 

ti 


y  <'!||,,y, 


U'  o(, 


"OS  lor  I 


Illll.SlJf, 

"'"■"■■!,   Imt  tl 


PlJ'opriatcl  tJio  ) 


'■^••■nipanyi,.^  ]o(t, 


H'avuii 


'I'-^t  aii.i  ,,, 


tl 


Jia.I  I 


"'•vizuro  .,f  J 


"•■'  "iii.<t  lio't 


'";'yasm.,ii,,;,t, 


■(.'ater 


"'""I  aljuiit  tlu'  1 


iri. 


■f 


ial.it 


":■:  rvk- 


nun 


«^'''f.|  a  just 


i: 


''"/.  A 


'O  11  aii;,„i„t,,,] 


'■■*';oni(tan.vs  t 


i-t/u. 

IIIO.I 


ii'cr  (,f 


,^  '"  "ic  ,■!,,•, 


^'■"^■■ii.    Jli.-i 


I'l'oxili, 


(ial 


/""/., 


'Vcr  n 


■"'It  .jf  til 


y  "'■■'iiii.i  of  .V, 


1.  101 -i> 


"iiiiuias 


"IWln;   it 


iia  1.11(11, 


JI 


lliat  I 


Mas  iiKi-fly  t\.  1 


t'lVRVs,! 

-kcl   I 


Hi.jt 

\>nr. 

V-'<r\,  ,| 

lilH     t.l 


oaii. 


«-'  lov 


'^■-  !»,  JoJ 


'""•••t  .siiul 


^•'*i '-uitui. '/^r: , 'i^;--!nv..M  t. 


""  "K'ins 


"i"',  C'a////, 


iU;o,  U'U. 


M'lul 


ma 


I 'a  I 


ly  M.-i 


•fj' 


g)         -fl 


THE  rONCF,  DE  LEON  EPISODE. 


1 


Mddi'ii,  i\m\  new  l)ulli(tii  slniups  wwo  providiMl.'"'  Pai- 
ti'-ulnr  !itt('iilI()U  sliould  bu  uivcii  to  inv(>stiLr;itinLi:  lln' 
(•oiiditioii  (»('  tli(!  natives,  to  assui'o  tlu  ir  jjfood  ticut- 
I'.ii'iit;  and  tlic  (jucsiloh  must  Ik;  settle*!  v.lietlier  tl).  \' 
should  remain  in  tneomicMidas,  l>e  ])laccd  as  leu<]  1 
vassals,  or  on  the  sanu!  I'ootinuj  as  tax-jiayeis  in  S|ia!  i. 


'^I'he  \vell-l)ein  ;  (»f  the  colonists  was  also  reinond»ei'(  d 
'^I'he  interests  ol'  early  settlers  and  participants  in  th 


CO 


n(|U(^st   should   be   accorded   the  preference  in  the 
bestowal  ol'  land  and  Tn<lians;   at  the  same  time  their 


d 


dai'it 


vices  and  n'r(>L;ulai'ilies  nuist  Ix^  represse( 


tb 


1!) 


Ponce  left  San  Liicar  on  the  'Jd  of  Pehrnary  ]^)-2t'> 


ths  f< 


or  a 


f<»r  Santo  Domingo,  *here  to  wait  two  n;on 

vessel  to  New  Spain.      Tlw.  delay  caused  him  little 

anxiety,  liowi-ver,  on  learnin;^  (»f  the  expedition   to 


]I 


on(Un'as,   wliere 


Cort 


cs   was 


4ill 


sun])ose( 


'PI 


I   to  b 


cl- 


( )n  l(a\in<j:  the  i.dand,  l^>nce  t('ok  with  him  Liceii 
ate  ]\rarcos  de  AL;uilar,  who  had  for  some  years  ^'ath- 
ered  experience  in  colonial  administration  as  alcahie 


mayor.-"  A  mnnber  of  Dominicans  under  Failicr 
Ortiz  canu>  on  the  same  vessel,  Mhicli  carried  about 
one  hundred  passengei's.  On  arrivini^  at  San  Juaii, 
SamanicLjo  was  at  once  despatched  with  the  letters  of 
notification,  but  swifoer  messen;^ers  from  the  lic^utiii- 
aiit  on  the  coast  brought  the  news  to  ]\Iexico  a  day  iu 
advance.-^ 


l(!s 


Cortes  was  pi'obably  little  aftectcd,  for  his  fj'ici 
in  Spain  must  before  this  have  warned  him  of  tin- 
machinations  which  at  one  time  threatened  to  briiig 
about  his  removal.  His  ])rolonged  nu'ditations  at  t'lf 
convent  may  havt;  Ix^en  due  to  such  infoimation,  and 

'Gill  l.i  iliuisa  tic  sii  Mip.'icst.Kl,  (J  cr;i  v\  J'liis  vllra.'  Jli rn  ru,  lur.  cit. 


A  mint  wmilil  Jio  jirov  iilcd.  if  iR'nlid. 


'Siiilia 


><  gaiiuilm;.;  t'xct'sscj 


njij^ly  only  to  inintcl  ii'.ctal.  Jnstitution-f  to  I'oiu'c,  iu  J'lic/o 
(ill.  J)iii\,  xxiii.  .".('iS  ft  s('c|. ;  I'll /(I,  Ci  iliihirio,  I.VIS. 
"JI 


If 


o  I'aliic  lis  iiiiriiisitoi'  for  the  Juilit'.-- 


'J'hrir  oMiiiiition  fr'ini  titlics  on  iroM  Tiin.it 

•II  anil  ( 'ttriliiio'i, 

-Vox  Siiil'o.i.  111). 


savs 


Cort.' 


I'  was  a  nati\o 


if  ]•: 


ill    loOS,  with  Dif^o  ('(ill 


111  after  surviaji  as  a!c:ililo  lu'  K  ft  for  l^'sji: 


IS  alf.il'le  I 


iwiyor. 


/A 


irn  I'll,  lit 


lil. 


VUl. 


(ini'lo,  iii.  ,')l!l;  IVMiial  J)iax,  Ui.4.    Vnilnil.,  ■_'!!),  all<iw.s  liiai  U 


iiitTclv  a  liac'liillt'i". 


i;70. 


'J]n  (lo.s  (lias  porpostasq^uc  aula  pucstas  lie  liobres.'  Gonutnt,  l/'ft.  Mi 


AN  UXFOHTUXATli  FKAST. 


•If 


iiiteii(l(.(l  to  j)iv|)iii'o  liiiii  for  any  blow.  Calm  and 
(li^'iiilit'il  1k'  ussi.sted  on  the  roljowiiin'  day,  St  .loliu's, 
at  the  puhlic  l>ull-ii,<;ht,  and  while  there  Sanianiei^'o 
was  iiitrodiU'cd."-'^  lie  placed  the  loyal  letter  devoutly 
oil  his  head,  then  kissed  it,  and  alter  reading  ex- 
claimed,''" I  am  u'liid  the  kinij:  has  «ent  some  one  to 


I'S- 


Karn  tin;  trut ii."-^  ][e  had  already  despatched  m 
Miij^ers  to  Welcome  the  royal  representati\e,  and  to 
a-ccrtain  what  route  he  iJrclVrred  to  take,  so  tluit 
huitalde  ])reparations  mii;ht  be  made.  Th(y  met  him 
jiushiuL;'  his  way  to  ^lexico  in  all  haste,  .'iid  declininLj 
their  services.      Jfe  had  u'one  to   Mi'deHin  with   the 


intention  to  I'est  there  alter  the  I'atit 


'Ues  oi 


tl 


le  V(tv- 


a^i',  but  i'vil-dis[)o,-5cd  persons  wei'e  at  hiind,  statin-^ 
aiaoULC  other  thin;js  that  JSala/ar  and  ('hirinos  would 
he  executed  unless  he  hastened  to  interlcre.  Thor- 
ounhly  alarmed  both  for  them  and  himself  he  set  out 
innue.liattly  by  the  longest  and  most  settled  road,  as 
tlic  salV'st. 

Inlornu'd  of  this,  Cortes  sent  Ta[)ia  with  presents 
to  tender  him  a  reci'ption  at  Iztapalapan.  l*ome  de- 
iliiied  the  i^ift,  but  acce])ted  a  bancjUet,  cliirlly  for  the 
sake  of  iiis  suite.  I'ii'i'd  and  hunn'rv,  and  ii>ra  li»n<'' 
tiiiu!  unused  to  i^ood  iUre,  tlie  iiew-c(»meis  ate  heariily, 
;iiid  iiubibed  the  iced  ]i(juids  iular^'e  (piantities.  Father 
()]i\z  alone  was  abstemious  and  seemed  to  eve  the 
(li^hes  suspiciously.  At  last  came  a  custar<l,  and 
Tapia  asked  permission  to  serve  him.  "Xotof  tiiis 
or  any  other  ilishi"  was  the  curt  re]>ly.  The  rest  par- 
l<iiilv,  howevei',   but    liardiv    had   the\'  hnished   when 


I'lieo    W 


:as  seiiied  V\iih   vomllini 


liiar    nmm.'- 


] 

(iiately  ass(n'tcd  his  belief  that  he  had  been  poisoned 


■"- Vet  liiTiiiil  l>iaz  siivs:  ';il  tiiiiiiH 

r.ov.'  nu.  v.rddii.,  -Jit. 


.(lUi 


ri;i  itriliir  (1  ('iiir|i()  ili^  Xiitstn) 


I  lejoicc',' liu  wfitf.s  to  tho  kin-',  'at  tln'  iiiiiiniisi'  i:\\"V  V.  S.  M.  Im.s 
II'  to  lui"  ill  .seeking  to  karu  my  ber\ieed  ami   faulls,  ainl  in  si;:iiii\  ing  tlio 


tliii 


laliiitMu  to  re\>aril  me 


1 


or  one  am 


I  tlic  other  I  kiss  a  liuii 


tiuiiisam 


tiiiuM  tlie  royal  feet  of  Y.  C.  M.'  Carlns,  4M.     J'-iit   for  the  well  known 
iilty   of  C'ories  some   telins   in   the  letter  nii;:ht  he   con.siilereil  iidiii'al. 


h,y- 
.1.     la 

■I.  l!<.<'iiliii<iii,  i.  'Z7A  et  se(|,,  is  testimony  to  the  ell'eet  tiiat  several  aiUio- 

I  r  "leveluimiel.ta   will  bIioW 


•  i:ts  ur''eil  liim  to  exelmle   V< 


l.V  f. 


l.ati 


thill  he  eoulil  Hot  have  listeiieil  to  them  for  a  moment 


MS 


Till-:  PO\CE  DK  ij:on  Eris()r)f:. 


i  I 


liy   lliiit    liu  t   (lisli   \vliich   lie   liimsclf  li;ul   ]»i-u<U'iitly 
;iv«>i(l«'(l,  niid  otln'is  wiTi'  (juitc  prcpiii'cd  to  cell 


(>   so 


uitlioritaliNf  a  statcMnciit,  ivt^ardKss  of  tlu-  evident 
r;ni>i',  rxei-ssive  in(liil;^('iicc'  in  rich  I'ood  and  iiid 
diink 


\S. 


'I'lic  followiiiL^  iiioniiiiLj  I'oncc  left  I/fn[ial.'i|)a!i  at  an 
cai'ly  lM»ur,  apparently  in  ^ood  licailli.  J  lis  ohjrcf 
was  to  avoi<l  a  puKlic  n-ccption,  Kut  I'nlly  advised  nt" 
liis  iiiovcnicnts,  ( 'ortc's  met  him  at  tlie  enti'anco  to  tlie 
capital,  attended  hy  .'i  loni^'  train  of  cavaliers.  IJoth 
NVi're  most  profuse  witii  courti'sies,'-'  and  as  they  ad- 
vanci'd  side  l>v  side  toward  tlie  monasteiv,  Police 
expresse«l  his  surpiisc  at  tlie  greatness  of  the  general's 
achievements  in  con(|nei'ing  so  lar<.;'c  and  po[)ul()Us  a 
comitiy,  with  so  many  strong  cities.  After  mass 
]*once  was  conducted  to  iiisi-esidence,  which  had  hecii 
airan',^e(l  with  all  possilde  el(>gance.  Indeed  the  judg" 
was  <|uite  delighted  hoth  with  the  house  and  host,  and 
declared  that  the  latter  must  long  ha\'e  lieeii  used  to 
the  life  of  a  Imd.  Coites  sp>)ke  IVeely  ahout  tin; 
charges  a-'ain-t  him,  and  exitlained  liis  acts  so  cleailv 


1  himself  convinced  of  his  1 


()\  - 


that  the  lithe'"  eXpressiM 

alty,  and  politely  postponed  the  transfer  of  aulliority 


That  same  dav  the  ineddlinL;'  IViar,  (»rli/,  called 


en 


C.rt 


es 


a  I 


id  mvsteriouslv  intimated  that  .l?onc(!  had 


jiower  to  hehead  him,  and  tliis  might  he  done  unle> 
he  took  precautions.      It  is  supposed  that  the  iJomiiii- 


"  Profififi  ato  fmin  tlic  same  ]il;itf  .iikI  felt  no  inonnvi'iiit'iico,  yft  sevcr.jl 
Vdiiiitfd.  '  V  jiuit.iliK'iitcniri  <  1  liiiiiiitii  (iiuii  iciii  <'aiii;il'.:'J.'  <  iimiii  ni,  ll'.M.  .]/:■., 
'2~ii-~.  Only  one  liccimii'  sick  iiccoi'ilinj;  t'>  I'ci'iial  I'iiiz.  TiipiirH  ]>rc.!tiiii; 
Wiis  i-Iiii'l  cai'.st-  for  till-  susiiiciniis.  //,'.</.  IV/iAk/.,  L'I7.  liiii'iis  tistilitil  al'tii- 
wanl  that  lie  luanl  'i'a];ia  .-ay  ti>  ii  tViciid,  lie  WduM  five  IViiicf  n  ))ani|iut, 
aiiil  if  that  siiliii-til  imt,  aimthi  r!  S:uMaiii<'!,'(i  (h'(!aii'il  that  in-  wanml  IV'iiiO 
not  to  fat  at  tin-  liaiiiiiut,  for  niiii'ir-i  w.vc  aliinail  of  intriiiliil  jioisoiii' '. 
I'roano":  jilatf  was  talii  ii  fioiii  liini  Miili  the  rciiiiM  I;  tliat  a  intUr  jiait  wurll 
lie  <.iv(  II  hin;.  'J'his  rwii~;c.l  Ortiz' siivpii'loiis,  ainl  lie  iiiinuMliatcly  went  c  t 
to  lijcct  the  fiHiil.  iir/iiiK  I'roai'io  ami  I'V'iici;  to  do  the  saiiii'.  1'lu'  latter  couid 
not.  and  li'.'aftciMard  ti>M  the  witnc-s  tliat  in-  Ivlievcd  tlu;  iivaiii  was  i)oisoi!c  1. 
Ziii-atc  toils  an  i'<iua!Iy  dainaiiiiiu  stoiy.  Cfrt''.<.  !:f'.-^''l<  lu-iii.  i.  1(11,  ii.  .'illi  ■  .). 
Any  t'  lo  who  tx.nnini'-^  thf  testimony  dmin;,'  flii;  rcsidtniia  niii.st  ailniiii'  i'  •■ 
l.roni'i'ticss  Avitli  which  witncs.'-cs  swoiv  to  anythin.,'  tlnir  nicnioi-y  had  tii.-  ■■ 
iircd  iVoni  va-.'uc  nniior. 

-  I'oncf  (  \cu ;.(!  hiniM-lf  for  a  Ion;:  linii'  from  taking  the  protlcrcd  hand  '  t 
Cortca,  till  tli'j  hitter  in:>i:^ted.  JJinitil  J'iu:.,  loc.  cit. 


DEATH  OF  rONTR. 


249 


('.".n,  \vli(»  Iiorc  tlic  reputation  of  Idiiii;-  liotli  imtiust- 
\\()rlliy  and  srhciuinn',  liad  aii  eve  to  the  iiilliiciici'  and 
|ii()!its  wliicli  must  !)(•  Ills  it'  lu-  once  ^Ufccidcd  in  Ix'- 


SO 


<(iniin_jf  tln'  coniidaiit  and  mediator  of  one  repntecl 
wealthy  and    powerl'ul.      Cortes   openeil    ni'itlier    liis 
lieart  nor  his  purse,  and  the  IViar  tlcparted,  his  declareil 


enemy 


The  lollowiuL;  morninii",  after  mass.Lofore  a  general 
uathrrinij^  in  tlie  cliureli,  Ponco  e\hil)ited  hiseonnnis- 


slons,  which  wire  revi'i-entlv  kissed  hvtlie  anthoriiie.s 
in  turn,  with  the  promise  to  obey  them.  lie  there- 
uj)oii  received  all  the  stall's  of  oilice,  retnrniiiL;'  them 
innnediately,  howevi'r,  saxe  that  of  ( 'oites,  to  whom 
he  said  with  ,L;ivat  politeness,  "  Your  worshi[),  his 
^lajesty  desii'es  nu^  to  retain  this."  Xo  elianj^c  was 
made  in  the  eaptain-^'eneralship,  ineludiiij;"  the  control 
of  Indians,  as  it  was  deemed  unsafe  to  disturh  the 
inlluence  of  Cortes.'-'  The  I'l'sidencia  was  thereupon 
pioi'laimed   a!j,'ain 


4   tl 


le   susl)i'n( 


1' 


.led 


<:o\-ernor  an. 


1   1 


illicers,  and  shortly  afterward  the  n 


ew  commanc 


\\.<~ 


lant 


uu\  al'''uacu  mayor  were  uis 


tall 


ed 


A.  t 


ew   (lays 


lat 


er 


once   w 


as   st'i/ed    with    {"rvrv 


;iccomi)aniod  l»y  delirium,  which  lasted  for  thi"e(^  days. 
]t  soon  hoeanu;  evident  that  he  could  not  live,  and  the 
saci'nmcnt  was  administi'rt'd.  Xe\'ertheless  ho  re- 
mained cheerful  during  the  lucid  interval  that  followed, 
iiiid  one  afternoon  ho  demanded  souu-  favorite  airs  on 
the  'guitar,  to  which  he  kept  time  with  feet  and  hum- 
luini^'.  When  the  music  ceased,  his  power  of  sj)eech 
was   ij-one   and  he   died  dui'in<j:   the   nlL;ht,   the   JOtli 


^  1/ 1 


^"Siicli  is  C'ortt's'  f>\vii  stiitciiicnt,  thou^'Ii  lie  writes  inoro  stroiv^ly:  'im; 
arnii.<i';:iti:i  iHii'  ]iiii';i  lo  I'ducdi;!!',  yo  no  rfciliiLse  iil  tliilio  Lium  I'oikc.'  I!o 
'\<n  iiiij,li)ii(l  iiiiii,  ami  tliu  riaiioi.siMii.i  ii]:o.  Ciiiin,  tlaiuiary  I'J.  I.'JT.  in 
''■'I'l'-i.  y><;-,7o.<  ,s'//(//o.s',  l'J4.  I'lirii'il  Din-:,  iilii  i<\\\)..  plai'L-s  tlu-  ix  cm  Tiiur  a 
il:iy  or  two  later. 

■  'rii.'  (illleial  report  of  the  iiroeee(liii;_'s  in  l^diln  rn  and  ('drJi  lU'",  <  'ul.  J)ni\, 
Nwi.  I!)."i-S,  fallows  the  siureui'.er  of  the  'vara  de  la  Xusticia '  alone;  yet,  in 
t'l'' ])r'i<'.;!ination  for  the  resiileneia-i,  Corte-i  i-i  allncl''il  to  as  Don  llornando, 
l^itr  ea])tain-;,'c>ne','al  anil  :,;oveni(pr.  Cortes  liinisrif  im  ntions  tii;:t  he  retain..! 
t!ic  nlii<e.  f 'oWr.v,  K.^crlt').i  Srr'lu.-',  ll.S.  And  a  royal  eednla  of  .Tnno  l.")JI» 
'■'■'\U  him  hotli  ;,'overnor  anci  ea)itaia-i;oueral,  ^sil^ee  hu  was  merely  su.-.peuued. 
^•if'irriti',  ('ul.  lie  I'l'iiji-',  y.  -MO. 


2.-i0 


THE  rOXCE  DE  LEON  EPISlOPE. 


of  July."''     TIic  Ixuly  was  (lepo.siteil  with  <j;\ri\{  jioiiiji 
in  llic  cluiivh  of  St   .rosfpli.'-"'     Cortes  (loiiixd 


Ore' ) 


iiiouniiiiL;',  as  I'.p  u  I'atlur,  and  most  of  liis  loUouci's 
sliarcil  his  .slnei'ix'  j^i'Ii-'f;  for  i\\v  ^'cniallty,  dfar  JihI.l;- 
mriil,  and  inipailiality  of  tlic  dcccasod  IkkI  ijllcd  (luia 
all  with  Ihr  hope  of  ol)tainln_L;"  jtisll<*c  and  the  dcsii'til 
I'cuard  fill-  tln'ir  scm'vIcl's.  Coiil's  in  iiardcular  had 
lon^t-'d  I'oi-  the  di  -jirov*  nx-nt  of  the  cliuri^es  a_i;ain>t 
jiini,  and  for  a  jinMie  vhidication  «»f  his  loyaltv'and 
o'ood  ,-.er\iri's.  He  ivveals  his  l/itter  disajiijolnlnu'iit 
to  llio  kin;4.  For  seventeen  days,  lie  declared,  the 
I'esid.'iieia  had  heeii  jiroelaimed,  without  hrini^iny,'  forlli 


a  snii 


uen)and  aLiamsi    luni 


TI 


us  was  on  aceount 


of  intimidation  his  enemies  sai<l.  The  ehar'^es  a'j;iin.>t 
him  werv'  clnL'ily  rumor.  Cortes  took  the  ojii)ort;inity, 
liowew'i',  to  ivvii'w  them  in  a  lettei  to  the  kln-j;,  and 
dcmonsti'ali-  t'le  ah^nidity  of  some  of  tin  'n.  AVliateNcr 
tlie  riciie.s  acfji'.ii'rd  hy  him,  he  had  expended  f.r  \tu<w 
for  tlie  ;i  l\aneement  of  the  royal  interests,  so  mueh  .••■> 
that  he  was  now  iu  deht  to  the  extt'ut  of  half  a  .liiii- 


lon  o 


nesos 


de  oro,     Tlie  domains  he  had  ••'alnt  d  I 


tip'  Idii'''  wrre  '.vri'atcr  in  wealth  and  extent  th;m  ai 


III 

IV 


so   I , 


r  ••t>n(|Ueri'd  hy  olh 


As  a  proof  of  lii..  cull 


]iaruti\o  tliolntei'i^ledness  he  offered  to  surrender  all 
h''  ])ossessed,  ineludiui;'  the  rumored  two  hundred  rent  - 


lo 


II, 


or  a  scoiv,  av  lialf  a  seoi'e,  of  mod  rate  rentals 


in  S[i;;in 

■"  /.i'.r.i  </■  r..i,;i.i„,  MS.    Aft 

diiy>',  iucMiiliii;;  In  ]!ini,.l  I  lii^ 


cr  .«('Vi'ii  <l,iv.s  o 


f   nU]\ 


iR'ss,  Kivs  OviiMio;  iiiii« 


'i'<-'i„rn-f.  ci-'ifti'f  .I/...-.,  (i.  r. 


il  ni;i/ !it:it'^«.  mill  ti>iti!!iinn' iii '' 


sill  lli.'l. 


i.  il'.M,  iiitiiualcH,  l!ic'  Sun  JVaiici.sio  i'iiii\i  iit,  Imt  ihis  ii.ifii.i!;ii  iiiuy 


\)r  iliio  i  I  I'll-  disc  [iruxiiiiily  ot  tlii;  Iniijlt 

at  tllO  CTI-CDIOllV. 

'■'Cil,-t' 


,ltl 


a-  a.s  -i.-liiiifi'  ( 


f  llio  inui-i 


I'.uli'i'  i;l'j:iii;a.'<  fortitiias  >■  'itiaria.-* .  .   una 


vcrsas  jinm  «i1  \.:i  .«i.lii  la  iiiiii  rtu  ilo  Luis  I' 


in  r 


.V-//V  V.  11(1. 


Cilil'i,   <y\tUu\\n  r  1  I,   I.' 


Muili  I  ml  uikI  ;;i'M  li.ivi'  I  rccc  ivcil  ii    tiiitli,'  he  sa.Vfi,  in  .".list 


'  li;it  mor  ■  I;.;vv  I  cxpciuli  il.  till  I  aiii  iu'li  1>tn    U>\-  .'ilK.OIlO  yi^nx  ilc  <i,v.  «  if 
iiiit  II  I'ntolIiiiKi  to  pay  Willi;  all  iwpi'ii.jiil  ti   iiicri'a'i;-  llii'  linniain.^  <  f  V.  " ' 
My  l>()'»!i  1  i.liow  !iii)-.v  than  IV.ID.OOv) 
oil  oou'im.' .Is,  ill  w'lii  fi  my  life  anil  Inalt'i 


If  1    II  1  f  II. y  oun  rsiato  «":j>  :i'"' '1 
I-i>  lusii  Vi'MtlU'l'iI.       I'i'iil 


tlii'si' riinijvi'  ts  Y.  M.  lias  riii'ivi'cl  lar;;fr  n  tnrii.s  (Iian  frmii  all  ulli' f  laiii 
far  Ktitijiii'atcil.'     He  I'licii  upon  ri'ci.iinl.s  \v!i at  lie  lia-i  <l<in'',  ami  v.  Ii,-.t  In'  I"  •• 


l' 


int'.t  \\  (111. 


'T 


nil. I  MiiiUi ,  iiiiKi'-  ti'i'ii  iircs  I  iiiiil  I 


\\\  men  .-I  ..-i-.;n(il  u 


I   ..:i 


tin.'  liuli  iliii.  lu  V.  M.  Till  j-  isuy  that  1  jiosaLfs  "JUU  rcuL-iolU.   1  uia  willmj  u 


AGUTLAR  COVEnXOR. 


'once  S  t 


lead 


1  so  soon  a 


ftcr  1 


1. 


lis  airival,  rovivoc 


(I  tl 


10 


(•liai':^^'  of  poisouinn",  allhou^li  the  tloctors  under  oalli 
(l.cLtri'il  iiialiL>iiant  iever  tlio  oauso.  The  di.soaso  was 
( wii  It. -yarded  as  a  jtcst,  i'or  a  Vav^c  uiuuIilI'  of  th 
who  ^\i>  ic  with  l*oiu;c  < 
and  als  ,  several  st'tllers." 


OS  I J 


lied  ll 


tl 


rcjiu  tlie  saiae  ma 


lad* 


.V  Tcw  davs  Ix'lore  lils  deatli  Ponee  liad  .-uiiiiiioned 


i!ie    to 


n 


eouiieil  and  substituted  ^lai'cos  de  .A"uilar 


as  alrulde  niaver  in  iilaceol'  Oite^'a,  with  instruetioi 


IS 


■uecessor, 


us 


tlial  lie  should  be  i\coguized  as  hi. 
ii(ML;ii!tion  was  made  ou  th  ■  -lOth  of  July;^'  but 
iiMi.iedjately  after,  the  adherents  of  Cortes  raised  the 
4ion  whether  the  late  iud'j'e  had  a  ri  ■lit  to  trans- 


<iii 


r  his  i)ower  as  u'overnor,  niu 


1  tl 


le  eoaiicll  lo'ii 


I  u 


'Iher 


v.iili   the   ikle-'-ates   I'rom  the   other   towns   foniiallv 
cilK':!  upon  Cortes  to  rcassuiiie  the  post  (ill  the  hini^- 


uld  deeide.      1  To   lefu- d,  h 
il  11 


ow 


•r,  to  t; 


.!;.; 


a   slen 


aiK 


I 


o 


that  might  mipei'il  IIk^  o[imion  ol   his  obcdn'ir 
h''  even  eounselK'd  Sandoval  to  d.'cliue  the  j)ro[)osal  t 
a»oei.ite  hiia  with  Aguilar.      The  lilter  was  ai-curd- 
iii-'lv  received  as  <!o\ernor  the  lii'iih  oi"  .Vnu'iisl."'  and 

Hmri'titlcr  fill  I  liiivc  for  '.70  (on  tlif  imxt  pa"o  lio  (mivm  10)  rent-mils  in  S|iiiin 
iiiiil  f-'.i  ti>  servo  V.  M.  tlii'iv,  wlitru  iioni!  I'lui  acuu.iu  nio  of  .mcuhii':  lui; Ik  r 


1  -M  ;..■.; 

r>r  him  I  If  ami  lii  \  h 


Jf  tlii-i  ii  iiiit  aju'td  {<),  Iio  lict.-i  ]h' 


IT.U  ■ 


'i\ 


to  1; 


;>  ^ 


ll.'l 


KM 


si>  lliat  iio  niav  lint  1«!  oMi  .'cd  to  "n  to  Sr.ain  aiii 


hriail,  ilio  iiinity  of  lii.~i  niuli\t.,  l)i  iii^^  [.loviii.     LiUci' 


ni  r 


IvJ  !l. 


Si-jiUiiiin  i" 


Wiit 


ni;,'  in 


tl...'  1 


('  'I'lpiauiilji'i  iiad   (li(.<l, 


It  i;nnnii' 

'l.uli 


of  S(  |iti  niliiT.  ("iirtrH  Mtntfs  tliat  "!)  of  I'dnct^"^ 


tUil  11  Kll't. 


ll    t\ 


.■t:l. 


I; 


I'rr  nmiii'ir 


■I  lu'A 


1  I  ..l.'^.-<l;l   Ik  111 


','    lid  in  a  irilical  r  iinliiion.  Ctirla-^,  -IS'J.     i! 


i)   Din 


jil.ncs  tlin  ni.ii'iaiity  u'.iiiit  tiirce    tinu 


s   hi -IiL'f.    //if.    \\,;ltfL,  -Ji;!.     'II 


iili'alil-;,  iV'iliail.i,  w. 
trav  '.iia'  t  'i.ip  '.ninn  I  ( 


tlii'<!..a.l.     C 


ifa  (lati.)  thai  nui-it  iif  l'on«'i''i 


lid.  //Vr.  .1/. 


It  A. 


1 1  a  .-unifi 


1  l.v  ih' 


tisti. it'll  tl)  1. 10  lulirt  ill  jKii.Honiii,:^  that  till' ciLsf-'ril  at  tiio  lian<iiU't  I'll', i.^lit 
iil....it.  iIk!  il.ath.  Corl'.-,  /.'( ..■'/'...■.■/?,  i.  Iill,  '.',.:»,  •.:.  V.\\  \',2.  'lli  ■  >'.u:r-o  \Nas 
I'i'vivoil  ill  l,"l.'t-."i.  Si'c?  /'arhiii  ai  il  I'drifimii,  <'"/.  J)or.,  x;;viii.  'J1."-S1».  'J'ho 
iliHi.jr.i  Villi)  aitiiiiUil  roiHc  ami  ;,avc  a  .-.aui  i.iiiit  of  iIr'  iwili.ri',  j..o,;ri.'s.*,  iiiil 
tif;'tuii'nt  of  tlio  ilisi'a.si',  wvw  Ojcila  ami  l.iiiiiliali'  I'l'ilru  i.ijic.:,  ['ruioi.uilii'i) 
of  Mv\ioii,  will'  jn'i:  I'liiril  hi  I  iiiiiiuintiiuiila<  .'•lU'li  on.lami.iry  1 1.  l.'iJ".   A'l 


ll'  Cilhilil';  MS.      tioll/i 

ilii.i  tilk'  for  |i(K'toi'  Ol 


ll'Z  ]).. 


Vila,  'J Id 


(•(I,  i.  7>  \vroii;„ly  ilaiius  tin.'  I'l'Dtoiii 


ivaii'.-i,  v\iio  caiiii'  Willi  u  I'oy.il  li^iiiMo  ilatc'l  iluly  S, 
i-'.;!,  M  liL'  say.s,  'I'lu.-  l.rlii  f  in  a  nicnlir  wa.s  mslaiiud  to  Koiiie  i:.\t(iit  liy 
iiiit:  hi, (ii.s  verses  Hini;,' in  !M<..\ii'o.  i'l  nJ'ii,  Xi.t.  //.'.-'.,  l;iS. 

■'  /.'hnt  ill  (  V<.',('.'..'i,  .MS.  His  a[i|)ointi..i  nl  a.i  alo.iMe  mayor  was  inaile  on 
•ll  ly  liiili.  «^■al'la\M■ite.^  that  he  li  I  oli'i  reil  to  a;  sure  him  lU.CO;)  ).<:M-file  oio 
<•  year  a:(  I:i\.  yei ;  Imt  \»  hen  the  mval  iiitites;  ilemanileil  lii:(  .servii  ( -i  he  thri'W 


tlli.s  liiillialil  lilo.->|.eet.    ' 


I'lVll.    HI 


/..•.//<-/,■ 


■7.   /)n 


'_•'.). 


'  t  vn 


Z.air<Vvj  6'((i/ci;.s,  111;  Llbro  ili:  L'uOiUo,  Mrf.     The  iitiiullutiuna 


ll  1  i' 


'.,1  «■ 


l*|:: 


m 


I 


'hi 


'J-2  TIIK  rOXCE  »E  LEON  EPISODE. 

Cortes  DOW  iimdc  ;i  formal  dcMnaiid  upon  him  to  roii- 
tinui'  the  rcsidciicia,  Itut  rc^rcivcl  answLi'  that  he  pos- 


sessed mere 


•Iv  tl 


ic  ]><>\ver  ot  a  lulci 


lie 


Colic's  still  retained  the  oilice  of  captain  lifonernl, 
witli  th(!  adniiiiist ration  of  Indians,  as  the  most 
<'X|)ei'ieneed  and  needl'ul  j)orson  for  the  position,  and 
in   this   rapacity   he  issued  a  dcciee   pi'omotin^"   tin- 


IJ"00( 


I  treatment  of  hi-;  "liarLrc.      Ceiiain  clause 


S  Well 


det-med  ohjectionahle  hy  his  opj»onents,^''  and  quite  an 
outcry  was  raisi-d.  (Jailed  hy  the  recent  oi)[)osition 
to  his  a])pointnicnt,  and  encoura;4'ed  hy  success,  Ai^ai- 
lar  readily  listened  to  the  proposal  to  curtail  the  j)o\\(  r 
of  liis  )ival.  As  a  ])reliminiiiy  stej>  ho  conveyed  the 
imi)iisone(l  Salazar  from  the  iiouse  of  Cortes  to  tlic 
rei^ular  jirison.  This  created  a  certain  conunotion, 
and  a  iiuud)ei"  of  armed  adherents  presented  them- 
selves to  support  the  I'emonstranccs  of  theii'  cliii  f 
The  i^oNei'nor  now  issued  an  ordii'  forhid<lin"ji'  arnn  d 
asseml.lies,  and  then  called  on  Cortes  to  show  cause  I'er 
I'etainin;^  the  oilice  of  captain  general,  or  to  i-esi-^ii. 
]''iii(!in^'  his  opponents  intent  on  creating-  troul.le, 
which  undei"  the  eireumstances  mij;]it  alfect  his  in(er- 
osrs  at  court,  Coi'tes  sui-rendered  tlie  oilice,  under 
protest."'"     One    ri'ason    for   this   arhitrary  action   et" 


I'nr  (\>rt<'.s'  n\Tssnniiitiiiii  of  oiVwv  two  piveu  in  Piirlicro  nut\  C'dnfiii'ii,  I'ni. 
J>-'>.,  xwi.  *J.")(i-.s().    Oi'Mi'ia  M'lli.s  t<i  .sliow  thiit  the  iic(i;i;niti(iii  ot'  .\f,'uiliii'  \\:i.s 
«liu'  til  llic  inTsiiiisidU  I'f  lv-itr;iil:i  iiiid  .Mlini'iuiz.   Ciirl'i,  in  I'lr.ln 
•'■' /'(ii7/t>rti  aihl   Ciirdi  iii:.^,  <ol.  Jldc,  xxvi.  'j;!."!  7.     JJi'iiial  1) 


(llritii,   i. 


fliivi'li  to  liiakf  the  i!i  iniiinl  lij'  llio  tldiiioi'  u 


f  li 


is  i.'n<'ihi<.'<. 


Jl'inl.  ViriUtil.,  'Jl'.),  Iiiit  \w  is  ]ir(ili,ili!y  ^v^llll.L: 


'Sji.iui.uil.s  Ml  IV  iiiilcriil  lint  tn  1' avi'  tlic  tiwiis  m  lii  ivin  tlicy  wi  iv  si:  lli  '1 
witliiait  Ills  );i  riiiishioii,  \\"V  t)  :l11  tin  ir  ^miii     l^'^t  t!i<  ir  <li  in'Ucl.iiits  miWiT 


V.lllt,    It    Mou 

.ai<l  tliat 


1(1    a]i|i< 


'I'.'st 


inionv  111 


( siili  mill. 


i.   'I'M.      It   \\in 


ii.--liril  til  M'll  Ilia  «i\Mi  HtiK-k  iif  ;/raiii,  ainl  iiiuivc  tin;    in'il'li.' 


ill  jit  lull  jit  ml  lill:i 


\v 


mil    IS  I'LTiiV 


liil  ill  Pmhic-i  mill  Cinl' 


('„/.   J)n 


wvi. 


Ill  (1, 


III. 
/•I. 


if  Jliiliau  tiiiiiiili'.s  iu'  was  Id  ii  -imic  tlic  uliici',  fia\s  I'lstraila,   '  '«*•'•'.  iii 


I,  wliii  ii|  )Mars  tl)  have  u-; 


il  I 


lis  [nr.  iia.iiiii  111  favor  u 


Oraiia,  ill  JfrrJiiil'  I  hi,  I'lJ.  J)()i\,  i.  r),'!;)— I,  iluis  not  fail  ti 


Colt.' 


I'laiili  onlcis  : 


ill!  I» 


st  iiiii)iitatiiiii>  I'll 


1  lit  t'>  aiTi'st  liiiii  anil  his  aiUunii's  no  ilmt 


V  iiiif.s:<(';»  may  frilly  ti'slit'y  avain-t  tlu'iii.     Cmii  s  imn 


rs  ins  I'nni 


tllt'St' 


lllilMJ'lS   IMlllllll 


ttiil 


ly  an   inri.nilirtrllt  Jll 


jilaiiits 


Hi-  ililnaiiils  that  tin) 


ri'siiU'iiria  1)0  tiiki'ii  Ml  tlial  his  hiyalfy  may  In.-  inariifivti'il.  ('m-tii.  in  ('..,'..«, 
hi.rrlli>.i  Siiillii.i,  IIS  •_••_'.  One  ri'asun  fur  tin-  onti'iy  a;.'aiiist  tho  Urcici'  liml 
lii'iii  l!io  n<o  of  ilif  litli'  j;i)ViT!ior,  whiiii  ('iiiii's  I'lainiril  that  lii;  cuulil  use  ill 
virtuo  of  ricciit  royal  lutteid  biiay  ^u  luldiL'ssi'il  to  liiiii. 


im 

ill,,    iir. 


DEATH  OF  A»;rTLAR. 


:.-.i 


Ai^inljir  was  tlio  a])])ri)ncli  of  Pedro  dc  Alvorndo,  with 


a  iaru'i' 


(ire 


li"  ('iirt('s'  soldifis,  wlio  liad  taken  i\ 


K) 


1,111(1  roiito  in  ri'tuiniiiL;'  iVom  ]  lnuduras.  It  was 
|'(  aicd  that  thcif  jd'csciicc  would  rt.'iidi  r  the  powo-  of 
( 'oiti's  toi»  iinjiMsiiiL;',  and  so  tlic  uu'asui'c  was  |ii'(Ma'|)- 
itatcd.  It  Would  have  liftlc  availed  tht^  opposite*  fac- 
IjdM,  howtvcv,  liad  ( 'oi'tc's  chosen  to  lay  a-^ide  lor  a 
:  idineiit  Ids  prudence,  and  give  the  signal  to  hi.s 
adherents/^ 

A"uilar  was  hai'dly  the  man  to  hold  the  leins  of 
L;(i\ii'nn)ent  during  times  so  tmuhlesome,  and  it  was 
(iwing  ehielly  to  the  rorhearaner  oi"  Ids  opponent  that 
allairs  jirogressed  as  the}'  did.  1  fe  was  not  <>nly  aged, 
hut  so  enleehled  l>y  diseases  j<.  suiting  from  had  liahits 
that    his   tlickiM'iiig   life   could    he  sustained   only   hy 


^U( 


kl 


mif 


3'J 


The  task  and  wori'v  ot"  ollice  had  its  (H'ect, 


ami  a  lever  came  on  which  induced  liim  to  a[)[)oint  :i 
(|i  puty  in  the  pei'son  of  Ger(')ninio  dt;  ^fedina/"  On 
liis  sickd>ed,  however,  Fehruary  'J;ld,  he  appointt'd  I\s- 
ti'ada  as  successor.  Again  the  right  of  ti'ansfei  ring 
jKiwerwas  disputed,  and  ('ortcs  was  calkd  upon  to 
n>sume  the  control;  hut  he  adheicd  to  his  former 
decision.  The  council  and  delegates  therenj)on  insisted 
that  he  shoidd  at  least  manage  the  Indian  an<l  war 
department,  wliile  Sandoval,  his  swi»rn  friend,  should 
he  associated  w  ith  J']strada  as  governor.'" 


'Ocarm,  ulii  sii 


illiiilca  to  till'  fonrs  cnii 


iirAh 


ilo.     ]] 


a  T>i,-i 


villi  liiiin'  witli  till'  Jliiliilur.is  tiiiii',  jiiiiicil  olluis  ill  !ili  ;iii|)imI  to  AlTiuImi-  tor 
a  ili;iii;;e  of  ('Ut^'oiiiiiiiiKi-i,  liut  iiinivi  I  tlif  luisw  t  r  tli;it  lir  liMil  no  |io\\  ir  in  llio 


I'lIM'.      Jli-l/.     I'lll'lll. 


'A. 


ii  woni.'in  iiiii 


(lic'.l  ll 


'llo   Muldr.l 

i-i,  y  cr.i  (Ic  iioca  iiMtmi 


I  nls 


iiilii  till'  same  ilisrasi-  as  I  uiiii 


la.l. 

r 


>.'^.ats 


'( 'ailiiraiia,  v  t  slaiia  tiilli 


lo    ,V' 


.V  lli'llro.' 


//..•Jl'.t.       Jll 

iirti,  J/i-f.  Ml .1. 


I'.ail 


7S  !l. 


hi 


iliiT  111,   l.")'_'(!.   ]/ihiit  ih  <  iihihlii,  ,NiS.     ( 'oitr's  wa.-i  auain  ai'i'Usr 


u^iii;;  iiiii>. Ill,  am 


lint! 


latrr  iTsiilili'la  \Mtnr>-:i  s  i 


li'ilaii  ll  tliat 


itly 

ilof 
lit  .\''uilar 


M'lui' lli'niisli-i'iiiid  nuat  wiiiili  iicai  Iv  I'aiisiil   llio  ilr.itii  of  an  iinliil.iir.;  at- 


tiinhmt.   ('(i;','(.<,  /,'i liili  iiriii,  i. 


ii.  •_'ss  ;i. 


''i'lu'ir  installation  took  placi'  on  Manii  I.  l.'r.;7.  l.'ihru  ili  ('nl./Jn,  MS, 
On  tlu'ilay  of  .\>,'iiilar's  iliatli.  a  IViilay.  Corti^'  fi  IliiiIs  iiail  Mouglit  in  vain  tii 
I'lrvail  on  the  sinkini;  governor  to  a]iiioiiit  liim.  r.. /•/->,  I!' s'uli mifi,  i.  ,'1(10  !, 
^iiiiii' ili'tlart!  Miat  Mstrailii  liaij  no  olijc  otiou  to  Sainlovul,  l)iit  ratiii'i- ili'^irol 
liiiii  lor  ll  sol  -ill-law,  to  wlmni  tla'  gu\  i  ninit'nt  iiii^'lit  tlion  Imvu  lallfii.  Hi  rmil 
JH'i:,  Hi-f.  Wnfnil.,  'JJl. 


i 

ill 


ifi' 


l\ 


,t  ; 


q 


CHAPTEU  XIII. 


KSTTIATU'S  RULE-C01lTi;s  DHIVIIV  TO  SIIKK  Jl'STirK  IN  SI'AIV. 

C.VMPAifiv   IN   Z\i'OTr.('ArAN  -Si'irK  Ist.Avn  Pno.rK(TS— Loaisa's   I-'mtm 
TiKN     (liKVAiiA  FivDs  Tin;  Way  to  Zm-atii.a— Sa\vi;i>iia's  N'ovmi   i.( 
Tin:  Mni.ii'CAs— ('mkiks  Si.KiiiTKii   -III;  IS  11x11. i;ii  ikom  Tiii:('\rir\i 

liKi'OM'lI.IATlON  Wri'll   IvsTKAliA      (!l  /.MAN    .\  :'l'i  >1  STi;i>  <  lOVKKNOIt  OK  \'\- 

M'l'd — FiMiisi!  Ml  (Idi.ii  Hi;  'I'ikns  Oi'i-uksmhi     I',vn!()Acinii;Nis  nN 
Mi;xn'()— i;  Mil   iM((   L\s   1'ai.,ma><  Itr.uiDN-  Si.a\  i;-tiiaiii;  lldKitni;^ 


Cititi  1;^  Til  I'i,i;aii  isKmiii-;  Tin-;  Sovi;ui;ii;n     !•' 
Vmi.t-  l'iii;rAUisti  lou  tin:  \iivaiii:  th  Si-ain. 


Ill: 


KAK.s  THAT  III:  w  11. 1.  i;i.- 


lM)i;u  A'huIImi-'s  iiilc  n  iiuiiiIht  (»('  cxpiMliiioiis  li;iil 
liccii  snit  (>ll(  to  open  new  (listlicts,  iiixl  to  .'is.siiiv 
tlir  siilijii'^alion  (»r  (itliris.  ()n»'  Wucv  of  iicjirly  tlii«v 
liiiii(li'c(l  iiicii  |tr('|t;irc(l  tiMli.scldsc  (Iio  niystt'iics  1)1"  I  111' 
rrn'ioii  to  the  iioitli,  lii'lwmi  MiclioiM'Mii  !iii(l  till'  l;ii!I 
stinii  III  lie  lamed  lor  il.s  iniiicial  wralMi.  Tliis  piMJ'  <t, 
i  III  t 'IK  led  as  t  lit'  |)i'cciirsoi'  to  ail  entry  to  the  lliodi'  I,m 
I'aliiias  i'e;_;ioii,  was  carried  out  only  in  part/  owiii^  I  > 
cliail'^es  in  tile  plans  of  ( 'oltes,  I»ut.  olhei'S  wen-  de 
Ai'lo|»ed,  invoKiii'^f  tli(!  oc'('ui»alion  ol"l'al)aseo  and  ( 'lliil- 
]»;ks,  and  the  eontinuution  of  (he  eaniiiai'^n  ai^ainst  the 
Zapolees  and  -Mijcs,  eonneeted  with  the  late  ('oalliu 


]'e\o 


li.'       In    order    to    render    tl 


lis    eanijiaiu'ii    inoi 


i'lleclive,  two  expeditions  were  sent-  to  opeiate  on  (In 
soul h  and  iioith  sides  i-espectively.  'I'hc  southern,  eon 
histiii'-"  of  somewhat.  <i\(r  one   hnndii'd   men,  willi  . 


^  (liiiiiiirn,  lli't.  Mi.r.,  "JS'J  ,'t.  'I'lic  r;iliii!is  projict  wiis  iiliimilmiid  wIi'M 
lifU's  caiiK-  tlial.  N.'irviii'/.  hail  I'li'iiviil  a  iiiiiiiiiis.sinii  tn  i'iiiii|iiir  thai  ilisliii  t. 

-A  liiwu  liail  lucri  t'liiiiHil  will)  the  linliaiiH  nl'  Curtcs  Id  atsiiit'  Ihi^  ili-^- 
trict.  Urriiifi,  in  /rir.liiilcilii,  ('<,l.  Ihii-.,  i.  ,'i'Jl!.  Tin' iirixt'ilini,'  fxpt'iiili'iii^, 
iilhuliil  to  l»y  ("(irtcs,  Curiae,  -UK)-  I,  ami  I'.iriial  |ii,  /,  loi'.  tit.,  aff  ticitril  I't" 
clacwIiiTi'. 


m. 


tl'iZcll  I 


I'nojKCTs  OF  coin-/- 


""'«OS.    u;,s   ,,|;„,,j 


''•'^;'''''''''n..iAio,.so,i,i/;,::;,,y';''^''''''''^^^ 

'"■''  ••'/""<■  ;,s  (M.,|i;,,„|   ^, 


"■^  <''>'iim;iM(| 


i;u-i 


^""••'■'■'■•n-us,.\v)M,vi„  I 


!<•  /l,|-v    II 


;'\"il;-  on  I,., 


'■'■''< 'I'.-i,  a  I  hi 


\\<i 


niMl.d.      X,.j,( 


'o""'<'.'..-UM!s..Vc.,Vil<.t| 


N   IM 


SIM, (I     ;i 


<"lllf(|       (,,       |,,,j 


"'■    <""'limi;iil(| 


•'■  Mor  III 


ii;;iri 


i;,.:  '■;"::  "-■'-'■■  --i  ^i-  a 


U;is  l.\   , 


"'".U'vivcs  ..(•,. J 


,,,.,,,,,,.  ""<;.nu.,||.,ruv(, 

'-V    .MV.TS   ......I    J ""     '"    .l^'"»Ill 


•■|S|(»|l;| 


|>M^,.   nKcxt 


lcscc||( 


';"    \VfJV  .•Hvils- 

'_■'    iii'iiMifaiti 

'"■-;•  if  I. -It, 
»y.-ismvs.  Jihv.li- 


"(•(11 


';'"'".'  ■^'•nl<M...,.ts  i;.,  ,i 


'-  •■""<iil>iiti(,i,s.       \ 


II-  j.iir 


'," ''  '"•!"''•'■•'  t!.oMs;,n.i  ;X.;  ;.'"'";'""'ii'*"'^"- 


';.'"'  •••  '"w  ni.wMis.  ..,1 

•!i-niil„.,j  (I 


ii);i 


{'•'■■^os   ,J,.    ,„.,,^    j. 


)'•• 


'"'•'"*"l  <li<'  (lis! 


l,-ll'Iu,|. 


lie 


I''"''   '"Mllr  v..V.-,,.,.| 

'  III/  Ih.| 


'■•II  »'\i'r    ■iM.I   J..  1    "•^""■'.  II. .\\   I,,,,, 


lollic 


<'.\lcu   j 


tllh 
••|M( 


''''"•r'i"<i  I'l.'iidivi 


"   |tr. 


'it  \ 


•  ■ivi 


i'UI.- 


'•^^'"'^'"•vi.Moni„i,J 


"■    "';'ni.-,M     rx,„,|il 


CNO- 


;i"-''"v  ..r  uu-n.  ii;,,i 


""'  ^;";i';n-  in  sfivnufl 


''.--'•<^^vl..d;;:i::;:.r■  ■:'•'''':■•'>•  <-i't-n;v 


ll(;i(i,,|,  i;„.  I 


•*<'<'ll  sci'v  I 


\\iil.iiv,  Ii 


"•'' ••':■•       n.'l,;„|||,,| 


"  ''•''>'.  .•1,1(1 1 


I  .'irMl 
••iri'ifis 


11^  •■.nil 


"^\''V''l\  .111(1 


"II''  ni-li(  1 1 


''(■xpcrici 


'-IV    .-I    ,•! 


•<■'•  III  i:,tfi\, 


1- 


iV: 


•■""'  |'iir.sii,.((  (I 


'"'•llMlv    (mum. 

''■""I    l-'iir(.|),., 
''"ii'jiicr.n-s    ( 


Tl 


"•  '■«'-(   (ill   (I 


III 


s  scr\,.,|  t 


'•'iiiii'cr  (.r  Ills  I 
'}'  .'-;•••' inc. I  ivi 


1 1  'SI  • 


'»l(i»U-- 


I      .  •■■■.,  ,,.-,s(.    (1()||,,     ,< 


(■',  ii 


;^, 


'"""^""""'^^t(M|.Mvi,|.Ui. 


iir.' 


^'  •■•ij'tiihs 

'.•I\ili;_r     _,,^ 

<'-'r(('s   I,.,,! 


'^i'''"'V''''''''^'^-in,v|j       :,/'''l''''''';.'''-''^^^'''>'l 


"^"'•'".v   ■•I'lmii-aM 


••inc:],!,., 


I  ( 


<>  111.'  I 


.••11(1    ( 


"••      IVMil(      I, 


'""    "I     '.(ii.Vi 


>>    U.l> 


(•(I 


\,.( 


""'."'•^^'•"•'<|'"->l,aM.| 


"'■'"*■'-•'""'•''•       \l>     U;,s   I 


"<''"t    U>   ..Xi',!..,,,    ,, 


!'■   \a.(    )•: 


|"_i;    wli.  re    Jm 
:j'i«d. 


\     iii-ci 


-•'^•^'n.:-.-^^:i :.;;;:;! :;;;::;:  ""'"'■' •'"•"''^>;i'':i 


III!" 


I"'no(|  ]„,(„.,.,(  i\,t.ii 


I'h, 


f'ixr.  IVW.,,/ 


'  '"  •"^'>"''""N(.MMin,.|,  (I 


ll'll 


■»o.» 


^■^•♦(irious  1 


-"-'•     San  Alf. 


t«wu..,wi;.rii;:Tr:.:r^''''''''"''''y<'''i 


|ICC, 


•''"  '  M'l'litiou. 


f: 


C.'O 


ESTRADA'S  RULE. 


till 


('ii(('V|)risinL-',  ilio  faiicics  of  llic  colonists  wovo  oxer 
](>iij>iii!4-  \\\r  Ix-yoiid  to  i-finotcr  ])oiiits,  invcsti-d  liy 
iiiiiiiii'  with  ii'iidicr  tiH^asiirc-s.  Towai'l  tlic  west  in 
]iaiti«'ular,  tlu'  i^ildod  })atli  of  i\\r  dcjiartiiiL;'  sun  sccnii d 
tvcr  to  revive  tln^  ancimt  1  lespiiidcs,  and  atti-act 
^•isi()naril^s,  Xot  that  all  was  a  di'i'ain,  lor  had  not 
?»ra_<^t'l Inn's  iK'i't  i!i  that  direction  disclosed  a  series  df 
alhnin<_r  lands,  anionir  them    the  lon<»'-son«ilit  islands 


<  I 


h 


d    t. 


sjtices,  wJiose  produce  was  esteemed  i-ijual  to 
almost  any  treasure,  ^lore  and  richer  inlands  nm>t 
surily  exist.  .\(  any  I'ate,  somethiuiL;'  new  had  hccii 
found,  and  attention  was  directetl  thither  with  al)si)rh- 
in^'  intcM'est. 

DrriuL!;'  Corti's'  absence  in  Honduras,  .Mltorno;^ 
amouL"  others  had  ])ictured  this  I'eeliiiL,^  in  a  letter  tc 
the  kinix,  ■'did  su^'.;i'sted  that  the  lleet  in  jtroi-ess  df 

;;dula,     hould  !)(>  S(>nt   in  seai'li  of 


construction   at 


the  S|)ic(>  Islands, '\hich  Mere  tiiou^ht  to  he  (|uile  luiw. 
and  ol'otlier  isles,  ''  rich  in  [)earls  and  precious  stones, 
and  undoul'tedly  in  ,L;old,  since  they  lie  to  tlu^  south." 


Tl 


le  e\i>jenci'  of  thi'-;e    isles  was  asset 


•ted  1 


)V  natiNc 


on  tht  Zacattila,  coast,  who  said  that  iti  the  time  n|" 
their  Tort  I'.it hers  lari;'!'  piro^'Ui's  came  I'rom  them  at 
iiiterxals  to  irade.'  ( )n  his  return,  ( 'ortes  todk  u|> 
the  id(^a  with  enihu->iasm,  and  loi-med  the  jiroject  imt 
alone  (()  win  i'ri-sh  lands,  hut  to  increasi>  the  vaha'"|' 
liis  actiiid  eontniest  l>y  amiexiiii^'  to  it  the  Mnlu<ra> 
and  ;div  ••IIm  r  islands  on  the  wav,  and  makiii'''  it  the 
patliWiiy  I'lr  the  jirospectiv(>  ilow  of  Wialth.  in  a 
lettt'r  to  the  hiu'j^  hcjolj'.  rs  to  con(|Uer  and  setlK^  these 
id.inds  tree  of  all  cost,  and  to  hold  tli<  ni  against  an v 


otlitr  clannant 


'J'his  oiler  was  formidati'd  to  a  <^rc/if,  extent  l»y  th 


'  HiKl  .\H)(iriin/  i((  livi'd  .r.itliority  to  .ut.  Iji  wniil.l  liy  (liiii  tiiii''  Ir  ivc  >Ii-- 
■iivfiiil  th''  route  tn  tilt'  Miilucius,  wliiili  \n  i(!  M<)i|iiisi;ii  t<d»-«<)iin'  7<*>l''<if.'i"  * 
tr.  <''irt<i,  ill  Ir.rLil-td,  Ci.l.  I),,:,  i.  llKi  7. 

Que  \'.  .M.  no  li;r!i  lii  ('s|M'i'i'ria  por  vi;i  ilc  roctiitc,  conio  la  lu»  <  I  i<*''   ''■ 

■  ■        tiinlHi-  :i.  \.>>.  '» 


I'ortujial,  siiio  (|iii'  la  li'ii^M  jmr  nisa  pidpiia."  LittiT  of  Si-|itriiil>i'i'  ;i,  l."*^. 


r.ninA,  .r.MI.      In  a  K'tttr.if 


it  the  wtiiii'  ilatc  Ofaiia 


»<ii  (lisliiyal   that   In-  ouj^lit  imt  ti>  lii-  tiu.-'toii  with  niuIi  an  i\|i*ili.i"U 


Cortia  lo  va  li  liaoir  nmrira 


coil  CUI'OIIU. 


Iidjitilcda,  Cut.  Do 


Mi. 


;•  il   tlir 
111    ;i 

1st,  aiiv 


I-O.MSA  AXn  TIIK 


ivport  of  nr 


MOLUCCAS. 


»    ( 


(!c\ 


•/•    t\ 


xjx'dit 


lo 


!"''1''<'  111  Km 


"'  ivsujts  of  :\[ 


n    ];ifi'ly  sent   / 


I.CC 


Ish 


M(l 


""■'''^'    i'oniiod  witi 


"I>'-^  Were  a) 
]"■".)''<•*,  and 


i<>-( 


so 


'11; 


I'oin    S 


I'l-s  <(isc,,v!'n, 


'i"ito  int 


I';iiM   to 


J'»  ]>m.siiai 


iiaii 
iiihI 


■•I  tlozcil  Vessel 


-  was  ,K-sj,atc-l,e,|  i,,  A 


oivsf,.,!  ill  (1 
!<•(•  (»f  ail 


;>,Lrivi«- 


'""is  to  estaMi.sl 


<ir('ia,;,,|',.(.  (le  J 


"I  Ihc  |»oi-t 


1  a  '^efllf.nient 


^/'aisa,  with  iiist 


;il'<  lolls     oj)('i-a(i 
i-I.ind 


•'.^neso,  or,.,,,!;, 


^vltIlout 


MIC- 


oils. 


M.i^eniiu-  ,„ 


t'licr, 


••aciiiii;^' 


.'UH 


as  .i^-ovonior, 


L-"_>aisa    was  t 


.'Mill 


•^"pt'IlMtciid     tl 


^•^Niste,!  I,v  a  M]  >,tnn 


possession  l)v  Jiav- 
"   J"<'inaiii    oi,    tl 


lO 


^^     collecf 


I'l'lUeiit.       Tj 


,^\'""eh  sliould   ioll 


loii    of 


ii;i;i- 


h 


I 


k;   ex 


<>\V  the   Jil-esejit 


"I  (.(Jicial> 
I'Kvs    i;„.    tl 


^"••fisa  (h'.'d  (hiiii.o.  ,1 


V'''[^tum  cneount.Te'l 


ivtiii 


'>^'^'"n,„h,.,,,|-„j,j,,jj 


10    Vov;,. 


I''i'ty,  iiichid 


><  and  oti 


S( 
foiV( 


\eral 


lO 


■tl 


nii> 


'•'I'  wiih 


"avioatoi-,  aiid„„| 


"'.^'  ►'^t'l'astiaii  d,>I  ( 


H'l'  lllei!ih,.|-s    of  (] 


M 


"""''•-•'■SUleiv  to  ■/ 


y  '»iio  of  th( 


alio. 


tia^  1 


•^:''"'"(  ox-|,e(h"tion 


"J"'>|  a  pi-eeari 


\'ess(. 


1.- 


list 


10 


•'IICIIIIl- 


IVaelied    t) 


ll 


"11    III 


I't'ciihii 


'  ^\l";il  la2(;,  uiid 


.^^"••••^    'l<'N|..!(.h,,|    i„    <j 


•'»•«  wttleiiM.Mt 


lO 


v;itcd  |,v  tl 


«io  I'lat, 


••  J^^'-astiaii  (';d,ot,  wl 


s.-Ulle   dici.,.. 


^  J'>   Houtll  A 


til, 


t: 


Xot 


)  e 


"'  niiiioi-.s  of  it 


Mien,-;,. 


\va 


('( 


tal.h'sh  SpanisI 


■''  wealth  iliat  J 


lo,   oil 


^  "^o  caitti- 


'"<t'iit\vith  tl 


'"•'7  to  so.Hl  iiis  ;^aeatn] 


I  soveivio-ntv. 
^^"^''iiKasiires  th;.k 


'^'  »"oiiiained 


Mol 


iiocaf 


I    V( 


■"I  ^    IlllssiMir  v,.ssel 


.  ■search  I  no-  at  t! 


SSl 


is  t 


iuxr  instrncted 
"open  a  i-oiitot 


.i;ii) 


ii;i- 


U  uiid 
'iK'd  t. 


)<'IIIIl|<r  J 


iii<|uin 


!•■•«■  >'IU,U  lo 

'^'.•^aiiietim,.  for  :^[,,.„,|. 


",^"  into  tU 


^nih  ]n- 


<^'''"'Voiit  a 


-■oaisa  s  lleer.'   Tl 


•'  'ii'>veiii,.„ts  of 


\i 


•wii  wish 


IJ  ord 


le  ( 


(•(> 


■••"  "iNiios,  and  .so  n,. 
''H'en.-wsof(h;sastertoJ 


<'f  f^o  Mlllch  il 
"•■•■•Kill  foi-  tl 


aptaii 


'  ,i4'»'i><'ral 


•  •'OMsoiian 
le  roval 


CO 


'"■""'y  miciied  \ 


ser- 


ow 


^'l^  W; 


( 


i.S 


^l 


►^  P.llll. 


'Uovaiea,, 


u.siMari  eraft  imd 


•"■^'•i'^  expedition  had 
^'""",^'   its  seatt..ivd 


iiablo  to  siMJit  ti 


•'•'  '•oiimiaiid  of  S 


't'    0OIl.soH.> 


iiitia 


U'> 


//. 


TIk 


aiK 


til 


I    ill- 


w''    lii.  lil 


'Vl"""/""^''-Hbo,t,witI 


lli, 


•  *-t.'.      S,.( 


'•    VII.   (..IJ 


lul 


(lis.,  the  loll 


'  "'<  <laU'.|  ,) 


lil 

"Wilier  ll<)tf,> 


>.    1\. 


I  its 
lip.  v.-vi 


IX. 


""T-  Mux.,  Vol. 


""«'  '-1),  l.-.L'U.   A', 


II.    U 


ararrete   Col.  dc  V 


ro;.'iiliiti,)ri.s  .in.!  f,,f, 
"  V.  iv.  lil, 

"':/t«S  V.  440. 


''.  Ill 


il 


258 


ESTRADA'S  HULK. 


providod  witli  sui)j)lios,  ho  coiifludrd  to  seek  <)iu>  of 
tlio  Spanisli  si'ttlciiuMits  on  t\\n  l*acllic  con.-c  nf 
Ainei-ica.  .Vrti-r  <;reat  hardships,  to  which  tlu;  cap- 
tain ainonij  otlicrs  succunihcd,  tlu^  vessel  was  hrou^ht 
into  Ciliuatlan  liarhor,  in  Zacatula  ]>rovinc<.'.'* 

Aided  hy  the  advioo  of  lier  olhciT,  Coites  hei^an 
to  ])rcpai-e  lor  his  expechtion,  hut  neither  Au;uilar  \u>r 
the  loyal  ollicers  were  ilisposed  to  ])roiuote  the  aims 
<»t'  a  lixal,  even  when  duty  ])ointed  the  way,  and  he 
vas  ohliocd  to  meet  not  only  the  whole  ex|>enst>  hut 
the  op[)ONition  of  the  oHicials."  The  fleet  consisted  if 
the  ilaL;'-shi[)  FlnrliJn,  the  Sditfidf/o  of  iiearly  the  same 
size,  and  the  small  hrii^'antine  I'lsjilrtta  Sanfo,  all  wxll 
armed,  and  carryinL;"  provisions  lor  a  year.  The  ctun- 
niand  was  intrusted  to  a  cousin  of  (.'ortes,  Al\ar( 
Saavi'dra  Ceron,  with  the  title  of  captain  et'ncral. 


(>  ([{' 


.M'ter  a  few  days'  tiip  up  the  coast  hy  the  hri; 


aii- 


tine,  to  a   port   named   Santiai^'o,  the  exj)edition   hit 
( 'ihuatlanejo  on  the  ;ilst  oi'  Ortohev  1;VJ7.      'i'he  two 


dl 


smaller  vessels  were  soon 


lost    t 


O     Sl<> 


ht,  ne\'er   to    h 


heai'd  of  a<4ain,an(l  the  ihij^-ship  continued  her  cour 


Til  July  1.">-J(),  iiiickr  ciiiiininiicl  df  Foi-tuiiii)  <k'  AImii'.'ci.     (In  lirst  nrriviii;,r 

ofl'  till'  ^tl■.lIl;.'^ list,  11 1'liT^'ymiiii  iMiiiiil  AiTai:;ii'_;;i  Vdhiiitt'ovcil  in  try  ("V  tim 

hIupic,  half  Ji  Ic'ii,l;uc  distant,  in  a  lii;,'  Ixix,  tlii'  only  niciins  of  coiivcyanco  left. 
I'liSL't  l)y  ii  wave,  lie  snuglit  U>  »\\\n\  a.sliiiri'.  lint  wmilil  haw  p-'iislu  il  liiiil  not 
Siinir  nati\('s  conu"  to  his  aid.  Ilo  was  nntalitth'  ih'ligliti'd  to  lind  hiiasclt' 
in  S|iaMi>li  doniiiins,  and  to  Ix-  roucivi'd  witli  kiudniss.  lUrrira,  iihi  .■•a|i.; 
<,\iiii<ii-ii,  //i"/.  J/(.<'.,  '_*tSt)-l;  /'(('■/(«  rii  and  Cunfi  mi--,  Cul.  J)or.,\u.  l^S.  'Jin; 
port  whiTo  the  vessel  entered  is  also  calleil  Miu'atan. 

"'J'he  men  he  reiniired  were  talii'n  for  ditl'erent  military  operations,  etc. 
The  exjiedition  cost  him  ovi'r  (iO.OiMI  jiesos  ili' oro,  as  jier  lueniints  rt'iidereil, 
Ctirlm,  /.'•ic/vVo.'i  ,Siiill(is:,  'Jjo  l(».  Thi'  details  of  eost  are  <.'iven  in  Cul.  U"'. 
JiikI.,  ii.  4(>."i  1.").  The  kinn  ordered  tile  aiitlioiities  of  New  Siiaiii  to  reptiy 
the  amount,  Cnliiliiitf  .Ajiril  I,  lo'Jit,  Imt  it  was  undeistood  that  tiio  disMl.i- 
ilienee  of  the  ordir  would  not  1«!  rei,'arded  with  disfavor.  The  amount 
formed  one  of  the  many  Mtandiiii,'  elaims  of  L'orti's,  fur  whieli  he  was  evi  r 
j)r»'ssin,Lr. 

'"I.iiis  de(\irdinas  eonnnanded  the  .S^»»^V»f/o,  and  I'edro  do  iMiciites  tiii" 
lirijiiiiitine.  Ateoiclinir  to  lleirera.  ilee.  iv.  lili.  i.  eaji.  \i.,  they  earriid  ."ii>. 
4.'i,  and  !.">  men,  re.siieetively.  IJeriiiil  I 'iaz,  //('-'.  Vir^inl.,  •_','!'_',  adds  a 
ves.si'l  and  iiureases  the  foree  to  '17M  '  ioMiriv;'  luit  this  mii-t  lie  ii  nii-.I.iki', 
tlioii;;h  llerrera  f.'ives.  erroneously  jierh.'iis,  an  armament  whieh  I'l'ipiirrd  it 
l.-u'Ljei'  irew.  The  instrnetions  for  the  dilKrent  otiieers,  aiul  lettel's  for  <  '^i'  ot, 
the  kinus  of  ('elm  ami  'J"i<lore,  and  others,  lated  May  '.!7,  l">-7,  are  ^'iviii  in 
Ciir/i-i,  /.'•.v/vVo.-i  Siii'ltii.<,  l'J7-li!(;  Xi(r'!rrtti ,  I'oK  ilf  \'iiti/i:t,  v.  44'_' Hi4.  N^> 
kind  must  lie  taken  jiossessioii  of,  ami  no  ti'-nliug  lindertakeii,  c.xfop'  hy 
JSaavedra,  or  in  his  preseiioe. 


TUE  Tninrvn; 


VTR. 


"•>no,r(.nrJn'nr.  the  3r,.I, 


2r,o 


"'.'-;■  <>M  ihv.  w 
uik'I 


KV'a 


■'>V^^-»oii|)  ^vliicj 


>!    Ill    S, 


'•^'h-.n^.T  ,Ii 


'■()V('^^ 


«-v;,fnn;,,,,;,,ti;;;  !,:;:r-''?r'iw^-i..i 


II     s 


•-'l"  <'<>lMnKUl(|  (,f  J[ 

(i-n"-<il 


VI 


'■•'"in.'iiitofl 


I  OS 


^oinoiiul.     J  To  il 


J".)ll(.'(i 
^\;i.sar 


^^■'"i    ihv   J» 


'"••'idodria  '/ 


ortu 


on-,. 


.^•■'K'^e,   iuul 


'''-!'i'y"r;,,;:":;"'r'-i--'n 


".•iisa  s  j.aiiy, 
'•  ^''"'.^''tiivd  ill 


Xt'W  ( 


M(l  aft 


Ills    \- 


•  'SSi 


7'^t«V(l;,l  ,„;^| 


':'-:.- .'.■,,.^..;x:;!';!-,:-';^'-.:M.,,, 


laii- 


'""'P«  wero  (li 


llVi 

>«'i"itl\'  al 

iviiinic 
I'lisons, 
t 


\;  Lo.^  I'iiitad 


X 

scoveivd 


M    (I 


t"»  '»!  .Afav  i:, 


'-•). 


OS 


t^TWard,   wj 


"i<I  L,,s  J 


'';  ^^■••'y.  ii;inird 


T 


Wo 


"  ''"n.v-  Jiair- 


'"I'lios  dard 


III 


:,i  ;r,;:;:";';"r"'"'-  ''i"i;  «i 


wav 


i"«'sj  )(■(•- 
;iiid 


(  'S 


1'  l."! 


•  I'Tos.v 


i""ute  to  X 


^^^■<'n  iiad  fS 


H'lVIlj,,,,,     j| 


t/ 


lO 


;'^:::^^«'""'ytondiM,'^,i 


K'     CVVW 


"■"III    If,   f, 

'•'^J)ai 


v\v 
or  iiifoi 


i.'in'd 


I'll    NU( 


»'",  IK.tlii, 


('('(■( 


Ird 


oi-fi 


'1^1  UJ 


so 


iL"" 


Would  1 


111 


•'J)<'!ini<r 


:'r^r'"'^^'^^'i-aMdoti 


^  ■'''^"■^^'■^  to  al,and 


Wecii  til 


('   !•(» 


not  1 


OVlVi 


di 


<"'  Jiis  3lol 


'^''■♦•"vunist; 


y-'il  '<iinili\..s 


^'*l  lor  iieailv  Jialf 


"<'c.'i  Nc'Iiom 


IK 


I'S. 


Aft 


«i  <^viitiii- 


'i'"^,<"iii 
and  tl 


^r  a  n 


'."•''  Ksh'ad 


''w  iiiontli 


«'  riik 


■■I  lined 


i.^^as  ovMotJ 


"ndoi-  tlio  t 


as  1 


iiil.-rl 


<;<'nJii-,nu,o.  Ao-uil 


"'<''•,  l>iit  uiji 


II- 


^"  *'"■  Jicad,  a  ,1 


'■'"nivfratp  of 


oi"  aiir  ,., 


t',-.T 


^'^'^  in  iiiatt 


"*"^  i"'^\<''-  to  ta)v 


I>l»onit 


litrh 


"  r  vva 


Will 


■Iiici! 


Jiad  J 


s  o\viii< 


•^''•^  oiltsido  of  tl 


vO    IVsid 


<•('    Of"   J 


lis. 


'•'•icia  (,,•  t 


>'  t 


oil. 


"    I""OMlot(j  "tl 


and  tl 


11 


'.'.ilv.- 


i^-  <>>^j)irati 


'"'''y  t(»  tlio  (.|1 
I'^'iii  shnrUy  .,rt, 
'^'.""fivsts  ,,f  tl 


'^'^•ovcniincnf.     T] 


Its  ,,/ 

T  I 


o 


US 


ooiWloz. 


oiicc 


oils    <)/ 


'"iili;s  It. 


"o,  1  >}■«•„,•.,  i7( 


"■  lali'ifi-,  1 


.llllCll 


.•issiiiiics  tli/.s  to  1 
-"I'lHTa;   |,i,t   I, 


-ItMtl 

,    .    '^^  .'iMti-Corf,' 
■"'■^•""    ''■'■  '".Is,  u-hil 


'('  ti 


-""•"^'yriacosti 


mil,  V,  / 


"'  SJIIllc^ri 


>/.- 


■''','r'Ii--'ovo,-e,I  I, 


'fill    ill    7'    y 


"••  S....I, 


ii.Kl  in; 


"'.V  iiiiii,I,^,,.p,i  IS 


\\-.  fi 


"".  '•  lf,s. 


"11  <>'r((  MM 


'«7'«  riii.li.,-,.,] 


'>-.'i,  .-'11(1 1( 


'  I. 


tl 


':'';•.  <'oi.,i,  I 


•■"1     flL 


U    I'fUch    S 


IICVJIS. 


iiii.l    10 


//, 


<<fo,  ii.  ,s,s-i 


'lilt  (if  tl 


('•'111.     Oi„.  ,,f  ( 


'"■"V<lio,|    lH,f, 


tuL 


'•I'L'.  iv.  Ill 
II.  (;r-!).j 


^"-  4(i,->-S(;.    J 


•w<irn. 


lilies  t 


LM"''liti<,ii   xvl 


IK!    S!I!'V 


IK-.l    1 


•  I 


^^'< /:r  I  ^^■''''v'-iv-i'-.l 


wit  I 


ll>.  V. 


'  <i:  /'/., 


//; 


-"i«--«cxi;o;ii;;,;ir'"^^"^^'"-'"-utsy:;/ 


;:;''•  ;7-y-'/"'-;^y/. 


ost  uf  t 


'/  '/o/v 


'  riiitiii  j, 

'I'loiril, 


'"^■«"aiit.ioiitic.drcft. 


IK 


'2G0 


KSTllAPA'S  HULK. 


|)()slni,^  liimscir  l)C'r(H-o  tlio  court  as  an  ofTiccr  ^vll()l!y 


devoted  to  tilt!  so\HiH'i««ii.     lie  did  not  fail  tou'ive  1 


lis 


I  t 


o  nru'o  measures 


views  of  ti'ansatlantie  alKiiis,  an( 
which  were  many  of  them  admirahle;  but  he  also 
pi'edisposod  the  crown  atjcainst  (^)rtes,  whose  interfei- 
eiic(;  in  <4'overnmi'ntounht  not  to  be  tolerated.  Kstrad;!, 
who  had  personally  comj)lalned  of  tlie  associates  ibrctd 
mion  him,  was  greatly  elated,  and  j»resentiuj4' tile  rovnl 


decree 


1 


le  was 


received,  Aiiufust  '22,   1527,  as   soK 


luiei 


11 


'I'his  was  not  the  only  slight  suffered  by  Cortes  at 
th(>  royid  hands.  Albornoz  had  Ijeen  induced  to  bc- 
fiieiid  Salazar  and  Chirinos,  and  so  well  did  ho  plia  I 
their  cause,  nnder  the  auspices  oi'  Secretary  Cobos, 
that  their  release  was  ordei'i'd,  thoULjh  their  se(jues- 
trated  property  remaini'd  in  chai'ge  of  guardians.'^ 

Cortes  felt  this  act  deejily.  lie  saw  all  hope 
fadinif  for  redress  of  the  bitter  wrongs  suffered  ;:t 
their  hands,  wrongs  which  he  could  so  readily  liaNc 
avengi'd,  and  which  seemed  too  clear  to  escajjo  })U!i- 
ishnient.  As  if  to  inijiress  the  intliction  ujxin  liis 
I'ival,  J"'stra(la  foi-med  a  sort  of  alliance  with  the  two 
released  otlicials,  with  a  view  to  strengthen  his  own 
partv  against  one  of  whose  inlluence  ho  was  both 


I'alous 


and  afraid.     The  ext 


reme 
one 


to  which  he  carried 


this  feeling  threatened  on  one  occasion  to  produce 
most  serious  results.  Figueroa  of  Zaj)oteo  fame  had 
I'eturned  to  ]\[(,!xico  with  his  s|)oils,  and  meeting  one 
of  Cortes'  adherents  named  Cortijo,  an  altercation 

"  r.ihrn  (Jr  r„i;hio,  :ms.,  son-,*}. 

'•' These  wcio  iiistnu'trcl  to  jxiy  tlicm  an  nllowanrc.  The  8cqnostr;iti"n 
toiik  ])!!ic(>  cliii  lly  at  tlie  instaiici.sdf  ivlativcsof  Tax  in  Sjiaiii.  Tlioy  \v(  ivi"ii- 
(Kiniu'il  ti)  (Ualli  liy  tlii"  aiulicm-ia  of  ]''.!•  pariola,  l)iit  tlio  sciitoiico  did  imt  i^ko 
I'll't'ct,  tli<iiiL;li  alliriiR'(l  by  the  (,'ouiU'il  of  tin-  Indies.  Tlie  audioiicia  of  Mix- 
ii'o  nfteiwai'd  oiileieil  tliciii  to  repay  to  Cortt'M  all  they  had  taken.  Cliiiiii"! 
joined  (.Jiiznian  in  liis  outrages  on  the  .lali.ieans,  and  .shared  in  McmliKis 
e\|iedition.  after  \\  iiieh  he  left  for  Spain,  in  l."i4'J,  in  char;,'o  of  royal  tre:i>Miv. 
.'U«  »(/()-.(i,  Ciirlii,  in  Cartas  ile  Imlia.-i,  'J.Vl,  71.").  Salazar  went  to  S|iain  :it  an 
«'ailier  date,  and  joining  Soto  in  the  expedition  to  Florida  In:  narrowly  isrnped 
liaiiLiing  for  disobodieiiec  to  his  chief.  ](e  died  in  oliHelirity.  We  .shiill  liiid 
allii.-^ion.s  to  both  during  the  next  few  years.  See  also  lltrnra,  dee.  iii.  lih. 
ix.  eap.  viii.;  lib.  x.  ea)).  i.;  dee.  iv.  lib.  li.  eap.  i.;  (lomani,  Hist.  J/i .i. , -■''.'; 
Alumaii,  Divert.,  i.  app.  '2'il;  I'lrja,  Calidario,  -,"),  43,  7'J. 


COnTj;.S  KXILKD. 


i'"  •'."t';.?o  on  o!,o  of  Jus     1'     !    ."'*■'•      ''^""''' 

t'v;.s.nvr  for  .sole  ruler  LT,  '  i'I^'""^"',.nt  of  tUo 

^'-    ate,  and  gave  v  .;^'  ^'  ^^  ^'^  l!'^-'^''-,  I>..t  .-a     : 
^-'•<'^     Qnitcn^arnu     V^.      .''''^'^''^'t-ninlMtt.,: 

;--- to  nmintain  i     r'^^  ;^^^ 
;•"'  ^<"-  .such  a  stop  a4nst         '  '"'1  '?'>'  .i"'^^'"''''-a- 

-ft  ,s   woll,"  .said    P    !/^  '^'V'' ^'^ '^■'tJ''^t..,,,I.- 
",f  «»i'o,  -that  persons     nr'/''';'\  '"^^ ''''-'''    "<'  the 

;:;--!  to  oxijoi.C^'^^^^^-!'o«i<.e.houJdh: 

J'  <>v/er.s  acquired  for  tlie  -In  .'/'"''  ^  '"""'  '"v  l"^•'^•c 
toil  aiul  blood.'-  L\  j;  '^'",Vi^'^"'-t-4\sonn,,.h 
- -'vached  hin^self;  f^  .j  ^'^.^  .^^^tnula  n.ay  iJvo 
'^P'l'ii  and  pray  for  in. f/  ^''"^  '''''"^<'  proceed  fo 

'■'■^  "!.i      .".  ,1  .:•    +        V  "'""'"''Hin  w;i.s  ill  I  VN  ,  ,.  '    '^"">  With  six-lUst,:? 

'    '-'''•   ^'-'•'lul  Diaz,  Jli^i^ 


'.m 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


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m 

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ii  m  = 


2.0 


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1.4    III  1.6 


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tS  VEST  MAIN  STREET 

Wt!0STER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  87?-4503 


O^ 


^h 


202 


ESTRADA'S  RULE. 


i 


; 


Avitlidiow,  thougli  a  motion  of  his  finger  would  have 
sutiiced  to  overthrow  his  opponents.  "For  thy  kiu^- 
and  tliy  law  must  thou  die,"  was  an  oft-used  sayiuL;' 
of  his  which  he  evidently  resolved  to  uphold.^^  Estra- 
da's wife,"''  among  others,  censured  the  governor  for 
this  treatnient  of  a  man  who  had  so  greatly  favored 
him  with  appointments  and  grants,  and  wained  him 
of  the  consequences.  At  this  time  arrived  Fray 
Jidian  Garces,  bishop  of  Tlasoala,  and  attention  was 
diverted  somewhat  by  the  demonstrations  attending 
the  reception  of  the  first  prelate  in  the  country.'^ 
His  first  task  was  to  reconcile  Estrada  and  his  iujui(;d 
opponents.  The  former  had  already  re[)ented  of  liis 
haste,  and  the  bishop  followed  Cortes  to  Coyuhuacan 
to  ])revail  upon  him. 

Tlie  first  impulse  of  resentment  passed,  Cortrs 
admitted  that  unjust  as  the  governor  might  have 
been,  the  exjmlsion  was  brought  about  chiefly  by  his 
own  hasty  utterance.  Not  that  this  recognition  alone 
would  have  induced  him  to  relent,  but  potent  agencies 
Avere  the  fear  of  imperilling  his  cherished  prestige 
amonix  the  natives,  and  the  need  of  Estrada's  i'avor 
for  certain  projects.  The  good  prelate  therefore  suc- 
ceeded in  his  missitm,  and  Cortes  relented  so  far  as  to 
stand  godfather  to  the  govcv  infant  son."    Estrada 

M'as  not  so  base  and  selfisl  ^  his  advisers,  and  ic- 
pentance  for  his  ingratitude  had  moved  him  to  sonio 
extent,  as  well  as  a  politic  regard  for  the  great  con- 
queror's influence  over  the  natives  whom  it  would  lio 
difficult  to  control  in  case  they  were  roused.  Still 
another  motive- may  have  influenced  him:  the  pie.s- 


il 


"•Also:  'Klrcy  seamigallo.'  Oomam,  Illst.  Mrx.,  280. 

"''Doi'iii  Miiiiua  CiuticiTC'z  <lo  la  Cubullciia,  a  most  cstiinablo  woman,  rays 
Beiiial  l>ia/. 

^'  His  commission  was  presented  to  the  towii  council  of  Mexico  October  I'l, 
1.V_'7.   Lihrode  Ciihiltlo,  MS. 

'" /'ciiiKiii/,  J/isf.  C/ii/n/ia,  14;  Ilrrrent,  dec.  iv.  lib  iii.  cap.  vii.  TliU 
antlior  and  Ovicdo  leave  the  impression  that  the  reconcil'ation  was  eH'ccjil 
bel'oro  Cortes  left  the  city.  The  version  of  liUcas  in  that  'el  obispo  i]v  'i.ix- 
eala  rogo  al  dicho  thesorero  (|uo  dexaseentrar  al. .  .Curtes.'  CoiiiK,  AWitA  ,  ■  '", 
i.  ;WS-1),  ;U1.  JJernal  Diaz,  states  on  the  otiier  hand  that  Cortes  rciusud  to  ho 
■  reconciled,  though  the  prelate  appealed  to  him  several  times. 


NUNO  DE  GUZMAN. 


263 


euro  of  a  forinidablo  onoiny  in  the  coast  provinces, 
whoso  threatenin!:^  attitiulc  against  both  him  and 
Cortes  served  to  form  a  bond  between  them. 

]\[orc  tlian  a  year  previous,  Nuho  de  Guzman  had 
]n'OU  ap])ointed  governor  of  Panuoo,  in  accordance  witli 
tlio  royal  pohcy  of  restricting  the  power  of  officials, 
and  with  a  view  to  support  Ponce  de  Leon,  in  case 
of  need,  to  obtain  control  at  Mexico.  lie  was  a  cava- 
lit'i'  of  good  connection,  from  Guadalajara,  who  had 
long  resided  at  Puerto  de  Platfi,  in  Es])ahola,  as  enco- 
niendoro,  but  beyond  the  claim  as  colonist,  and  a 
knowledge  of  law,  he  appears  to  have  ])ossessed  no 
('>;[)crience  or  merit  for  service  rendered  that  could 
h.ive  wari-anted  the  bestowal  of  so  important  a  por- 
tion of  New  Spain,  conquered  and  settled  by  more 
(Ksorving  men.  The  preferment  was  due  chiefly  to 
till'  inlluonce  of  the  Velazquez  party,  who,  regardless 
of  the  many  zealous  adherents  in  Mexico,  chose  to 
support  a  member  of  the  ruling  clique.-''  lie  was 
known,  however,  as  a  man  possessed  of  the  talent  and 
resolution  necessary  to  sup[)ort  Ponce  and  to  face  the 
<lreaded  Gortes  in  his  own  field. 

Sickness  and  preparations  detained  him  from  liis 
]i()st  for  over  a  year,  and  he  did  not  reach  his  ca])ital  of 
San  Estevan  del  Puerto  until  May  20,  1527.'-*  His 
entry  was  celebrated  with  ])rocessions,  triumphal 
ai'clies,  and  other  demonstrations  attending  the  inaug- 
niation  of  a  new  government  from  which  conciliatory 
reforms  and  favors  arc  expected.  These  hopes  were 
not  unreasonable,  for  Guzman  was  most  engai>ing  in 
manners,  pleasant  in  converse,  and  of  evident  culture; 
and  only  time  revealed  the  haughty  dis[)osition,  the 
cruel  nature,  and  the  un[)rincipled  ambition  of  the 

'■'  Tlint  lio  was  of  tliis  clique  app'?ar3  from  tlio  advanccnuut  aooii  after  of 
his  rclalivo  (ionzaloilo  (iuzmaii  to  the  fiovoniorsliip  of  ('iil)a.  ZHiiiOrrii'jit, 
l.cilrc,  ill  'J'<  riiiiii.r-CoiiiimiiK,  Vnij.,  soric  ii.  toiii.  v.  l!l.  'Sin  mas  .suniicios, 
iii  I'speriocia  do  giierra,'  is  Ucrrera's  iniliguaut  coiumunt  on  tiuzmaii's)  appoiiit- 
iiicnt.  (U'c.  iv.  lil).  iii.  a\\\.  vii. 

'-' Ik'ironi  indicates  the  year  ir)'28.  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  Ilkt.  Xut. 
t'iv.,  iv.  7^3,  writes  lo2o,  aud  others  arc  eiiuully  in  error. 


i 

H 


\ 


\h 


>  1  fi' 


I'll' 

I       !     11 


mi  i 

-1 


.;  i 


I 


I 


I  !:,! 


264 


ESTRADA'S  RULE. 


SL'lf-sufficionfc  autocrat."''  Plis  domains  extended  in  a 
broad  belt  from  the  coast  inward,  under  the  name  of 
l^iinuco  and  Victoria  Garayana,""  ptnietratins:^  a  reij^iou 
as  yet  ahnost  unknown,  and  looked  upon  as  I'ich  in 
^old,  so  much  so  that  the  authorities  had  is.sued  special 
I'e^ulations  securing  the  crown  dues  thereon. -'^  All  tlii.s 
had  raised  the  hojjcs  of  (iuzman,  only  to  be  br(»iiL;]it 
low  when  he  beheld  the  ctnnparatively  i)overty-strickeii 
expanse  before  him.  He  was  resolved  to  make  the 
most  of  it,  however,  and  in  })articular  to  exercise  the 
newly  acquired  dignity  in  a  maiuier  befitting  his  train- 
ing as  slave-owner  on  the  Islands.  Sweeping  changes 
were  made  in  offices  and  regulations,  and  agents  weie 
sent  round  to  investigate  the  titles  of  all  grants  of 
land  and  natives,  and  to  seize  all  that  were  not  fully 
securetl.  As  a  partisan  of  Velazquez  his  elfoi'ts  were 
directed  with  especial  severity  against  the  adherents 
of  Cortes,  who  had  assisted  to  conquer  antl  settle 
the  region.  Of  their  repartimientos,  indeed,  ahnost 
every  one  was  deprived  on  some  pretence.  The  na- 
tives were  treated  with  absolute  disregard  of  justice. 
Their  houses  and  lands  were  ravaged,  and  everything 
of  value  was  carried  away,  including  slaves,  and  even 
their  scanty  stock  of  provisions,  so  that  some  of  tlieiii 
were  reduced  to  actual  want.  In  his  inq:)eiious  cruelty 
he  caused  several  natives  to  be  hanged  for  omitting 
to  sweep  the  roads  befoi'e  him.-^ 

These  outrages  were  not  prompted  so  much  by 
avarice,  which  formed  the  main  impulse  with  New 
World  adventurers,  as  by  egotism.     Of  a  noble  and 

=5  Of  nol)lo  l)ivth,  discreet,  inclincil  to  great  deeds,  enduring,  and  inivciiid, 
are  the  fenturoH  a(l(U'<l  1)y  Biaumont,  ('rdii.  Mirli.,  iv.  9i>. 

''"' /V.'/(f.  Ccihildrin,  '22.  (iuxnian  claimed  the  vluilo  ])arallcl  to  the  Sniith 
Sea.  Znniiirraga  calls  the  jirovincc  2')  li'a.uaies  at  its  ^'I'catest  M'idth.  T<  ninii.r- 
I'll  1)1  pit  11",  I'",'/.,  .sciie  ii.  turn.  v.  !)1.  A  hitcr  rcjiort  trivcs  it  AO  Icaj^iies  in 
IcnLjth  and  l)r(  adth.  Iiij'oniu'^,  in  /'((cAiro  and  < 'tn\l(  lutK,  Col.  />i)c.,  xv.  l-Kl. 
This  was  j)r(il)at)ly  after  the  audicneia  delined  the  limits,  as  (irderi'd. 

'^'  •  (^)ue  el  (iro  de  I'anuco,  .se  lahrasse  en  liarras  por  los  (|uales.  .  .y  eonies-i; 
por  n(|Uel  precio.  .  .so[>eiia  de  nuicrto.  .  .ui  labrasso  oro  fuera  de  las  liiudiii- 
ones.'  J/irmri,  dei'.  iii.  HI),  x.  cap.  vii.  Another  signilicant  rule  was  tluit 
soldiers  slioidd  not  he  used  in  agriculture. 

'■'^  I  lis  al;4uacil  mayor,  llalcou,  appears  to  have  been  a  zealous  tool  in  these 
perfornuiuces. 


IXFAMOUS  DOINGS  IN  PANUCO. 


2C5 


proud  .stock,  Gii/man  liml  coniu  to  tlio  Iiullos  fillod 
v\iili  ilio  uloNvimx  lionos  oiirnMidered  by  sucli  acliiuve- 
iiicnts  as  those  of  Vasco  Xuncz,  Gil  (jonzak'Z,  and 
( 'oi'tcs,  but  circunistanocs  confined  liiui  to  a  naiTow 
s|iliere,  till  now,  the  vista  openinj^,  liis  uid)ii(iled 
;unl)itiou  was  prepared  to  break  every  bound,  ][e 
longed  above  all  to  acquire  a  wider  inilueiu.-e,  and  tin; 
jiicsent  eirbrts  were  cliielly  toward  this  end.  His  ow  n 
ja'ovinco  was  not  sufficient,  and  he  cast  lon^iniT^  eyes 
toward  the  border  alon<^"  which  lav  a  number  ot'  llour- 
i^liinu:  settlements.  He  declared  that  they  bcloin»;LMl 
to  his  district,  but  the  settlers  stoutly  obj(v..'ted  to  the 
claim.  Guzman  promptly  sent  to  arrest  the  most 
uiu'ulv,  notably  Pedro  (Gonzalez  de  Trujillo  and  I'ran- 
cisco  Ivamos.  Several  of  them  beiuL!;  cavaliers  refused 
to  bend  to  the  imperious  governor,  and  were  thei'e- 
upou  lasiicd  and  tortured;  one  was  nailed  to  a  post  by 
tlic  tongue  i'or  insolent  language,  and  another  was 
liangx'd,-'  v.'hile  the  natives  of  their  towns  were  many 
ol'tliem  butchered  for  obeying  their  masters. 

News  of  this  reaching  ^NEexico,  Estrada  and  Sando- 
val, who  then  governed  jointly,  sent  ])eremptory  orders 
I'or  Guzman  to  exhibit  his  commission  and  to  restrict 
hiinself  to  what  they  declared  to  be  his  boundary.""^ 
A  numl)cr  of  despatches  were  exchanged  on  tlu'(|ues- 
tion,  v/herein  discourteous  language  was  IVccly  dis- 
pensed, particularly  by  (iuzman  in  letters  to  Cortes, 
who  as  military  chief  became  invoh'ed  with  him. 
Sancho  de  Caniego,  cousin  of  the  IMnuco  governor, 
received  such  treatment  at  !^^exico,  in  his  character 
of  conunissioncr,  that  he  departed  fuming  with  threats. 
Xo  satisfaction  being  ol)tained,  Estrada,  who  during 
the  autunni  assumed  sole  rule  at  ]\[exico,  prepared  an 

'^'■'TQ^tmony  in  Corfi''',  I!rn/i?rii<iii,  i,  HI  I,  iiLrrcca  witli  I'pm.il  T)i.iz  tliat 
Tiiijillii  M-;is  liiuiLjod,  without  icouivin;.;  ;i  trial,  tlii)ii!,'h  lie  was  nf  iiuMi'  hliinil. 
Ill  rmil  Jjl/iz,  /liil,  Vcrdiiil.,  '22\.  lliirora.  l(w.  cit.,  iloclaiv^t  tliat  tln^  i)irsoii 
li.iii;,'(>il  was  !i  wrvaut  of  Trujillo.,  the  mastur  being  turturcd  l>y  iiuiliny  llio 
tiiKL'iiu  and  tliu  like. 

''llcgiilor  llinojosa  was  Pont  witli  the  inc!^?,nL;c,  Imt  I'ithcr  n  fear  fcir  liiii 
own  tonguo.  or  actual  sick  ess,  eaused  anoilier  couiniidsioner  to  he  appointed. 
./-.■''/•')  (Ic'Caljiklo,  MS.,  Juno  14  a:ul  "Jl,  I.V_7. 


i  * 


n 


m 


4 


I?'  1 


266 


ESTRADA'S  RULE. 


ir   :    I 


m 


expedition  to  enforce  his  demands.  At  this  junctnio. 
arrived  Juan  Perez  de  Gijon,  alcalde  of  San  Estcvan. 
and  aj>j)oaled  for  a  stay  of  hostilities,  chielly  ibr  lln- 
sake  of  the  settlers,  proniisinj^  either  to  eliect  a  peaiT- 
ful  ari'aiigen»ent,  or  to  retui'ii  to  ^Mexico  as  a  prison*  r. 
For  this  unauthorized  mediation  Guzman  tieated  liini 
rather  severely,  and  like  Kegulus  the  alcalde  went 
back  to  redeem  his  word.^^ 

Meanwhile  Captain  Gil  Gonzalez  de  Benavides, 
alcalde  (^f  Mexico,^-  had  approached  the  boundary  and 
taken  possession  of  the  tract  in  dispute."^  Aconnnis- 
sioner  thereupon  came  down  from  San  Kstevan  to 
arrange  the  matter,  but  nothing  was  effected  until 
Guzman  managed,  under  a  change  of  circumstances, 
to  settle  everything  according  to  his  own  fancy.^^ 

Not  content  with  encroacliing  on  ^lexico,  Guzman 
had  turned  his  desire  also  to  the  adjoining  northern 
territorv  of  Ilio  do  las  Palmas,  granted  to  Pantilo  di' 
Xarvaez  as  a  solace  for  the  defeat  inlHcted  l)y  Cortes. 
Ijike  other  little  known  regions  it  was  supposed  to  he 
rich  in  precious  metals;  not  more  so  than  his  own 
iiiteri«/r  tracts,  but  more  alluring  since  it  belong(Ml  \n 
another;  and  he  resolved  to  gather  the  tirst-fruit 
before  the  rightful  owner  appeared.  To  this  I'ud  lie 
sent  his  cousin,  Caniego,  with  all  his  available  force. 
The  expedition  penetrated  for  a  considerable  distanct! 
without  linding  any  settlements  of  note,  and  strugu'ling 


I-  I' 

ft  ' 


1(4 

if 


^'  Ho  left  Mexico  in  the  beginning  of  December,  and  returned  'Miiivh  \>>, 
l.VJS.   /,/. 

"'^'ri'stiiiKiny  in  Curfi'-',  Ilc^klniria,  i.  nil-li,  ii.  147,  shows  thiit  Kstnula  ;it 
first  i>r(i])ii;^i(l  to  ^o  in  pei'sou  to  seize  ( luzuian  and  '  iknolate  IVmnco,'  l)nt  t!ic 
riiiiii>ri  il  disloyal  projects  of  CortOs  deterred  him.  Esttrada  was  uotamiUtaiy 
man,  liouowr. 

^^  '  rrendio  a  Andi'cs  Duero  e  a  Juan  Astudillo  e  a  otroa  doa. .  .e  dostniyo 
la  tieira.'  /lu'iiijn,  in  Id.,  ii.  117.  This  Duero  appears  to  he  tlie  secretaiy 
from  Cuba  who  at  llrst  befriended  Cortes  ami  then  became  his  eui'my. 

^'J'enavides  oll'ered  to  snrrender  '  Tepeluiiioan,  (ihiautla,  Yaiiunlii'a,' hut 
insisted  on  retaining  tlie  towns  in  the  district  of  '^leztitlan,  Oxitapa,  Tla- 
matlan,  and  (Juazalingo.'  Librode  Cithihlo,  MS.,  February  Ii),  1,")'J8.  C'anicu'"is 
named  as  the  I'anueo  eonmiissioner,  though  he  ap])ears  to  have  gone  to  Spuia 
alM)ut  this  time.  The  audiencia  of  Mexico,  wliieh  arrived  this  year,  with 
Gu/man  for  jiresident,  received  orders  to  detine  the  bomidary,  ancl  to  forlil 
any  eneomendei'o  to  hold  laud  ou  both  sides  of  it,  or  to  keep  natives  out  I'f 
their  native  district. 


GUZMAN  THE  SLAVE-MAKER. 


267 


cture 
evaii. 
V  tlu' 

SOIU'V. 

A  liiia 
went 

,v  klcs, 
rv  and 
nimis- 
,-au  to 
i  until 
tunces, 

iiznian 
)rtheru 
ililo  do 
[\)rtcs. 
id  to  be 
is  own 

\\irC(\  til 

,st-iVnit 
end  lio 

■  \'o\vv. 

istnnco 
iio'dinL;' 

.,'  Imt  the 
laiiiilitaiy 

lU'struyo 
soeVL'tiiry 
liv. 

Iiili.'a.'  I'Ut 
Itai.a.  Tl:.- 
ICanii'L;"!:* 
to  Siniiii 
koiir.  with 

to  folMil 
tvcs  out  uf 


witli  obstacles  of  every  descri]ition,  and  suflerinn;' 
•  ■reat  liardsliin.  Finallv  dense  torests  ol)li<jfed  tlieni 
to  turn  back,  and  the  band  reached  San  JCstevan  halt' 
iinnished  and  in  a  sad  condition,  with  little  to  i-eeoni- 
]iense  them  for  their  tivc  months'  searcii,  e\re])t  a 
report  that  tlio  country  beyond  the  forests  nmst  bo 
rich  and  settled.^^ 

This  rc[)ort.was  considered  by  Guzman  to  be  a 
suilicient  inducement  to  extend  the  exploration,  but 
the  means  were  wantinlL,^  As  a  last  resource  he  seized 
upon  the  natives,  and  l)e<j^an  to  export  them  as  slaves, 
]ileadin<2f  that  the  public  j^^ood  demanded  such  a  niens- 
nre,  and  pointing  to  even  worse  acts  by  other  rulers. 
]  besides,  the  voices  of  these  natives  couhl  be  su[)[>resse(l 
only  by  removing  them  from  homo  associates  and 
]>lacing  them  under  strict  supervision.^*^  The  argument 
found  ready  sustainers  when  the  permission  was  given 
also  to  settlers  to  sell  from  twentv  to  thirtv  slaves 
each.  Traders  came  by  invitation  to  buy  slaves,  and 
othei'S  were  exported  l>y  the  shipdoad,  in  chartered 
Ac'ssels,from  the  stock-j'ard  in  which  they  were  branded 
and  herded.  A  panic  seized  ui)on  the  poor  creatui'i's, 
and  they  began  tt)  des«.:rt  the  villages  to  seek  refuge 
in  the  forests  and  mountains,  ])referring  hunger  and 
death  at  home  to  a  worse  fate  abroad.  Then  hunting 
expeditions  were  sent  out  to  ferret  them,  and  to  seize 
abt)  upon  Indians  jyertainirig  to  ]\Iexico.  Caci((ues 
Mere  tortured  to  reveal  the  hiding-[)laces  of  their 
}!eojile,  and  to  save  themselves  many  surrendered  even 
]  elatives  as  slaves.  Some  ten  thousand  of  Cod's  human 
creatures  wero  thus  carried  awavin  nnnv  than  twentv 
^essels,  three  of  which  foundered  at  sea.  In  their 
despair  a  large  luuiiber  of  the  kidnap})ed  cast  them- 
selves overboard:  others  suffered  so  severely  from  con- 

'■'Ouziiiau  jiv'tilicil  the  cnoroacliinont  by  soudinc;  an  cat-ly  ooniTl:iint  tliat 
X.ivvai'/.  liail  roooiviMl  mncli  of  what  ln'hmm'il  to  I'aMiico.  'J "ho  ;;iulic  iifia  wan 
uicknil  to  (Ic'i'.io  tho  houiulary.    }l(  rrrii.  ilco.  iv.  lil).  iii.  cap.  vii. 

""in  a  Utter  to  tlic  kiiiL',  he  pointed  out  that  the  royal  htrviee  ih'ninniUil 
hcirnei,  ami  that  those  oould  ho  ohtained  in  no  other  May.  ]le  did  n<.t  make 
one  dollar  1  v  tho  tratiie.  On  leaving'  ]';Unu'o  he  forhade  it,  hooanso  lie  had 
lioard  that  tho  king  ohjootod.   I'ac/uco  and  CW/i/t /(((•<,  Cul.  Due,  xiii.  410-11. 


f    '■! 


f 


-i 


|i ; 


^3 


r 


208 


ESTRADA'S  RULE. 


finomcnt  in  the  infected  atniosjihcro  of  the  hold  as  to 
die  duriiiGf  the  voyai^e,  or  iiumediately  after,  whik;  tho 
rest  rapidly  succumbed  to  tlie  hardships  of  their  new- 
life,  niai^aiilied  by  the  chauLje  of  eliuiate  and  food;'' 

But  neither  reconciliation  with  Estrada,  nor  the 
demand  lor  his  interference  in  the  Guzman  dispute,^^ 
changed  tli(i  resolution  of  Cortes  to  proceed  to  Spain. 
His  position  in  Mexico  was  becominij  iiisupportaljlc, 
what  with  lost  power,  fading'  inlluence,  and  constant 
aimoyance  from  insolent  officials.  Then,  his  presence 
was  necessary  at  court  to  refute  the  accumulatin-jj 
slandei's,  to  place  in  a  proper  lii.,dit  his  many  services, 
and  to  claim  a  lit  reward,'"  besides  advocatini;'  meas- 
ures for  the  development  of  the  country  and  the  ad- 
vancement of  conquest.  It  was  also  time  to  solenmizo 
the  marriaj4'e  arranged  for  him  in  Spain,  so  that  he 
might  obtain  heirs  to  per[)etuato  his  name. 

His  main  elfort  accordingly  was  to  obtain  sufficient 
means  to  })resent  himself  at  court  in  a  manner  coriv- 
spondi ug  to  his  fame  and  position.  Sandoval,  Ta])i;i, 
and  other  proposed  com[)anions  joined  him  in  llu; 
task  to  collect  rents,  receive  presents,  and  eilect  loans, 
and  thus  they  made  quite  a  tour  of  the  country, 
dii'ccting  themselves  chieily  to  the  caciques,  IVoni 
whom  large  contributions  were  received,  jnirtly  as 
giits  to  the  honored  Malinche,  partly  in  consideration 
for  the  oiler  to  present  their  sons  to  the  sovereign  and 
advocate  their  respective  claims. 

'"Tlioso  facts  are  aflivined  oy  Bishop  ZuiiKirraga  in  his  letters  .ind  sworn 
statoineiitM.  'iVttc  iirovinco. .  .conteiiait  "J."),!)!)  )hulicn3  soumisi  et  ]^aeiil(irAS. 
II  cii  a  vcndn  l,>,()'iiO  (.■oniino  cdclave.s,  et  les  aiUixs. .  .ont  abaiulounc'!  kuir-  vil- 
laj^es.'  Tlic;^i!  iliimicnts  wore  continnitl  J'rtini  Mexico,  the  kiihii'.;ii.ed  IilIiil; 
sent  to  Fannco  to  eiiibavk.  Tr niiti'.f-l'oni/.inifi,  )'(.'/.,  sciic  ii.  toi;i.  v.  Ill  '-', 
4').  rurther  dctai's  in  J'ar/u'co  ami  (.'lin/ciiai,  td.  J>u\.  xiii.  l-M-(i,  171. 
Jf<  rreni,  dee.  iv.  lih.  vi.  cap.  ix.  'So  herraron  tantos,  fpie  ca^i  despolilaruii 
uque'.la  riwineia.'  Jj< ni<d  D'lir.,  //'/■■if.   J't/i/ia/.,  '.'".IS. 

^"'■JYstimiuiy  in  f 'o;7rv,  Jlclilniria,  i.  .SI  1-12,  shows  that  Cortt's  at  li!>t 
oflei'cd  t  )  tak(!  the  field  a;,'ainst  him.  I'].str;!da  hesitated,  and  whm  he  li!Ki.Iy 
oil'ered  the  C'lnriiand  ( 'orti'S  replied  ch  it  his  preparations  for  going  to  Sii.iiu 
could  no  lon;,'er  he  deferretl. 

^'•* ' A!^i;nn  titulo,  pura  q  no  sc  Ic  '.guulassen  todos,' is  the  poiuted  rcuuuk  of 
Gomara,  JJi.st.  Jlcx.,  --'82. 


RCIIEMKS  AGAINST  CORTi': S. 


2fi9 


This  round  of  intorvlews  with  iiativo  leaders,  and 
the  pi-e[)arati()ns  for  the  voya<^(%  were  sutticlent  to 
revive  anionn"  op[)onent8  and  tattlei's  the  oft-spread 
i;port  of  disloyalty  on  the  part  of  one  who  so  reeently 
had  threatened  the  governor,  and  was  still  sinartiiiLf 
under  humiliation.  The  re])orts  were  not  altotj^ether 
(livoid  of  foundation,  for  n  nund)er  of  Spanish  and 
native  partisans  who  had  witnessed  the  indii^iiities 
]u-a})ed  upon  their  leader,  an»l  presumed  upon  his 
iTsintment,  ofteretl  him  their  aid  to  redress  his  wronsj^s, 
even  so  far  as  to  seize  the  whole  country  for  liiniseh?'* 
])nt  Cortes  was  too  wise  to  entertain  the  })rojcct;  he 
even  shrank  from  allusion  to  it,  and  also  threatened 
to  hang  one  or  two  of  his  advisers;  others  he  severely 
rrprimanded,  and  prudently  so,  since  the  proposals  in 
more  than  one  instance  covered  a  trap  to  criminate 
him  withal.  Estrada  is  said  to  have  heen  so  alarmed 
iliat  he  sent  Bishop  Garces  to  sound  Cortes,  and  to 
exert  his  influence  if  needful." 

'J'he  desire  of  Cortes  to  be  saved  from  friends  so 
ai)t  to  embroil  him,  formed  another  motive  for  leaving, 
and  this  was  hastened  by  the  receijit  of  a  letter  ii\)m 
the  jn-esident  of  the  India  Council,'*'  urging  him  to 
(•t)me  to  Spain  so  that  the  king  might  consult  him  on 
needful  measures,  and  reward  his  services.  This  let- 
ter was  the  first  move  in  a  rather  elaborate  scheme  on 
tlie  })art  of  a  misinformed  sovereign  to  withdraw  a 
dangerous  subject  from  a  tempting  field.     xVs  will  be 

*"  Tlio  persistent  Ocafia  dwells  on  this  nKivement  with  a  desire  to  criminate 
('(irti'.s.  Carta,  in  Ii-(;z''iil<-r!a,  Col.  I><ir.,  i.  ."i.'SD-l.  'JV'stimony  in  ( V/)V('-.-,  l\i'4- 
(Ifiicid,  i.  ."ii'J  11,  407-S,  declares  that  Curtis  did  iisk  tlie  djiinioii  of  several 
ivrsuns  whether  it  would  he  advisiihle  to  seize  llstrada  and  hnld  the  frovern- 
nicnt  for  the  king,  or  to  go  to  Spain.  ]>ouiinic:an  friars  warned  llstrada  of 
tlii.5.  If  ho  ever  alluded  to  an  nrrist,  it  must  havi;  heen  when  his  re.;eutnK'iit 
was  hot.  liCtters  were  sent  from  Mexico  on  the  suLject,  to  entrap  him, 
oli^crvea  Ijernal  Diaz.  Jlisf.   Vfn/m/.,  'l^'i. 

*'  IJernal  Diaz  assumes  that  the  two  leaders  were  not  reconciled,  and  that 
the  ellbrts  of  Garces  were  to  unbend  ("orti's.  Guzman  iulimated  that  Cortes 
lift  orders  for  the  natives  to  rise  after  his  depaiture.  Ilirrcra,  dee.  iv.  lib.  iii. 
cap.  vii.  This  accusation  was  also  intended  to  rellcct  on  Estrada's  inellieieney 
to    '".trol  the  natives. 

*-Tho  successor  of  the  intrigtiing  Fonscca  was  Fray  Garcia  de  Loaisa,  con- 
frssoi-(jf  the  king  and  bishop  of  Osnia,  afterward  made  cardinal  in  recognition 
of  his  services,  iuUueuce,  and  admirable  traits. 


•J 


i 


i 


270 


ESTRADA'S  RULE. 


shown  licrcaftor,  tlio  appeal  was  supported  hy  letters 
fi-oin  tho  duke  of  Bejar  and  other  tViemls.  At  th^ 
same  time  raino  the  news  of  tho  death  of  ^[artin 
Cortes.  This  proved  a  severe  blow  to  tho  son,  who 
alter  so  long  a  separation  had  vividly  i)ietured  to  him- 
self tlio  joy  of  once  more  embracing  his  lather  and 
able  friend  who  had  so  zeah)Usl\''  protected  his  in- 
terests against  assailants,  lie  caused  an  impressi\ti 
l"unei-al  ceremony  to  be  held,  and  put  on  tho  custonuu y 
moui'iiing  attire. 

Two  now  vessels,  reported  to  bo  fast  sailors,  had 
just  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  Cortes  despatched  his 
majordomo,  llu\z  do  Es(]uivel,  to  secure  them.  Ac- 
companied by  a  negro  to  carry  two  bars  of  gold  i'or 
the  purchase,  he  took  a  boat  with  six  native  I'owers 
to  carry  him  across  tho  lake  to  Ayotzinco,  but  lie 
nevcu-  appeared.  Search  was  instituted,  and  a  month 
later  attention  was  attracted  to  a  human  arm  \m>- 
trudinur  from  tlie  u'round,  the  flesh  eaten  bv  binls. 
The  half-buried  body  proved  to  be  that  of  tho  ma- 
jortlomo,  almost  nutle  and  with  a  knife  wound  in  the 
Ju'ad.  Tho  gold  and  tho  boatmen  had  disappeared. 
Though  tho  gold  appears  to  have  been  the  motive, 
some  prefer  to  connect  tho  nuirdt>r  with  lluiz'  indis- 
creet vauntings  of  successful  intrio-uos  with  dames  of 
the  capital.*^ 

xVnother  agent  went  to  secure  tho  vessels,  which 
wore  at  once  proparetl  for  the  voyage,  and  provided 
with  a  respectable  armament  to  protect  their  valuable 
cargo  against  corsairs.  The  intention  of  Cortes  was 
to  carry  with  him  a  varied  assortment  of  effects,  not 
so  much  for  presents  as  to  exhibit  the  resources  of  the 
country  ho  had  conquered.  Tho  most  valuable  jiart 
consisted  of  fifteen  hundred  marcos^^  of  wrouu'ht  silver, 
thirty  thousand  pesos  de  oro  in  gold,  a  portion  alloyed, 
and  several  thousand  pesos  in  jewels,  including  precious 

*'  Indeed,  little  eflfort  wiis  made  to  trace  the  murderers,  says  Bornal  Pin:-, 
7/(V.  Vcnliid.,  '221.  Ruiz  .ippears  to  have  been  an  attractive  fellow,  and  ;i-.. 
hidalgo  from  Seville.  Orinlo.  iii.  ")'J7. 

**  ^^a^co,  ciiuivaleut  to  eight  ounces. 


IJKTrRN  OF  CORTES  TO  SPAIN". 


271 


stoiH's  nnd  pearls.*'  Tlifii  tliorc  was  a  mass  of  faKrics, 
;mil  i'(tl)('s,  [)luiiu>s,  and  ll-alliLT-work,  li(|ui(l  aiiilxT, 
\;iiiilla,  Italsaiu,  iliiit  iiii[)lt.'inrnts,  and  mirrors,  weapons, 
|iaintinL;s,  and  curiosit'k's  ot' every  description,  notal)ly 
-trann'e  plants  and  animals,  ti^'ers,  [)arrots,  (|net/-als,and 
I'.ie  like.  .Vlso a  variety  ot'natives,  alMnos,  dwarts.  and 
monstrosities,  together  with  aerobats,  sueh  as  pole- 
turners,  t'oot-balaneu  performers,  eqnilihrists,  and  i»all- 
jilayers."^  Of  staple  resources  and  provisions  largo 
(|iiantities  were  contrihuted  l>v  the  natives,  sulVicii  at 
to  have  snj)pli(xl  a  lleet.  Aluch  came  also  iVo'u  the 
estates  of  Cortes,  the  extent  of  whii-h  may  be  under- 
stood from  their  value  of  two  hundred  thousand  pesos 
(!e  or(^  estimated  at  a  time  when  tlu;  price  of  real 
e>tate  was  very  low.  The  care  of  these  possessions 
devolved  durino"  his  absence  on  Lieenciate  Juan  Alta- 
luiraiio,  his  relative,  Diego  de   Ocauipo,  and  tSanta 

Jjarge  retinues  were  among  the  most  marked  attri- 
butes of  greatness  at  this  period,  and  eager  to  impress 
the  haughty  courtiers  of  Castile,  Cortes  ofVenul, 
cliicily  with  this  view,  free  passage  and  mainteranco 
to  whosoever  chose  to  accompany  liim  to  Spain. 
Quite  a  number  availed  themselves  of  the  liberal  })ro- 
posal,  though  a  few,  like  Fray  Loaisa,  accompanied 

*''  Gnninra,  Ilhf.  .Ve.v.,  283.  Onrdo,  iii.  .''•CS,  writes  1,000  m.arcns  of  silver, 
jiartly  wrought,  ;uul  e.stiinates  the  ji'wels  at  niiToly  2,000  to  .'i.OOO  jiosos.  ( ial- 
vaiio,  J/i,tciir.,  17t),  incveast'S  tlie  ynUl  and  silver  to  the  more  elieetive  iiinrmiit 
vi  2.K\()r.0  man-OS,  whereupon  (.'avo  jihioks  np  eoura;,'e  to  vahio  the  puie  j,'oli.l 
alone  at  200.0110  pesos,  'J'lrx  Siijlns,  i.  74;  an  amount  wiiieli  I'rescott  rashly 
tii'Iiles  hy  ealliny  it  ]K'Sos(lcoro.  .l/c.r.,  iii.  ;!12.  He  liasevidently  eonfoumled 
tile  total  value  ot"  all  the  treasures,  inchlding  the  rare  jirecious  stones  e;;rrieil 
sierelly  on  his  own  person  l)y  Cortes.  A  part  of  the  gold  and  silver  va.s 
ieL-'istereil  at  tlie  port  as  hulonu'ing  to  otlu'r  persons.  Tliis  was  deelar^'d  to  ho 
a  lalse  deelar.ation,  '  to  dij'raud  ereditors,'  and  half  the  silver  and  some  goM 
Were  aeeonlin^ly  seized  in  Spain.  Cortes  appealed,  hut  the  judge  ne\erthe- 
K.-s  sontvneed  iiimtopaya  line  of  100,0lU)niaravedis,  tliough  the  treasure  was 
oiiKred  to  he  restored,  liml  KjOi'iiti^i'Kt.'wi  Piflwo  and  I'linh  mt-i,  CiJ.  ])<tr., 
xii.  40l!.  'J'he  restitution  ajipears  to  have  hei'ii  negleeted  on  the  ])lca  tliat 
('  uti's  owed  the  treasurj'  cerUun  sums.  His  process  for  its  recovery  is  given 
in  1. 1.,  xiv.  .S!),-)-410. 

■*"  For  clescription  of  feats  a\id  games,  .see  X'tt'irr  7t'/CM,  ii.  2'X>  et  sei]. 

*'  Tlie  lattei-froiu  liurgos,  Uerual  Hiaz  adds  the  secretary  Alonso  Valiente. 
Ti'iMu  -Altaniiiano  descends  the  house  of  Marqui's  de  Salinas,  later  incorpo- 
lated  with  that  of  tho  Condea  do  JSuutiiigo.  Ahiiitun,  Dmrt.,  i.  252. 


'I 


Uj 


fn 


ESTRADA'S  RULE. 


l)im  no  fartlior  than  the  Islands.  Sandoval,  Andre's 
do  Ta])ia,  and  .suveral  other  captains  joined  the  ex- 
p(;diti(»n,  to  ])resi'nt  elainis  fur  services  hel'ore  the 
sovereiiufn ;  also  some  two  score  of  native  princes  and 
chieftains,  conspicuous  anioni.,^  whom  was  a  son  ul' 
]\Iontezuma,  and  a  mm  of  ^[axixcatzin/^ 

^*Cliimalpain  names  two  sons  of  Montoznmn,  T'lilio,  from  whom<lc3ccn<l(il 
tlic  f'diidcs  (li!  Mcmtezunia  ami  Tula — sre  //i.-if.  jfi  ■•.,  i  400,  this  scrios — iiikI 
Martin  CiirtiW  Nezaliiialtfcolutl,  also  a  ni'jilicw  I'f  the  late  ( iiipcifir,  rraiici>(.i> 
do  Alviirado  Matlacc^ohuatzin,  (ialnicl,  a  kuii  of  the  kiii;^  of  Tlacojian,  iliiltasiir, 
Ti'lilK',  .luaii,  SDim  ivspeotivcly  of  tiio  lords  (f  CiiUin.K'aii,  Ciiitl.ilni.n',  iiikI 
CcniiHiala.  Jlo  also  givi'S  th(!  hajitisnial  and  native  naimsof  three  Tlascdtio 
chieis  and  of  others.  ///>/.  ('"»'/.,  ii.  lt);{— 1.  Ainoii','  the  Tlasua!tees,  lieinal 
Diaz  mentions  a  non  of  Xieoteneatl.  They  nunil)ered  'M  in  all,  tiiosi;  iit  liast 
who  reaehed  Spain,  as  shown  hy  a  decree  of  the  emperor  ordering  die.-ses  anil 
t'ntertaimnent  t(j  lie  proviiled  for  them.  'J\riiiuix-(  'oinjiaii'*.,  I'o,'/.,  serie  ii.  tuni. 
V.  87-f*.  From  this  it  appears  that  the  son  of  Montezuma  now  ♦laken  was 
^lartin,  not  I'edro.  Amun^  the  other  six  names  mentioned  is  I>ori  iizo  of 
Tlaseala,  I  may  mention  tni  i'ollowin;,'  as  authorities  supplemental  to  tlioso 
(ploted  in  preceding  chapters:  <'orl('n,  L'.'<rrili'.->  Siidlos,  1()L'-'J(!, '_M.')-14;  Oc/Vi/o, 
iii.  4!)4 -.">,  olO-'JT;  I'd'/icio  and  Cdrtlnia.i,  Co/.  JJnc,  v.  (iS-'.K);  vi.;  xii. 
'JS7-'.I1.  4()()-17,  4S0-!»0;  xiii.  73-8,'.,  ll,-.-17,  144  (!,  ;{48-r)(),  400-11:  xiv. 
O.")-!*,  :!!•:>  410;  xv.  44i;-7;  xxiii.  3(1S-S4;  xxvi.  100-3,  I'Jo-CSO;  Liliyi  ik 
i'abi/ilu,  Ms.,  121,  pair.-iim;  Tonintmuila,  i.  .J!.)7-0;  iii.  lUO;  Arrhivo  Mcr., 
J>oc.,  i.  141-4,  lOl-So,  'J3!)  r't  se(|.;  ii.  IS,  passim;  Hnwirrz,  Jior.,  MS., 
'2S5-!);  Cnf.  Dor.  Iiud.,  i.  i4-30,  lOl-'J;  IJrainnont,  Cruii.  Mich.,  iii.  •ll\)-',\{)\ 
iv.  'J'.I-IOO;  I'li'jd,  Ccdiilnrio,  l.VJ."),  43-4,  71*;  Mohkiik iitns  JJomhi.  l:'<i'., 
MS.,  0!>;  J'aiiiiir-.,  Jh-orrtio,  73,  157,  188-91;  LvlliLcochitl,  Ji'dacioiiC'i,  in 
Kiuijgfiui-oiiiili.i  Mr. v.  Aiiti'/.,  ix.  447;  Tcrnnii.v-Coiii/iani',  I'o//.,  serie  ii.  toni. 
V.  l'J-'J7,  44-S;  Chiiiial/xuii,  ll'id.  Vowi.,  ii.  L'S-OO;  Mcx.,'h'.i-lr.  dr  ('<>liila/>, 
MS.,  o;  Vifaiiccii,  Tnif.  Mcx:,  G;  Jln)i(S(d,  ll'ml.  Vhyapn,  11-14;  Alaiiiaii, 
J)iK('rt.,  i.  •J4.")-r)0;  ii.  305-8;  jf»r(w-r«>"  (/('  Jioiirboiinj,  lll-'t.  Xiit.  (ir.,  iv. 
7-22-34;  (aro,  Tir.i  Sl'jlos,  i.  50-95;  I'lvscnir.^  Mc'.c.,  300-11,  452-4;  also 
notes  in  Mex.  cds.;  LIuvmIcz  Ddrila,  Ttntro  E>'!vx.,  i.  7;  Jhl/is'  .s'/kui.  Conq., 
iii.  00-4,  144-07;  Sa'az'ir  y  Olctrtc,  i'oiiq.  Mc.v.,  194-0,  323-(i7;  M<i;i<-i-\i 
M( X.  Az'ec,  i.  87-8;  iltdcuno's  D'uicov.  30-7;  Ai\roiiiz,  Jlist.  Orizaha, 
310-14;  Cord'fi,  Bi-iciru,  ii.  '287-90;  Piq  Vcu:,  cliii.  pt.  ix.  1.3-10;  A^t. 
Kuuiihcnniie  VcrmmeVnui,  xi.  22-32,  5li-(i8;  Dice.  Univ.,  i.  83-0;  Kir/s 
Col.  ]'oi/.,'iv.  283-8;  Pcmlla,  Not.  Hist.,  138-9,  339;  Soc.  Mcc.  6'(<"/., 
Boletiu,  viii.  477;  Soils,  Hist.  Mcx.  (cd.  1843),  479-81;  nnsselPs  JIl.<t.  Am., 
250;  Zumacul.t,  1114.  Mcx.,  iv.  304-403;  lilveva,  Hist.  Jalapa,  i.  45-9;  /<!., 
Gob.  Mcx.,  i.  22-3;  Lcrdo  di'  Tijada,  Apunt.  Hist,,  pt.  iv.  245-7;  I'lzarro  j 
Orellaita,   Varoucs  Jlvstres,  117-24. 


ciiAi  rni?  XIV. 

THE  FIRST  AUDIENCIA  AND  ITS  MISRULE. 
10-2S-1529. 


Oidot:i;s  ArroiNXED— STnixrr.NT  MK.vsrnn^i  Pnorosi'-D  acain'T  Ccrirfe — 

Crfl'.MAN   MaDI:   Pr.ESIUEXT — PoWKIl  AND  .Tl'IUHDIOTtOS   OP  Till'    '        'IKS. 

CIA — Its  lNsTi;rrTii>N"s— Laws  of  Ai.fon.so  tiik  Wisi; — Ri:n:ri;i.v  of 
•niv,  XiAv  li,rLKi;.s — TiitJii  Avauhi:  L.\ciri;i> — LsiuicaE  auat-sv  Cok- 

Ti:.— KuE];i:UV  AND  EXTOUTIOK— AUITSK   OF   FUIAUS  AND  C  ,    ..UY — ',;  ..SI- 

iiDNCiA  (IF  Co:;ti;s — Tin;  Li  iht's  Anaiiikma — SitAMr.Li:  e'o^.IJ;■<•^  «'• 
OiiMi-.Ks — Guzman's  rALLiATivi:  Sciiumm  of  Co.syLKST — S.Mrui.a.s"o 
l)i:sFATC'rr«. 

""•  :;  fiioiuls  of  Velazquez  and  of  Is'^arvaez,  tou^etlun' 
v.itli  those  ^Tatuitous  enemies  whom  the  deeds  of 
the  eonqueror  brought  into  being  among  the  needy 
I'Aul  envious,  continued  to  vex  the  ears  of  the  emperor 
iind  his  advisers  with  complaints  of  Cortes.  An  im- 
portant accession  to  tlu>ir  ranks  was  Albornoz,  wlio 
just  at  this  time  arrived  at  Seville  with  treasure  lor 
the  crown/  and  whose  ill-will  toward  Cortes  readily 
inducctl  him  to  lend  aid  to  their  projects.  Since  Saluzar 
and  Perulmindez  were  his  creatures,  favorable  reiiorts 


•  •i'n(.ernin'jf  them  im 


po 


set 


I 


"1 


)on 


pori 
the  li'ood- nature  of 


(  obos  and  lent  a  tini'-e  of  C(dor,  unconsciouslv  to  the 
secretary,  to  the  representations  made  by  him  to  the 
emperor,  who,  while  little  a})t  to  take  unquestioned 
the  statements  of  any  man,  well  knew  the  tried 
vw^rth  of  this  faithful  servant.     Doubts  of  the  fealty 


I  i)owenui  vassa 


1 


d  b 


evonu 


tl 


10  seas  were  certainlv 


Ml  t  out  of  place,  as  precedents  to  justii'y  them  were 


nni,  wantini'';  while  the  distuibed  ceuditiou  of  Xe 


'o  > 


w 


'  llu  l)i-ouu'lit  -20,000  pesos. 

Uisx.  .Mi.s.,  Vol..  II.    18 


(273) 


274 


THE  FIRST  AUDIENCIA  AXD  ITS  MISRULE. 


<-? 


hli  i 


Spain  forme;  a  base  sufficient  for  tlie  BUg'Li;estioii.s 
Avliieli  now  came  to  Charles,  from  the  colonv  it-^elf  as 
well  as  from  the  wiser  among  his  advisurs,  that  n*) 
man  unassisted  was  able  to  brinii;  order  out  of  t!io 
chaos.  Aided  by  tlic  deliberations  of  the  India  CoU!i- 
cil,  the  emperor  determined  to  send  to  3.1exic;)  iwi 
audiencia  such  as  had  been  establislied  at  Santo  .1);)- 
minixo,^  which  should  hear  and  determine  tlie  afl'airs 
of  the  settlers  in  New  Spain;  which  should  put  an 
cud  to  quari'cls  among  Spaniards  and  ])rotcct  tln> 
long-suffering  natives;  whicli  should  submit  Cortjs  to 
the  residencia  he  demanded,  and  tlie  royal  officials  to 
an  examination  of  their  accounts  and  conduct.  At  llio 
time  the  crown  was  unable  to  fix  upon  a  capabh;  m;!u 
for  the  presidency,  but  the  oidoivs  were  appointinl. 
These  were  four  licentiates:  Francisco  ]\Ial(!onadn,  ;i 
native  of  Salamanca;  Alonso  do  Parada  wlio  had  lived 
in  Cuba  for  several  years;  Diego  Delgadillo  of  (hvi- 
nada ;  and  Juan  (Jrtiz  do  ]Matien;:o,  a  Biscayan.'"  Tli^y 
were  ordered  to  embark  at  once,  and  in  order  tl;at 
tliey  mii'dit  be  treated  with  greater  respect  on  tlie 
voyage  they  were  ij'iven  command  of  the  vessels  which 
conveyed  them.  Since  in  the  city  of  ^^.Texico  tliero 
was  no  public  building  suitable  for  tlieir  reception,  iho 
emperor  wrote  to  Cortes  requesting  him  to  give  tlk'iu 
acconunodation  in  his  jialace. 

Soon  alter  the  arrival  of  Alliornoz,  tidinirs  came  to 
court  that  Fray  Dieixo  Altamirano  and  Pedro  do  Sal- 
azar,  sent  by  Cortes  with  gold  for  his  father,  inten.led 
to  land  in  Portu';al  that  they  mi'dit  snuv^'-de  llic 
treasnre,  and  any  letters  they  miu'ht  brin^',  into  ?!  •- 
dellin.'  Orders  were  issued  at  once  to  v.'atch  Ibr  a.'.id 
sei:-:e  the  vessel,  and  th.e  Portuguese  authorities  wnv, 
re(|uested  to  receive  tlie  tre;;sure  for  account  of  llio 

^Sco  /f!st.  C<n(.  Am.,  i.  COO-TO,  tliis  scries. 

"  Hcrrera  mil  (itlur  ..arly  authuri^i,  as  v:A\  ns  modern  M-riters  v.lio  Imvo 
follDV.i'il  them  imjilii-itly.  ai\Mvi'(i!i;,'  in  ,'.;ivini;  Mnticii'o'.^  ("hri  i'J.in  ikmii-^  ;s 
Miirtiii;  he  i-iTivd  Inuisilf  Juan,  ami  it  is  so  writU-ii  in  ilio  records.  Li':,-:i  :!'-•■ 
I'ahi/i/o,  MS.,  .Ian.  1,  l.l.'ll. 

■•  A  ei-niparalively  easy  matter  since  the  town  lies  Av-itliin  a  day's  jomiKy 
of  tliu  i'urUigucsc  fiontier. 


Cn.UlGES  AGAINST  CORTKS. 


lllO 


lo  t<. 

111.' 


av.d 
lUo 


Lav.- 

luv.!'  y 


i=^ 


|);inis1i  ovown.^     Tliis  added  rumor  served  1<>  fan  the 

n<j;ainst  CcriJs  and  to 


lid 


.f 


•ion 


iiiouulernii^  eniDcrs  ol  suspic 
liettlieenu'ercnvv  ot'his  {'oes.   Xarv 


iezan( 


ll.Isf 


nend-i 


presented  a  liMi'^tiiy  memorial  to  the  emperor,  insistii!;^ 
that  he  should  he  punished:"  the  sudden  takinu,'-oir  of 
so  many  nersons  who  havin'''  thwarted  his  interrst,-; 
<';ive  color  to  the  charij'e,  now  rene\ve<l  1)V  Alhoi-no/, 
ti;at  he  had  poisoned  them;  his  ai^x-nts  defrauded  tli- 
crown  in  Spain,  \vhilo  across  the  Atlantic  he  himself 
plotted  treasf)]).      l^ven  the  puissant  nohli's  who  e\t'r 


>t')od  stead'ast  fortho  absent  one  were  |)ow('rless  now. 
Such  an  eflcct  did  thiscomhined  attack  Jiavo  U[ion  l!io 
emperor  and  council  that,  shortly  after  orders  had  hvcu 
despatched  for  A'::juilar  to  ride  alone,  the  matter  cf 
jiroviding  a  pr 
d.) 


r-sident  for  the  new  audiencia  was  lull 


in  aheyancc,  wdiilo  p.i'cpa.rations  Mere  ma 


kin<»:  t 


o  sen' 


Pedro  do  la  Cnova  to  Mexico  with  power  to  deal  siim- 
ii:;;ri1v  v.ith   CovU 


am 


1   1 


con 


fed 


best 


owin!>'  Jus 


pue 


hi. 


But  these  measure 


n^ 


d 


crates,  1 


'■UlltV. 


OS  upon  (leservniL!'  con<!Uci-or.- 


s  were  or   no  i 


f 


'ifect,   lor   wlnlf 


V.ivy  were  s 


till 


un[ 


)erlecte( 


1  tl: 


ere  came  a 


lett 


(r  Ji'om 


Cortes,^  ton-other  with  the  certificates  of  the  iihv 


c!;;ns  who  attended  Ponce,  and  th 
(Imied.    Ordei's  v.'cr 


1' 
e  project  was  ahaii 


e  '»iven, however 


,tliat 


uiv  ri 


bit 


1)11- 


eiit  by  Cortes  should  not  be  published,  and  that  all 
li![v;  ab-out  to  sail  for  the  Indies  should  be  detained, 

^Lniuliiin;  in  Porturral,  for  tlio  purpose  of  cvadinu  coiniiliniioc  with   tlio 


.:r.  AMI)''  coniiii'iu. 


Al 


)OUt    lIll.S    tililO    tV.i)    VCSSt'l 


ilU 


■'"aiii  !.n-nr 


.1  i't  T.islx.n.     .Mafi-a,   tin'  n 


Uf  (■!  one 


n>i 


'ht  ;;!l 


t;i  :i  .lire 


to  Seville.     Jii  the  otlier  vo.-;.  rl  e:\ine  Jleiiiau  Lope/  J),ivila,  late  ml- 


•;>tiir 


,f  .U 


nts  est:;te: 


•lot! 


to  ]:;)nl,  mill  f-oiiio  of  them  took  tl 


1': 


. cir'ers  v>iTi'  ailo\. oi 


cirLTo'ii  iiduie  nnn-L.'i.-it(i-i 


II. 

.1.  o: 


1.  11.  eai>.  11 


111  to  jn-oeeod  iijraiiist  tluiii.   Il(  rrrii,  dee.  iv.  lil 
;t  eir^y  v.'as  at  tin-  lioltdiii  ol'  Xarvae/.'  ac-lioii  is  a]'[.ai-eiit  from  one  i,f 


tlif^  many  eliavrres  containeil  in  the  <h 


?iit;  it  \va-<saiil  1ii;:t  Cort  s  'tenia 


t,;ma.<  van-a:j  i; 


y  plat;!  eonio  Vi.a-aia  do  liern.'  (/ 


''Si   1,-  ludlas.so   eillji.'do,   le  e'Tia     •■■   la   la'n 
iiiiiii,  Miu  brother  to  the  i-onnt  of  Siriula,  and  himself 
.MifiiiLiira.    At  the  time  lie  was  the  c-ii)peroi-",s  iiiajordoino,  and  later  l.e  \« 


nut.  .U.'.f.,'2.S.">. 
I,  a  Very  :  evi  re 
m'ad 


or  mavor 


a  ','eiK'ra 


cost  ( 


lof 


irti 


IK 


to  t.d, 


ic  \\\ 


.h  1 


11111  ;Si)  )  : 


ler-:,  a;i 


1 


ftl 


ic  ooiiiniis.-iou  wa.s  to  Ix-  met  \,\  C^'i-t- h,  whether  guilty  or  ii(jt. 


two  nft'-nvard  met  at  court  and  made 


over  the  iiiavii-;-,  ai,'i-e>  iii. 


'a  Icii'juui  v'rn.'i.  I  ii'iiiim  riuiilifds.'  B(  ruul  Diaz,  JliM.  Wrdad. 
'■■  '■'!,  dec.  iv.  HI),  ii.  ea;i.  i. 
iliiit  of  September  3,  lo'J?. 


§T-\ 


liSi 


276 


Tin:  FIKST  AUDIEXCIA  AND  ITS  :»IISRULE. 


tlmt  lie  mi^'lit  not  learn  what  was  going  on  till  somo 
definite  action  had  been  taken,  But  when  AltLiniircUio 
and  Salazar  without  delay  came  on  from  Lisbon,  lliu 
em])cror  was  still  further  mollified,  although  the  let- 
ters and  treasure  brought  by  them  were  seized.  Just 
then,  tov/,  Pedro  de  Alvarado  arrived  at  Seville,  and 
was  ordered  to  court  post-haste,  and  Charles,  wr!l 
pleased  at  the  coming  of  a  person  so  competent  to 
give  an  account  of  ailairs  in  Xew  Spain,  as  Vv'ell  as 
desirous  of  knovring  v.hat  had  taken  j)laee  in  Guale- 
niala,  further  ])ostpoiied  definite  action.''  The  narra- 
tions of  Altamirano  and  Salazar,  supplemented  by  the 
account  of  Alvarado,  v.'ho  declared  that  Cortes  wouLi 
come  to  Spain  at  the  least  intimation  of  the  cmj>eroi",s 
wish,  caused  the  tide  to  turn  in  his  favor.  It  was 
shovv'u  that  ho  had  conducted  himself  obediently  ami 
modestly  during  the  government  of  Ponce,  as  vrell  as 
since  tliat  time,  and  that  ho  had  suffered  many  indig- 
nities at  the  hand  of  Estrada.  This  was  additiei.r.l 
cause  for  action,  and  the  appointment  of  a  president 
I'or  the  new  audiencia  now  engrossed  the  emperors 
attention. 

"^riie  case  was  urgent,  and  the  man  to  bo  appoiutnl 
Avas  to  hold  oflico  only  until  such  time  as  it  sliould  lie 
determined  what  was  to  be  done  with  Cortes.  Owiiig 
to  these  considerations  the  choice  was  not  made  with 
A'cry  great  care,  tlie  post  being  given  to  Xuno  de  Guz- 
man, governor  of  Paiiuco.  Since  his  arrival  in  Amer- 
ica Cu/cman    had    been    busy  trying   to  enlarge  bis 


'A  '' 


'■*  Acppptiiig  tlio  tcstiinnny  of  (Iotk'mIo  ^ircji'n,  tlio  treasurer  accnni-d  \\\\\- 
raiU)  (•!  I'r.WKaileutly  J'etaiuiiii;  treiisiire  l)cloii;;iiiL,'  to  tlio  irowu  to  the  aiiKiiilit 
tif  10t>,Cfli)  ]iesi)S,  residis  wliuh  ficvi  ral  eliai'i^es  of  niali'easance  ia  ollioc  weo 
ln-ouL'ht  a"ainst  liiiii.  He  was  orderid,  thcii  foro,  to  give  bonds  to  suluiiit  to 
n  rosideiieia  and  to  pay  any  dania'^-eK  in  wliii  li  ho  niiudit  lie  nudetcd,  or  to  liavo 
Liu  estate  st'iiucstered  to  the  amount  of  15,(10;)  dueats.  //(;•;•(;•«,  dee.  iv.  1:1'. 
ii.  eap.  i.  lint,  favored  liy  Cobo.^,  partly  beeau.sc!  of  tlio  niarriaj.'o  arraiiu'eil 
between  him  and  I'ranei.sea  dc  la  ('iieva,  ho  wa.s  fri\-en  the  jioveriuin  iit  "f 
(luateiuala — wliieh,  in  aceordanec  with  the  ]ioliey  tliat  sou'-iit  to  liuiit  the 
ei;.o  o'  eolonial  dependeneie.s,  was  made  indepi  ndent  of  Xew  Spain.  Jiis 
pc'iuestrred  propt'i'ty  v.'a;i  released,  his  r<'iiartimieuto  eonlirnied,  his  le.-idi  iieia 
jiut  aside,  and,  aeenni])anied  by  his  bride  and  a  brilliant  .stall'  of  oliieertf,  ho 
paileil  for  America.  /'/.,  dee,  iv.  lib.  ii.  cap.  v.  See  llht.  Cud.  Aii\.,  ii.. 
this  scries,  for  full  account. 


M 


GUZMAN  rnESIDEXT. 


?77 


jurisdiction,  for  to  Lis  insatiate  iiiiiul  his  potty  govern- 
iiiunt  seeiuoil  far  too  small.  Thwarted  iii  Xow  Spain, 
ho  forined  the  bold  rosolvo  of  appealing  to  tlie  cniprroi- 
to  decide  a  quarrel  In  which  he  Avas  clearly  iu  the 
v\rong';  and  ignorant  of  the  good  fortune  that  had 
Ijelallen  him,  he  despatched  Caniego  as  j)r()Curador  to 
Spain.  The  emissary  came  to  court  at  the  \ery  time 
when  the  hounds  were  in  full  cry  after  their  (piai'ry, 
and  he  forthwith  joined  the  pack.  Ke  not  only  suj»- 
jitirted  the  accusations  made  hy  the  others,  l)ut  allege;l 


tliat  Cortes  was  smelliin''  n'fjld  secretlv  in  his  i)aL 
and  that  he  had  ships  in  readiness  at  a  [)ort  in  tlie 
St>Uih  Sea  for  the  [)urposo  of  making  his  escape  with 
the  treasure,  Salazar  and  Peralminde'z,  he  averi'ed, 
were  u[)right  oflicials,  hut  Estrada  was  as  great  a 
tyrant  as  Cortes,  and  there  was  sore  need  of  a  govei'- 
iier  and  a  juei-^  de  ivsidencia  in  Xew  Spain  v.  hero  t!io 


eiiiiiei'or    anc 


1    h 


d 


lis    onlers    were    lu'norei 


1.      C 


a>--t 


ilions  had  a  certai 


n  wei''' 


ht 


m  Jiasienni'j 


tl 


Lime, 
JO  r 


M)- 


liiiien  of  the  monarcli.     The  jjowerfnl  friends  of  the 
aii[)ointee  luul  not  I'ailed  to  present  in  the  l.iest  llglit 


Ills  (| 

^taut 


ualiiications  for  the  post  of  president,  no 


1 


)tah] 


V  HIS 


:ing  as  an  able  and  even  Ijrilliant  lawyer,  a  man 
il)ove  all  needed  to  <2'uiue  the  delil)erativ)ns  of  an  au- 


(lieucia; 


UK 


;pe 


ns 


an( 
abk 


I    1 


ns   enei'u' 


J 


•diu 


1    1 


u'nme 


w 


hid 


1   were 


e  qualities  for  one  destined  to  cope  with  a 


j'lr.-on  of  the  wily  and  aggressive  nature  of  Cortes.  In- 
deed, the  disordered  condition  (jf  affairs  in  Xew  Spain, 
l>andied  as  they  were  by  irresponsiljle  factions  v/hieh 
it. mid  security  in  the  remoteness  of  t\\(;  only  lean  d 
autliority,  demanded  the  su])er\i.-.ion  of  a  sagacious 
mind  with  a  firm  hand.  On  their  ]tart  tli;'  friends  of 
( 'eiti's  made  liii'ht  of  his  storv,  and  as  (.Juzman's  e\il 
iKeds  were  not  yet  known  in  S[)aiii,  no  great  eilbrts 
Were  made  t<:»  prevent  his  a])poiatment  to  th(>  ])re>i- 
(li'iicy,  for  it  was  generally  considered  that  as  lie  was 
te  have  no  vote,  t]\o.  oidoivs  could  conti'ol  him  easily 
Were  he  viciously  inclined.  Tliat  it  shoukl  fall  to 
the  lot  of  such  a  wretch  to  become  the  lirst  purely 


'.  >^ 


n 


^K^ 


•JTS 


THE  FIIIST  AUDIENCIA  AXD  ITS  MISRULE. 


(•i\il  iiia'^'isti'ate  sent  by  tlio  crown  io  Xcw  S[)aiii, 


\v;i.- 


Ill   uiiicrtuniito  eii'cuinstaii 


(•(> 


IL 


c  was  i)0f5.sc'ssc(. 


lii'a\orv  as  arc  all  Liiva 


it  villi 


uiis;  cowards  were  rai 


ill  those  days.  His  avarice  was  of  that  (juality  which 
hiK'W  no  ]»!ty,  exceeding  that  oF  Pedrarias  ]3avila 
liiniself,  wh(»  was  at  the  time  holding  sway  in  llie 
Miiiih.  .Lnckh^ss  landl  with  two  such  rulers  as  rep- 
]i-sentatives  oC  European  civilization  and  the  clundi 
of  Christ.  (Uiznian  was  ordered  to  a[)point  a  de])Uty 
to  u'overn   IMiuico  durinir  his  absence,  and  to  await 


11 


le  coniniLT  o 


And 


n<iw 


['  h 
th 


IS  associa 


tes  I 


leiore 


ii'oinii'  to  jMexi 


10   ouiorcs   we 


re   hurried   oil'   to   X( 


Spain,  I'lir  it  was  the  middle  of  the  year,  and  necessaiy 
that  without  I'urther  dela\'  the  reins  should  be  tak.n 
i'lom  the  n(n'\eless  gi'asp  of  ]']strada.'"  The  cedilla 
appointing  them  was  dated  at  Burgos  December  I'l, 


and   li'ave  inrisdu-lion   ove 


n-  tl 


ic  conn 


trv  1 


1 


<  1  Wl'l 


n  t! 


le   capes  o 


)f  Honduras  and  ][i!>■^el■a^ 


\'  1 1 1 ' ' 
ami 


tlic  (^[le  of  Florida,  including  the  provinces  round 
thcst'  caites,  and  those  extentling  to  the  South  Sea, 
all  of  v;hich  were  embraced  under  the  •"eiieral  term  et' 


X 


eW 


1 


)ain 


n 


'1' 


io  ouiorcs  s;iiu'i 


Ifn 


iiistt  iie'lioi.d  to  join  their  juiv^idi 

f'.olll  iUlV  otluT  L'.-lllM',   tlll'V  WITO 


-illt 
lit  lit  I'i 


Julv  l.")l!S,  Cnrfiis  dr  fiuU, 


II  1 


roiii  «tivss  ot  wt'iUhci 


IS,  \Mtll 


i\  to  laiitl  lit  Vvvix  ('niz,  or  i' 


Isfwh 


t 


K'V  wi'iv  to  iul\  irto  liiiu  iiiiil  to  await  liis  coiniiiLr,  that  toLrcthcr  tlu'V  ini.ht 


1  liter 


Ji 


II  \iv\v  ot  tiio  iirui'iu'Vol  t'lo  case,  liowi'vcr 


ll'c  sea,  it  va:<  iit'ttTWiiid  (h'ti'niiiiitil  th;it  the  ]irc'sicl('nt,  or  iiiiy  of  t 


lie  jier 


ils  ot 


who  liiiuht  arrive  lirst  at  the 


i.;iiior  matter; 


th. 


(K'tiriiiiiieil  Ijv  (late  of 


n-h  all  of  th 
eniiiiiiisf^ioii. 


eoiuiiioii  destination,  uii,L:ht  proi 


<1, 


le  oMi  IIS 
ill  eertaiii 


■iates  were  jJivsi'iit,  seniority  lniiiL; 


or 


f    th 


sti'd  of  a  Jilesideiit  and  four  oidoi 


veral  years  the  audieiieia  ( 


f  -Ml 


aiulieiieia 


th 


A  yi'ar  after  the  efitaiiliNliim  lit 


le   emperor  a])poiiitoil    the   jiraiid  eiianeellor  of  Castih 


l)r  Mereiitiiio   (Jatiiiara,    eiianeellor  of   tlio  audi 


if   Moxit'o,   iiotwiiii- 


(<iaiidii^,'  that  lie  held  ah'eady  a  similar  jiosilioii  in  that  of  Santo  ])i 


]; 


ed  to  I'Xereisi!  hid  fiiiietioiis  liy  deputy,  and  to  enjoy  the  (A  /■.,/,( 


//odiuiiiLT  liin  lifo.     Till'  seciuid  audi 


iieia  l)e;;aii  to  jietitum  lor  an  inerea-o 


of  (liilores  and  otiieials,  and  tiiu  numlier  wan  iiiereaseil  to  I'i^lit  oidoris,  four 

ideahk'.s  del  crimen,  two  liscalcs,  for  civil  and  Ciiniiiuil  eases  re.s|H'etively.  on 

aimiaeil  mayor,  one  dejuity  of  the  ^■raiid  eliaiiecUor,  and  otlii'r  needful  otliiei- 

L'  roji.  ilf  Jiii/iilH,  i. 


J  I, 


I  rri  I'll,  lice.  in.  no.  ii.  eaii.  i 


"See  I'iKja,  CtdnUtrU),   12,  '11,  etc 


Z, 


(tiiiiird,  ite. 


Jiirop.  ( 


/<■  Jinllds,  i.  .•(•Jl-C.     Tl 


<  tHeial  authorities  for  the  application  of  the  name  Huiiiee  to  .settle  a  iiiueh  di.-i- 
)  iited  ijuestion  for  wliieh  writers  liave  hitherto  lieeu  eontent  to  acccjit  ll'c 


1  nsiip]iorted  statement  of  Hern 


k 


mayor  declaracion  si 


'Con  pareccr  de  don  Hernando  Cortes, 


e  maiKlo,   inie 


delante   fiiess  yi.Nto 


ueiui  Eapafui,  tudas  las  prouiiieias  i^uc  al  presuutu  (lo'Jiij  cruu  do  la  guucriui 


IXSTRUCTIONS. 


271) 


with 
lev,  <'!• 

■U.  ir. 
mi  .lit 
Inis  oi 
liili  II  ■> 
■ilaiu 
ll.viiv-; 
li'\i'i> 
nil  lit 
i>tili', 
V.  ith- 
liiimii. 
•.,•/,-..< 
■\'i;i-o 
\.  I'liii" 

I'llO 

Iliii  r>. 

(tIi-'^o 
111  .lis- 
lit  il'i' 
irti'-. 

lllKll>l' 


TIlov  were  invested  with  o-reater  aiilhority  lliaii 
v,;i^  jii'riiiiited  to  tlic  kindred  tril»nnal  at  Saiilo  J)(>- 
iiiin,U>>,'"'  tlie  instructions  bcini;-  in  aniplilicatlon  of  those 
njveii  to  l\)ncc  de  Leon.  They  were  to  retain  the 
.'-tails  of  justice  to  be  taken  from  present  ht)lders,  and 
('atiiinine  all  causes,  civil  and  criminal,  with  appellate 
as  well  as  oi'ii;lnal  jurisdiction.''^  The  residoncia  of 
tlu,'  exi.sting'  oiUcials  nuist  he  proclaimed,  and  tlie  per- 
tinent features  therei)f  embodied  in  an  e.\hausti\c 
ri[)(irt  to  the  India  Council,  accompanied  by  the  opin- 
ion of  the  audiencia. 

The  treasurer,  I'actor,  and  veedor  were  to  be  scuit  to 
Spain, but  only  after  .l  satisfactory  examination  of  their 
accounts.  The  audiencia.,  conjointly  with  Albornox, 
v.liose  accounts  were  also  to  be  investi^'atetl.  wore 
111  appoint  deputies  to  starve  during"  the  absence  of 
their  principals,  and  neither  the  confador,  trcasiUTr, 
nor  veedor  was  to  engage;  in  business  or  to  hold  Ind- 
ians in  encomienda.  A  full  statement  of  all  aceoimts 
nni:4.  be  sent  innnediately  to  S[)ain;  no  one  was  to 
he  in  arrears,  and  all  lines  imposed  up  to  this  tinio 
Nwrc  to  be  collected.  The  best  method  of  adminis- 
tciiii'j;  justice  nuist  be  considered,  and  olfenci>s  [)un- 
ishcd  v\  ithout  fail,  judges  guilty  of  malfeasance  having 
111  |iay  the  cost  of  remedies.  Xo  oidor  or  ju<lge  could 
sit  in  iudLiinent  t)f  a  matter  in  whit-h  a  relative  within 
the  second  degree  of  kinship  was  interested.''     Law- 

ci'in  ilo  Mexico,  rniiuco,  Yucntnn,  CoziiiiU'l,  y  la  de  (iu;itt'in;il:i,  y  ilrl  lin  ilo 
l.is  I'.'iliiias,  (jiic  I'staua  ilaila  a  I'aulili)  ili"  N.-iniMiv,  ('(ni  toilo  h>  iiichiso  iii  siis 
liiiiitcs.'  <K'c.  iv.  lib.  iv.  t'a]i.  ii.  \'ct  New  S|i:iiii  '  ]iiii|)cr '  raiiui  siiiiii!  '20 
>iMV.s  later  to  111'  luuU'tst'Kiil  as  ('iiiliiaiin^'  (inly  tlio  (li.-,tiii't  (.'cmliiiiMl  l>y  tlio 
aiMiieiu'i:i3  of  ( luatriiiala  aiul  Ni'W  ( lalicia,  creatiil  in  l.'ii;!  ami  l.'ils,  fruiii  a 
line  ilrawii  lirtwccii  tin;  j^ulfs  of  '''i  iiiKiiitcju'i'  ami  ]  Iniiclinas,  ati'l  IVniii  tlm 
M'IiIIk:  '"ii'iiii-  uf  A'cw  Clalieia  to  I'lmiila.  llnop.  dc  I iiiriii-<,  i.  ',\'1\,  Ciil'i, 
M'HI...  .,41.  In  this  sense  it  re.-illy  nuant  the  aui'iiiuia  ilislrirt,  anil 
Niw  Sjiiiiii  as  a  jiolilieal  ilivisinn  eNtciiiK  il  ludperly  finni  i  iii:iteinala  into  tlie 
II  lull' vi  lii]ieil  niirlh-  ( J  ua  tenia  la  and  Iji.niliiras  lirinu'  neiirly  always  s|Mike!i  nf 
ii-i  iiiilipeiiileiit,  so  that  the  apiiliealiou  of  New  Sjii.iii  to  their  iirovinees  had 
a  nierrly  noiiiin.'il  siirnilieanee. 

'-  '  'I Vaiaii  Ins  inayiires  podeivsq  iiniua  ii  la  Xiieiia  Ivspnfia  desjiues  tnixeiiui 
NiiTryes,  ni  I'li'^identes.'  Jlcriidl  hii'z.  IHkI.   I'wi/'kI.,  'Jl'T. 

"They  must  I'liira^e  in  no  other  business,  nor  hohl  a  second  ollico;  a  luhj 
iiilVin;:eil  liy  their  |iredeeessors. 

"'I'liey  wi'ie  not  to  appear  as  eonnsel  nor  tr)  serve  as  referees;  suits  to 
^^llicll  an  uidor  was  a  ^lurty  must  bo  heard  and  dutcrmiucd  by  the  alcaldes 


'    .:■  It 


-    ?i 


2S0 


THE  FIRST  AUDIKXCIA  AND  ITS  MISRULE. 


,{■1^ 


I 


VOTs  v.'oro  to  1)0  allowed  in  tlio  colony,  thattln^  v.licc]^ 
of  instico  nn"'ijht  not  l)t;  cntirdv  blocked  hy  i-nioriinco 
of  i'orniK  on  the  part  of  suitors,  jii-ovidcd  tlioy  under- 
took no  luijust  causes  nor  sought  to  interpo;<c  del.iys 
in  tho  d.eterniination  of  suits.^'" 

A  full  n^port  was  to  be  sent  to  Spain  on  the  ren- 
dition and  resources  of  the  country;  tlie  nur.ihrr, 
character,  anrl  tnjatnient  of  the  natives;  the  nanus, 
staniUng,  and  services  of  the  conquerors  and  settlers, 
yith  the  extent  and  nature  of  the  cncomiendas  held. 
A  score  of  inland  towns  and  the  seaports  were  < 'O.  !.;■- 
nated  as  political  centres,  anil  a  nienioi-ial  shoiil  I  ho 
sent  in  concerning  tlie  number  of  regi(lores,  and  t!io 
like,  needed  in  tliesc  and  in  other  cities  and  villas, 
together  with  a  list  of  meritorious  persons  lit  t)  he], I 
these  oilices,  conquerors  being  preferred.  After  ]•■■- 
servin'if  fnr  the  crown  such  lands  and  natives  as  i;d'>-1ifc 
si^eni  proper,  and  a  further  suflicient  reserva.tioa  beinj; 
matle  for  i'uture  settlers,  the  land  and  Indians  remain- 
ing were;  to  be  a}>portioned  e(putahl_y  in  encomiend:;-! 
to  (l(>:-erviiig  persons,  subject  to  I'o^'al  confu'nKitien. 
T\\o.  t'r-t  preierence  must  be  given  to  coii-paerers, 
es'HH'ia.lly  to  mari-ied  men,  for  tliey  would  be  more 
likely  to  remain  in  the  colony,  and  accord  better  treat- 
ment to  the  natives.  As  extravagance  was  a  le;v.hng 
cause  for  ojipressing  tho  natives,  tho  sumptuary'  laws 
nnist  be  enforced^"  and  irambling  restricted.*'' 

The  just  amount  of  tribute  to  be  paid  by  crown 
tenants  and  by  natives  belonging  to  tlie  crov.n  wa> 
to  be  fixed,  and  provinces  where  the  precious  met.ils 
and  stones  existed  must  be  especially  noted,  the  silviT 

ordiiK'vins,  witli  direct  appeal  to  tho  India  Coiineil.  Every  S;itnnl;iy  tlio 
president  w,'i;i  to  ajipdiiit  \v,o  of  (Iio  oidin'es,  ulio  i-lunild  serve  hy  tuiii  s  to 
iiis]>eet  the  e  iininou  j.nl  .ind  tliat  reserved  fur  ]i!isniicr:i  of  state. 

'•■  'i  lie  luar.iier  of  taliiiig  testiinoliy  ^\  as  prescribed,  a.s  widl  a;i  tlie  duties  i.f 
sill  of;.  I'als,  riid  the  audieneia  ^^"as  emp:i\vercd  to  eslal)li.,Ii  a  fto  liill  v.lii>  !i 
should  l>c  pestcd  in  the  audience  clKunhers.  The  Keeretary  iiii'dit  ahpniafc 
his  OM'M  dej'nties,  and  tho  jiortcr  of  the  audieneia  way  to  act  as  euuri-eiier. 
J'lojn.  ('rd:!„r!<',  <),  10,  IS,  I!),  •_'_'-:;:?. 

""Silken  clothing  \va«  forhidden. 

1"  ])\ci'  coidd  on  no  account  he  used,  and  at  carda  none  must  o.KCetd  stalaa 
to  the  amount  of  10  pesos  in  one  day. 


SPECIAL  ORDINANCES. 


2SI 


hill  ^ald  to  exist  in  ]Miclioacan  boiiio-  roFicrvcd  for  tlio 
ci'own.     The   advisability  of  cstablishiii''-   a   mint   at 

t.  O 

^ktexico  ninst  be  considered. 

}*rany  of  tlieso  and  other  matters  conne'.'tod  v.'itli 
administration,  notably  the  conversion  and  protection 
of  tlu^  natives,  were  to  be  di.scnssed  and  deten:iin('(l 
in  a  council  assisted  by  religious  and  secular  prelates, 
;i!id  ]'r:'[)ared  for  its  important  t;isk  by  a  solemn  in- 
^■^c;ltion  of  divine  cruidance  duriii"-  the  deli!)i';';i(ions. 
As  for  the  andiencia  and  its  oflicei's,  speci:d  ordinances 
were  issued  for  then'  ufovernnient.  This  body  v.as  to 
sit  daily,  cxceitt  on  a  dic^i  )i:)i),  beg'innin'jf  at  an  hour 
varying  Avith  the  seasons,  any  oidor  tard}-  or  absent 
without  good  cause  being  fined.  In  all  nuitters  of 
iiiMre  than  trival  in.inort  there  must  be  at  l.;;st  tlu'ce 


votes  in  accord.     Oidy  the  members  of  tlu;  t: 


ihuna 


were  to  be  pr 


^sent  at  the  time  of  yotin'j-, 


VA'A  m  a 


matters  their  votes,  v/hich  were  to  be  ke[)t  inviolably 
et,  were  to  l)e  recorded  by  the  secretary,  in  a,  book 


■■vc 


hublic 


lor 

18 


the 


pui-p 


ose, 


benire  the  decision  v.^u;  nuuU 


tiiiii, 


'^Iii  tlicsc  oi'ilinanccs  there  is  some  repetition  of  orders  to  bo  fouml  ii 


•r;:l  c'dtilrs  e'>iit;iini;i'T  iiirtnietiniTJ 


to  til 


I: 


llio  fl 


•f  r.U 


rill','  rules  were  cstaljlislicil  for  its  f'liiilaiu'o  ;  A  faiJifiil  reconl 


iM 


1..!  ]n'oeeecliii;"s  v.'as 


to  1(0  k.  pi 


■11 


11  uil'-'iKlar  01  eau;A;?,  v 


.liicii 


erccl  ill  tlie  order  of  tlicir  roeeiitiuii,  and  the  ir 


.f 


lid  deteriuinin;^'  ajijiealj  was  siiceiiied.     '1  he  president  mid  fpidorea  wero 


li 


;;yt 


i;o  sa:..e  reiiuenec 


if  p(i.:..l 


Me,  liut  ill  no  case  v.- 


iiiV  ot  lluiu  to 


h  a  Inner  or  an  oliicial  of  their  tril'Unal,  nor  could  tiny  receive  gifts 


iKiai  any  sueli  persons  or  ti'oni  suitors. 


lii  i.;l 


.tl 


ded  f( 


the  instructions  >  iveii  to  1\imcc  or  tlioso 


now  'riven  to  the  andiencia,  the  laws  of  Spain  were  to  be  Iiivdi 


The 


tiueJona  may  ho  found  in  tlio  openiii;^'  1  a;;cs  of  /'».'/",  Cihilorio,  and  in 
J'ii-i-iri,  dec.  iii.  Ill),  x.  cap.  vii.,  and  i-,djoi:>.i;>','  chnplers.  TIm  y  are  partly 
iucdiyiorated  in  the  general  laws  of  Hemp,  dc  /iiilia.<,  Znixim,  and  .Unii/'  nirn/ni' 


i.ic 


and  linn  found; 


in  of  the 


ws  <.it  Siu'iiii  is  llio 


,S;,  /<'  J', 


;isi)   X.,   called   'The   Wise,'  who  aseei'.ded   tlie  t!;r;»lio  of  1, 


•  /(I.I 
.1 


('astile 
taiil.  ; 


r2.")2.     The  dosi^^nation  was  Well  Lestnwed.     A!tiion','li  the  costly 


.eanii''  Ins  iKuiie 


ed  upon  tiii;  erroncou; 


liypi 


hi  i  knu'.vled'^-e  of  astronomy,  of  v.liich  lii-i  oli.--.er\-a(o!-y  in  llie  pal;ue 


i.j  of  (picyeh  H, 


rovia 


IS  fiti.i  a  witness,  was  s;ieh  as  to 


(it    il  V 

rcuia; 


tlu' 


d)V  Konio  of  them  ho  was 


\in  t(ir  hini  ainoni,'  his  kuI)|('(  ts  the  ri'i)Utai.lon 


:  c)  (IccMi.d  a  Iie'.-iiiu  hee;ii 


t  the  least  pi'CL'iiant  of  his  wisp  ;:.■■  vi 


lion  In,'  con 


hi 


Kue  L'lveii  siiiiie  usrii 


it  the 
tliat  I'.ad  he  he  n  I'lesent  afc 
1  hints  touellil!''  tlie  better  order- 


in,','  ot  tlio  univei 


se);  bv  I 


y  his  or<ler  thelir^t  ehnmie 


les.,f 


mi  -h  liisioiy  wero 


eiini]ii!ed;   he  increased  the  eliieiciiey  of  the  nniversiiy  c 


Will:'  it  vitli  new  ehail 


eeially  in  tli<'  (li'parl 


nic'iit  of  la 


unanea  i)y  en- 
'ill 


II' 


aiilei 


the  development  of  the  lanyua^^e  Iiy  ordering  tliut  all  legal  doeuineuts  should 


t  >. 


In 

.w 

...u 

'  m 

I    liiS 


2S2 


THE  FI^..^T  AUDIEXCIA  AXD  ITS  MISRULE. 


Armed  with  these  extraonhnarv  powers,  thi^  oidori  s 
arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  tlie  (!th  of  December  ir)28.  It 
Would  seem  that  from  the  l)ei4inniii^^  tliey  resolved  \<> 
sti'eteh  to  its  utmost  limit  the  authoritv  uiveii  them. 
]  )etermiiiiii;_;'  not  to  await  tlie  arrival  of  their  pre.:^idiiit 


they  sent  him  v.XJrd  of  their  iiiti-ntion,'"  and  went  ou 
at  once  to  the  capital,  accompanied  by  the  three  vvj^l- 
dores  of  that  city  sent  by  tlie  ayuntamiento  to  do  them 
honor.  At  jMexico  that  body  had  been  busied  f  r 
several  dax^s  prepai'ing  for  their  reception,  and  tin  y 
made  tlieir  entry  with  g-rcat  pomp,  under  triumplial 


u'ehes    I)earmuj   mscriptions  hauni 


their 


conn  11,^'  as 
blessed  since  it  was  in  God's  service  that  tliey  came.'-^" 
Altliouu'li  ^Fatienzo  was  the  oldest  and  Piiost  infirm  nf 
tlie  four,  ]Maldonado  and  Posada  had  I'allen  victims  to 
tlie  hardships  of  tlie  voyage  and  the  treachery  of  the 
climate  sliortly  after  their  arrival  in  the  c(»u:itry,'-' 
leaving'  their  two  associates  in  undisjnited  p(.)sses.-inn 
of  ])ower.  The  pi'csident  did  not  arrive  until  the  end 
of  the  month,  entering  upon  his  duties  for  the  first 
time  (.)n  the  Lst  of  January  13:11),  at  a  joint  meeting 

1)0  fonclicil  in  Latin  ;  anil  pomo  of  liis  poomsaiv  .'still  jirpf-'orvcd  in  tlio  E.scnvial, 
His  oiuluriii'^  nionuniL'nt,  lii>\vi.'\oi',  is  the  proat  iiatinnal  ooik' ;  and  his  nanio 
lias  I'cinu'  down  to  lis  fur  tran»iiiis--ion  to  I'uliirc  j^'i-ncrations  as  tlio  ]icTr  el 
I'lH'CMldsins  and  Justinian.  Tiiis  work  was  liri.'un  four  years  after  hv  canic  to 
tlie  throne  and  linishrd  seven  years  years  later,  was  the  result  of  a  dual  in- 
epilation  il'.a\ui  from  the  e:;non  and  the  Konian  hiws,  and  was  the  most  eoia- 
ph'to  sy.-^tem  of  laws  yet  triven  to  western  lairope.  Nevertheless  it  w;is  nut 
adoptid  even  by  Castile  until  the  reiun  of  Alfon.-^o  XL,  whe),  at  the  eelelirated 
ei'irtes  of  AK'.'d.'i,  held  in  IIMS,  rteoj:iiizi'd  the  S'n /c  I'dr/iild.-i  ixs  the  eoniple- 
mentarv  eode  of  the  kin;j;dom,  and  ordered  that  they  t^hould  supply  what  was 
larkin'4  in  the  ( iothic  j'licro.i  and  the  onl(  uaiiiicnlo  of  the  cortes  referred  to. 
I'lie  eoile  takes  its  name  from  its  division  into  seven  parts,  which  treat, 
re.speetively,  of  the  Catholic  faith  ;  the  rights  and  duties  of  earthly  sovereigns  ; 
jnsiiee  and  judges;  matrimony;  eontrae'.s ;  wills  and  inheritances;  and 
crimes,  'i'he  earliest  edition  is  that  of  \'eiiice,  printed  in  14'-f.'!,  and  very  nue; 
the  best,  and  latest,  that  of  \S-i~,  published  at  I'aris,  which  follows  the 
correct  text  of  a  former  edition  issued  under  the  auspices  of  the  S]iiini-!i 
academy,  in  which  the  forcible  diction  of  the  royal  author  is  preserved  ^el•• 
batim,  and  adds  thereto  the  Latin  foot-notes  of  the  learned  CSregorio  Lope;'. 

'^N'etancurt.  Tnttalo  dr  J/c.r.,  (J,  says  that  they  did  not  advise  the  pre:-i- 
dent  of  tluir  coming  mitil  after  their  arrival  at  the  capital. 

'-"At  a  meeting  of  the  eabildo,  held  on  the  4th  of  December,  the  major- 
domo  of  the  city  was  authorized  to  ]>.Ty  all  expenses  incurred  in  the  pulilio 
receiition  of  the  oidores.   Libra  (/c  V<ihilJo,  MS. 

"'Antes  que  viniese  a  esta  ciudad.'  Zamiirraija,  Carta,  iu  Aa'Atco  and 
Cdrdi'nas,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  119. 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  OIDORES. 


2S3 


of  the  audic'iK'ia  and  tlio  caliildo  luld  for  Vac  dofi'ion 
<A'  iiiunicijial  oflicurs,  as  was  ciistotnary  at  the  bci^'iii- 
iiiii;4  ut"  IIk'  year. 

The  valley  of  ^lexico,  \\\i]\  its  miincroiis  towns, 
ticining  uitli  a  busy  population,  and  licli  in  products 
(if  the  soil  and  workshop;  its  stately  capital,  wherein 
concentrated  the  woaltli  of  the  whole  country — it  nuist 
have  seemed  a  paradise  to  the  not  opulent  oidoi'cs, 
and  to  Guzman,  fresh  from  the  wilderness  of  IVuiuco. 
Trnni  the  JjCLjinninuj  of  their  rule  tliev  wire  seized  1)V 
;in  insatiable  avarice  to  which  all  tliiuLTs  were  made 
>iihscrvient.  Knowinu'  that  his  hold  on  oilic^o  was 
])rovisional  at  the  best,  the  president  above  all  dcter- 
niined  to  tahc  advantage  of  opportunities  which  at 
iiiiv  time  min'ht  cease,  and  no  ijcrsuasion  was  needed 
ell  liis  part  to  gain  the  active  cociperation  of  his  col- 
li ■aL;ues.  They  had  already  been  persuaded  by  the 
wily  factor  Salazar,  who  found  more  than  one  power- 
ful I'cason  to  prompt  him  in  dancing  attendance  on 
those  in  ])ower.  Having  won  their  appreciation  with 
li!)eral  gifts,  he  continued  to  puint  the  v/ay  to  extor- 
tion and  oppression,  wherein  he  shared  to  a  great 
extent,  and  he  liii'ured  indeed  as  the  leailin^^  adviser 
ill  nearly  every  evil  transaction,  lender  his  exi)eri- 
eiice  antl  advice  the  audiencia  cast  aside  all  duty  to 
the  emperor,  to  justice,  and  to  humanity."''^  Ihe}' 
strengthened  their  hands  for  evil  by  usurping  the 
functions  of  the  ordinary  ministers  of  justice,  while 
i\\e  su[ipression  of  all  lettei's  directed  to  persons  in 
Sjiain  which  contained  complaints  of  their  conduct 
shielded,  if  but  temporarily,  tlieir  iniquities.'-'^ 

They  kept  themselves  fully  apprised  of  all  occur- 

"- '  Miiamlo  mas  a  pus  jmrticularcs  afutos,  (|uc  ill  cfiiilimioiito  do  las  onlc- 
li:ui(':is,  <5  iiistriu  ioiua  lU'ules,  iii  a  la  justiria.'  //( mra,  doc.  iv.  lib.  iv.  cap. 
xi.  •I'esinius,  fjiie  su  entioiiic;aiiin  cu  vl  (iovici-iio,  no  solo  iirnccdiail  cuiiio 
Miiii-tros  do  u\  llui;  .siuo  coiiio  tl  inisiiio  Iti  i.'    'J'oi'ijiirnKt'ld,  i.  000. 

'-'  I)(.spatclies  to  the  home  uoViriuiR'iit  wiio  f. in.il ily  taki.ii  from  friar.s 
and  iiuiricrs,  as  Ziiiiiiirratrii  ivlatos.  I'arheco  and  (\in/i na.i,  Cvl.  J>0'\,  xiii. 
1  ■"'.■>.  This  unjustiliahlo  ni'.ddHiig  with  private  corri'spoiulenL'e  cuuhl  not  cdU- 
tihiK'  lorn,'  with  im]ninity.  1  he  ijiutn,  th<'n  governing,  dy  a  letter  dated 
.'uly  ;il,  io:J!1,  foilKulo  the  praetiee,  Ky  them  cjr  l)y  any  one  else,  nnder  penalty 
ui  iierpetual  e.\ile  from  Spain  and  the  Indies.  I'uju,  CLdulario,  '2[-'2, 


;i  iJl 


[ 


2fit 


TITK  FIRST  ArniKXriA  AND  ITS  MISRULE. 


)vnoo?5,nn(l  wlini  tidliio-s  onino  to  !Moxico  of  llio  ropoj)- 
tioii  of  C'oi'tc's  ;it  court  niul  the  lii<«'li  favor  lio  eiii'nr'l 
tlui'o,  tlioy  fi'nvcd  lest  lio  iiiinlit  ooiuo  l);i('k  clollic:! 
\\\i\\  nn  nutlioi'ity  i;i-(  iitcr  tlum  lie  luul  eiijoyt'd  piv- 
vioiisly,  and  decided  upon  a  measure  wliicli  seeiiud 
to  lliciu  l)est.  caleulate(l  to  prevent  this.  Tlicy  sum- 
moned the  j^roem-adores  of  tlio  cities  and  towns  ii 
Mexico,  ostt'nsil'ly  to  treat  of  matters  of  gen('r;il 
])uhli{;  importanci^,  l)ut  in  reality  to  si^'n  a  j)etiii(Mi 
to  the  emperor  that  Cortes  should  not  be  allowed  to 
return  to  New  Spain,  The  dele^'ates  hrou^'ht  v.iih 
them  the  lists  of  natives  called  forl)y  the  instruetinns 
to  the  audiencin,  and  demanded  ihat  the  re[)artiiiii- 
ontos  !-hould  he  allotted  p«  had  been  ordered.  This, 
however,  did  not  suit  the  purpose  of  the  ti'iumviral", 
;;nd  the  demand  v/as  i-efused.  In  this  Guzman  was 
U'uid'-  d  by  Salazar,  who  su'j^trested  that  by  irivin-'-  an. I 
taliin;^  away  Indians  at  its  will  the  audiencia  won!  I 
l)e  more  iiowcrful  and  more  feared.'-''    In  takin'*"  awav 

1  O  t 

3'epartimientos — and  they  now  took  them  from  Jor_;;o 
de  7M\arado,  Gonzalo  Meji'a,  and  others — it  was  as- 
serted that  they  were  to  be  rest'rved  for  the  crown, 
but  they  were  given  to  men  more  pliable  than  their 
late  holders. 

At  lenu'th,  thinkiu'X  that  in  this  way  and  by  th(^ 
use  of  other  questionable  means  the  convention 
had  l)een  sulliciently  well  packed,  Guzman  broached 
his  design  ac^ainst  Cortes.  But  many  of  the  vro- 
curadores  were  conquerors,  and  with  i'cw  cxcejitior.s 
rel'used  to  sanction  any  action  prejudicial  to  their  oM 
connnander.  The  wily  president  saw  that  he  had 
gone  too  far,  and  now  proposed,  with  apparent  good 
faith,  that  a  connnission  should  bo  sent  to  Spain  to 
represent  the  real  wants  of  the  colony.  The  proposi- 
tion was  accepted,  but  when  it  came  to  a  choice  of 

'♦  Tlic  srhoiiiing  fnotor  IkkI  so  iiirrntiatcil  liimsclf  with  the  prcFiih'iit,  th;it 
Boon  .".ftcrviird  l:i'  vjis  dcspiU  lad  to  court  in  order  to  solicit  for  (ai/iiiMi  tlh! 
povcuiiiioit  of  jS'cvv  Si'iiin.  Sidnznr  jutuiilly  onihiukid,  but  stress  of  mchIk  r 
forced  tlie  ship  iishore  iieiir  tlio  mouth  of  tho  Goiiaicoalco,  iind  ho  returned  to 
Mexico.  Li^nuil  Jjiaz,  Jlint.  Wnlad.,  '2'2~. 


IVO- 


UXIIArrV  MKXICO! 


285 


poniniissloucrs  and  (lio  partisans  of  tlic  audlencia  put 
ill  noiiiinatioii  AiilDuio  dc  CarvaMl  and  ]>e'rnardliio 
A';i:;4iiO/j  du  Tapia,-'  dcfhirud  cnruiies  vi'  CorU'.-i,  the; 


'u  i'a 


ii.s,  v.hoso  Iru.st  in  liini  liad  CDniu  to  bo  part  of 
lluif  licing,  rcl'uscd  to  take  further  part  in  tliL'  pro- 
(■i'r(Hn'''s.  For  tills  refusal  the  sturdy  di'lcii'ales,  to 
(lic!  luunlior  (^f  (/no  luuidrcd,  woro  banishod  I'l'oni  tlio 


iitv 


anc 


.1    tl 


10  caiK 


lldatc 


Wl 


ro  oltM'tcd.     Tliey   were 


v,i  II  furnished  wilh  ,^-(jld  wlierewilh  to  l»uy  fav(U'  ab 
court,  and  instruetod  to  say  that,  had  nob  Ls'ratla 
Ihv.arted  it,  Cortes  \vould  have  succeeded  in  lils  trea- 
s;>nahlo  desl^'u,  that  he  v>ent  to  Spain  only  b^.eauso 
cf  this  diseovery,  and  that  tho  well-bein-^-  of  the 
Ci  h^ny  deniand(.'d  that  ho  sshould  nut  return.  Tho 
]irl\ilcgo  of  a  vote  WMi  to  be  asked  foi'  on  tho  part  of 
(iii.naan,  and  in  order  to  ward  oil'  tlie  blow  wliieh  tho 
audiencia  knew  would  eonie,  tlie  bi.diojis  v.'ero  to  bo 
;ed  of  nieddliii;;'  in  seeiilar  matters  under  [)reteneo 

'rainst  tho  I'riars  it 


ice 


f  in'otectln'*'  tlio  ln(li;ui:<,  whili 


\\;!: 


to  be  alleu'od  that  a  blind  del'ereneo  to  (Jort 


]|  r.;n-(>i)rov( 


Won 


1<1   1; 


riu'.''  rum  on 


Ihi;;  lime  Pedro  do  A  U'ar; 


X 

d  i 


ew  SiKim 


u.o  arriN'ed  Irom  bnam,  an( 


1 


lisiec 


1    1 


UUKH 


•If 


Sp 


es, 

At 
<l 


m    drawui'''   ui)    a   reiu'esentalion   m 


favor  of  C.'ortc 


\\ 


hicl 


1  was  sii;' 


ned   by  all    who   had 
loni   ho 


'^ 


rel'uscd  Cu;auan'«  recpiest,  besides  others  v.l 
li;id  cnjoloel  or  I'oreed  iiif  ;>  the  support  of  his  plan. 
Alv>^,i';u!o  v.-as  on  this  ooeasion  a  staneli  supporter  of 
111  ^  old  commander.  ]M»iled  in  tlieir  endeayor  to  v/arp 
il'.r  ])0])ular  will,  tho  jiarlisans  of  tho  audiencia  r(!- 


('.uuMimI  tlieir  eiibrts  to  defame  Cortv! 


7.:\v  at  a  sf)cia 


1 


atiierui';-  m;i(U'  a  muai 
h 


Lat 
•k  d 


er 


el'O!. 


to  Ihe  emiieror  as  well  as  calumniatory  of  tho  c 


da- 
atory 
T>tain 


relK 


■ral.-"     Tho  eircunistanco  caim^  to  th"  kuowlodu'o 


d> 


viva.iatlo.  V,  no 


h 


'I'l 


learcc 


I  b 


tl 


)Lioje  Uio  aucUeneia  asic- 


!i  ! 


•■'Tniiia  had  been  factor  for  the  .T.'niv,  and 


cT'if  of  Mfxioo,  wl'.ich  ollico 


uas  (Miller 


rod 


d  alf  • 


ui;on  liim  in  j  criitlui 


d,  <1', 


-y.    11 


ill.l  TV.aM 


hcealiic  )■ 


a  rich  and  iHoinincut  ef)loni.t  mmo  linio 


lAbio  lie  Cuhililo,  ^IS.,  passiin;  JJt(iiu,,Oiit,  Cidii. 


Mkh. 


•i-i:); 


Arr/i.,  i.  ;{," 


d  J)!a'    IIU.  Vinhul.,  -227-8. 


m 


I 


m : 


'2m 


THi:  FIRST  AUDir.XCIA  AND  ITS  MISRULE. 


iii;^'  l<\ivo   to   <'li;illi'ii'4"('    Sala/ar,   })\\t  Ili(>    jn'riiiis.vinii 


uas  I'cCiisi'd  aii;l   (3u;',man   issued  a  dccri 


dcvli 


U'lllj- 


that  Alvarado  "lied  like;  l!ic  fold  traitor  tliailu'  was," 
for  Salazar  liad  iicNcr  uttered  siicli  a  word. 

^Jt-juiwliile  till'  jilnnderiii-jj  sclieiVK^-i  of  (Juxinnn  and 
lii.s  confederates  v.i«K'ned  like  ;i  dread  di  ^ea^^c,  lill 
S|»aiiiari1s  and  natives  jj^roaned  under  tlu;  inllietinn. 
Their  lirst  s(e[)  liad  l)een  to  exiorf  j^-old  from  tli  ••h; 
i>i'oininent  cliii'l's  wlioni  as  yet  tliey  «!ared  not  sei;;e. 
In  (his  tiiey  wei'e  well  served  hy  a  certain  native  !ii- 
ti'i'[)reter,ai  whose  sU'^'<;'e!-;tion  all  eaei(jUes  were  oi'den d 
to  pi'(>sent  thenisel\'es  in  ^Jexieo  for  tlie  con?i(K'i'atioa 
of  matters  of  i!n})ortaii('e.  In  aeeordan<'e  wi!li  cnstoin 
the  chii'fi  hi'ou'j-ht  with  tliom  rich  lififts,  wlileli  >;ei\ 
hut  to  v/het,  the  una]ipeasahlc>ap{)otite  of  the  reeipien 


10  li'ivers  wei'o  sumnioin 


1 


I 


md  the  most  ^x-nerous  of  tl 
ni'-ain  and  a'jfain.     Amon<jf  tliest^  was  Francisco  ('.;!- 

i-.~  l~  O 

t/.ont.".in,  Ivin;^-  of  ]\Iichoacan,  v.ho  succunihed  to  liis 
H'enerosity,  I'or  at  li'mrth  Guzman  caused  him  to  h> 
lo(!'''e(l  in  his  own  house,  where   he  was   constant Iv 


sul  iected   to   c^xacii 


ons  o 


f  t 


reasun^ 


nicli 


tl 


10  pi 


■esl- 


(leiit  ret;iincd  I'or  himself.  Ivepartimiento.s  were  sei;:e  1 
in  e\-erv  direction,  and  the  natives  forced  to  lahor  wiMi- 
out  reward.  The  complaint  of  an  individual  tlirall  v.  .is 
])Uiii;li(>d  with  stri[)es  and  torture;  at  the  least  ^i;;n 
of  dix^ontent  whole  towns  were  declared  in  reholli.tii, 
sulxhied  l)y  force  of  arms,  and  sold  into  ca[)tivity  in 
j»i'o\inc(\s  remote  from  those  of  their  hirth.  ])y  their 
vi<'lims  tiiis  tvranny  v.'as  contrasti'd  with  the  treat- 
iiu'ut  they  were  wont  to  receive  from  Cortes,  wliereat 


tl 


ley  a 


11  tl 


10  mo  e  revered  his  nanu 


Tl 


lese  v,ro; 


they  dared  conn  it  in  the  very  neinhhoi'hood  of  the 
capiial,  though  ore  especially  in  the  outlying  prt)V- 
iucos.-'' 


""  Ainoiif;  the  ontrn'^o  ire  iiisf.niiccil  tlio  crucifixion  of  a  cnci(|uc  to  c:;tiiit 
t'cilil,  l)i--i(U';<  t!ic  li;iii;'ii)  .if  iiiinor  iiiilividmils,  iuid  t!i('  iipiiroiirialimi  of  (ri/- 
iiinn,  for  lii.s  mill:?,  of  tin  i':iciir.i;,-;i  ;iijii<'(liu't,  totlio  iH'ijinlicL'  of  "J, CO,)  ii;iii\i  s 
ulio  Were  (U'luiiiliiit  on  its  water.  Xiuiidnrt'id,  Carln,  in  Par'nru  txnd  ('fir- 
ill  ifcs,  (\J.  J)uc.,  \[\i.  I'jtj  7,  it)l;  'i'l  riiaiij:-Cuiiniaii.<,  I'oj.,  sOric  ii.  toiii.  \'. 
IIJ-IO. 


TU.  TnrATMKXT  OF  Tin;  \.\Tivi:s. 


%^7 


Oiii'  cf  till'  jiriiici[):»l  cnusC';  ol"  eoniijlaint  njj^aiiist 
tlii^  iuuliciu'iii  was  ji  Ido  f'lvd  j)>'i'iiris  imi  In  Itraiid 
natives,  and  it  was  all(".>\'(l  tint  llic  j)!'i\ilc;4't!  was 
|i;iitl  i'or  by  assncialioiis  roriiicd  lor  (lie  pui'ito^e.  So 
111, my  vvcro  branded  atid  (>.\[«)rtt'd  tl:at:  ^(une  di.h'icls 
well  niL;li  drj)()|)ida1('(l,  j>,irtly  al.;o  owiii;;-  in  tlie 


hu 


idircnienf  inward  ilie  interior  of  lar^-c  iiiinib 
(lci'"'V,  bea  led  l)v  I'aslioi)  Zuin;irra:;a,  v,'Iu»  luil  been 
iiiV(.'s't>d  Willi  tlie  1  ille  and  dddes  of  prolcetor  of  Ind- 
i;;iis,  were  powerless  to  slay  tbi>se  ()utra;.i^es,  f 'r  t  >  nii'U 
v.lio  Ik'M  in  eonlenipt  ilie  eoiiiinaiuls  (f  (la  ir  e:,!'t!ily 

soverci^^'ii,  and  in  wliose  iiatni tli'i'i'  v/as  no  in-linct 

el'  [lietv,  tlie  iluindor  of  the  clip.reh   w;is  indeed  au 


(•111 


oniK 


1.     0 


n  one  oecas 


ion  ( 


ai: 


I  b 


;n  aiul  ni.s  eo 


1- 


(•;i'''nes   wore' 


I' 


resent  af  mass  when  an  over-.-'.ialous 


fiiar  look  oeea  >ion  1o  upbraid  them  IVoai  t!ie  [u;l[iit. 
]  le  was  Ibreiblv  removed  bv  order  oft  lie  presidont,  and 
oiihred  into  exile;  tlu>  bishop  binnu-lf  be  ir.;^"  threadenod 


itli  vicflenco  for  darin'jf  to  renionstrat. 


The  j)ersceuti()n  of  Si)aninrds  was  direct rd  a;^i,ainst 


Ilea! 


.1. 


(•N'l-rv  CO 


1U[U 


eror  a 


lid 


we 


d( 


an  no 


t  .f  V 


(i.s 


cli'iue    fivored    by  ^lalaziir,    ])ariieid;irly   the    frieii 
111'  C\;rtcs.     AVitli   the  power  yiven  the  audieiu-ia  to 
ii'lnriii  tho  di -itribniion  of  re};a,vl;r.;ientos,  there  was 


lifledinicnlt 


V  111  imdiii'j'  the  iKHu 
holders   from  llirlr  estate 


Iful 


V 


a.ia 


eiice  to  (lis- 
l  best  I w  them 


]  II  iss; 

•  111   lavorites,   after  ap[)ri>[iriatiii_i;'  to   thenisc'l\-es   tho 

lom  this  process  of  siim- 


I'li'lie 


-t. 


Tl 


lose  a''';; ins 


t  wl 


mar 


\  I 


\ietion  did  not  avail  wen 


,ff 


icke 


•d  wit 


liu'iinient  for  h;i\i!!i''   infriii'.red  the  lav, 


li  jiali- 


con- 


ci'i'iiiiu 


an 


iblini''    iia\nKiit  of  tithes,  and    t'le   1 
...u ..1  I    .1 1    .   f. 1    ...1. 


also  wit  IK 


ies  cou 


Id    al^ 


be  1 


on: 


d 


wiicro 


tru(>  evidence  fiiled,  tines  were  levied  to  an  eiionnons 
extent,  and  collected  i  vhastv  sale  of  in-opertv  at  ruin- 

'•" '  Pijocl  PiTsidcntc. .  .mcccl!,aivi  ddpulpitoi'linj".'  <^'ir'(t.  v.\  Pfchi'co  (mi\ 
Col.  J>oc.,  xiii.  \"'2.     The  rriu'ticc,  iu'vclhi  l^-^•s,  ci'UiiiHuil.  if  Hot 


ii  >  (11 


i:ily,  ami  liimlly  Kd  '  >  tho  ii^niis;^  of  u  loy;.!  lel'.cr  pvuhil) 


K'Jl'V  "I  t.'Xt'C.-.3 


111  l.n.,L,i;ii;;o  r.sctl  in  tiio  pnlpit  toiiceniiiy,'  lii y  !U'.lli(iii;y.    I'vja,  <  iilrhirlc,  'Jl 


Pari, 


i<l   ( 'drdi 


(■<J.    7. 


i.    I'JT-'.',  ib  tl  loll''  lii>t  of  tlio 


iiKi.t  ptuiuiut'iit  eiiconii'inlerus  t!)iis  dispusbt'.^^scd. 


TV 


li 


288 


THE  FIRST  AUDIENCIA  AXD  ITS  MISRULE. 


ous  prices,  \\hon  the  money  was  not  fortliconiin,L,^ 
A  lai'i^'e  ])ait  of  tl ie.se  lines  found  their  way  to  the 
l^ockets  of  the  audieneia,  by  virtuo  of  a  decree  v/liicU 
assigned  certain  classes  of  tribunal  revenue  to  tlio 
Ssctllenients  for  constructing^'  roads  and  other  };rJ)lif 
works.'"'^  A'^-ainst  other  victims  of  their  o-reed  <ir 
hatred  ]):Ivale  suits  vere  })rom()ted,  by  v.'liich  mem:-; 
both  passions  v.'crc  appeased.  For  instance,  tlio  v/ile 
of  rilnfilo  do  Xurvaez,  a[)p'rchen;:ive  on  his  account, 
sent  from  Cuba  an  a^^'ent,  Zavalos,  with  authority  t^ 
collect  Vv"]iat  belon<j;ed  to  her  husband.  The  reason  <»f 
Ills  comini^'  v.'as  n</o  known  in  r>IeAic(),  ami  tlie  oidorc.j 
casil}'  per.j.uaded  him  to  conqdain  before  them  for  tlic 
ill-tre:itment  of  Xarvaez,  and  loss  of  his  property, 
au'ainiit  all  those  soldiers  of  Cortes  Vsdio  had  accoin- 
panled  him  in  the  ex})cdiiion  to  Zempoala,  and  v/lio 
Vvero  ;tt  tlii:;  time  iii  j.Iexico.  In  conse<|Uenc(}  twu 
hundred  ;;ud  fii'ty  of  them  were  arrested,  mulcted  in 
dili'erent  amoLuitji,  a^id  banished  t  >  tlie  distanc(^  <;fli\e 
leajnios  from  the  ca])ital.'"^ 

The  meu;bers  of  tlio  audieneia  v.'crc  always  piv- 
pared  to  remit  the  sontonce  of  tine,  imprisonnient,  or 
exile,  on  receiving'  a  sul;stantial  liribe.  Indee;),  a 
lai'!.;i-  in\>]")ortion  c['  the  suits  were  brought  to  i:;'c;i;ii- 
date  the  defendant  into  such  a  course,  so  that  tl;e 
];laiutiiF  wa;;  often  the  creature  of  the  judge;  or,  if 
Hot,  he  Kiig'ht  bo  nuih'ted  ibr  defamation  or  t)tlier 
olfence,  if  t];e  oppo;  ito  party  brii)ed  tlie  judges. 
Appeals  oidy  evoked  bi[t'.r  persocutioii.^^ 

Cortes  Vv-as  after  all  t'le  chief  object  of  att^n!;.  fnr 
his  v.-ealtli,  ;md  for  his  hostile  attitude  again;. t  Cai;:- 


'■'  It  \\a3  revoked  ia  1  "'JS.  Pii'jn,  Cnhthir'io,  ,"1. 

•'''J';;o  lr.;ui-  1  ;;i-t  <.f  t'.iu  !:;MiiOi:eo  %'.;:«  t;Min  ivvohcil,  jnul  in  ii'.aiij- waos 
tlio  fiiio  ^''^ll  II  :'.;i.io:l,  L;;!;  t'u'  hk'jiu'O  riinlikd.  Tlio  r.iulioucia  al-o  i';!':-i'l 
procl.iiiiautnt  J  bo  iiiado  tliat  all  cf  Moorlsli  liiiongc,  any  oueuf  wlicjo  jaiLiiti 
or  giM)i'l;;nvi:t,j  l;:iil  been  Ijui'ikiI  or  .'cntenci.'i.l  to  Avciir  tho  mube.  'i  >  I',' liio 
liii|uibiaoii,  bhoul.l  ilcjart  from  2i'<j\v  Mpain.  Couiloiiina'.ion  to  v.tar  tlio  •■•.'/'• 
b<  iiiio  v;>j  ilio  liiililc. t  iunu of  lAuii.^Imu at  hnov/ii  to  vlio  liuly  trilnu:;.!.  \ .  liut 
the  {ri.riKcnt  wiv:-,  ivA  v.liat  i^!  UtiL'^,  I  bhall  treat  in  iletail  wlien  I  e'ji.ic  ta 
Wrilu  ut'  l!' ;  luijuisiLiun  in  Mexico. 

•'^  In  /*..(7«.-()  and  d' rl',,r:.-i,  Cif.  />oc.,  xiii.  K!G— 14,  aro  p'iven  loii/j  lists  of 
biilied  uecepted  by  the  audieueiu,  tu  stay  persceutiuii  or  yruiit  favoiy. 


RESIDENCIA  OF  CORTfiS. 


2S9 


man  as  the  aggressive  governor  of  Piiuuco.  Fines 
innumerable  were  levied  upon  his  estates  whore  seiz- 
ures could  not  be  made,  and  his  agents  suffered  not  a 
little  in  seeking  to  protect  the  interests  intrtisted  to 
tlieni.^^  This  vindictiveness  was  carried  out  chiefly 
under  cover  of  the  residencia  to  ■which  the  audiencia 
had  been  ordered  to  submit  Cortes  and  other  royal 
officers.^'  Immediately  on  arriving,  they  took  steps 
to  call  witnesses  and  frame  questions  for  indictments. 
These  embraced  the  usual  points  concerning  nialefcas- 
ancc  by  the  executive;  maladministration  of  justice; 
disobedience  of  royal  orders;  neglect  or  })erversiou  in 
connection  with  revenue;  favoritism  and  other  abuses 
in  bestowal  oi  offices,  and  in  supervision  of  municipal 
affairs;  oppression  or  neglect  of  the  natives,  and  social 
njisdemcanor,  relating  to  immorality,  gambling,  and 
blasphemy.  Besides  these  there  were  the  special 
charges  sent  in  since  the  first  year  of  the  conquest  by 
the  royal  officers  and  other  enemies,  embracing  the 
disloyal  intent  to  revolt  from  the  allegiance  to  Spain, 
with  the  aid  of  Spanish  and  native  confederates,  sup- 
})Oi'ted  by  artillery  and  forts;  the  use  of  regal  cere- 
monies; the  embezzleniunt  of  several  millions  in 
tivasures  and  rental;  the  acceptance  of  a  special  fifth, 
like  that  of  the  sovereign,  and  the  withholding  of 
revenue  due  to  the  crown;  the  appropriation  of  prov- 
inces assigned  to  the  crown,  and  of  a  millit^n  and  a 
Iialf  of  vassals,  with  some  two  hundred  rent-rolls; 
abuse  and  outrages  iigainst  private  and  official  persons, 
inclufling  the  murder  of  his  wife  and  of  the  two  royal 
oomniis.sioncrs.  Ponce  do  Leon  and  his  successor. 

The  preparations  made,  the  residencia  was  pro- 
claimed  February   11,   15*29.     All  persons  were  en- 

"To  .jui1l;o  fro.u  Cort(5s'  coinplaints  on  this  score,  one  is  h<\  to  suppose 
thiit  liiiiilly  iinything  -was  left  of  his  vast  esUitcs.  '  Deiuas  de  habenne  tu- 
iiuiJo  tiida  euaiita  haeieiula.  niueble  y  raiz  yo  deje  eii  csta  Nueva  Kspafui.  mo 
iluitaiDU  los  ilichos  puehhis  (all,  ho  athl.-i),  6  inc  han  doja'lo  siii  toiu  r  ilcilninh'. 
luiya  una  hanoga  I'e  pan.  .  .sc  hau  unierto  mas  do  cieiit  personas  ilo  las  (pu'  iii 
mi  rniiipafiia  tiaje,  por  falta  tie  refriserios  y  neoe:  idad  de  provisiouus. '  Luiia, 
OctiilMr  10,  l.-i;iO,  in  Ririifos  Sin'lfn.^,  ISl-'J,  and  utlier  letters. 

■" tor  00  days.  Pi"ja,  Calulario,  0,7;  VofUi,  Heddencia,  i.  2,  0. 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  II.   19 


m 


i 


11 


Hi 


200 


THE  FIRST  AUDIENCIA  AND  ITS  MISRULE. 


it-- 


I 


ill 


couraiTfod  to  come  forward  and  cuter  coin])lalnts<,  no 
matter  liow  trivial  or  ill-t'ounded,  or  even  it"  devoid  of 
anv  Inundation.  Envy  and  discontent  duriu'jf  a  series  of 
years  had  Leathered  in  some  quarters  and  concentrated 
against  Cortes  as  liead  of  the  faction  which  had  caused 
their  real  or  fancied  injuries.  The  charges  sometimes 
assumed  tlio  form  of  iiurc  cahnnnics  insticr-^.ted  hv 
blind  hatred.  Few  witnesses  dared  testify  in  favor 
of  the  accused,  save  in  a  negative  manner,  and  this 
feature  tended  to  stamp  the  entire  testimony  as  of 
little  or  no  value.  Nevertheless  the  audiencia  de- 
clared as  proven  that  Cortes  had  in  1519  usurped  the 
supremo  authority  hy  wrongful  means,  and  was  con- 
sequently guilty  of  illegal  and  disloyal  conduct  In 
punisliing  those  who  had  opposed  his  authority,  sudi 
as  Xarvacz,  Villafaile,  and  Tapia,  and  in  the  enactment 
of  many  measures  which  might  have  been  justiliahle 
in  a  legally  appointed  officer.  These  charges  were 
iollowed  by  vai'ious  indictments  for  injury  conunitted 
against  the  pei'son  and  property  of  opponents.  Trea- 
sonable utterances  and  acts  were  ennmorated,  also 
embezzlements  and  seizures.  The  torture  of  Quauli- 
temotzin,  the  execution  of  caciques  and  vassals  by  the 
thousands,  and  the  desolation  of  provinces  for  guld 
and  slaves,  were  prominently  notetl  among  liis  crimes 
])y  Guzman,  from  whom  the}'  came  with  approjoriate 
grace.  The  operations  against  Garay  and  Olid  wc-re 
not  omitted,  and  his  conduct  in  relation  to  Ponce 
de  Leon  and  Aguilar  gave  rise  to  several  disloyal 
charges,  although  their  death  was  not  openly  laid 
upon  him."^ 

The  agents  of  Cortes,  Diego  de  Ocampo  and  TiiccMi- 
tiate  Altamirano,  liled  their  refutation  of  the  charges 
tlu'ougli  (Jarci'a  de  Llerena,  accompanied  by  counter- 
charges for  malicious  attacks  on  their  principal,  and 


''Till'  indii'tiiiinit  covers  over  TjO pages  in  P-irhifnauilfdnl'iins,  CoK  Dor., 
xxvii.  ,">-.")!».  In  ]\i\y;L's  lilO-IJOl  i:<  given  tlio  rejjly  of  ("orteM'  agents,  denying  or 
refuting  the  eliargcs.  Tlie  cliargu  of  murdciinj,'  liia  wife  iornicd  ii  tpeeial 
siilijeet  of  ilKiniiy. 


EXCOMMUNICATION. 


291 


i 
V,  If 


fi>r  spoliation  of  his  estates,  and  this  in  so  fcark>ss  a 
manner  as  to  brin<^  upon  them  the  wratli  of  this  ino^st 
just  audieneia.  Altamirano  was  exiled,  after  losing 
his  j)roperty,  and  Llerena  was  forced  to  seek  refuL^o 
iii  a  sanctuary.  Their  successful  defiance  of  the  church 
so  far  had  made  the  audieneia  wholly  reg'anlless  of  its 
ju'otests,  and  Delgadillo  proceeded  to  forcihly  talco 
iorth  Llerena  for  exemplaiy  dealing,  driving  back  at 
lance-point  the  body  of  iriars  led  by  the  bishop  elect 
in  defence  of  the  victim  and  of  the  sacred  rights  of 
tlie  temiile.  After  this  extreme  outraLje  nothinu"  re- 
niained  but  to  launch  the  ban  of  excomnuniication 
against  the  desecrators.  As  this  ban  afl'ucted  only 
the  two  oidorcs,  no  popular  demonstration  occurred, 
as  with  Salazar  in  152j  to  compel  submission,  and 
the  hardened  oidorcs  took  no  notice  of  it,  but  pro- 
ceeded severely  against  thrir  ])risoncr,  whereu[)Mn 
tlie  ban  was  reissued.""^  ^Yhen  Cortes  I'eturned  from 
S[)ain,  fresh  replies  were  made  to  the  indictment 
against  him,  and  it  remained  pending  for  sewial 
years  before  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  receiving  little 
iiioi'e  attention  than  it  deserved.  A  few  fines  were 
about  all  the  penalty  inflicted.''' 

The  proceedings  in  tlie  residencias  of  the  royal 
oflicials  went  on  according  to  the  feelings  of  the 
members  of  the  audieneia  in  each  particular  case. 
l''.strada  wisely  reminded  the  emperor  of  the  old 
fjiiai'ri'l  with  Cuzman,  and  requested  that  the  j)resi- 
(liiit  should  nt)t   sit  in  judgment  U[)on   him.      U'lio 

^^  It  vns  procliiiincil  in  Manli  I.')"!),  tiinl  rcniiiiiH'il  in  force  ovt-n  in  the  fil- 
I'wiii:;  yoai'.  (ai/nmn  luul  alrcaily  loft  for  .Taliscn,  (■d  tliat  lit"  I'si'apcd.  'i'lio 
(I'H'inntut  ri'latiiig  to  tlio  ban  is  givin  in  tliu  a]i|H'ii(lix  to  Al'nu'Vi,  lil-nii..  i. 
'.M."i-17.  Anmilo,  till!  cciiniianion  of  J^loniia,  was  ixcciitod,  the  latti  r  niaiia,'- 
i;ij,'  to  cscapo  wiili  a  liglitur  scntoiice.  'J"hi!  new  amlieneia  caused  tin?  Kaii  to 
lie  niiicived.    'J'<  niitii.v-Ciinijittii^,   I'"//.,  seiie  ii.  toni.  v.  1-K). 

'■''■  I'.y  eedula  of  rehnuuy  S,  l.'dJT,  ('ortes  was  oi'dei'ed  to  appeal-  in  Spain, 
ill  ) crson  or  liy  proxy,  to  lii'ar  seiiteiiee.  The  death  I'f  Toiue  ile  l^emi  a!i>l 
oilirr  ])oints  weri'  revived  in  later  years.  All  the  doeiiliu  iits  relatiiiL,'  to  tho 
11  -idiiicia  and  its  results  have  not  lieen  jireserved  or  ]iiililisheil.  A  |ioi  tioii, 
r' 'atiiig  to  the  iiiiniieal  testimony  and  a  f(.w  other  jioints,  was  pulili.>h<  il  at 
Me.xieo  in  IsriJ,  in  two  volumes,  under  the  sii[iervision  of  l;,'naei(i  I,,  l;ay'>n, 
with  eareful  adherenee  to  the  ori^^'inal.  'J'his,  to;:ether  w  itli  a  mass  of  d.i.u- 
iiiriits  liearinj;  on  tin'  resideneia  of  the  otln  r  ot'.ieials,  iiinl  on  thi'  later  suitu 
et  Cijrtes,  has  been  reproduced  iu  I'athcco  uud  tardcitutf,  Cut.  Dvc,  \\\  i,-x\ix. 


i.  lU 


I! 


V  I  i 


;lt! 


Ns 


202  THE  FIRST  AUDIENCIA  AXD  ITS  MISRULE. 

request  was  granted  and  the  rectitude  of  his  rule  was 
eistabliwhcd,  but  the  turn  affairs  had  taken  so  Avei^lu'd 
Ti])on  him  that  vexation  of  spirit  soon  brought  al)out 
liis  death.**  Sahizar  and  Perahuindez  were  also  held 
blameless,  and  Guzman  praised  them  highly  to  the 
emperor.  Shortly  after  arriving,  the  audiencia  sought 
to  interfere  also  in  Guatemala,  and  sent  Francisco  do 
( )rduna  to  take  the  residcncia  of  Jorge  do  Alvarudo, 
as  is  related  elsewhere.^" 

Among  the  three  members  of  the  audiencia  INIati- 
enzo  was  the  least  culpable,  for  Delgadillo  vied  witli 
(uizman  in  arbitrary  acts.  All  three,  moreover,  in 
c\'erything  save  the  paramount  matter  of  money- 
getting  were  greatly  influenced  by  favorites,  and  these 
of  both  sexes,  for  all  were  given  to  gallantry,  Delga- 
dillo excessively  so.*''  In  this  connection  they  were 
not  ungenerous,  but  then  their  liberality  cost  nothing 
save  bitter  denunciation  and  lament  on  the  part  <>t' 
tlioso  from  whom  the  gifts,  in  treasure  and  estates, 
had  been  wrung.*^ 

Even  their  few  aids  to  progress  and  beneficent  acts 
were  but  the  means  of  further  extortions.  Delga- 
dillo, for  instance,  fostered  sericulture,  but  his  opera- 
tions were  conducted  in  such  a  manner  as  finally  ti> 
bring  upon  him  a  fine.     Antequera,  the  capital  of 

^"llail  Estrada  manifested  a  reasonable  amount  of  spirit  in  asserting  him- 
self, it  is  not  impossible  that  his  apiiointnient  as  governor  might  have  Ikcii 
C'liiliiined.  His  old  conn-ades  M-onld  have  stood  by  him,  fur  they  approved  uf 
fill  that  he  had  done.   Ikrnal  Diaz,  Hid.   Vvrdad.,  2'27. 

"'••St^e  vol.  ii.  J  list.  (Jfiif.  Am.  The  eharges  against  the  officials  arc  to  he 
f'>vnd  in  Piiclaro  and  Cdrdciicx,  Col.  JJoc,  xxviii.-xxix.,  passim.  Alcalde 
Jlayiir  Ortega's  case  was  pending  as  late  as  ir)41. 

^^lii  open  day  ho  forcibly  took  from  the  asylum  founded  by  Cortt's  two 
beautiful  native  ^irls  and  carried  them  to  his  house.  He  sent  another  Ind- 
ian woman,  together  with  15,000  pesos,  to  Spain;  but  the  woman  was  set  at 
lilierty  ami  tiie  money  seized  by  the  cruwn.  Znmdrrivjit,  Carf'i,  iii  Ptirlin-o 
jiiid  (Yirdciias,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  13-1;  Cartasilc  Iiul.,  748.  In  the  most  shanu- 
kss  manner  this  man  admitted  from  the  cabildo,  in  return  for  his  favnr,  tlio 
j:iltof  some  land  next  to  that  belonging  to  his  brother,  .Tnan  IVrc/.  rurno, 
v  horn  he  protected  in  the  tyranny  and  extortion  of  which  he  was  guilty  as 
tlie  alcalde  mayor  of  Oajaca. 

■"When  Albornoz  returned  from  Spain  with  his  bride  ho  received  frnin 
(MiziiKin  the  town  of  ( !ua/:]ialtepec,  belonging  to  Sandoval.  ISinml  hia:, 
J I  isi.  1  'irdud. ,  'J2S-W.  Even  the  menials  of  the  oidores  received  valuable  gi  uuts 
thus  seized. 


GUZMAN  FEARS  FOR  IIDISKLF. 


203 


liim- 


Oajaca,  was  founded  by  this  aiidieneia,  but  upon  land 
wnstod  from  Cortes,  and  with  a  view  to  injure  him. 

AVhere  oppression  had  not  pro(hieed  the  hatred  of 
all  save  their  own  creatures,  and  tliose  whose  interest 
lay  in  courting  their  favor,  the  estrangement  increased 
lapidly.  In  less  than  a  twelvemonth  the  general 
(lisroiitent  had  reached  a  point  which  bordered  on 
disloyalty.*^ 

Guzman  was  too  sagacious  long  to  be  blind  to  the 
signs  of  storm  fast  coming  from  across  the  sea.  And 
iii:\v  letters  from  Spain  i>lainly  warned  him  of  his  ap- 
proaching downfall.  The  brilliant  scheme  of  further 
confjuest  planned  by  Cortes  had  been  made  appaj-cnt 
to  the  crafty  lawyer  who  had  just  presided  at  liis 
ti'ial.  It  was  no  mere  after-niath  for  the  gleaner's 
hand  which  awaited  him  hrst  afield,  but  an  al)Un(lant 
harvest,  and  to  Guzman's  ignoble  nature,  that  Cort('s 
was  absent  was  no  reason  whv  another  mi'dit  not 
forestall  him.''^  Hoping,  therefore,  to  regain  by  an 
oiler  of  subjugated  provinces  the  fivor  he  had  for- 
I't'itcd,  and  moved  bv  a  desire  to  take  advantage  of 
tlie  errors  into  which  his  colleagues  were  sure  to  fall, 
ho  now  proposed  an  expedition  to  Jalisco.  On  their 
part  the  oidoi'cs  for  the  furtherance  of  their  ow!i 
ends  desired  his-  absence,  and  consented  readilv  that 
the  })resident  should  become  its  leader. 

])y  generous  gifts  to  captains  in  his  confidence, 
chief"  among  vvdiom  wer(>  C^'istubal  de  Ohate,  Ilodrigo 
do  .Mbornoz,  and  IV'ralmindez  Chirinos,  of  j)Uel.>los 
Avliich  of   right  belonged  to   Cortes  and  others,  by 

^-']!l  jifi'to  do  Ids  Oyilnros  ilana  iiiiitirin,  para  quo  sticcdicsscu  atrciii- 
laii  ntus  c  lilievtados:  i  juini  aiiilau:ui  Ia:-i  I'o.sas  lihi  liiucha  coiil'iisi.i:i,  i  de- 
siKiiriiciioa.'  Jti  rrrra,  dec.  iv.  lib.  i\".  cap.  xi. 

" 'I'lic  nniici;d  ucaltli  of  Michoncan  hail  rons^cd  f;encral  interest,  and 
Ouzhkui  is  said  to  liavc  secured  pos:sessioii  of  mines  there  liefoi'o  this  time. 
Il'ii'ird,  dec.  iv.  lib.  iii.  cap.  vii.  Some  authnrities  even  state  that  he  hul 
lii'i  i\ed  sjieeial  intonnatiou  coneernin;-' rieli  and  ]"ipulims  to\\ns  in  tlie  ;i'ii;h- 
wotcrn  re[.'ion,  from  a  native  in  his  employ  nn<l  wln'se  father  hacl  visit<'d 
!!;•  la.  Ciisldi''! 'In,  in 'J'<'fi:fiii.r-('oiii/ia)i-'!,  lo//. ,  scrie  i.  torn.  i.\'.  !-.">.  Ili'pi'.ited 
ia  h'iri.'i'  El  dnii'jii,  o.s-!);  Sc/nMil-rnjV.-i  Ari/i.,  iv.  '2'2:  J)oi,ii  iit'h'n  JJiMrl.-.i. 
h  7  S,  and  elsewheie.  Tliis  seems  to  liavo  been  the  liegimiin^'  of  tiie  rrpcrfs 
V  :ii 'li  Liadnally  extended  to  the  seven  cities  of  Cibola,  so  famou.s.  us  we  .shall 
slc,  a  little  later. 


$ 


m 


m 


201 


THE  FIRST  AUDIENCIA  AXD  ITS  ^IISRULE. 


ti 


means  of  liberal  bounties  and  seductive  promises  to 
some,  while  the  unwilling  were  forced  to  enliist  or  to 
send  sul)stitutes,  Guzman  succeeded  in  recruiting  a 
snllicient  number  of  men  in  Guatemala,  Oajaca,  and 
elsewhere.  lie  filled  his  military  cliest  by  seizure  (if 
funds  bcdona'in<j:  to  the  crown,  an  act  involvinuj  a  con- 
structive  arrest  of  the  treasury  oflicials  who  opposed 
him,"  and  the  extortion  of  forced  loans  from  the 
^V('althy  of  the  city,  though  this  was  f  )rbid<len  bj' law. 
Preparations  for  the  cani})aign  though  hasty  wci'o 
thorough,  and  greatly  facilitated  because  of  thu  almost 
onniipotent  power  enjoyed  by  the  president,  and  just 
before  Christmas*''  he  hastened  to  his  usual  pleasjiiit 
pastime  in  fresh  fields  at  the  head  of  the  largest  and 
best  equipped  army  that  as  yet  h;id  mai'ched  vmdcr 
i]\o  royal  banner  in  the  New  World,  consistiuLj  as  it 
did  of  two  hundred  horse,  three  hundred  foot-soldieis, 
and  some  artilknymen  with  twtdve  gun:-.,  together 
Avith  at  least  ten  thousand  Tlascnltecs  and  ^Mexicans/' 
x\vo  chaplains,  joined  afterward  by  two  otliers,  accom- 
panied the  force,  and  Guzman  took  with  him  tlio 
unfortunate  Caltzontzin,  who,  after  having  been  force^l 
to  minister  to  the  avarice  of  his  jailer,  was  so  soon  to 
become  his  victim.*^ 


,►■.", ' 


"This  ainount  was  0,000  pesos  do  oro.     The  second  aiuliencia  was  in- 

stnii.'iL'cl  (see  Pii'J(t,  Cidiilctrio,  -i't)  to  collect  this  amount  from  tJu/uiaii,  i  !• 
failini;  this,  from  the  property  of  the  royal  ollieials  who  had  given  it  without 
aiitliority. 

*■'  i'ilar,  2JS,  writes  22d,  while  Jlota  Tadilla  makes  the  date  o:iily  ia 
Novcmljcr. 

■"'Tlietc  figures  are  but  approximate,  liardly  two  authorities  liein,'  in 
aeeonl.  (lu/iiian's  own  estimate,  in  /'((r/(<vv)and  L'dnlt  iiri-i,  (,'"/.  Doc,  xiii.  I^IU, 
;-!.■)( I-'. i;!,  and  in  /I'diiin.iio,  iii.  ;^,'U,  is  tlio  lowest,  and  gives  150  liorsemen,  a-i 
many  footmen,  and  from  7,000  to  S,000  auxiliaries.  Aceortlin;,'  to  jf'o/v/''  ■ 
litai/'i,  i.  ,">;!S,  and  I'///"  .S'  'h'i;  'lluairn,  ii.  'JO,'!- 1,  there  v.eru  'J.'iO  of  the  foriiicr 
and  twice  that  nnmherof  the  latter.  X'ieeroy  Mendoza,  in  a  letter  to  Cliailes 
^'.,  speaks  of  400  Spaniards  and  14,000  natives,  llerrera,  dec.  iv.  lib.  viii. 
cap.  i.,  estimates  the  natives  at  S,000,  exeludl)i,L,'  carriers  and  those  obtain.  1 
later  in  !Michoacan.  Frejcs,  H}.^!.  Ilnrc,  tii),  says  tiiere  were  SOO  Spani.-li  >  1- 
dii-r.s.  Fnenleal  complains  of  tlie  hjss  to  the  settlements  of  tliis  wiLluhawi,! 
c'f  men,  arid  nrijes  niorc  strin;,'ent  laws  a^'ainst  sucli  operations.  Curia,  iii 
i*(('7(('co  and  C'anli:ii/t»,  Col.  JJor,,  xiii.  'JM-iO. 

'■  (larcia  del  l'il,-u',  the  coniiuistadnr  and  interpreter,  who  had  .su,!.'Cresteil  to 
(iuznian  tlie  int,'enions  iilanof  invitin;;  thecaei.pies  to  McnIco  tliat  theynii.'Iit 
be  rolibed,  says,  y.V /'('■('•i/;,  in  l<-(rjnili:ctii,  Col.  Ihic,  ii.  lM.S,  that  t'altzont/ia 
Welcomed  the  president  to  his  capital,  that  he  complied  with  a  rcipiisition  tor 


It'  I 


THE  SHAMELESS  OIDORES. 


295 


XcYcrtlieloss,  thoui>'li  roixucs  fell  out  honest  men 
(lid  not  receive  their  dues;  the  oidore.s,  IVeed  of 
Guzman's  livahy,  kept  the  shameless  tenor  of  their 
course  reckless  of  the  reckoning-day.  The  Spanish 
;4o\ernmcnt  had  received  the  petition  insti.^'ated  by 
tlie  audiencia  and  praying  that  Cortes  should  not  be 
allowed  to  return  to  Xew  Spain,  but  with  it  \vas  the 
representation  forwarded  by  l*edro  de  Alvarado,  as 
wlU  as  letters  from  many  of  those  who  had  signed 
the  (irst  of  these  documents,  making  it  evident  that 
they  had  done  so  under  compulsion.  Then  came  the 
letter  of  Zumarraii'a  and  the  clern'v,  which  the  bishoi) 
managed  to  snuiggle  into  S[»ain  concealed  within  a 
hdlhn,-  wooden  Image  sent  by  a  faithfid  retainer  with 
tlie  pretence  that  he  wished  to  show  them  at  home 
the  advancement  made  by  the  natives  In  sculpture.''' 
This  letter  Zumarraga  had  read  to  other  prominent 
clergymen  who  signed  it  jointly  with  him.  In  it 
were  given  details  of  the  audlencia's  misrule,  and  the 
statement  was  made  that,  to  secure  the  ])rosi)erIty  of 
the  people  and  the  propagation  of  the  faith,  tliere  was 
needed  an  upright  man  both  able  and  willing  to  com- 
])rchond  the  condition  of  the  country  and  siia[)e  aright 
its  destinies.  It  was  shov/n  that  Xew  Spain  was 
glwn  o^er  to  dlsoi'der;  that  the  hatred  of  the  presi- 
dent an<l  oidores,  dis[)layed  on  all  occasions  toward 
Cortes  and  those  who  sustained  him,  resulted  iVom 
envy  and  avarice  alone;  that  the  clergy  were  not  only 
uual)le  to  aid  Spaniard  or  Indian,  but  were  powerless 
to  save  even  themselves  from  i)ersocution.  In  con- 
chr.ion  the  writei-s  diselainied  all  motI\-e  i'or  tluir 
complaint  other  than  the  greater  glory  of  (iod  aiid 
the  do.^Ire  of  loyal  subjects  to  serve  the  crown. 


m 


^f 


M 

*"  1 


.;^ 


II 


•ij 


8,000  Iii<li;ins,  and  that  tlircc  thiys  afterwanl  lie  was  sci/fil  liy  lii-*  (ivaclici'nus 
giU'st.  })iit  the  iiitcrpivtur  ^va.s  a  jiuiiict I'.-i  cri/iiitiis  in  the  inimiitii-.s  uf  hi^ 
i-laif,  anil  is  nnwoithy  of  lu'liif. 

^^It  was  ciinvcyoil  liy  a  .sailor,  .^ay.^  ^fiud'ntit,  J/if/.  JCr'(.<.,  (l.'ll.  In  a  )iuiiy, 
ailil^  W'tancuit,  A/ifrrlc.  O'ikhI,,  7;  Fi  I'/niiid'Z,  Jli-t.  Krli.i.,  ,")!). 

*•'  /iii//uirniju,  Carta,  in  I'achtco  uvA  CuixUua^,  Cut.  Dw.,  xiii.  101  ut  soc^. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


ERECTION  OF  BISHOPRICS-CORTES  IN  SPAVIN. 
1527-1529. 

VlCISSITVfDES  OT  THE  FlEST  SeE— BlSIIOP  JrLTAN  GaRc£S— TlIE  ICOXOCIAST 

ZiTMAnuAGA — Lamentable  Vandalism — Ciiakacter  of  the  Clekgy— 
Arrival  OF  Dominicans — Rivalry  of  the  Oiidf.rs— Introui-ction  of 
Nuns — Meeting  of  Cortes  anuPizauko — DEATiioFANluKALSoi.DiEi;— 
Excitement  ovEU  Cortes' AiiuiVAL  in  Spain— I'L/iYino  tiie  Gallant— 
Ills  Reception  ey  the  Emieror— Marks  of  Favor— He  is  Make  a 
Marquis  with  Large  Grants— Politic  SooTitiN(is  of  Discontent- 
Why  He  Lost  the  Governohsiiip — IIis  Contract  for  Soittii  Sea  Dis- 
coveries— Ills  ]jRii)E  ANi>  Jewels— Papal  Concessions — Retcrn  to 
Kew  Spain — Ovation  to  the  Uero— Hostility  of  tue  Oidures, 


New  Spain  had  assumed  the  position  of  Castik's 
leading  coh)ny  in  the  Indies,  and  the  cross  had  ex- 
tended its  sway  from  ocean  to  ocean  before  the  church 
proper  stepped  forward  to  assume  control.  Xevcr- 
theless  a  see  and  a  bishop  had  been  granted  })rior 
to  a  sincrle  conversion.  On  the  streno-th  of  the  <An\v- 
ing  reports  brought  by  the  expeditions  of  Cordol^a 
and  Grijalva,  Bishop  Fonscca  had  hastened  to  coufrr 
upon  his  confessor,  Julian  Garces,  a  Dominican,  the 
title  of  bishop  of  Cozumc^,  and  this  proving  an  in- 
significant island,  his  jurisdiction  was  extended  over 
Yucatan.^  The  peninsula  remained  unsettled,  how- 
ever, and  the  see  vas  in  1520  extended  over  tlic 
Tabasco  and  Vera  Cruz  districts  to  Chiapas,  including 

''OUispado  llnmnilo  Cnrolonse,  y  Santa  ^faria  do  los  Roincdios,  en  la 
Peninsula  ilo  Viicatan.'  ]'>y  bull  (if  January  24,  l.'ilS,  corrosponiliiig  to  tlio 
civil  year  l.")l!).  CoiirHins  J'ror.,  J.j,:j-(:.',,  1241-2,  227-40,  -wilii  c(>|ii(.'s\if  Inill, 
ttc.  Jic  wa.s  bislKip  (in  Scpttnihorl!,  lull),  says  (imr.uliz  Did-i'd,  T<idn>K'''  ■■■ 
i.  <S0,  wlii'e  the  date  in  A  inai,  K<iiiitia,  Jlnir  li'c.,  !MS.,  22,"),  is  Jauuaiy  !', 
l."(KS:  and  in  Ljlishi.s  y  t'onrcntos  de  Jlex.,  32-4,  October  1^,  1519.  See  al.-«J 
CojuiloUo,  Hint.  Yac,  10,  17. 

( 296  ) 


JULIAN  GARCfiS,  BISHOP. 


207 


Tlnscala,  the  latter  being  designated  as  tlic  ccntro 
and  ei)iscopal  seat,  chiefly  as  a  mark  of  favor  to  this 
Idval  little  state,  and  partly  because  of  its  location.'^ 

Tlius  commissioned.  Father  Julian  presented  himself 
m  October  1527^  to  assume  charge,  and  was  hailed 
with  all  the  demonstrations  properly  attending  tho 
reception  of  tho  first  prelate.  A  septuagenarian  of 
a  noijlo  Aragonesc  family  and  of  brilliant  attainments, 
which  had  procured  for  liim  tlie  position  of  royal 
chaplain,*  he  could  not  fail  to  connnand  great  i-espect, 
even  if  his  influence  was  not  widely  felt  ainong  tho 
tumultuous  factions  which  ke})t  the  country  in  a  fer- 
Hicnt.  He  arrived  in  the  midst  of  the  disputes  be- 
tween Cortes  and  Estrada,  and  exerted  himself  to 
conciliate  these  unquiet  spirits;  after  which  he  retired 
to  Tlascala,  there  to  pursue  his  duties  with  the  zeal 
and  energy  of  a  younger  man,  holding  aloof  as  much 
as  possible  from  political  affairs.^ 

The  limits  assigned  to  his  see  indicated  that  anotlier 
was  alreadv  under  consideration,  to  embrace  tho  nioro 
important  districts  of  the  lake  valley  and  the  prom- 
ising regions  west  and  south.  The  bishopric  was 
indeed  decided  upon  about  the  same  time  that  Garces 
obtained  the  Tlascala  see,"  and  was  olTered  to  tho 
deserving  and  highl}'"  esteemed  Pe(h'o  de  Cant(\  wlio 
sirico  1523  had  labored  as  Franciscan  lay-brother  in 

"^  For  limits  see  Co)icHio'>  Prov.,  lo')5-C5,  loc.  cit.  Tlio  papal  IniU  was  dated 
Octuber  13,  lo'lo,  coiTcspondiiig  to  lo-o,  and  the  royal  decree,  September  It), 

'■'  Mcx.,  Exfractosde  Cidula.'i,  MS.,  7. 

*  I'ic  u  at  Mimebrcga  in  ll,")'-',  he  had  sttulied  at  tlio  univ:'Vf^ity  of  Pari^t, 
and  attained  a  high  reeoi'd  for  Icaniin,'::,  vliich  assisted  to  ailvance  him  in  hi:^ 
onlcr.  '  Llaniabanly  por  sn  elorjiiente  Latinidad  el  se'.;undo  Xebri  ja,  y  redivio 
Ciecion.'  Grauadiis,  Tartlm,  X\\.  IVini^eca  first  desi;,nale(l  him  fur  the  nee  of 
Culm,  eve  he  propo:;ed  tiictlehisiveadvar.eenient  to  (,'ozunicl.  l/cn-i-rii,  deo.  ii. 
lib.  iii.  cap.  xi.,  and  previons  authorities;  al.'-o  y.ns  C^i.-'ii.-!,  Ill-t.  /n<l.,  iv. 
4t;,V(j;  I\ni'ii,dc-.,  lli^t.  Ede.i.,  ll'J-i:i;  Munlll,  Fasti  Xvii  UrUi<,  104; 
Vauianj.),  IIl<t.  TIax.,  1!I2. 

•'  The  eathedial  erected  by  Jiini  was  'dedicada  a  la  Conccpcion  Innii;\eulad;i 
do  Maria.'  Mxlhia,  Chron.  S.  Dhvo,  'Jl,'?. 

"it  WH.S  created  October  ]:),  l.rJ.').  Mi.riU'u  Fast!  X,,vi  Orhls,  104;  I'///rt 
f^'i'ior,  T/iratro,  i. '28.  This  date  is  coniiruu  d  liy  ilic  veiy  linntation  of  tho 
lliiscala  .see,  and  despite  the  a.<serti(.ns  f:f  I.fin  r./ana  and  f.ther  authorities, 
^vhu  euufouud  the  bull  of  1530  for  the  bisliop  and  cathedral  with  that  lor  the 
see. 


,.;li 


293 


ERECTIO^'  OF  BISIIOrRlCS-CORTtS  IN  SPAIN. 


!MexIct)  Valley,  f(»roiuost  as  teacher  and  apo.stle. 
DeservluLj  and  well  litted  as  lie  was  lor  the  post,  the 
oiler  is  said  to  have  heeu  due  chielly  to  his  relatiuu- 
fcjhip  to  Charles  V."  lie  had  more  than  once  bcvu 
urged  by  his  su})eri(jrs  and  others  to  accept  prel'er- 
iiient  in  his  order  and  in  the  church,  but  had  always 
declined  to  leave  his  humble  position,  and  to  this 
decision  he  still  adhered.  The  see  was  thcreu[i()ii 
bestowed,  the  liJih  oi'  December  1527,''  on  Juau  (K; 
Zunuirraiia,^  jiuardian  of  the  Franciscan  convent  ol' 
Abrojo. 

The  emperor  was  in  the  habit  of  retiring  to  tliis 
place  occasionally  for  meditation,  and  had  become  im- 
pressed by  the  zeal  and  austerity  of  the  I'riar,  and  liy 
his  efilcient  conduct  in  su})pressing  witchcraft  in  1jI.>- 
cay.  Such  qualities  appeared  to  be  needed  in  a  countiy 
so  racked  by  abominable  superstitions  and  recklc,-<s 
factions,  and  as  the  ilrst  audiencia  was  about  to  leave 
f(;r  New  Spain  when  the  ai)pointnient  was  made,  Zu- 
marraga  received  orders  to  accompany  them  witliniit 
waiting  for  consecration.  lie  was  invested  with  the 
adilliional  power  of  protector  of  the  Indians,  in\d 
ordered  to  watch  over  the  obsei'vanco  of  the  many 
lavvs  issued  in  favor  of  his  opj^ressed  proteges.^" 

On  arriving  at  Mexico  he  found  it  extremely  diili- 
cult  to  carry  out  these  instructions,  for  a  check  upon 
the  ill-treatment  of  the  natives  touched  the  neuiot 
interests  of  the  settlers.     The  audiencia  instead  of  aiJ- 


'  8c<j  I'cainnoiit,  Crdii.  Mich.,  iii.  251. 

^<  '<(Ih!(i,  ill  Jutii)!riz,  J)'n\,  ]MS.,  5,  granting'  him  control  of  tithes. 

'lie  V.MS  horn  v.t  l)m'aii;,'o — 'at  ZniiKinaj:;!,'  say.s\Vtaucurt,  Mfunlo;!.,  I'i, 
if  so,  ;i  vilLiL^c  Knhjcct  to  ] )uraii.!,'o — in  l-lliS,  ami  utter  assmiiing  the  Fnun  i.-i;iu 
habit  lie  ro.t!  rapiilly  to  the  positions  of  yuar>liaii,  tklaiidiu',  ami  jiroviiniiil. 
Coiizdl'Z  Jiiivita,  Tf  (tiro  Lck.'<.,i.  I'Jctscq.;  Muiiuiacnloi  JJoiutu.  E<ii.,  .M>., 
(it);   Turijiiciii'ida,  iii.  44S. 

^"Tho  hull  I'oiitinniiii;  liis  appointnicnt  was  issued  only  on  Septenihcr  J, 
l.'.IO.  C<iii''i'io.'<  Pi\v.,  l.'JJ-(U'),  'Jl.'i.  IJeauinont  aihls,  'Ch'iiieiito  VII.,  en  i^:!- 
pi.storio  scereto  de  I'J  do  Agosto  do  l.j;!0.  .  .crigio  la  catedral  dc  Mtxi..",' 
L'ri'iii.  Mii;'i.,i'n.  '2o\-',];  and,  confounding  this  .net  witli  the  erection,  he  wrongly 
challenges  Call'-',  Jfcm.  y  A'o/.  tionzalez  Davila,  loc.  eit. ,  nssuiue.s  that  lio 
vas  consecrated  at  'I'lascala  liy  Ciarce.s,  but  ho  is  wrong  in  Ijotli  (hite  and  hitt. 
'J'he  dili'erent  letter.s  of  the  two  audieneia.s  call  liini  Kiinply  '  Ijishop  diet.' 
y'frr7/(vo  and  C'drdnia.-:,  Co/.  J)oc.,  xiii.  11 'J  etc.  Wo  shall  follow  liiui  hack  to 
Spain  lor  consecration  iii  a  few  years. 


PIOUS  VAXD.VLISM. 

inq'  lilm  opposed  every  measure,  ns  wc  liavo  soon,  and 
even  cauic  to  open  eonlliet  with  him,  leading  to  tho 
LXt'onnnunication  of  the  two  oidores.  AVhile  eorrect 
('iiniigh  in  his  course,  he  was  th:»ught  to  use  the  pulpit 
too  IreL'ly  for  conniicnting  on  tho  acts  of  tho  oflicials, 
and  tho  second  audicncia  received  power  not  only  to 
restrain  his  language,  but  to  limit  his  interference  a.s 
protector.  Yet  this  v/as  hut  the  spirit  of  the  arch- 
iiiemy  of  ■witchcraft  which  had  so  captivated  Charles; 
and  checked  in  one  direction,  it  broke  out  in  another. 
His  zeal  was  vehement.  Ea'j'er  to  extend  the  faith, 
and  observing  how  dillicult  it  was  I'oi'  the  people  to 
receive  it,  he  thought  the  cause  nuist  be  the  heathen 
I'dics  which  kept  alive  in  tluir  hearts  their  ancient 
liistory  and  religion,  hallowed  by  time,  and  consecrated 
ly  persecution  and  sullering.  Avaricious  conquei'ora 
and  xealous  fi'iars  had  left  i'cw  pul)lic  monuments  to  bo 
clicrished,  but  in  the  homes  of  the  natives  was  many 
a  li'easurcd  imago,  and  many  a  picture  record  of  ab- 
oiiginal  tradition,  art,  industry,  and  society. 

'fhis  chain  of  bondage  to  old  memories  must  bo 
hi'oken;  and  in  imitation  of  the  example  set  not  long 
before  by  Jimenez  in  re^'ard  to  the  !^^(Jors,  Zumarrai-a 
started  out  his  friars  and  loyal  neophytes  on  a  fresh 
and  searching  raid,  notaldy  for  tlie  abominable  scrolls 
and  manusci'i[)ts,  wherein  every  sign  or  picture  seemed 
to  the  prelate  tho  embodiment  of  satanie  art  and 
V,  itehery.  From  local  and  family  archives,  from  public 
[ilaces  and  from  private  houses  they  were  brought  and 
cast  into  one  vast  [lile  in  the  market-})lace  and  there 
burned.  It  was  the  crowning  act  of  misguided  zeal! 
And  v/liat  a  pyre  was  there  I  liecords  of  the  strange  un- 
i'ojdingsof  an  aboriginal  civilization,  of  half-developed 
myths,  of  curious  customs,  of  evolving  sciences,  per- 
haps of  arts  already  lost.  This  pious  vandalism  was 
Hot  confined  to  Mexico  citv,  but  in  all  the  lar<j;er  cities 
and  towns  great  b.oaps  ol  human  experiences  were 
gathered  and  connnitted  to  the  llames.  And  lil^o 
tliese  pillars  of  smoke,  which  on  every  side  were  seen 


I 


^    - 


;!! 


[:: 


i; 


11 


7m 


300 


ERECTION  OF  BLSUOrRICS-COnTES  IN  SPAIN. 


I 


ascciidiiiLf  to  licavuii,  kIkiII  tliis  act  of  tlu!  flrst  M^Iim]) 
of  ^[uxico  forever  rise  l)uforc  our  minds  as  dark  and 
unwise.  And  those  iiros  smouldered,  now  and  tin  ii 
]i,L,dited  afresh,  ay  for  centuries  before  church  and 
huty  beL,^an  to  reahzo  what  they  were  doing.  How 
fared  tlie  results  of  Boturini's  researches;  how  fared 
later  the  archives  of  Mexico  and  of  the  states  to  the 
south?" 

Notwithstandinsf  the  grievous  mistake  he  had  com- 
mitted,  Zunuirra^a's  fiery  zeal  could  not  fail  to  achieve 
also  much  i-eal  good.  Quick  to  o])serve  and  of  ilumt 
speech,  he  succe(>ded  in  teaching,  during  the  first  yenrs 
at  least,  a  wholesome  lesson  to  the  mercenary  jmhI 
indolent  of  the  clergy  who  formed  his  staiK^"  Anion.,' 
the  settlers  this  address  proved  less  efl'ective,  owing 
to  the  shock  given  to  his  influence  by  the  audiencias. 
Ft)r  the  natix'es  he  ever  aj)peared  a  champion,  as  must 
be  expected  i'rom  his  jiosition  as  missionary,  bishop, 
and  protcH-tor.  His  jurisdiction  was  rnj»idly  extending 
\vith  tlie  formation  of  settlements  in  dillerent  quarters, 
and  the  spread  of  conversion  under  the  daily  increas- 
ing band  of  friars,^'''  who  were  jjcnetrating  southward 
into  Oajaca  and  Guatemala,  and  north-westward  into 
]\Iiclioacan  and  New  Galicia. 

"  y.vcn  (inioiig  sixtci'iitli-ccntury  men,  hoMtvcr,  tlicvc  were  those  'who 
ol)jecli<l,  llioiii.'li  jias^ively,  to  tlie  destruction  !it  leastof  the  teiniile-lniilililiL'-i, 
anil  Toi(|iuniail;i,  iii.  47-.")0,  linds  it  iieeessaiy  to  ei  nic  fc>rtli  in  det'enee  ot'  tlio 
died.  \ct;;nciivt,  <  /;/•()». ,4, etc. ,f-peid;s  inn  siiniliirftniin.  Tlieemiieroi- wmto 
.ippvoval,  f'.M  tl<iiizale/  Diivihi,  'J'lttlrnj.'clf  s.,  i.  '2t\,  fr.ilsiiot  to]ioiiiloiit.  Aniniiij; 
rnodei'n  \\iiters  there  in  liul  "necpinion,  of  I'onilenniation,  although  Zaniai'i'l-^, 
Jlisf.  2fij.,  iv.  S8S-0,  seeks  to  nia'^'nil'y  the  ellbrts  of  hiter  missionaries  to 
repair  the  injury  by  preservini^  uhat  knowled;_'o  tliey  eould  ).;atlier.  Otlni.i 
C'lio:;e,  to  ve;:ard  the  h).-s  as  trilling,  one  wiiter  in  U.  S.  VaUt.  Mu'i.,  l>^lt,  1  I-, 
takin,!,'  tl'.i:-!  view  on  the  ground  tiiat  A..t(,:^  hiercglyphies  verc  undceiiiheraliK  ! 

'- There  vas  evident  need  for  '-ofiinii,  as  uecusations  were  alirady  ni;ide 
against  friavs  and  e!crgy  during;  this  first 'iccade,  and  an  iniputaticju  agaiii>t 
tiieir  morality  f^tands  forth  glarinply  'u  -oval  ced'das  for  this  jicriod,  therein 
puMic  mi.ilrcssesof  tlie  i-cpresent.iU'.  e;  of  the  ehnreh  and  of  ni:u'ried  nun  aio 
jnado  snlijoct  to  certain  lines,  .ind  to  banishment  and  lashes  in  extreme  cas  ■;. 
I'li'jc,  C'diiilario,  51-.").  1"he  term  'public  mistresses' indicates  that  ^' >  : it 
conciihinage  was  not  greatly  condcnmed. 

"In  ]  "):27  and  the  following  years  I'cgular  rer'niorcements  of  friars  eain'', 
nceordin.':  to  Vctaneurt,  C/iroii.,  4,  and  other  writers;  yet  Herrera  states  tiiiit 
licfore  l.").'U  there  were  not  over  100  in  New  Spain,  of  all  order:i  coniliim '1. 
J>i''iii)iio,if,  Cniii.  Mlrli.,  iii.  4(i7.  Friar  Jacoho  do  Testera  obtained  perini-- ■  a 
to  bring  1"J0  Franciscans,  who  arrived  aftei'  this  date.  Torqutiitada,  iii.  -'j'i 
305,  310. 


THE  nOMIXICAXS. 


301 


Tlio  Franciscans  did  not  lon^j  la1)or  alono,  for  otlior 
(ij'dci's  liastcncd  to  share  in  the  proniisinjj;  liarvcst. 
lOailv  anionic  tliesc  were  tlic  ^Dominicans,  twclvi^  of 
whom  wore  sent  from  Spain,  in  company  with  tliu 
twelve  Franciscans.  Their  head,  Vicar-general  Tomas 
Oitiz,  was  detained  at  conrt  lor  a  time,  and  his  asso- 
(•i,ites  wait(.'d  for  him  at  Santo  Domingo.  ]fe  joined 
llicm  linally  with  an  additional  numlxr,  and  from  llie 
wliolo  selected  the  symholic  twelve'^  with  wliom  lie 
reached  Vera  Crnz  in  June  1520,  in  company  with 
ronce  de  Leon. 

The  malady  which  brought  to  his  death  tliis  prom- 
inent personage,  wrought  havoc  with  the  friars,  as 
Will  as  others,  and  soon  their  nund)er  was  reduced  to 
seven. ^^  Fi'iar  Tomtls,  who  on  a  ibrmer  occasion  had 
evinced  little  re'_;ard  for  the  tilories  of  martvrdom, 
]i(  I'eupon  took  alarm  and  hastened  to  depart  with 
tlnce  of  his  companions,  leaving  Padre  Betanzos  alone 
\\\\\\  Deacon  Lucero  and  the  novice  Casas. 

xVmong  those  who  accompanied  Ortiz,  chiefly  oji 
account  of  ill-health,  was  Vicente  de  Santa  !Maiia,  a 
favorite  of  the  Dominican  general.  Finding  himself 
sate  again  on  his  native  shore,  his  missionary  zeal 
Mazed  up  anew,  and  with  assistance  fr(»m  the  sover- 
eign he  returned  to  New  Spain  in  1528,  at  the  head 

"]Iis  second  company  from  Spain  consisteil  of  seven  besides  himself,  and 
fnnu  till)  niiK'  sui'vivois  at  Santo  Domingo  lus  .scloctod  tlio  remainder.  Men- 
ilii'ta  ^'ivi'S  the  names  of  the  seven  .is  Vicente  d'j  Santa  Maria,  Tonuis  de  Ber- 
l;iii,i;ii,  iJoniingodoSotomayor,  I'eih'o  de  .Santa  Maria,  .lusto  do  Santo  Domingo, 
Ciiii/alit  hiicero,  and  Bartolomo  de  t'alzadill,'!,  tl:"  l.".st  two  deacon  and  hiy- 
bi'iithiT,  respectively;  and  tiiose  who  joined  at  Santo  J)oniiiigo  as  I>oiiiiiigo 
lie  )')( t:m/os,  Diego  Kuiz,  I'edro  Zamliiano,  and  \'i!ente  de  las  t'asiis,  nuvice. 
il'ifi.  Ki-lc.,  oli;)-'i.  Torquemaila  writes  in  one  ]ihicc  ]!ainii'Oz  insti'.'id  of  Kuiz. 
Si'Vn.dold  authorities,  including  tiie  Dominican  clironicler  Itemesal,  appear 
i;:iiciiMiit  of  this  formation  of  tlie  hand,  the  latter  giving  a  list  made  some 
time  after  their  arrival,  whiclx  eniluaces  two  novices  received  at  Mexico. 
H'n'i.  Vhijiiyu,  11,  12.  iii!o  alao  Vdvita,  I'ai/illa,  Hid.  Frnd.  Mc.c,  .'i;  \'iiitii- 
crrt,  in  Monumrnton  Domin.  L'"]'.,  MS.,  H-t.  Ortiz  hud  gained  his  position 
cliiilly  througli  his  service  as  vicar  at  Cliiribielii,  Tari/iii  nurdd,  ili.  '0.  ."itlS, 
vlicuee  he  escaped  from  the  massacre  [lerpetiated  by  the  natives.  His  in- 
tiiguing  character  has  already  been  pointed  out. 

''liemesal  mentions  foni' of  the  dead.  I);ivila  P.adilla,  ///^<.  Ju'iid.  Mi  ■:., 
4,  has  live  nai.'os.  Ortiz  left  with  Betanzos,  as  prelate,  and  held  '  taniViien  el 
olicio  de  ('oinissaiio  de  la  Inipiisicioii,'  lidiieaal,  lliM.  Chrjapa,  41,  hitlierto 
exercised  1  ly  the  Frauciscim  custodian,  yet  we  liud  Aguilar  named  by  Cortes 
.iib  iiiipiisitor. 


i**i 


■>rr 


302 


ERF.CTION  OF  BISHOPRICS— C0RT£S  IX  Sr.VIN. 


S:ii;;S 


of  a  laigcr  company  than  tlio  first,  tliough  sicknc'<s 
and  other  causes  reduced  tlie  number  to  six  before  lio 
rcacncd  ^Mexico.^"^  Installed  as  vicar-<2^cncral  and  in- 
quisltor,  lie  gave  an  impulse  to  mission  work,  re- 
enforced  as  lie  was  shortly  after  by  a  dozen  or  more 
friars." 

At  first  they  agreed  very  well  with  the  Franciscans, 
who  surrendered  to  them  several  districts  already 
occupied/''  and  joined  in  opposing  many  of  the  ini((- 
uitous  measures  of  the  audiencia;  but  soon  the  t»ld 
rivahy  broke  out,  creating  not  only  a  division  on 
public  questions,  but  internal  dissensions,  wliicli  found 
V(uit  chieily  on  the  subject  of  Indian  treatment,  and 
the  forcible  spread  of  conversion,  the  Franciscans 
lavorinnf  the  alliance  of  sword  and  cross.  The  kuvcr 
number  of  the  latter,  and  their  earlier  occupation  of 
the  field,  gave  them  precedence  among  both  settlers 
a)id  natives,  and  the  Dominicans  were  obliged  to 
exert  themselves  for  a  share  of  intluence.  Some 
features  of  their  order  u'ave  them  an  advantaLTO,  and 
they  attracted  attention  by  the  imposing  beauty  of 
tlieir  convent.^^ 

Amonu'  the  early  missions  founded  by  the  order 
were  those  of  Panuco,  Oajaca,  and  Guatemala.'' 
That   of   Oajaca   was    intrusted    to    Lucero,    now   a 

^''Xnmos  ill  Gntnadoii,  Tardea,  .loO-l.  Romcsal  seeks  vainly  to  ncpoiiiit 
for  tlio  lalliiiu'  away  of  the  priests.  At  lirst  it  was  ]iroi)os(Ml  to  t;iko  -If),  Kut 
a  ininilKr  of  tlicso  were  ilireeteil  to  Veiiei^uela,  ami  Santa  Maria  left  with  "Jt. 
They  were  givu  free  jiassage,  l.-jtlO  p'.v^os  for  a,  eonvent,  100  pesos  lor  rolns 
and  otler  iieeessarit ;..  JIi  rnra,  dee.  iv,  lu\  vi.  eap.  ii. 

'"  '  I'ntie  todod  fneron  veinto  y  dos,'  Ijeforc  Betanzos  went  to  briuL:  more. 
Mi'uilii  1(1,  Hist.  L'rlr.i,,  ;5(i4.     iSoveral  of  these  attained  the  dignity  of  liiihops. 

"'Xotalily  Tlalmae,  Coynliuacan,  Anieipicuicean,  cast  of  the  capital,  and 
other  .^eetious.    Vctnwvrt,  VI,ron.    '?.\\ 

''•'•('lie  L!  vno  do  i  grandi  &  forti  odifieij  &  biioni  chc  si.a  in  Spagna.'  /.'■/. 
Ci  ntiHI'rmo,  in  J!amiisio,  iii.  .'lOO.  It  was  founded  in  Scpteinher  l.")"_''i  on  the 
Btreet  named  in  conseipiencc  Santo  Domingo,  Lihro  tie  C'thilihi,  Septeiiilier  17, 
LrJO;  Imt  aeeording  to  a  writei  in  MiDuniu  nfo.i  l)omiii.  J'-^jK,  MS.,  li'Jil,  it  was 
oeeupied  only  in  l."il!0.  It  was  afterward  surrendered  to  the  ini|iiisiiiiiii 
otiiee,  wliieh  again  has  given  plaee  to  a  iiiedieal  sehool.  The  convent  was 
removed  to  the  site  now  occiiiiied,  and  dedicated  in  1.j7o.  Torqw  inwl'i,  iii. 
40:  Iii'i.f'an  1/  C'oinrnfii.^  ili'  .1/r.r. ,  (l'J-4. 

''"Convents  were  also  ert-eted  at  Piiehla,  Vera  rruz,  Ooazaeoaleo,  in  the 
towns)  transferred  1>y  the  Fraiieiseans,  and  notalily  among  tlie  Miztees  and 
Zapotocs.  Ilnuindiz,  Jli-l,  L\l(.s.,  'o;  Pac/uco  and  C'i( /•</(. /(as,  Col.  JJw:.,  xiii. 
210. 


THE  MFRCED  FATHERS. 

]>riost,"*  ar.d  to  Deacon  !Minayn,  wlio  in  the  middle  of 
l.VJO  founded  the  first  eonvent  at  Anteqnera,-'  ahout 
the  time  that  Betanzos  liad  niuK'rtalcen  Ids  ajiostolic 
ti'ur  to  Gnatenialn,  tliere  to  hiy  the  ft)undation  of 
])oininican  labors.-^ 

WIkmi  Cortes  returned  from  Spain  in  laHO  ho 
lii'ouij'ht  twelve  friars  of  the  ordei"  of  ^rercy,  endeared 
to  him  by  the  sago  and  gentle  intluiMieo  of  Father 
<  'linedo.  Their  leader,  Juan  do  Leguizamo,  acted  ast 
confessor  to  his  family.**  Under  the  special  care  of 
tile  marchioness  came  besides  a  number  of  Concejicion 
lums,  who  founded  the  first  nunnin'v  under  th(>  namo 
c>f  Coneepcion  Puri>;iuia.  It  was  endowed  Ity  four 
y.  )U!ig  ladies  who  had  already  sought  shelti-r  fVoiu 
tlie  world  in  the  house  of  Andres  de  Ta[)ia,  and  who 
n;>w  assisted  in  s])reading  the  order  throULrhout  New 
►Spain,  and  in  training  its  noble  maidens.-' 

Cortes  had  meanwhile  embarked  Avith  friends,  and 
afti'i-  toU(diing  at  the  Islands  to  display  his  retinuo 
and  riches,  he  entered  the   famous  little  sea[)ort  of 

"  Y\ovn  at  .Sail  Juan  del  Cucnio,  Aiulaliisia,  (if  poor  parents.  Ho  per- 
fivtdl  liis  I'llucalioii  after  admittance  to  tlio  onler.  After  l."i3>")  liu  was 
iviiioved  from  Oajaca  to  Mizti'capan,  where  he  died.  Bnnioa,  Gioj.  Jk'«crij>., 
i.  S--JI). 

'-''rwelve  Ipnildinc;  sites  -were  grantccl  on  July  -4.  l."i!r).  The  est;ililisli- 
iiKiit  tiecamc  a  prinjv  in  l."i4!).  /(/.,  l'i(l(xlni,  1-1.");  t'nrrinlo,  L^hn/ins  Hist., 
OS,  IJl. 

•'  As  early  as  1.V27,  ><ay.s  Eemesal,  though  it  mnst  have  lieen  a  littK'  later. 
If;  ii'Mirued  to  Mexico  in  l.-)!!l,  tlieiice  to  undertake  an  important  mi-ision  to 
llollli'.  //('.-/.  '  7(//cf/'f(,  ol-S;  UiiriJ'iil.  (t''n\.  /^(  .-.•/■//).,  .'!S, )-,"),  ;)!M)-7.  i)elaU/04 
wjs  .  f  a  nolile  f;unily  from  J^'cn,  educated  for  tiie  law,  hut  turned  pdu'riin, 
and,  luing  disowned  hy  his  fatlier,  1  e  ti«ik  the  Iiaiiit  in  loll.  AIUiouj,'h 
0''cujiyin.L,'  no  very  iirondiieut  ollice,  !■■■  rauked  1\'  'h  in  the  order  for  his  aastero 
virtii-.\  hi.s  ajiostolio  zeal,  and  his  ell'  I'ts  to  pioniote  its  interests.  J)i'iriki 
Po'lii'/i.  ]IUt.  Fvii'l.  M,.i:,  .">-:!•_':   Tur ,a,'i!i,n!u,  iii.  41--_',  !i4,  lud,  4.".4-.'). 

■^  II  rnnl  Dmz,  !I-M.    IVn/w,/ ,  ■J:U. 

'•"'  r.y  order  o'.  July  !•_',  l,"i:)(t,  the  aiidiiMuia  had  heen  enjnined  to  found  an 
cstiili'ii.slniieiit  of  hc'iliK  for  leaehiui;  Indian  maidens.  /'(';i'i,  I 'i  ihifi'ri'i,  42, 
Wl.inrurt  gives  to  I'l'iar  .Xiitonio  do  ia  Cru:'.  the  <  reilit  of  liriiidng  tl.e  lirst 
tint  .•  nuns,  namvly:  I'aul.a  de  Santa  Ana,  iaii-;i  de  San  Franei-ico.  ar.il  I'ran- 
cImu  l^vaugelista.  7V<(/.  J/(.?\,  41.  (lon.'ah /.  1  *;ivila  name-;  EKuade  Mi  iliauo 
ns  le-idcr.  J'viifro  AV/ix.,  i.  7;  Mo/iint,  diniii.  S,  Iih'jii,  '_'.">7.  l!eauui"nt  as- 
suiais  that  Augustinian  nuns  also  came  \sith  Corti's.  Cni/i.  Mlh.,  iii.  'Jilt, 
I'lothrrlioods  Were  fostered  to  encouravre  a  religious  feeling,  and  the  .\rcI;ieo. 
fradia  cle  ''  '  lleros  de  la  Santa  \v\n.  I'ru/  is  claimed  to  have  Imcii  f.iunded 
as  early  ;,  _3,  Ijy  Cortes.  See  nanicb  aud  other  iufurnuition  in  Pup.  I'd;'., 
xlvii.,  pt.  iii.  4. 


1] 
r! 

i! 


>.] 


:Mr 


304 


ERECTION  OF  BISnorRICS-CORXfiS  IN  RPMN. 


I 

I 

I    ! 


Palos  toward  the  end  of  1528.""  With  characteristic 
devotion  lie  knelt,  immediately  on  landing,  to  cxpros 
thanks  for  being  ])ermitted  to  regain  his  native  sliorc 
after  so  many  vicissitudes.  ^Y]^''e  awaiting  the  laud- 
ing of  his  party  and  effects,  which  involved  considera- 
ble delav  under  the  cautious  resti'iction.s  then  rullii"-, 
lie  [)roceeded  to  the  convent  of  La  Rabida  near  Ijy, 
there  to  perform  liis  devotions  and  despatch  advices. 
It  was  in  this  sacred  spot  that  Columljus  had  souglit 
shelter  v/lieii  on  his  way  to  advocate  those  grand 
projects  wliich  were  to  reveal  a  new  world;  to  point 
out  tlie  field  whereon  the  conqueror  might  achieve 
fame  while  mvimx  now  domains  and  fresli  souls  to  the 
knig  and  elrurch.  Here  also  Pizarro,  the  conqueror 
of  the  other  great  empire  in  America,  is  said  to  hav(j 
met  tiie  victor  of  Montezuma;  the  latter  with  lils 
great  achievements  ended,  the  former  at  the  opening' 
of  a  l)rilliant  career.'"'  Another  strange  coincidence: 
witli  Cortes  was  Juan  de  Itada,  a  valiant  soldier  dur- 
ing the  conquest,  who  afterward  joined  Almagro,  and 
avenged  his  death  by  cutting  down  Pizarro  in  the 
midst  of  his  successes. 

During  the  voyage  Sandoval  had  been  ill,  and  on 
landing  he  was  taken  to  the  house  of  a  rope-malcer  to 
recei\-e  the  necessary  care.  The  hardships  he  hail 
unde'rgone  in  the  Indies,  particularly  during  the  IIi'M- 
duras  campaign,  had  undermined  his  health,  for  ho 
sanlv  ra})idly.  During  a  fit  of  de[)ression  he  sent  for 
Cortes.     While  the  servant  was  absent,  the  host,  a 


'■'«  Gomaro,  1114.  j1/(.r.,2S.3;  Sandoval,  C(u'h^  V.,  i.  895.  Bcnial  Di;u  writes 
Poi't'inluT  l.">-7,  iiiojiniii^'  l.'i'JS  no  doubt,  while  Ifi'irira,  followi'il  Ky  I'li  .•^lutt 
ami  (ithii's,  L'ivi'.s  the  oml  of  May  l."i"JS.  Tliuri.!  arc  soviTal  rca.-ioiis  :iUi"i[H]Vtiii^' 
tlic  tx'tti'.'  aiUuority  of  (ioiiiaia  and  Sandoval.  'Kn  (|uaii'iita  y  \'\\  dias  IV-' 
iiCaslilla,  ^;ill  jiarar  I II  la  JIahana.'  lli  riuil  Jjia-.,  H'tst.  Vcntutl.,  ■J'24.  lii'th 
of  whii'li  .statonniit.s  a))]i('ar  to  lie  iinfoniuled. 

''~  'J'lie  nieetin;.;  jii-oiiuMy  took  iilaee  iii  anotlier  |iart  of  Spain,  tliotijih  hi-;- 
torians  iind  jioets  have  jui  fened  to  a>iso('iate  it  w  itli  a  spot  hallowed  hy  the 
pn  sencc  of  ('(jluinlmn.  The  intereourse  lietweeii  the  two  men  was  n:;t!n;il 
ciioiii.'h,  for  they  had  known  one  .another  in  the  Antilles,  and  were  alliiri  d  hy 
the  f^iniilaritv  <if  their  interpri.sc  and  renown,  "l^'ne  eo.si  notable  ver  jiniti.'* 
n  estos  dos  iionibre,'),  (jiie  eran  niirados,  eonio  Capitane.s  de  los  mas  notahk-t 
del  ninndo,  en  ai|nel  tienipo. '  Ihrnixi,  dec,  iv.  lib.  iv.  cap.  i.;  I'iznriv  y 
Urdlana,  Varonc^  llcst.,  121. 


DEATH  OF  SANDOVAL. 


305 


Lui'ly,  brutul  folloA,,  entered  the  room  and  stealtliily 
(xaiiiined  it.  Sandoval  protended  to  be  asleep.  The 
man  thereupon  l)rokc  open  the  trcasure-hox  eontain- 
iiiL;-  a  number  of  gold  bars  and  carried  them  away,  the 
i-iek  man,  unable  even  to  stand,  being  afraid  to  make 
an  outcry  lest  the  ndjber  siiouhl  nuu'der  In'm,  Cortes 
soon  entered,  but  no  trace  could  be  found  of  the  man, 
v>  lio  a[)pears  to  have  gained  Portugal  M'itli  his  booty. 
Sandoval  did  not  long  survive.  In  his  will  lie  }iamed 
t!ie  general  as  executor.  To  his  sisters  he  gave  the 
Li^i-eater  part  of  his  fortune,"'^  tlie  remainder  l>eing  K'ft 
to  convents  and  poor  people  to  form  a  crown  of  bless- 
ings to  his  memory.  lie  was  buried  with  great  ponq) 
in  La  Kabida,  Cortes  and  all  his  suite  assuming  de([» 
mourning,  which  Avas  not  alone  up(jn  tlie  surface. 
Voov  Sandoval!  so  young,  so  gentle,  tlie  ])urest  and 
nimblest  of  them  all,  and  to  die  so  soon  on  his  return 
with  all  the  joys  and  glories  of  home  nnre;dize(l. 
An  enemy  even  ccndd  not  meet  this  cavalier  without 
athiiiration  of  his  character,  and  none  could  long  be 
liis  jissociatc  witliout  learning  to  love  liim.  Thougli 
but  thirty-one  he  had  by  his  bravery  and  skill 
achieved  a  re[)utation  ecpial  to  any,  as  one  of  the  fore- 
most captains  in  all  tiie  Indies,  lie  liad  not  been 
given  the  same  op])ortunitles  for  independent  achieve- 


uicnt  as  Alvarado,  but  neitlier  had  he  nor 


won 


1.11 


10 


i\e  stained  his  name  wi 


til  tl 


10  cruelties  o 


Iti 


.f  T 


onatiuh. 


lie  Vw'is  also  more  prudent  th;ui  the  latter,  and  more 
t'i;i'';  ;'..kI  loyal,  and  })robably  abler  than  ( )lid,  the 
ri.i.'d  ci   the  great  ca])tains  of  Corte's.      In  the  total 


ibk 


]■ 


'sse. I   ai, 


.f  1 


T 


dit 


mij'aole  (luaiuies  as  man  aiK 


I  oil 


1 


iiccr  lie  sur 


II 


t. 


associates,  aiK 


1 1   Li'rad 


uallv  assunuH 


1 


the    cuic,    j.lace  in   the   all'ection    of  his  leader,  who 


11 -uallv  addressed  him  In' tlie  eiK 


th 


dearii 


\'S  name  o 


f  "  S 


<»n 


[Sandoval."  His  men  also  loved  him  as  they  did  no 
other  commander  for  his  kind  deiiiranor,  his  rai'e  disin- 
terestedness and  his  constant  regard  f  )r  their  welfare, 

Vna  lii'nnana. .  .so  casij  cuu  vu  hijo  basttuJu  del  CoiiJe  do  Mcilclliii.' 


(/  JJi'i'.,  ], 


)(.'.  lit. 


fitax.  Mex.,  Vul.  II. 


H 


it 


n 


; 


P  h 


tUrnVsif 

1    II 

WStm^ 

, . ' 

Hlf 

1 

HbkIi 

,!  ' 

111 

t 

I  If 

^M 

^H  iiT 

I 

III 

i. 

B|re| 

ife'. 

^n  il  i 

i; ! 

Bil 

JOG 


ERECTIOX  OF  EISnOrPJCS-CORTfiS  IX  SPAIN. 


ovon  to  tiio  iiogloet  of  his  own  comfort  and  a(Uan- 
tai,''!';  a  marlccd  contrast  to  the  absorbing  srlfishin  ->, 
insatiate  u'rcod,  and  relentless  cru<,'ltv  of  nearly  all  the 
adventurers  wlio  overran  the  new  region,  and  con- 
trolled the  destiny  of  its  peoples.  And  now  ai'ter  his 
multitudinous  dangers  and  strange  adveniures,  jio 
readied  tlic  shores  of  Spain  oidy  to  die  of  disea.-o 
and  find  a  grave  in  the  soil  which  gave  him  birth. 

The  news  of  the  arrival  of  Cortes  created  quite  a 
revulsion  of  feeling  at  court,  where  his  presence  was 
entirely  unexpected.  The  prestige  of  success  with 
high  honors  and  reputed  wealth  drove  calunuiiators  I'dp 
the  mon<ent  to  the  wall.  Doubts  and  suspicions  wm-o 
dispellec'  ■■■v<]  one  vied  with  another  to  honor  the  mi 
lately  ass.;  oldier.    The  court  was  then  at  T(!le(ln 

and  the  kiiu  ixlered  the  towns  along  the  way  to  iv- 
ceive  tlu^  hero  with  suitalJe  demonstrations.  Crowds 
thron^'ed  the  line  of  march  to  behold  the  famous  ciu)- 
tain,  and  to  gaze  at  the  strange  I'etinue.  The  Indians 
in  llowing  [)lumagc  and  gaudy  ornaments  had  hee;i 
seen  frt'(]uently  enough  since  C<^lumbus  Ih'st  brought 
them  to  Spain,  but  the  tumblers  and  athletes,  tlio 
albinos  and  monstrosities,  were  new,  and  most  cf  tlio 
animals,  while  curious  interest  was  attracted  by  tin- 
])lants  antl  merchandise,  while  the  heavy  coffers  that 
betohened  rare  treasures  raised  eager  expectation. 
7VII  this,  however,  served  but  as  a  frame  to  the  piclnre 
of  tlu^  leader,  wlio  was  conspicuous  b}'  his  digniliid 
bearing  and  siin[)le  elegance  of  dress. 

()]{  ap[)roae]iing  Seville  he  was  met  by  the  powir- 
ful  duke  de  ^Medina  Sidionia  and  conducted  with  gi'oat 
pomp  to  his  castle,  receiving  in  return  for  his  own 
presents  several  tine  Andalusian  horses.**  From  lieio 
he  }»roeeeded  to  Guadalupe  to  liold  a  uovena  at  this 

"'Ifcrrcra  states  tliat  lie  iivoiilnl  Seville,  whore  Alviirmlo  thou  lia]i;HMiiil 
to  lie,  in'epariii;,'  to  icturii  to  ()\iateiMal;i  with  hi.s  newly  seeureil  eomiii^.-i"!i 
as  ;j;oveniin'.  Jieiiiesal  gives  11s  reas(Hi  that  he  v.iis  (lileinlecl  with  tlie  liito 
lieutenant  for  ne^'leeting  to  many  his  cousin,  as  iiLtreeil.  IIi-:f.  '^Iii/iifi. -VX 
It  is  prohalile  that  the  avoidauee  was  mutual,  and  hased  iu  jiart  at  lia>t  "ii 
the  interfen'uee  of  Alvarado  in  Cortes' projects  to  his  own  advaueemout.  lor 
full  particulars  see  Jlidt.  Ciitt,  Am,,  ii.,  this  scries. 


ROYAL  HONORS. 


807 


ci'lcbratcd  shrine,  and  io  obtain  inasse.-";  for  liis  dead 
li'iL'iid.  It  so  liappcned  that  Maria  do  ^Mcndoza,  wife 
of  the  powerful  secretary,  Cobos,  was  there  at  tlio 
line,  attended  by  a  larj^'e  suite.  Aware  of  his  inihi- 
Liiee  with  the  fair  sex,  Cortes  resolved  not  to  miss  so 
oood  an  opportunity  to  win  the  appro\al  of  tlie  ini- 
iierial  favorite.  Never  did  his  fluent  ton<'-ue  servo 
bim  to  better  purpose  than  when  he  made  his  l.)o\v 
before  Dofia  Maria.  lie  c^ven  ventured  upc)n  a  mild 
ilirtation  with  her  beautiful  sister,  siii'liin:'  a  sul)tle 
alhision  to  .the  chains  that  ])ound  him  to  anothei-.'"" 
.Ml  the  ladies  \vere  enchanted  with  the  li'allant  and 
t;ilonted  hero,  who  could  so  well  supplement  his  I'as- 
ciiiation  with  rich  presents,  and  Doha  !^^al■la  wrote 
the  most  glowin.^"  coniinendation  of  her  proteL;'e  to 
lu'r  lord,  suflicient  at  least  to  dissipate  many  oi'  his 
prejudices  ai.^ainst  tlie  adventuivr.''^' 

In  promise  of  ct)min;^  honors,  the  sovereign  wns 
jileased  to  assiujn  Cortes  quarters  during'  his  st;iy  at 
court.  On  api)roaching  Toledo  he  was  met  by  tlie 
(lulce  of  IJejar  with  a  brilliant  retinue,  who  con- 
ducted him  into  the  citv.  The  following  dav,  in  com- 
paiiy  with  the  admiral  of  the  Indies,  Cobos,  and 
ethers,  ho  was  received  by  the  emperor,  and  kneeling 
to  kiss  his  hand  was  graciously  ccMumanded  to  rise, 
lie  thereupon  gave  an  outline  of  his  achievements, 
jiiid  illustrated  the  resources  of  the  country  with 
specimens  of  produce,  natives,  and  treasures.  Tn 
Conclusion  he  made  excuses  for  the  length  of  his 
speech  and  the  boldness  of  his  utterances,  and  jne- 
seiited  a  memorial  wherein  his  services  M'cre  more 
I'ully  recorded.  The  emjieror  appeared  greatly  im- 
jiressed  by  the  story  of  the  compU'st,  related  with  all 


and 


"  It  liast'vcu  l)«'n  liintoil  tli.'it  Pona  Miiria  iiinrlc  an  ciTDrt  to  iinitr  tin-  two, 
that  (.'ortis'  )iii'.\illiM'_ciH'ss  lumli' liur  liis  i  iii.iiiy.  j^'ic'itlv  to   hi.s  iircljii- 

i>_.^  A 1  ■  .  •      i:i-    I.'     i'    ..  A 1.      .  n: :.  1     *'.'.! I   .-..  !..:l i i.. 


du'i".  r.iit  this  is  Tiulikcly.  fortho  alliaiu'o  with  thi'  (hic.il  taiiiily  was  iilrcaily 
a  sLttlol  iitl'air.  llcrual  l)ia/.  liiuts  tliat  tin'  itiatoli  wuiilil  liavc  jirocin-cil 
liini  tlio  {.'rt'ati'st  favor.s  at  (.■onrt.   /Y/.v/.    V(  .-'Id/.,  '22').     Tlio  sister  luaniiJ 


^'  Jji  iiial  Diaz  Htatcs  that  (.'olios  was  so  pkasoil  tliat  ho  showed  his  u  ite's 
lotterd  to  tlic  kill''. 


r  J 


I 


i  m 


;  n 


m 


M 


ERECTIOX  OF  BI.SHOrRICS-COr.T];.S  IX  SIWIX. 

llic  skill  and  grace  of  Avliicli  the  E.stromadnraii  wa^ 
master,  and  by  Lis  Bclf-possessod  dignity  and  evident 
loyalty.  Charles  fre(jUently  called  the  hero  to  his 
jiiescnec  to  be  entertained  by  his  conversation,  or  to 
eoiisidt  him  upon  afl'airs  of"  state,  particularly-  con- 
cei'ning  ]\Iexico,  and  many  of  his  suggestions  for  its 
government  were  carried  out.  Taking  their  cue  from 
tlie  emperor,  the  courtiers  danced  attendance  upon 
tile  adventurer,  and  stayed  awhile  their  su})ercilions 
slander.  Cortes  became  the  fashion;  and  he  seemed 
to  ])lay  his  part  as  well  at  the  court  o^'  Charles  as 
at  that  of  ]\[ontezuma.  His  audacitv  wa,  charmiiii;'; 
at  times,  inileed,  startling  to  old  courtiers.  One  Sun- 
day, it  is  related,  ho  had  been  commanded  to  attend 
mass  at  the  court  chapel.  He  surprised  the  assembly 
by  coming  late,  and  further  by  passing  in  front  d' 
rnyalty  .md  taking  u  seat  beside  the  duke  of  Xassau, 
a  sovereign  j^rincc  of  Germany.  The  disturbance 
Avas  ha 'dly  c.dmed  by  the  information  that  Corti'S 
had  been  instructed  so  to  proceed.  A  still  more 
conspicuous  mark  of  favor  was  a  visit  of  the  ciu- 
iKi'or  to  his  chamber  during  an  illness  arisinu:  from 
ihanufe  of  climate  and  other  causes.  This  act  of  con- 
deseension  created  o'eneral  remark,  and  was  regarded 
by  many  as  sufficient  compensation  for  the  greatest 
bervices.''"' 

3.Iore  substantial  honors  were  accorded  by  cedulas 
of  July  G,  ir)20,  whereby  Cortes,  in  consideration  of 
Lis  many  achicivemerits  in  ac(piiring  for  the  crown 
and  church  so  many  provinces,  at  great  personal  risk, 
.md  in  order  to  set  an  exam})le  for  good  and  loyal  ser- 
\  i<-e,  was  granted  twenty-two  towns  in  Xew  Spain, 
(  hiefly  in  Oajaca,  to  contain  not  exceeding  twenty- 
three  thousand  vassals,  ineludinu'  their  lands  and  sul»- 
oi'dinate  hamlets,  civil  and  criniinal  jurisdiction,  oilicrs 
and  rentals,  and  with  full  power  to  dispose  thert-of 

^-It  was  tlio  greatest  of  all  favors  bestowed  upon  Corti'S,  '  de.'afiu'iailo  do 
Ins  Medicos.'  Paarroy  Ori  liana,  Vurntii tt  Ilcst.,  1"J().  'J'liis  ueciiried  afcw  days 
litter  his  arrival  at  Toledo,  buya  llerual  Diaz,  at  the  iustaucu  of  IVjar.  Hid, 
Vu-dad.,  '2-2o. 


nc 


EXTENSIVE  GRANTS. 


cordiiiGf  io  Lis  ])U'asurc  and  lliat  ofliis  lui; 


309 


n> 


liaJ  l>cM'(i  (^iK'ri'il  liis  clioicc  tln'ouiilidut  X 


'\V 


Si  mil 


iltliougli  tlio  kiii:j,-(l()m  of  ^liclioat-an  was  poiiiiL'd  out 

ll'iTed  tlio  loi'tilo   vallrv  ot' 


tor  sc 


Icc-t 


ion 


but   li 


pre 


()ajac'a,  toi^^otlior  witli  ;i  few  ]»Iaccs  i»arlicularly  ad- 
iiiirod  ill  and  I'ound  the  lake  valley,  ineludiiiL;'  Uie  two 
l;i\oii{e  towns  (jf  C'ovulmaoan  and  Cuernavaea,  wliii  li 
lie  liad  i'ancied  iVoni  the  iir.st,  lIuasti.])eo,  with  iis 
Cniiud  ga.rdcns,  Jalapa,  the  heaiitirul  health-rosoit 
]\ii!''-  half  wav  between  Vera  Cruz  and  the  phdeau 
sinuniit,  the  seaport  of  Tehuantr])ee,  and  .se'.cr.d 
phiees  in  the  feitile  pro^  inee  of  !Matl;d,;i;ico.  'i'he 
t  'X^^  of  the  grant  eoiitaine<l  the  usual  aiubiguilic :-; 
V.  liii'li  enabled  opponents  to  dispute  the  claim  on  many 


it- 


;ui( 


1  red 


nee 


it, 


as  w 


ill  be  relati'd  in  ahiter  ehaji- 


t.  r, 


He  also  I'eeeived  eeitain  lands  and  lots  in  a:.  I 

Id  and 
X 


ices,    o 


1!.  ;!r  ]\l.c>;ico  city,  notably  the  two  pal; 
iicv.',  of  ^Montezuma,  and  two   i.-^los  in  the,  1; 
ai.d  Tepi'pulco,  each  about  ludl"  a  league  in  eircu 
fcrenee,  and  intended  for  hunting-})arlvs.''' 


ico 


33  ' 


Como  lie  co.s.T,  viiostr.n.  proria.'   Appoals  fidiii  liiiii  or  liisnloald 


I:. 


rlol 


lilt  ];('il!!i,: 


O  lilL'  Iwill',',  coui. 


;uni;  unnrs  ;mi( 


('  iiiayr 
tv  auiliumias;  iiu  ioilri.-s  ii.i:  t 


il, 

1  ialt-li 


','. 


(;:i 


v.ci'i-  ixlain'- 


i 


l)iit  the  jurisdii'tion,  rcvcimcs,  and  trilmtc  otlicrwivo  due  ti>  t 


f 


iUMTIiW  11 


d  t.J  l! 


d  Lis  111 


h 


iM  not  ))c  iiulmli'd  witlunst  rnyal  ]m miis'-ii 
ilioiit  liivt  iriviiiu'  Uic  ivt'usal  ti>  tlie  HovcrciL': 


ut  tialisler,  c 


on;  iii'T  11)11 


Inircli 
!d 


I  and  lunSLius 


estate  was  kuI 


11-'   IL 


-ulat 


I'liis  lor  '■ovi.'iniiieiit  i.-.-ji: 


dl) 


eei  laluT 


4,  loJS.     !'( 


talaa  tnmi  dati 


Tl 


is  (loer.nun 


t.  w! 


levein  (.ortv.i  i- 


ddi 


1). 


-•t  t'> 

[d  1.0 
I'lid 


:'iviiiiur  am 


I  capti 


nid  (-uunte 


iui-;:eneial  o 
d  1 


f  N> 


\v  Spain, 


is  <!ated  at  liaivelona,  Julyt*, 


(.Is 


i^;i;i  il  l)V  .seerelary  1  raiKisoo  de 


le  1..S  ( 


o!)in,  l.ie 


ulio  was  the  presidint  of  the  Couneil,  and  I'oetor  JV'ltr 


fi.r  thocoiivt.  I'urhcri)  and  ( 


Col.  JJQC,  xii.  'JlH-T 


'T 


le  towns  n. 


li.'P  (  t 
lieentiat'i 
mad 


m  tiie  V 


dill 


1  (ire 


(' 


iljii 


•an  (C<vnhll;uan),   AU.ii.;il,ii\e  (Atl 


la 


'laeiibavaK  MatalcinTO  (MatlaL.ineiv),  Taluea  (Toliica),  Culiniaya,  t^hianixaea 


i^iaui 


iliiuie,  laid- ('ueiiiavae:i).  ( !ua.~tepfi|iie  ^lIua.•,Lepl•e^  Ae;vj>i[-tla  (Ata- 
rii''i!l:i).  Anteiwf[lic  (Ante]  ce).  Teiv.-'.'au  l'i'ip"txot!i'li),  (llKiSiica  (Oajaeai, 
(Vyulajieijue  ((,'nillopan  prol>al.ly),  Tiaiiteiiuihi  (TeiKjiiilalia),  liaei.'a  ('I'l'piaea 

eap'Tt),  Yid.ipa  (Jr.lapa),  Uilalc- 


Ivl,  'iV 


;anile;ieij 


(T. 


:intepi 


pin! 

Tll.l 

ri'alily  ill  spelling',  adds  I^tiaii,  as  the  tweiity-seeond  town.    /i'/.-'.  JA.c,  "J '4. 


(UiiitlateiiecK  Atroyataii  (]ierliaps  Atloixllan),  (,'netasta  (('i;et'.a 
ipeea  (Tii.\tc|iee,  evidently),  Y/ealpan.     <  loiiiaiji,  wlio  dil 


'J 

1, 

31 


list  of  the  town?-,  Iiaialeli- 


(1  fa 


lecin'dilv'  to  the  lliodiiied  li>t  '  f 


I.I-,  is  ^;ivi  11  111 
■",  (■••i-T; 


J/ 


'■(laii 


d  ('ir</< 


CI.  ]>•:■•.,  xii.  .",00-'J.     S. 


'';/"■ 


Oli'i  hl''>/oi\ 


Sr;inir'i 


\-a-i 


J  he  latli  r,  known  a!.-.o  rs  I'l  Pen.  1 .1. 1  Marcp 


wlii'ii  thr  lirst  lleet  sailed  against 'rmoehtit 


Sir //;..', .1/,,-..i.(;: 


the  seine  of  cX)ih,it 


,tl: 


SSI  1  K'S. 


■Ji 


uindaries  of  the  lots  and  the  Ian. 


TU 


eijpan   I'oai. 


stely 


310 


ERECTION  OF  BISIIOPrJCS-CORTES  IN  SPAIN. 


There  was  one  tliinijf  iibove  all,  however,  that  Cortis 
longed  lor — a  title.  Wealth  he  possessed,  and  lands 
he  could  acquire,  but  the  credential  of  nobility,  to 
raise  him  above  the  rank  of  adventurer,  give  him  a, 
jtlace  in  the  select  circle  of  the  court,  and  even  to 
admit  hiui  into  the  fellowship  of  grandees,  this  the 
sovereign  alone  could  confer,  and  charily  enough  it 
was  dispensed  to  the  man  of  inferior  connection,  how- 
ever great  his  merits.  The  emperor  understood  the 
longing,  and  perceiving  the  necessity  for  some  such 
recou'nition  of  Ljreat  services,  since  the  o-rant  of  estates 
was  really  a  mere  confirmation  of  what  Cortes  already 
possessed,  he  gave  him  the  title  of  Marques  del  A'^allo 
de  Oajaca.^^  Henceforth  the  name  of  Cortes  gave 
way  graduall}'"  to  the  designation  ^larques  del  ^^lll(', 
Oajaca  being  rarely  used,  though  tlio  mere  term  'the 
marquis'  was  his  common  appellation  in  New  Spain, 
just  as  'the  admiral'  was  set  apart  for  Columbus.''" 
Tlie  title  and  authority  of  captain  general  of  Now 
Spain  and  provinces,  and  coasts  of  the  South  Sea, 
were  also  conferred  on  him,  with  power  to  appoint 
and  remove  lieutenants.'^*^ 

Cortes  had  evidently  expected  a  dukedom,  with  a 
proportionately  larger  domain,  for  when  the  sewnul 
documents  for  title  and  estates  were  presented,  lie 
declined  to  receive  them,  declaring  the  reward  unecpial 

j:ivcu  in  PacJicco  ami  Ci'irdcnafi,  Col.  Doc,  xii.  .370-81;  Ixcalcs  CnJuIas,  .MS., 
i.  -IS-!).  Soe  iil.so  Carriith,  E-iliidioa  Hi<t.,  ii.  7.  The  ^' rant  of  tho  UV-i  i-; 
dated  Gtli  of  Jidy,  that  of  the  lots,  July  127,  ir)"J9,  tlu)iiL;h  Icazbaloeta,  Col. 
J)or.,  ii.  'JS-i),  prints  .luly  '23.  Among  the  luiida  was  the  Tiaspaua,  aftLiwunl 
know  n  as  Ivanuho  de  los  Tcpetatcs. 

Si  This  grant  is  dated  Jidy  (1,  the  'July  20,'  in  Col.  Doc.  Iiu'd.,  i.  lO.VS, 
beinj,' an  error.  Yet  in  a  eeiluki  of  April  1st  ho  is  already  ealled  !Mar(|ur». 
iV((7/rco  and  Cardcucif,  Col.  Doc,  xii.  ■■)70-S0. 

'"The  grant  of  marquisates  liecamc  nioro  common  after  this,  eliielly  in 
connection  with  services  in  tlie  Indies.  Pizarro  received  it,  and  C'oiios  \^ni 
inado  Marques  de  Cameniza,  shortly  after  Corti's.  Tiiere  was  an  evident  di-j- 
inclination  to  increase  the  iuuid)er  of  dukes,  and  so  this  half-way  concession 
was  tendered  Mhero  tho  merits  really  deserved  .a  dukedom. 

""This  commission  is  also  dated  Julytith,  but  is  merely  a  formal  repetition 
of  one  issu(Hl  April  1,  l'>'2{),  in  answer  to  an  appeal  for  his  reinstatement,  l'i'i!i 
as  governor  and  captain  general,  lie  was  told  tliat  the  governorship  coi;:'l 
not  lie  granted  till  the  resiileneia  reports  arriveil.  Ji<(i/  Cidtiii  and  'I'i'mI i.  in 
J\ir/i('ci,in\d  Can/riian,  Col.  Doc,  xii.  ."7l*-S().  oS-l-O;  /'iiius,  I'in  iji-.^,  in  Jlui.ti- 
vicntutt  Doinui.  L't:i>.,  MS.,  71;  Col.  Doc.  Irnld.,  i.  103-j. 


NOT  ENOUGH. 


m 


in  his  services.  When  suinnioned  before  the  emperor, 
lie  observed  that  the  sovereign  could  not  have  been 
j)roi)t'rly  informed  of  the  extent  and  resources  of  the 
country  he  had  gained  for  the  crown,  or  of  tho 
iiinnensc  efforts  for  its  conquest.  "Cortes,  wliat  I 
liave  given  is  not  in  final  })ayment  of  your  services," 
v>as  the  pohtic  reply.  "I  shall  deal  with  you  as  tlio 
archer  at  practice,  whose  aim  gradually  improves  till 
he  hits  the  mark.  Receive  therefore  what  I  have 
given,  as  an  earnest,  until,  with  a  better  understanding 
of  how  matters  are  yonder,  I  shall  be  able  to  conibrm 
more  entirely  to  your  merits."^  Cortes  could  not  but 
hiss  the  rt)yal  hand  and  accept,  thougli  he  was  by  no 
means  satisfied.  Indeed,  when  the  partial  concession 
of  a  habit  of  Santiago  was  tendered,  he  declined  it  on 
lliu  ground  that  no  adequate  rental  or  encomienda  ac- 
coiiq)anied  the  title  to  support  it.^^ 

Among  his  most  cherished  desires  was  the  rein- 
ptalliition  as  governor,  both  as  a  solace  for  his  injured 
pride,  and  for  the  power  it  conferred  to  grant  otlices, 
eiicomiendas,  and  other  favors  to  adherents.  The 
latter  was  sufficient  inducement  both  for  })atrons  and 
I'rionds  to  support  tho  application  with  powerful  argu- 
ments and  repeated  instances.  But  the  ccjuuter- 
argument  of  opponents  proved  stronger,  u})held  as 
t!uy  were  by  reports  from  New  S])ain,  where  his 
enemies  now  held  sway.  Neither  did  the  emperor 
desire  a  repetition  of  the  troubles  which  promised 
t'.)  arise  from  such  an  appointment,  nor,  perhaps,  to 
liold  out  the  temptation  it  offered  to  an  ambitious 
snltject  not  wholly  satisfied  with  tlio  reward  granted 
I'ur  his  services.     The  suspicions  concerning  Cortes' 

'■'^Cortes,  Memorial,  m  Col.  Doc.  Iiinl.,  iv.  O'Jl-").  A  sii])staiitial  iiun-caso 
ill  f.ivors  never  caiiie,  an<l  for  yearn  afterward  we  lind  liim  claiiioriiiLr  aliuiit  tlio 
111  irleet,  ami  the  rediietioii  in  lii.s  grants  owiiig  to  aiuliigiKms  (lueiiiiieiit.s. 

""Vet  ilia  iianio  remained  on  the  reiii-ster  of  tho  order.  Tvrn-i,  ll'irtt. 
drill  )iCK  Mil.,  10.'!.  The  liouor  was  liardly  M'urtli  liis  \vliik\  as  a  in:iri|iiis. 
His  two  natural  tons  Martin  and  Luis  reec  ived  it.  .Most  writers,  ineliuliii:.; 
Trescott,  eon.jider  tlie  reward  as  a  wlmle  firatil'viiiLr,  hut  liii  liin-riijiher 
ri/arro  y  Orellana  liesitates  not  to  write,  ''I'odas  ]);ir(\'ier(>ii  ]iei|Ueiias,  lon- 
Biili'raiulo  los  servieios,  lealtail,  y  liazauas  deste  gran  Cuulillo,'an  expreaSiou 
whicii  appears  to  echo  a  ■wide-spread  seulimeut.    I'a/V/iw  Ileal.,  IJO. 


iii; 


P    ' 


312 


EKnCTIOX  OF  BISnOrRIC.=i— CORTES  IN  SPAIN". 


loyalty  had  cvldeiitly  revived  to  some  extent,  and  it 
had  fiirtlierniore  ])eeii  concluded  fur  the  present  to 
try  the  efhcacy  of  an  audiencia  in  that  country.  In 
any  case  the  result  of  the  residencia  must  bo  awaited. 
The  crown  had  long  been  im})ressed  \vith  the  poliiy 
of  not  confidinLif  the  ijovernment  of  a  new  re'jion  to 
its  conqueror,  and  this  oven  before  Columl)Us  demon- 
strated tlie  wisdom  of  the  measure  by  his  failures. 
The  Great  Captain  had  aspired  to  rule  in  Naples,  l)ut 
was  recalled  for  a  different  reward.  These  and  other 
answers  were  given  to  the  ap})licants,  but,  aware 
probably  that  a  delay  would  lessen  their  chances,  they 
persisted  till  the  emperor  returned  a  sharp  refusal. 
"Speak  no  more  of  it,"  he  said  to  the  duke  of  Nassau, 
who  M'as  among  the  supporters  of  the  petitions,  "lie 
has  now  a  mar(piisate  with  greater  i-ental  than  all 
your  duchy  yields."  Cortes'  inlluence  was  evidently 
waning,  and  while  the  reason  may  readily  be  found  In 
t])e  S(^vere  I'eports  of  the  residencia  judges,  additional 
ones  have  been  alleofcd  in  the  oflence  he  is  supi)os"il 
to  have  given  the  empress  by  bestowing  on  another 
tlie  choicest  of  the  irems  brouL!'h+  from  Mexico,  after 
receiving  her  intimation  to  inspect  them,  and  by  neg- 
lecting to  court  the  favor  of  the  president  of  the 
council  and  Secretary  Cobos,  on  obtaining  his  niar- 
quisate.^" 

One  more  concession  was  made,  however,  both  as 
an  honor  and  to  promote  the  interest  and  extension 
of  the  crown,  by  ])ermitting  him  to  make  discovery  ex- 
peditions in  the  South  Sea  of  New  Spain,  and  to  con- 
quer and  settle  any  island  or  coast  thereof,  westward, 
not  included  in  the  ti'rants  to  others,  such  as  those  to 
Narvaez  and  Guzman.  Of  all  such  discoveries  and 
conquests    he   was   made   governor,  raagistrate,  and 


^'T.ernnl  Bin?.,  I  fist.  VcrdaiL,  2'2.')-a.  point'?  wliolly  to  these  a.lilitio!'.:!! 
reasons,  jiirticnhirly  to  tlio  latter.  Corti's  relied  too  umch  on  tlio  Kuiiport  I't 
I'leiar,  and  of  the  sovereirfu  prince  fif  Xa«?f;aiT,  l>y  whoso  friendship  lie  win 
deeply  impressed,  while  Cohos  and  President  Loaisa  objected  to  tlii?  forci.u 
inti  rloper.  '  Porq  no  jiiense  nin;,'un  conf[ni:;tador  <pic  s(!  Ic  dene,'  is  Ooniara  a 
chief  reason  for  the  reinsal  of  tlio  "ovcrnnient.   llid.  JIcx.,  2S4. 


FURTHER  INDUCEMENTS. 


313 


.'ilGjuacll  mayor  for  life,  witli  power  to  apiiolnt  ofTicials 
and  deimties.  Further,  one  twelfth  of  all  such  land 
was  granted  to  him  till  a  fidl  report  concerning  its 
nature  and  resources  should  enable  the  sovcri'ign 
hotter  to  decide.  This  grant  was  in  consideration 
of  the  expense  ho  would  incur  as  discoverer  a.nd  con- 
queror. He  must  be  governed  by  the  I'egulations 
lately  issued  for  discovery  expeditions,  wherein  it  is 
forbidden  to  take  anything  from  the  nativc^s  without 
payment  or  permission,  including  their  labor,  or  to 
carry  them  away  from  their  country,  or  to  ensla\'o 
them,  save  for  refusing  the  faith  or  to  submit  to  the 
sin-ereign.  Two  friars  or  clergymen  must  accom[)any 
tlie  expedition  to  convert  and  instruct  the  natives,  to 
]iix>pare  a  report  upon  them  and  the  count ly,  and 
to  give  permission  for  enslavement  when  this  was 
(Ku'med  indispensable.  Enrohnent  of  men  for  the 
expedition  nuist  not  be  made  from  among  actual  set- 
tlers.''^ This  conunissicHi  was  issued  in  Octobi^i-  IJ'iO 
by  the  queen,  the  emperor  having  gone  to  Italy  to  bo 
crowned. 

In  the  distribution  of  favors  the  friends  and  com- 
panions of  Corte's  also  received  a  share  in  the  form  of 
coats  of  arms,  offices,  and  lands,  together  with  a.  con- 
iirniation  of  the  encomiendas  ah-cady  granted  them. 
All  who  took  part  in  the  actual  conquest  were  per- 
mitted to  carry  weapons  even  in  S[)aiii.'*"  The  young 
native  nobles  who  came  with  Cortes  were  given  in 
cliar!>e  of  Friar  Antonio  de  Ciudad  Itodrigo  to  re- 
ci  ive  dresses  and  reli<>ious  images,  and  to  be  taken 


Si 


^'  Tlicsc  essential  features  for  tlio  government  of  discoverers,  pnrt  of  a 
c."'r,l:i  i."  .iU'il  Xi>venilier  7,  l"i-7,  rire  incoi'iinrntc  il  in  tlie  eonnui. ..  i"a  (;i('nrti'3 
ib.ti'il  0c:ti)l)er  "27,  l."'JO.  On  tlie  ."illi  of  Novcniher  fo'.lo^iiiu',  ii  co-illrniatnry 
c-  ilula  \Y;vi  issued,  dct.'nlint;  certain  jiowcrs  to  1)0  exercised.  I)y  the  ;;o\(.'i-niir, 
nii-h  ivi  cyAWng  and  in\ni<Iiin,!:,'  olijeetionaliltt  pcrs m-J.  'll'.o  tt'xtiif  li'ith  i.s 
t-'iven  in  Pii>ia'^('<'iliil((r/o,  :?()-7;  ('of.  Dor.  Im'tl..  i.  lO'^-'Ji,  ii.  401-.');  P<trh<c<) 
nnd  ('(''nlcuus.  Col.  Doc,  xii.  -IDO-li,  xxii.  'Js.'-!),");  Aiiivni.  Di>irf.,  ii.  n\>p.  ii. 
■Jl-.");  Hoc.  J/('.(\  C'i'o;/.,  r>ol.!iii,  v.  ;>:2.V(i.  ]'.y  ili'crees  df  May  9  iuid  June  !), 
\'C,\  Juan  (ialliarro  and  Juan  de  Saniano  of  Tenochlil'an  were  appointed 
ti'iasuier  and  comptroller,  rosjicctively,  of  the  land.3  Corti'S  nii.-'!;t  di.-cover 
tuid  oorupv  in  the  South  Sea.   Pav/fco  and  ('(irilriiax,  Col.  Jjnr.,  xlv.  77-'<'. 

^■'Iln  estos  lleynos,  conio  esi  la,  Xueva  Espufi.i,  pndiessen  traer  armas 
ukiisiuas,  y  dufciisiuas.'  Hemnt,  dec.  iv.  iib.  vi.  cap.  iv. 


814 


EnECTION  OF  niSITOrRICS-CORTKS  IN  SPAIN. 


lionio.*"'  To  tlio  (Itiu^litors  of  ^kroiitczuiua,  whom 
Cortc'.^  luid  tal;».'ii  under  his  care  ut  ^lexico,  wcro  con- 
finned  Iho  estates  g'iven  them  by  hhn  on  their  uiar- 
riago,'"  to  the  great  dehght  of  the  natives,  who 
regar<le(l  this  act  as  a  favor  tothc  wliole  pco[>le.  The 
{services  of  tho  Tlascaltecs  were  furtlier  renienibernl 
by  oxompting  them  from  behig  given  in  enconiienda 
even  to  the  crown/' 

Sliortly  after  I'cceiving  the  title  of  marquis,  Cortis 
was  fi>rmally  united  to  tho  woman  ah'eady  bound  to 
him  by  his  father,***  the  l)eautiful  and  sj)irited  Juaiia 
Ilamirez  de  Arclhino  y  Ziinigj^  (hiughter  of  the  .sec- 
ond condc  do  Aguilar,  and  niece  of  tlio  duque  de 
Bejar,''"  a  connection  which  athnittcd  him  to  the  inti- 
mate circles  of  tho  highest  society  in  Spain.  Brill- 
iant as  the  marriage  nuist  be  regarded  for  Cortes,  it 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  looked  upon  as  a  conde- 
scension on  the  part  of  tho  bride,  for  the  groom 
ranketl  as  one  of  the  most  famous  generals  of  the 
age,  the  rumored  possessor  of  untold  wealth  and 
uidimited  ivsources,  and  withal  a  gentleman  by  birtli, 
whose  credit  for  services  rendered  and  o])portunitits 
to  render  more,  promised  for  him  even  greater  honors 
and  grants  than  he  had  received.  All  this  was  tempt- 
ing even  to  the  foremost  of  Spain's  grandees,  among 
whom  wealth  was  not  over-abundant,  and  the  uncle  the 
duke  is  said  to  have  been  quite  eager  for  the  mati-h. 
IMany  of  the  grandees  dated  their  boasted  titles  hut 

"Tlio  dress  is  (losi'ribod  in  a  special  decree  to  tliat  ciTect,  in  Ti-niaox- 
Coni)fiii.'<,   I'oif.,  si'iic  ii.  toni.  v.  8S. 

■"So  far  one  or  two  out  of  four  had  married  it  appears.  Cortes'  successor 
took  away  the  grants,  and  these  were  now  restored,  chiefly  as  a  matter  of 
l)olii\v. 

JO  Ifcrrcra,  loc.  cit. 

*'^ !](' jar  'trato  con  muoho  calor  dc  casar  le.  Y  assi  lo  caso  con  dofia  Iiiaiia 
. .  .por  1)3  podercs  (luc  tmu)  Jliutiu  Cortes.'  Comura,  I'ist.  Mc.r.,  'JS4. 

*'Tho  fatlirr  was  Carlos  llaniircz  do  Arellano,  tho  mother,  , I  nana  ilu 
Zuuiga,  dani,'!itcr  of  Condo  do  Bailarcs,  tlrst-liorn  of  Alvaro  de  ZiifiiLja.  lir.-t 
duke  of  IVjar.  13oth  families  camo  of  royal  lilooil.  Tlio  title  of  l'oihIo 
Aj^uilar  dc  inostrillas  was  ci-oated  in  147(i,  in  favor  of  Arellano,  first  {.'ontlo- 
r.;an  of  the  bedchamlier.  The  title  of  the  duko  de  IV'jar  A\as  ereatiil  in 
l-IS.'t.  Sicil'o,  Covrf.M  Jfcii.,  'Jl-.");  Clarhjcro,  Storia  2fe-.'<.,  iii.  •2',W;  Alaiiinn, 
])ina-f.,  ii.  rj.*].  'llonnaua  dclCondo  ilo  A^milar,'  says  Ilerrera,  dee.  iv.  lib. 
iv.  cap.  i.,  from  which  it  \vould  appear  that  tho  father  liad  uhvady  died. 


TIFE  BRIDE'S  JEWELS. 


315 


one  or  two  generations  back,  and  beyond  this  they 
lanlu'd  with  the  ordinary  nol)iHty,  to  whieh  Cortes* 
aiieestors  belonjj^ed. 

Juana  Avas  indeed  an  envied  briile,  and  the  more  ro 
uliLii  she  appeared  at  eonrt  decked  in  the  nia^-nillccnt 
ji  wels  bestowed  by  her  husband  The  choicest  were 
live  stones  of  great  size  and  brilliancy  sup^iosed  to  be 
emeralds,  and  so  jjronounced  by  experts,  for  one  of 
v.hich  forty  thousand  ducats  was  offered.''^  Tlicy  had 
been  cut  by  Aztec  lapidaries  with  admirable  skill  and 
taste,  three  in  the  form  of  a  rost^,  a  bugle,  and  a  tisli, 
the  fourth  as  a  bell,  with  a  pearl  for  claj)iier,  and 
bearing  on  the  rim  the  inscription,  "Ijlessed  the  one 
\\]io  reared  thee."  The  fifth  and  finest  was  in  the 
shape  of  a  cup,  with  golden  foot,  and  four  chains 
si  cured  by  a  pearl  which  served  for  the  handle.  The 
golden  rim  bore  the  scripture  text,  "Inter  natt)s  niul- 
icrum  non  surrexit  major."^'^ 

Quite  a  number  of  people  were  gratified  \vith  a  share 
of  tlie  precious  stou'^s,  pearls,  and  gold  trinkets  brought 
by  Cortes,  all  distributed  with  politic  calculation.  A 
]u)i'tion  was  set  apart  to  procure  spiritual  favors, 
tlu'ough  the  instrumentality  of  Juan  de  I\ada,  who 
was  isent  to  Italy  to  kiss  the  feet  of  Clement  VII.  in 
tile  name  of  his  master,  to  relate  his  efforts  for  the 
iiilvancement  of  the  faith,  and  represent  the  spiritual 
wants  of  the  newly  conquered  region,  among  which 
v.ric  more  friars,  and  a  reduction  of  tithes.  The  pop* 
held  solemn  services  to  rendc^r  thanks  for  the  acquisi- 
tion of  so  many  souls,  and  issued  a  number  of  bulls 

*' Tint  refused,  says  Oomnra,  thoiiLrli  ITcnvra,  ulii  sup.,  writes:  Mo  (IniiMU 
por  ella  inercatleres  ilc  Senilla;  qnar<  uta  mil  diicailos,'  to  resill  ti)  the  (Ircat 
'J  '.Ilk.  The  stones  have  tiiiiee  Ixeii  classcil  as  jailo  or  serpentine,  since  no 
ciiu'vald.s  exist  in  Mexico.   Alnman,  j')isi  rt.,  ii.  .31. 

''••  Tiiesc  live  stones,  '(juc  las  nimdaron  en  cieii  nul  dncndos,'  were  lost  when 
C'lrti  s  hmded  at  Alfxicrs  in  l.")-ll,  dining  the  ntoi-m  which  wieelicd  a  part  of 
tlic  Spanish  fleet.  VoiiKira,  JIUl.  Mu:,  'JS4,  olT;  Caro,  Tim  Hi<ihi!<,  i.  7."), 
Thesf  the  'finest  jewels  )iossesscd  Ly  woman  in  Spain'  ha<l  been  deserilied  to 
t!ie  enipves.5,  and  roused  her  curiosity,  (/orti's  was  informed  tiiat  she  wisheil 
to  see  and  ])rol)alily  to  buy  them,  and,  unw  illin.g  to  part  Avitli  them,  th(\v  were 
Bi'iit  to  his  wife  before  ni)pearinu' at  c(jnrt,  according  to  Oomara.  This  was 
Jiroliidily  riprcsented  to  tlie  emjjrcss  with  a  little  cxai,",'eration,  and  she  re- 
liicmlicied  it  to  his  iirejudicc.  Uuriad  Jjki:,  Illut,  VcrdaJ.,  *2'JG. 


I  :■ 


im 


310 


EnECTION  OF  BlSIIOmiCS -CORTES  IX  SPAIX. 


111 


;  I 
i:  1 

It':  J 


I  i  I. 


granl.iprr  al),solut).)ii  to  conquerors  for  excesses;,  iiidul- 
<jfoiicc.s  for  cliiuvlics  tiiul  lio.spitals,  ami  s[)ocial  favors 
for  Cortes  and  llada,  for  the  former  notably  the  per- 
petual patronage  of  hosi)Itals  founded  in  his  naiuc, 
and  the  legitimation  of  his  natural  ehildren.'*^  Thu 
favors  for  liada  consisted  cliielly  of  reeonunendations 
for  his  advancement,  and  these  not  beini^  cariied  out, 
the  disappointed  soldier  went  to  Peru,  whore  in  the 
capacit}'  (jf  an  Ahnai^rist  captain  he  led  the  onslaught 
wherein  fell  the  mighty  Pizarro.'^ 

After  the  departure  of  the  cmi)eror  from  Spain, 
Cortes  found  no  reason  to  prolong  his  stay.  He  illc 
on  the  contrary  tliat  he  must  hasten  back  to  Movico 
to  protect  his  interests  before  it  was  too  late.  Tiu; 
deciiion  of  the  crown  to  appoint  a  new  government 
for  New  Spain  gave  cause  ibr  delay,  however,  as  it 
would  bo  ])refe]'ul;le  that  he  should  not  enter  into 
!Mexico  be IV; re  the  change  had  taken  place.  Tiie 
representations  from  there  sought,  indeed,  to  previiit 
his  return  at  any  time.  The  India  Council  ajijxar 
to  have  advised  him  to  wait  yet  awhile;  but,  iindin" 
that  the  delay  would  prove  long,  he  disregardt'd  the 
hint,  and  early  in  the  s])ring  of  15:30  "  he  lel't  Se- 
ville, attended  by  a  brilliant  retinue  of  companions 
and  servants,  nearly  four  hundred,  well  armed  and 
C(piipped,  and  belitting  his  position  as  a  leading  iiolilo 
of  the  kingd(.)m,  and  the  centred  iigure  in  the  empiic 
he  had  v/on.     lie  was  accom[)anied  by  his  wife  and 

''"These  r.ro  riMtiitu  us  Miiiiin  Coi'tr-s,  Euis  do  Altamirano,  iuil  Cut, 'li  11,1 
ri;;arro.  Tlic  <  nly  liii-];iUil  yo  I'ar  f.jusu'.nl  |jy  Corti.'si  was  ilc  l,i  ]\ui\'^iniu  Cuu- 
crpcion,  i!')v;  Jc<--ua  Xaxari'iio.  The  Ijiills  arc  givi'ii  in  A'ftman,  J)isrrt.,  ii, 
opp.  ii.  '2o-lS.  By  rLMpicst  uf  tlio  SKVt.'ivigii  to  whom  Lulonyt'il  t!io  j/atniiia.'o 
lit'  charcji't".  Cirt'ii'j  biinviiilurcd  the  liuli  f;raiitiii^f  to  Iiiia  siiL'h  pii\i!c^'i.-i. 
Puiia,  ('■Jnlario,  7.'>;  l\i<'l:ccn  ;;iiil  < '<irih'iiri-i,  Col.  J)of^  vjii   •J:;7-41. 

^' llo  \va<  ail  liichdgo  from  thi'  mo.MitaiiH  of  v'afitile.  Ahiia.'ro  tlic  ililiT 
nt  iir.st  placTil  !iim  in  chai'go  of  his  f^on  Pi^'^'O,  wlio  lator  iiiailu  hiir.  inac-ti') 
(!i' i'aiii]io.  'Sii  Saiitida'i  lo  hizo  inerci'il.  .  .do  lo  hazei-  C'oiido  I'a'atiii",' is 
];ciiial  i;ia/,' addition  to  favors  lirantiid  iiii  1  liy  tiio  ]i 


//;.s/.    I'-.-</rtr/., 


'- A  i-i-y.il  Uocn.'c  lo'.'liidiliiiL;  his  ciiti-.nijc  into  Mexico  i.s  dati.d  Mairli '.'J, 
l.'I'iO,  /■■«  7(ci  )  and  Curdi  iius,  VJ.  l)ot\,  xii.  40o-."),  ln-'ucc  ho  must  ha\c;  hit 
l>>.'ioie  that  date.  In  a  Utter  to  the  onijun'or,  ( 'oiti'.-j  explains  that  ho  waited 
fill' bonie  time  ut  Si'ville,  and  snli.-.eipientiy  at  San  Liicar,  hoping'  to  join  tliu 
new  oidore.s.  L'-'critot  Su' Ifos,  177-^.  Ahiman  assumes  without  good  iva-on 
that  he  was  bidden  to  wait  for  the  oidores.  DUi.it.,  ii.  32, 


EETUr.X  TO  MEXICO. 


317 


niotlior,  and  proiul  iiulood  must  linvo  been  tlio  pandit 
to  sliaro  ill  the  ovation  ^vllich  fell  IVoni  ovorv  sick' 
npoii  the  renowned  conqueror,  and  to  witness  the 
bcenes  of  his  achicvcmciit.s.^^ 

.Vfter  waitinfjc  at  Santo  Doniino-o  for  over  two 
months,  in  vain  cxiieetation  of  the  new  oidorcs, 
Cortes  found  the  cost  of  niaintaininu;'  four  liundrcd 
iiuMi  too  severe;  he  therefore  proceeded,  and  arrived 
salily  at  Vera  Cruz  the  15th  of  July. 

His  rece])tion  was  not  unlike  that  tendered  him 
four  years  before,  when  lie  was  hailed  hy  opj)n.sscd 
natives  and  ])ersecuted  Spaniards  as  a  savior.  It  was 
not  fully  understood  on  the  present  occasion  ^-hat 
] lower  he  possessed,  hut  the  mere  presence  of  the 
ill  I'o,  fresh  from  the  hallowed  circle  of  the  court,  and 
radiant  with  the  honors  and  retinue  of  a  grandee,  was 
enough  to  obtain  for  him  an  ovation  Avorthy  of  his 
])ivtensions.  The  natives,  in  whose  eyes  none  could 
compare  with  !Malinche,  the  conqueror,  were  the  most 
(leinonstrative,  as  with  powers  they  strewed  the  pal!' 
hetbi-e  him,  and  crowded  round  to  ])lace  at  liis  feet 
tlieir  presents,  from  the  humble  offering  of  provisions 
(HI  the  part  of  the  jioor  common  people,  to  the  embroi- 
dered r(jbes  and  glittering  jewels  of  the  caciques  and 
iiuhles.''*  The  demonstrations  by  the  Spaniards,  who 
Hocked  from  every  part  of  the  country  to  meet  him,"' 
Were  frauo'ht  chiellv  with  abusive  accounts  of  the 
audlencia,  and  loud  comjdaints  over  the  outrages  com- 
mitted against  them. 

("ortes  exhibited  his  commission  to  the  municipality 
of  A'era  Cruz,  and  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed 
captain-general,  whereupon  he  took  formal  possession 


k 


■'  I'lulcr  their  rare  came  n  iinnilxr  ff  I'ranciscan  ntins  nml  a  (Ik/tii  friars 
of  till.'  (inliT  of  Mercy,  lifrnal  Jjiu  ,  Jli-^l.  \\nhi<l.,  'JIU  ;  J'tu-fnco  ami  Ctin/c- 
iai<,(;.l.  J),,r.,  xiii.  41-J. 

''A  ],it«r  inv(stiL,'ation  made  it  iippcar  tliat  tlic  costly  prnsonts  vcro  witli- 
<lra«ii  troiii  tlio  eyes  of  ollieials,  and  tliat  ('iirt^s  sent  .secretly  to  Spain  mi  uc 
lii.lHiO  pusiis  wortii  of  trinket.s.  Lii'uri:n;-:iuii,  in  I'ui/uaj  uud  C'ifiliiiU't,  ('o(. 
!>'■'■.,  \ii.  .-.:!l-40. 

■  '  ( 'asi  todos  Ins  Kspafinlis  dc  Mcxiro,  eoi,  aehainu;  '1;'  salir  a  retibir  le. 
l.u  pucos  diud  ao  lu  jutuiou  nius  du  mil."  Uuinura,  Jhd.  Mix,,  "JSli-T. 


318 


EKECTIOX  OF  CISKOrrjCS-  CORTES  IN  SPAIX. 


!P 


ilii' 


n 


i 


of  Izcalpan,  fiv(3  loa^'iies  fi'oiii  tlic  port,  as  one  of  tlic 
towns  granted  liini  hy  tlic  crown.'"'' 

Both  alai'niL'd  iind  angered  at  those  independent 
proceedings,  the  oidores  sent  orders  for  all  Spaniards 
to  I'eturn  to  their  towns  under  severe  penalties,^'  so  as 
to  enable  them  to  keep  hack  Cortes,  and  perhaps  to 
di'ive  him  from  the  country.  The  natives  wcw,  i'nr- 
l)i<lden  to  hold  intercourse  with  him,  or  to  sup})ly  him 
food.  As  for  the  authorities  at  Vera  Cruz  \vho  Jiad 
countenanced  the  captain  general,  the3Mvere  punished, 
and  Alcalde  Meji'a  received  orders  to  dispossess  him, 
and  cast  down  the  gibbet  erected  on  his  grant  in  sign 
of  authority.  The  oidores  had  heard  of  tlie  coming 
of  new  members  fromS])ain,  but  seem  to  have  at  liist 
reganled  them  as  intended  to  re})lace  their  defuiict 
associates,  and  they  felt  therefc»re  as  confident  as  ever. 
Others  understood  the  case  lightly,  however,  an  I 
many  had  sullered  too  much  already  from  the  audi- 
cncia  to  fear  additional  perseciition,  so  that  they  pre- 
ferred to  remain  "witli  their  old  leader. 

While  at  Vera  Cruz,  Cortes  received  a  decree  from 
the  queen  forbidding  him  to  approach  within  t(  ii 
leagues  of  Mexico,  until  the  new  audiencia  arrived, 
lest  his  presence  should  give  rise  to  troubles.'"*  lie 
resolved  nevertheless  to  leave  the  unhealthy  coast  and 
establish  his  head-quarters  at  Tezcuco,  although  this 
lay  within  the  prescribed  limit,  for  here  alone  could 
he  have  ready  access  to  supplies  for  his  numerous  ret- 
inue. In  their  alarm  the  oidores  sent  an  appeal  ti 
(luzman  for  aid,  and  took  stents  to  defend  the  cr;»ital. 
Cortes  being  both  unwilling  and  afraid  to  create  dis- 
turbance, commissioned  Bishop  Garces  and  some  i  l' 


^^  Also  cnllcd  La  Rincoiindii.  Aocoriliiicr  to  Ids  oppononta  tlicso  procicd- 
iiig.s  wvvv,  iirroL^aiitly  coiiduftoil,  '  cfm  jilLrmia  iiiancra  do  bollicio,'  uinl  tlii^i  ii 
IKit  iiidilicly  with  so  lai'g<'  a  l)aiid  of  turlndcnt  followers.  It  is  vvvn  said  that 
]i('  claiiiicd  all  iiiaiiiRT  of  untliority  nut  incntioiu'd  in  his  ooiiimissi"ii,  ai;d 
tlinatt'iiiMl  to  liaiiL,'  tlio  oidoivn.  lA'ttcrs  <if  Salmcrou  and  (Juznian,  in  I'lu-ho-o 
and  C'iriliiiitu,  Co/.  Jh'r.,  xiii.  \<M\  -ll:.'. 

• '  '  So  jicna  do  luuoi'tc'  llirr'  r<i.  di'r.  iv.  lil>.  viii.  cap.  ii. 

f''"rius  lioro  tlu>  clato  Marcli  '1'1<\,  and  Mas  read  to  him  uls  at  Tlastala  l>y 
an  olliutT  uf  tho  uudicucia,  oa  Aiigu»t  'Jth. 


INFAMOUS  PERSECUTIOX.^. 


319 


t!ic  friars  to  rojiroscnt  lii;-;  peaceful  intents.  Tf  tlicir 
ii)ilitarv  preparations  had  for  an  v  ')jeet  the  paeilication 
of  some  (hstriet,  he  as  ca]itain  crencral  would  take 
charge  of  any  sueli  undertakin!.!;,  otherwise  he  ini[)lorod 
and  even  commanded  them  to  pursue  a  peacefid  course. 
This  representation  had  a  certain  effect,  but  the  re- 
sentment of  the  oidores  was  not  relaxed.  Tiny  laid 
liands  on  the  remaining  property  of  their  opponent, 
cutting  off  all  supplies  from  that  source,  and  then 
souglit  1)}'  strict  orders  and  severe  punishment  to 
lessen  his  intercourse  with  the  natives,  and  by  dimin- 
i^liinLL"  the  contributions  on  which  he  subsisted  to 
(hive  him  away.^" 

(Jailed  by  the  deference  shown  to  him,  they  sought 
t'  I'ouse  a  hostile  feeling  among  the  Spaniards  by  de- 
( hiring  that  the  laws  restricting  encomiendas  and  other 
pii\ileges  were  due  to  his  etlbrts.  Under  these  re- 
strictions Coi-tes'  party  was  l)rought  to  such  a  stress, 
according  to  his  own  statement,  that  more  than  a  hun- 
dred died  from  want  of  food,  including  his  aged  mother. 
This,  however,  was  exagg(>ration,  and  the  deaths 
nuist  be  attril)uted  chieily  to  the  usual  f(!ver  which  so 
irequently  attached  new-comers.  Though  resolved 
r.ot  ti)  be  driven  to  overt  acts,  he  felt  it  necessary  to 
intimate  that  unless  the  persecution  relaxed  he  would 
1h'  ol)licfed  to  seize  the  towns  o'l'anted  liim  by  the 
t  !ii]>eror,  so  as  to  save  the  rest  of  his  party  from  star- 
Aation.  ( ii'cater  harmony  was  also  necessary  to  cIkmIc 
tlie  growing  insubordination  among  the  natives,  \\]\o 
fc'it  encoin-aged  by  the  dissension  to  attack  is(>late(l 
S'lianiards.*^'  lleasoning  and  meditation  had  tlu'ir 
eifect,  and  Corte's  remaimnl  at  his  cam[)  to  await  the 
new  ruKa-s. 


t: 


;ff 


'•' AlLMiacik")  wcro  constantly  Imsy  nriTstini?  chiefs  tim\  purveyors,   niid 

1  :ii!iii^' tliriii  to  pimisliiiiL'nt  with  haltiis   n.iiiiiil  the   m'ck.    (.'.ir/'v,  /.'•■.■,  •(v7o.* 

"'The  loril  of  Te/cnen  killoil  several  eliiefs  ,inil  tonk  refnu'e  in  sanitiiarv  to 
t'.Mpe  arrest,  /^iniiiirrinjit.  I.tttri,  in  T'  i'ii<i>i.r-<  'fiiiiiniiis,  lo//.,sirie  ii.  liiii.  w 
l''l.  '  Y  no  en  nuu'hcs  ilias  faltuaii  mas  ilo  do^iuutos,'  writes  Coiiuiiu  buiiic- 
v.hat  hastily.   7/  oV.  J/i.i.,  •Jt>7. 


w 


CHAPTER  XYI. 

THE  SECOND  AUDIENCIA  AND  ITS  REFORMS. 
1530-1  :>32. 

TlIK   Xi;\V  PUESIDENT  AND  OlDOIlES — TlIEIR  INSTRUCTIONS— MeASFUES   FOR 

Seitlkrs  and  Natives — ScMPrrAiiY  Laws — Impressiv  e  Entuv  of  tiik 
Oii»)];r.s  — Till".  CIovi'tinment  IToi-sf. — Sweakini;  Alt.kcianck  'lo  riii; 
SovEi'.EicN — Rfsii)e:s'('Ia  and  Fate  of  Matien/o  and  l)Ki.(;Ai)n.i.'i  _ 

CORREGIMIENTO  SVSTEM  INTRODUCED — A  ClIECIv  TO  .SlAVKHV— Al>\  AM  K- 

mknt  of  Naiivks— Social  Reforms — Founuini;  of  Pieui.a  hf  tiii: 
Angixs — Si;ci:i:t  ()rj>Eii  to  Restrict  Enco.mikndas — Geneiwvl  Cea.muu 
AGAINST  It — The  CoNtiUERoiis  and  their  Rewaed. 

After  tlic  reroptioii  in  Spain  of  Bisliop  Zunulr- 
raLT^'s  rakiii'jf  denuuciation  of  tlic  aiidicncia,  oxciv 
ship  tliat  left  Mexico  carried  scores  of  letters  detail- 
iiiL*'  the  ceaseless  abuses  of  wliicji  Sj)aiiiai'ds  as  well  as 
Indians  wen?  victims.  The  conduct  of  Guzman  diir- 
iii"'-  his  brief  sway  at  Ptiimco  was  known  alreadv  at 
court,  and  now  that  to  these  c]iarL,^cs  were  acKld 
otiiers  still  more  danmatory,  as  well  as  complaints 
against  ]\[atienzo  and  ])elgadilln,  it  became  e\'i(l(ut 
to  Charles  that  his  ministers  had  erred  in  the  selec- 
tion of  men  to  whom  the  destinies  of  the  colony  had 
been  confidetl.  He  resolved  on  their  removal,  and  as 
his  jiresence  abroad  was  necessary,  he  char-^i'd  tlio 
empress  to  see  justice  dealt  to  these  malefactors,  and 
woithy  persons  sent  to  take  their  jilaces.  Isabel  el' 
I'(»i'tui4-al  was  a  pi'incess  of  noble  sentiments  and  nt' 
sterling'  sense,  llaviiii^  submitted  the  matter  to  tlie 
council,  sho  resolved  to  make  a  viceroyalty  of  Xew 
8i)ain,  and  to  send  thither  as  ruler  from  amont,'  tlu' 
nobles  surrounding  the  throne  a  man  whose  birth  and 

(320) 


THE  rRESIDEXCV. 


.T21 


]  .'..-itlon  v'crc  guaranties  not  only  of  liis  Ln'alty  l)ut 
dl"  his  freedom  i'roni  tlio  excessive  avarice  and  vile 
anil)ition  native  to  men  like  Guzman,  liut  time  was 
rt.'([uired  both  for  selectini>"  such  a  person,  and  to  ena- 
ble him  to  make  i)reparations;  and  as  the  ills  of  Xew 
►Spain  demanded  an  immediate  remedy,  it  was  decided 
to  send  a  new  audiencia.  composed  of  members  well 
known  for  i)rudence  and  rectitude.^  Some  trouble 
V  as  encountered  in  the  selection,  several  persons  ex- 
cusing themselves;  but  finally  the  presidency  was 
conferred  uj)on  Sebastian  Ramirez  do  Fueideal,  some- 
time in(|uisitor  of  Seville  and  oidor  of  (h'anada,  and 
tlicn  bishop  of  Santo  Domingo  and  ])resident  of  the 
audiencia  of  that  island.'^  He  was  informed  immedi- 
ately of  the  a})pointm(Mit,  and  ordered  to  bo  ready  to 
ioiu  his  colleau'ucs  on  their  arrival  at  Santo  ])omin- 
go.'  The  selection  of  the  oidores  was  intrusted  to 
the  venerable  bishop  of  Badajoz,  president  of  the 
audiencia  of  Valladolid,  with  instructions  to  choose 
only  those  worthy  of  association  with  the  illustrious 
jirclate.  The  bishop,  after  due  deliberation,  named 
Juan  do  Salmert.n,  Alonso  Mahhjnado,  Francisco 
(Aynos,'  and  Vasco  do  Quiroga  for  these  i)ositions; 
and  the  nominations  wore  accepted  without  question 
]y  thi!  empress. 

Salmeron  had  acquired  l)oth  skill  and  reputatioii  as 
alcalde  mayor  of  Castilla  del  Oro,  and  Ceynos  as  late 

'  The  nppoiiitmont  liml  bocn  (Ictpriiiinui'!  upon  early  in  ^Marcli  l.""0 — soo 
tlu'  qiK-L-n'.i  decree  in  I'whint  ami  ('iirdi  iia-i,  Cul.  JJnr.,  xii,  4()4-l)ut  tiic 
(iiil(i|ts  Were  not  ollieially  naiueil  until  the   l:2tli  vl  July  lullowiiiL;.  J'/ijn, 

■■■  ( If  Ihc  family  of  the  count  of  \'il]aescusa  ile  Ilaro,  liorn  in  the  jifovinee 
of  (  uc  Ilea, anil  ^\(•ll  edr.eateil  at  the  enlli'ire  of  Santa  (.'niz  at \'allailoJiil.  ]lo 
liail  lic'ii  lu'.ile  third  liisliop  of  Santo  l)oniingo  in  1.V_'4,  and  three  years  later, 
lue.-ide-.i,  (it  Uio  iUKlieneia  e.stahlished  there.  Jlrrnrx,  dee.  v.  HI),  ix.  eap.  i.; 
/'.''-.>■  A'V);/.,  in  Ciirld.-i  ./-■  //«/.,  SJ!);  M, .,:,  Xof.  dnifiK'.,  'Jdd.  Oviedo.  i.  S-J, 
.■^iiy  i  that  he  was  also  bishop  of  Coneepeion  du  la,  Vi'::a  in  the  island  of  Santo 

]  I'll  111  U'.'O. 

^  The  order  W.1S  dated  April  I'J.  l.'.'^O.  0'i,>r.(il'-  Dih-ihi,  i.  '2()'J. 

■"  1  lur  e  ]ir(  ferred  the  spilling  of  l'i"jii,  Vi'ditlnr'i't,  .")(!,  ami  of  ("orti's,  l!i>il 
(''.'lii/ii.  ill  /'(ii/tdo  and  Cunli  una.  Col.  l>n>\,  xiii.  "JH.  Ton|Ueinada,  M'^i:'/. 
]"/.,  i.  do;!,  twists  the  name  into  'Cavnos.'  J.aeunza,  y^/.v^/vi  /ii.^t.,  4."il>,  says 
't  '.linos.'  They  eanie  resjii'i'tively  from  Madrid,  Sulunmucu,  Turo,  or  Zaniura, 
and  .Madrigal,  nirnnl  iJiaz,  Jlih't.  l\nlad.,  '230. 
UUi.   iE.\.,  Vol.  II.    21 


1 


322 


THE  SF.rOXD  AUDIEXCIA  AND  ITS  nEFOLMS. 


fiscal  to  tlio  Council  of  the  Iiulios,  \vas  adiniralily 
fitted  to  act  as  oidor,  but  (^uiro;;'a's  leaiiiuL^s  wcw  (if 
too  clerical  a  character.^  Accordiu'^'  to  tln^  instruc- 
tions, dated  July  I'J,  la-'JO,  on  arrival  in  New  S|)aiii 
they  were  to  forward  to  their  predecessors  the  letti-r 
of  the  enii)ress,  notilVinLj  them  (»f  the  chanu:e.  'I'luir 
residence  at  Mexico  should  be  the  palace  of  Corti's, 
v>ho  would  1)(!  asked  to»scll  it  at  a  fair  apjiraiscinciit. 
In  the  absence  of  the  president,  the  oldest  oidor  nm-t 
preside.  As  protection  of  the  natives  was  partici- 
larly  enjoined,  t]\cy  nnist  strictly  adh(;re  to  the  <n\\rr 
disreLjarded  by  the  former  audiencia,  to  hold  n<i  ii.i- 
tives,  iu)t  I'ven  tlie  ten  servants  allowed  to  the  fornn  r, 
their  ]iay  bein;.^  for  that  reason  increased  by  one  Iburth.'' 
All  unhnished  business  pendiu'^'  before  the  first  audi- 
encia was  to  be  promptly  despatched.''  The  residenci;i 
of  the  late  oidores  and  oflicials  should  be  proclaimc'l 
Avitliout  delay,*^  and  if  jxuilty  thev  must  be  sent  to 
Hiniin,  toovther  with  the  papers  in  the  case."    i^nz- 

•''Sd  oliscrvoH  Mciuloza,  C'trtii,  m  Florlhi,  Col.  Doc,  i.  l"21-2.     Sco  lli-i. 


Cnit.  A, 


tl 


lis   scric,-:. 


ll> 


iiTi'ia,  doc.  IV,  111),  vu.  c;i]i.  vui.  s;iys 


Cuiiscjo  .stipniiio  (laua  pn'o.ssii  t'U  la  pat'tiila  do  1 


o\  iinciujs 


()\(l. 


till 
ip 


l1 


rami  do  iiidiiarlos  ooii  iiiuolia  odiil'iiniiidad  ilo  il  .ManiUi'.s  dol  \'allo.'    Takoi 


fooli 


the  lattor  part  of  tlio  .'^cntriico  iiii;j:lit  lio  (■"iistnio 


iii;ts  or  wi.-lios  wx'Yi'  coiisiiltod  m  tlio   ap| 


pn 


It. 

iiitiiK'iit  A  tl 


tliatCnI'trs' 


U!    (llcUircS 


Hit  it; 
llwiil 


rofii's  most  lilioly  to  tlio  onlors  jL'i\'oii  that  Cord's  and  tlio  oidors  i^iiou 
tonothor;  I'lir  ("iirtis  hiiiisclf  admits  tiiat  tlic  matter  was  not  rol'orred  to  liis 
jlld;;'moiit.   K-irrili^s  Sui  lld.'i,  \~\\  S. 

"Tho  salary  amoiiiitod  to  ,".(H»,00()  maiavodis.  Pinjiu  Cnliilarh,  110.     M- 


rono,  I'nij.  ','"''■",'/",  l.'>,  .says  (100. ()()(),  which  may  inrhido  oxti 


'J'l 


Did 


ores   si  loll 


id 


of  the  lahoicrs  Iiad  died  tli 


do  tl)  pay  tho  natives  employed  hy  them,  and  it'  any 


t  .sli'Hild  lie  a|i|ilied  to  the  hospital  fiilul. 


Land  and  other  jiroperty  oNtorted  should  lie  n^tiiined,  even  in  ease  of  In 
tiili  sale,  if  riulil  ful  owners  so  demanderi.    Tlie  fees  of  iuuliuncia 
)jo  tl 


u!  same  as  those  ( 


Tlie  ft 
A'alladolid  and  (Iraiiada. 


olii 


ccrs  Sill  111 


Id 


Ineli 


the  resideiu'ia  of  ( 'oite.s.    Hut  this  had  already  been  conelndcl. 


The  aeeounts  of  the  late  iidniinistrator  of  deeedents'  estates,  Lo]X'/.  de  .\\ 
Were  to  he  examined,  and,  as  the  olliee  hail  heeii  aholislied  owing  to  fia; 
lent  management,  the  unsettled  estates  and  fees  must  ho  taken  in  ehari;!'. 
l.'.')()  il  jiizgado  de  liienes  de  difuntos  was  estalilished,  from  whieh  the 


raii'i'i- 


er  iw  :i 


.h 
see  /• 


dly  revenue.    HcKp.  di'  /iii'iu->;  i.  -JSK.     For  jirevious  re;:uUi 


thila 


i;!,  It,  -JO,  TIM;  /; 


/iisf.  JIikI'  iiilit,  V.  l.'.S. 


Tin!   ]>roeess  was  speeilied,  yet  Fuenleal  in  ;i  letter  of  tl 


l.'i.'i'J  asked  for  further  instriietioiis.   Carta, 
xiii.  -JOS-!). 


J'tu/ii 


301 
.1  CarJc 


I  lit 


April 


J)o 

alone  pri'seii 


riie  royal  otliiials  had  already  lieen  ordered  to  Spain,  but  the  factor  hail 


ited  1 


If.     T 


ey  must  now  lie  sent,  after  liaviiiL;  suiiiiii' 


till 


their  aeeounts  and  left  deputies.     (,)ne  charge  against  them  was  the  eiigau'iir.; 
iii  business  contrary  to  iiisLructiuas.    The  resideueia  uf  alcalde  inayores  lui^liti 


IXSTRUCTIOXS. 


man,  if  not  u'uiltv,  slioulil  ivturu  to  raniir<x 


823 


in 


Tl 


10 


otatcs  of  CoiIl's  slu)ul(l  bo  ri'stoied,  and  iVit'n'.lIy 
I'llalious  inaiutaincil.  This  ajUjlicd  also  to  adlu'n'uts 
\\li(t  had  sufi'civd  in  Ids  causo/'and  to  all  whose  prop- 
trty  had  been  unjustly  seizeil. 

in  (listril)utin'':  onconnendas  thoy  sliould  u'ivo  con- 
((Ueroi's  the  prelerence,  without  I'avoritisin,  the  limit 
I'oi-  r^uch  grants  in  the  towns  hein^'  two  hundred  ])e^os 
iiii-ome.'-  The  towns  mii^'ht  t'oi-  the  present  eleet  their 
own  alcaldes.  Sumptuary  laws  fshould  he  eiiforcrd 
with  more  atrictness,  since  extrava^-ance  in  dre.^s  and 
li\iny  was  a  cause  for  op[)ressinL;'  the  natives,  (iam- 
hling  nuist  be  punished,  yet  the  lines  ini])ost'd  for 
ttllences  committed  in  this  respect  during"  the  j)eriod 
of  coiKpiest  wei'e  to  be  remitted,  except  in  extreme 


C< 


lb 


stl 


oncui)mage  nuist  he  suppress! ;(,i,  yet  m  sncii 


•h 


a  manner  as  to  cause  no  social  disturbanc( 


\V 


1110 


the  maintenance  of  harmonious  relations  with  the 
clei'u;v  was  a  duty,  as  otlu'rwiso  the  salvation  ol"  souls 
Mould  be  unattainable,  they  were  instructed  to  re]H.rt, 
after  their  actjuaintance  with  the  country,  wlnthci- 
the  actual  bisliops  of  ^NFi'xico  and  Tlascala  were  tilted 


o  occui) 


iipy 


tl 


lose 


ositituis,  and  if  it  were  not  v. 


[O 


Tl 


le  crown 


Iwul 


increase  the  number  of  bishopric;^ 
hirii  iiifornii'd  that,  contrary  to  the  agreement  mad*, 
ith  all  bishoi)s  of  tlie   Indies,  the  two  referred  t 


M 


(> 


lis 


wei\>  in  the  habit  of  collecting  jx^rsonal  tithes;   tli 
must  be  strictly  [)rohibited  in  any  form.    Friars  could 

lii>  tnkcii  by  tK'pntics.     Alprnacil  Arjiynr  PruMfio  slioiilil,  if  loiiistati d,  ;i-<  not 


(.'iiilty,  he  ri'.striL-tL'd  to  tlio  power  enjoyeil  \i\  a 


olliet  T.s  ill  \  iiliauoliil  jiiul 


(liMiiuila. 


i> 


Or  ,a  lii'iitt'Tinnt  ."lioiilil   lie   iippoiiiteil.    /'(';/'',    C'lhi 


•J- 


It 


WMfl 


Jiniiitnl  out  al'lerwanl  tliat  ilii.-i  [irox  iiue  wan  too  jioor  to  support  a  ^jovi'iimr, 


A   i'lieiileal  reeoil 


leil  tin'  aiijioiiitnieiit  of  a  settler  as  aleajile  ii 


f'"'i-  sole  ruler,  witli  some  ileputie.s  to  eollei.t  taxe^i,   Can'n,   in  J'ii'-luri>  and 
C'O'A  ,7f/s',  Col.  J)or.,  xiii.  '_'2'J. 

"  Siiiii  as  I'a/'  ln'otliers,  Allaniiraiio,  ulio  rctiinuil  to  te-^tify  aLraiiint  <oi/- 
r.inii,  ( )r(Ia/,  and  otlieis. 


■  Ail 


petitions 


to  til 


e  eiujieror  in  this  and  otlier  easi 


d  first  \u 


iiled  liy  tiie  auilieiieia,  to  ^'uard  a_L'aiiist  nnlonnded  pretensions  and  statiimiit.s, 


Ky  deereo  of   lo.'tO  Cortis  Mas  oii 


to  h; 


■<lore.l  to  liini   llMKK) 


pesos  ill  lines  for  ei;,'lit  years  of  u'aiiililiii;,'.   J'diliiii)  and  '  'in-ili  iKi^,  in  ' '"/.  /)i,r., 
Itl.    lleLjulations  were  also  i.-sue(l  to  restrict i,'uiiibliii^'.  I'inj'i,  L\dul(irio, 


70;  Unhiict)  dc  la  L 


orvna. 


-M.S.,  i.  00-4. 


'>■  !!•  '1 


'M!' 


;ii 


M 


:■'  -s.* 


Ill: 


s:4         THE  sECOxr  audikxcia  and  its  miFoiais. 

liold  IK)  cncoiuirndas,  and  cxactiuns  ]>y  theiu  should 
Ijc  ri'divj'sed  and  i)Uiiislic(l 


II 


The  iiiuis  sunt  t<»  teacli  native  iu'lrls  sliould  be  jno- 
toc'ted  and  I'avored  Itnlli  l)y  the  aU(Uenela  and  thi; 
l)is]!o|)s.  The  care  of  tlie  natises  Mas  jiartieiilarly 
enjoined,  and  ])ish(ip  ZnnuirraLj'a  received  praise  Wn- 
liis  enerL^etie  defence  of  them.  There  must  be  no 
more  ])i'an(hng-,  and  traffic  in  slaves  nmst  be  refbrniid 
or  abolished.  Wroni^fully  enslaved  natives  were  to 
l)e  libciated.  Conversion  beinn'  u  main  object, churches 
shoulil  be  erected,  reliLijious  education  promoted,  and 
e\eni])laiy  lite  set  ibith.  In  order  to  promote  the 
sjiread  of  S[>unish  customs  an<l  culture  the  audieiicia 
should  a|))»oint,  from  anionu;  Indians  dweHin^;  in  the 
t  >\vns  of  tlu>  S[)aniards,  two  r(\i;'idores  and  an  al^nacil, 
to  sit  in  cabildo  Mith  tlie  S])anish  ollicers,  who  undei' 
]'enalty  <^>f  the  royal  dis[>leasure  musl  treat  them  with 
tlie  j^'reatest  consideration.^''  On  the  other  hand,  they 
must  not  be  initiati'd  into  branches  of  knowledL^e 
which  niinht  cndan^'er  tlie  colonists.  They  should 
not  be  allowed  to  I'ide,  and  neither  horses  nor  ninlcs 
i:iust  bo  sold  or  t;'iv(>n  to  them  under  penalty  of  death 
j.nd  confiscation.  I'he  sale  or  gift  of  arms  t(^  them 
A\as  also  ibrbidden.  A  full  report  of  the  condili"ii 
and  resources  of  all  the  provinces  subjuo-ated  must  he 
sent  in,  also  infoi-mation  concerninsj^  adjoining'  districts, 
ellicials,  and  other  subji^cts.  ]']nct)uran'ement  should 
lie  !>ivi'n  to  the  cultivation  of  llax.  and  other  products, 


am 


1  all  women,  natives  and  Spanish,  should  know  1 


liiW 


to  spin  and  weave, 

Tlu;  belief  in  the  existence  of  a  hill  of  silver  in 
!Michoacan  still  HiiL^ered  in  the  royal  imagination,  ami 
it  was  ordered  that  careful  assays  should  be  made,  net 
oidy  hero  but  in  all  provinces  where  the  pret'ieu< 
metals  existed.  The  ci'own  had  abandoned  its  claim 
to  all  tithes  on  eohl  taken  from  mines,  which  were 


V 


It  was  instanced  tliat  the  Franciscans  had  exacted  gold  from  tlic  Caiu- 
uis. 
I'raud  on  tlie  ]iiiit  of  iiitcrprctera  should  be  prevcutedTjy  employing  two 


to  give  acjiarulo  icuderinyij. 


THE  XF.W  OIDORF.^^. 


n:,-. 


now  free  to  all,  Imt  no  gold  li.'ning  l)ocn  oliLiiiu'd, 
except  iVom  natives,  the:  I'oyal  intent  was  deleated; 
it  was  ordered,  tlierelbre,  that  the  jU'ivilege  should  hi.; 
annulled.  Frauds  against  the  treasury,  iu  non-pay- 
ment oi'  tribute,  secretion  of  moneys,  and  unauthor- 
ized loans,  must  be  investigated,  and  in  oidi  r  to 
protect  the  custom-house  revenue  the  three  eiown- 
ollicers  wcM'e  to  reside  atA^'raCruz,  each  in  turn,  and, 


coiiioin 


tly  with 


dtl 


I  a  rcLi'idor  and  tlie  lustice  ot  tliateit\- 


J' 


IG 


appraise  all  cargoes  in  the  [)resence  of  a  notary 

Meanwhile  fresh  com[)laints  of  Cnizman  and  the 
oidores  continued  to  arrive,  until  it  seemed  that  their 
sole  aim  had  been  to  disobey  v.\cry  instruction  gi\('U 
to  them.  The  newly  appoiiieil  oidores  had  been  for 
SOUK.'  time  at  Seville,^'  and  were  now  hurried  away. 
They  sailed  on  the  IGth  of  September  lolU),  with 
orders  to  toucli  at  Santo  Domingo  so  that  their  presi- 
dent might  join  them,  but  on  account  of  stormy 
weather  they  wt>re  unal)le  to  obey  these  instructions. 
Mild  landed  at  A'era  Cruz  at  the  end  oi'  the  year.''' 
With  them  went  several  i)ersons  a  [)pointed  tooilice,and 
others  on  whom  the  em[)eror  had  conferred  honors  for 
distinguished  services. ^'"^  The  i'e[)ort  of  the  coming  of 
tlie  iiewaudiencia,  solongexpectetl  in  ]\Ie\ico,had  been 

"''Many  nf  tlio  iiistnu'tions  nir  uiprc  rcpc'titii;ii.s  nf  tlioso  IssiumI  to  tlu^  first 
!iuilir;Ki:i,  anil  (pUicr.s  ;iri.'  trivi.-il.     'J'licy  iii'c  all  to  Ijo  t'lunul  in  I'liju,  O'/irK- 
t  sir|.;  lldirra.  dcu.  iv.  lib.  vii.  cap.   viii.     Many  .'nv  iiiiiir|i(i'atcl 


;->  (.• 


in  tlu!  L'fncral  Ia\V8  ( 


.f  7, 


iiimi'ii;  SrtiKli'Ki'^. 


'Jl 


cra/i.  I 


Ic  Jiitliii-),  ZtiiKiinu  l'i^>-  /-".I-  Ult.,  mill  Ml 


10  onhnaiiccs 


for  til' 


.'iivi'niiiK'ii 


to  tl 


./,/ 


loso  given  to  t'lo  pri'Viiins 


Kiiiy. 


t  of  tl 


K!  auiiii'iu'sa  v.i'iu 


lli.'^l.  Ih 


a 


i/iZ  J)u.i/,i,  Tiiilm  L'rii.i.,  i.  lit.     1' 


itilli"!  /'/lii'i-ill.'i  Srriniibl. 


n;:a  s  work,  {Mo)iri  'y 


.■(;:!,  i.s  ; 


rkali 


till'  lirst  A 


nu'rican  l)oo!i  of  any  pi 


dr.,  J^riir!.-<iiiiii s,  (_'i (/k/ii",  Iii-^lriiiiii'iilii.i,  ifi\.  Me 
111!  lirst  law-liook  i)iiiitril  in  Aiiuiica,  anil  piiiiap 


■tical 


iphy. 


.f  wh 


I  1 


lavo  Kuvera 


1,  li^ 


valik",  till' carlii'i' upcciiiR'U.sof  tyj) 
•llv  ("i-cK'sia.stii;  trv'atisi's. 


nuriiit,'  tlicir  stay  in  tliat  lity  one  of  tluin  tulicil  lii.s  reputation  f'  r  <lis- 
ori'tiiiii  l)y  nieritinLC  a  repmof  on  the  iiart  of  the  Jiulia  ( 'oiunil  for  conuniini- 
I  :Uiii'_'  to  an  oliicor  of  the  Iiiilia  lioii.se  a  certain  loval  onlcr.  Jlirrt  m,  ilec.  iv. 


'\i 
•luia,  in 


ip.  viu. 


ivi'imcs  ici  lo  'J.l  iireenilnt 


it  M 


exico,  eviilentlv 


tlv.   I.ette 


T< 


\'j 


r-C'ii)ljii 


I'l'V.,  .'ii'ric  ii.  toni.  v.  Ills. 


\nioii'»  those  to  Avlieni  thi>  ]irivile';i'  of  u.siiii,'  coat.s  of  arms  I;:;il  heeii 


:r:inttil  were  (•enminio 


1. 


.Inan 


inriTos, 


II 


il( 


larei 


l:nu. 


tl 


Kiel  I'ilar.   A/.     All  of  these  ] 


eriiamlo  ( uiiiiez 
I  not  1 


JIuv  e 


erMJllS  I'ouli 


lave  aecoiM- 


le  amlieiicia 


the  last  iiaiiKMl,  a.s  we  shall  see,  was  scrx  in;'  ;it  the  liino 


iutcrprcter  to  Ciu/iiKiii  in  Jalisco. 


R'    S 


?.'  mi 


i^'l 


320 


THE  SECOND  AUDTEXCIA  AXT)  ITS  REEOKMS. 


lirillcd  with  joy  l)y  all  but  ^Mationzo  and  Delgadillo, 
who  [)retcnd{,Ml  that  tlio  now  magistrates  were  sini[>]y 
to  fill  the  })laeo!-i  of  the  president  and  the  two  oidore-^, 
made  vacant  by  death  and  absence.  Whether  it  had 
been  .'ntertained  or  not,  the  illusion  Avas  rudely  dls- 
jx'lled  wlu'n  the  four  oidores  came  on  immediately  Ironi 
A'eraCru/!;.  Convinced  atlon'''lh,  with  becomin'.nin])U- 
(li'iicc  they  covered  their  criminal  hearts  with  the  garb 
of  humility,  and  when  their  judges  approached  llie 
city  tluy  were  foremost  to  render  homage  du.iiiig  the 
pompous  reception.  The  oidores  entered  3,[e.\ico  in 
accordance  with  the  instructions  they  had  ri^ceivcd. 
Just  before  they  reached  the  city  a  box  contaiiiing  the 
royal  seal  was  [)laced  on  a  richly  caparisoned  mule,  on 
each  side  of  which  walk'ed  two  oidores,  tlie  seniors  in 
advance,  marching  under  a  rich  canoj)y  of  silk,  borii" 
by  the  noblest  in  the  land,  whereon  were  emblazoiu  1 
in  all  the  ])ride  of  heraldry  the  arms  of  Castile  ;uid 
Aragon.  They  took  their  scats  on  the  12th  of  .Taii- 
iiary  1501,  their  instructions  and  tlio  f)rdinances  lor 
tlicir  ii"ov(-rnment  beinLi"  read  in  full  audience,  ai'ti-r 
which  each  of  the  four,  placing  tlie  documents  u[  oa 
his  head,  jiromised  obedience.  The  president  did  n  t 
arrive  until  September  from  Santo  Domingo,  where  he 
had  Ijeen  waiting  the  arrival  of  his  associates,-'^  TIpv 
took  possession  of  the  iinished  palace  of  Cortes,  acci-rJ- 
ing  to  orders,  although  not  readily  agreeing  with  him 
upon  the  prlce.-^ 

-"Ili'iiring  at  Inst  of  their  iinival  in  Xcw  Spain,  lio  set  out  au'l  rcnLln  1 
^"e^a  Crn/  Sejiieniljir  '2')d.  There  h;t'eiiis  to  have  existed  an  iijiiu'essioii  Ui  it 
lie  winiUl  not  eonic.  Xo  one  desired  liis  jiresenee  nioio  thanQiiiroga,  who,  0:1 
tlie  I  ll'i  of  Au;j;ust,  wrote  to  the  India  Cuuneil  iir-in^;  tliat  tlio  IJi:^hop  cf 
Santo  i)oniin,^o  in',  not  alloweil  to  deeliiio  the  jvisiLioii  of  jiresident,  fnr  i!;c 
titate  of  aliair.s  in  New  Spain  demanded  Ins  prebenee.  JIuaihled  tliatno.snli'in.r 
ehoidd  bo  placed  at  the  head  of  rdl'airs,  Imta  man  of  leltirs,  \vho.;c  eeii.iiui- 
tiousncss,  exptrienee,  anil  freedom  fro:n  avai-ieo  litted  liiiii  for  tlio  po,i::i  a; 
tueh  a  man  \\as  I'uenleal,  as  he,  wliilo  in  llispaniola,  liad  had  ample  op[ior- 
tunity  of  jud.Ljing. 

'-'Tliis  was  tlie  western  building,  with  tlic  shops,  and  '20.000  ]ieso3  de  or.j 
was  demanded  fur  tlio  wliole,  but  the  audieneia  juiid  iiini  liarely  iialf  t!i:it 
amount  for  the  main  bnildimr,  returning  the  hliops  wliieli  yii  Ided  ii.  rentid  if 
3,000  jiesos  or  moi'c.  Cortis  demanded  more,  and  was  t;till  eumplaining  "f 
d(  layeil  jiayment  in  lo;!.!.  Pitrhno  and  C'lin/i  uns,  CI.  J)oc.,  xii.  ."i.iU-i.  It, 
was  proposed  in  io'ol  to  buy  also  the  shops,  but  during  the  interval  of  euiuiuii- 


A  IIUXDRED  VKilDICTS  FOR  COKTi:S. 


nJ7 


Oi 


)f  their  lir.st  actKi  was  a  renewal  of  the  oath 


cif  alleu'iaiice  to  the  kiiiu',  the  (luecii-inotlier,  and  th 


yiiuiiL''  i»riuoe 


Fel 


l|ie,  lu    aecoiiltiiiee   Willi   .■^[leeial    in 


til 


il 


-triiei-ioiis.  This  was  achninisteivd  after  sokann  nia> 
1  V  the  bisho}),  on  a  raised  and  (h'eorated  plati'oiin, 
lii-,-,t  lo  tlie  audiencia,  then  to  the  ollieer.s  of  tlie  niiinic- 
ijialily  and  leachiiLj  citizens,  in  the  presence  of  the 
;i>s(.iiioled  suhjeets.  .V  similar  [)roee(hue  was  cxaetetl 
ill  all  the  setLleiiients  of  the  country.'-'-  .Vftt-r  a.  ])rc- 
liiuinarv  investi'-'ation  the  residuiicia  of  the  late  iiu<li- 
cncia  was  jiroelainied,  and  an  eniljai'L;'o  placed  upon 
lli>  Ir  property,  ineludin^'  (jlu/anan's  iVuiueo  estates.'-'' 
Xuw  for  the  lirst  time  dared  the  opjiressed  give  vent 
tit  the  feelings  pent  up  during  a  long  series  of  indig- 
liities  and  outrages,  and  liable  was  made  IVom  all  parts 
to  testify  against  the  tyrants,  and  to  claim  damages. 
The  claims  of  Cortes' attorneys  alone  aggregated  souu; 


two  hundred  t]iou>and  pesos  de  oro.     ^Fatie 


mo  an 


I 


Deli-adillo    iiaturallv  threw  the  clTk'f  blame  on   the 
{■jKsent  Cu/aiian,  Init  there  was  eiiouuh  immediate  evi- 


dence to  cause  their  arrest,  the  former, 


as 


the  least 


guilty,  being  conlined  merely  to  the  city  limits,  while 
the  iii.,.olence  of  the  latter  was  softened  by  a  term  of 


insoabeclusion 


1, 

Cnrtts  al 


li 


TJ 


le  suit auai list  tl lem  i >ro ved  st r.  m 


one 


aiiiinu'  a  hundred  vereli 


cls, 


aiK 


I  tl 


iiiriition  \vi 


th  S 


ijl'jcctfil  to  jiiiy  llio  r-v'jU'JO  diK'at.s  ilcl 


tliis  jiriint  iM'opcrty  (loiiMcd  in  vnluo.  ami  ^Tcinloza 


(lidoru.s 


ill  7'< 


Ci'itf 


I'(\;",  i'c-!"liirio. 


mviilv( 


.1  the 


ithiT  liousu  Av;n  thill 

ii.  -JI'O-I.     Six'htturcf 

11)1,  on  piiyiiuiit.s,  iuiil 

royal  onlur  to  liny.    Tlio  ocrnpalioii  of  Ihi  <  hon>o 


U'.h'.noM.  Ml  whcj',  ( 'ailti 
r-l'um/iaii.%  )'",'/.,  surio  ii.  toni.  v. 


aniMincia.  m  certain  mciUiini;,' witli  nmiuciii 


Ji.in: 


iir.s,  wliiiii  was 


ivsintiil  liy  the  uity  council.  ;\p[i('als  wcic  aihlrL'Sicd  to  tlio  homo  ynvcin- 
nii'Ut  anil  iv:uiltt(l  in  a  ci'ihilii  j^raiiliag  one  uiJof  t!io  iT_'ht  to  assist  in  the 
tuhiia..  !;i.v;sion:-t.   A/.,  lO'J-10. 


lirnnis 


'Ton[Ui,'nia(la,  i.  CO"),  dcsciilics  the  ceremony, 


d  adJ.s 


J I 


ura,  (ji'.i;  huvo  en  c^la.-i 


Whi.  li  c.on;i.ited  of  sla 


Indi 
dli 


'y^' 


ita  fne  l;i 


i;k,  th 


'.hoi 


e  iiLMiHlcient  to  covet" 


;  le  tr 


•1. 


.  U!l)li('ll 


V 


./• 


the 'dix  luiilc  lie  <'!  (jn'il  ;i  pri:' 

P  lie  ii.  toni.  v.  IIJ!).    Del-adillo  had  hasleued  to  convert  his  jiroperty  into 

nicMiey.   III.,  17t. 

-■  ,M;',ticiizo  was  even  tru.-teil  sofari'i  t  ihe  scntto  Pi'Tinco  to  report  on  the 
slave-tia.lc  there.   Ikrnul  J'!(r:,  lil-l.   \'<  nld'L,  "J-JS. 

-' Vi  t  noL  all  he  .son-ht,  for  hi;-i  snita  ir.'ainst  them  and  Ciu-inan  continned 


r.iit:!  ! 
.\\\  11. 


iiccr  Ins  lie 


ith.     Sec  /': 


A  Cdn/i' 


.  ( 'i.l.  hu 


;:)Seti 


'I'll 


'1- 


fc^al.^.  Citrluti  iL  Iiidii 


mulcted  40,000  pcios  dc  oro  in  loo'J,  for  'Jo  of  those 


MS. 


Ill 


32S 


THE  SECOND  AUDIEXCIA  AXD  ITS  REFOR^[i=!. 


weiv  sciiteiK'od  to  lic.'u y  pfivmcMits,  {"nv  wliicli  tluir 
property  Nvas  wholly  iiisulliciciit.  TItcy  wcro  yvwt  to 
Spain  ill  till!  iiiituimi  of  \'^:V1,  to^^'i'tlu-r  with  tho  cvi- 
deiH-o,  then.'  to  liii'^cr  in  <lisL,n-ai'o  and  p(»Vfriy,'-" 

The  enconiii'ndas  wi-on^-rully  i^'ranted  to  their  friend-; 
were  either  restored  to  th»^  ri'^htt'nl  owner,  or  takm 
I'lr  (he  crown,  yet  sever.d  holders  made  appeal  and 
niana^'ed  to  retain  their  L:^rnnt>!. 

With  the  residencia,  tlu^  administration  of  jnstice, 
and  the  inanij^nration  of  rel'oi-ms,  invoKinu^  lonj;*  sit- 
ting's and  rounds  of  visits,  the  audieneia  h;ul  a  hard 
task  before  them,  workint^  daily  twelve  hours  out  if 
the  twenty-four,  not  exee[)tinLi^  feast-days.  Fuenh  ;!, 
indeed,  felt  it  necessary  to  reconnnend  the  a[»point- 
nient  of  two  more  oidorcs  for  a  term  of  two  A'ear>, 


the  others  serving"  four  yean 


n  a  siiecial  counc 


n 


1 


assisted  hy  the  bishop,  a  number  of  friars,  Cortes,  aii'l 
several  oiiieials  and  residents,  the  holdin;^  and  tie.ii- 
luent  (»f  tlu!  natives  were  carefully  considered,  as  wi  11 
as  \]\c  tribute  svstem  andeo^'natt!  branches,  and  niaiiv 


valuable  concntsions  we 


re  reached  te  aid  th 


e  audienci.i 


in  executii!'^'  the   orders  for  tht!  withdrawal  of  enc 
miendas.      Under  the  direction  of  t'  c  empress  th 


pr( 


le  si\  - 


eral  councils  in  Spain  had  joined  at  the  end  of  l.VJ'.' 
to  consider  Indian  ail'airs,  notably  the  holding'  el' 
Indians,  and  had  resoh'ed  that  encomiendas  shoiiM 
not  be  sustained.  Their  recommendation  was  to  elKnt 
this  change  within  one  vt^ir,  gi"antin'4'  present  holder-; 
but  half  the  revenue  during"  that  time.  In  \iv;w  et" 
the  reasons  i)resented  by  Cortes   as  well  as  bv  llie 

J  L  I 

trial's  in  favor  of  the  svstem,  and  the  danii'er  o!'  >.> 


s'adilen  a  relorm,  the  seconc 


d  and 


lencia  was  cmiiowert 


1' 


iliiiL   Carfn,   in   I'(ir]i, 


''()    .Till 


1  r 


CW.    Dn 


SiHiir,  7  ,'icii/ro,  i.  11.    'i'wo  lirotlicrs  of  Oelgadillo  iliid  in  iiiisdu  I'or  tl 


il  J)!rtz,  Uisl.  V,r<l>uL,  '1?,(\ 


T' 


il.l 


ill  till'  ("Hiital  witli  tlio  jTosidciit,  tlio  rest  sIi-miI  I 


travt'l,  I'acli  in  liis  distiiit,  to  wattli  uvor  t!ie  oxt'ciilioiiof 


i\v 


IC  CdllfL-.K  11 


of  levi'iiiie,  mill  tlio  wilfaiv  ;;L'iioi'allyof  the  iX'ii;ilc.     A  relator  wa.-<  also  if 
iiioiiik'il.  ami  a  iiscal.  :,iin't<  tlu'  orilcr  for  a  lawvr  to  liU  tlii:i  ollioe  at  lal 


not  iifonioti 
xiii.  •.>ii7,  •-': 
lurlo.  S-1. 


qi; 


irtial  iiliailiii;;s.  ( '((r/<i-\  in  /'(u/iirn  ami  ( '(inh'nn-;  ( ''J.  ]>'■ 


'.').     Tho  ailvico  was  partly  foilowctl,  accardiiig  to  I'li'j'i,  (\ 


COnREfilMinXTO.^. 


HJO 


to  usr  tlirir  judLCniiiit  1m  fore  thov  took  a  str[)  tliat 
iiii'4'lit  ci'iniU'  a  ix'volt  niuou'j;  tin-  Spaiiiai'ds,  retard 
.scttlt'iiu'iit,  or  cVL'U  aiK'i't  tlu'  iialivi's  in  ;i  luaiinrr 
jinjr  Mcial  to  the  ci'owu.  Tlu'V  liad  socict  (ti'dois 
ncvi-rtlioloss  to  Miilidraw  all  ''rant?;  luiiiistlv  luld,  to 
iiicorjiorato  for  the  crown  all  that  i'ell  vacant,  and  as 
iii;iny  more  as  thev  could  Avitli  safetv."^ 

The  system  intended  to  repl;"e  the  onconiendoro 
rule  Mas  that  of  vorrcr/iiniriitiis,  in  chai'L;'o  of  l»»'t(y 
i^ovornors  or  mn^'istrates  known  as  (.*'»';v'(//(/ojv'v,-'''\vho 
;is  roynl  representatives  were  to  govern  the  Indians  as 
tiihnttiry  vassals,  e-i'antlnL;-  them  almost  equal  freedom 
\\ith  the  Spaniards.  They  nnist  report  on  the  land 
iiiid  industrial  resources  of  the  natives  in  their  dis- 
trict, so  that  the  higher  authorities  might  determine 


-'S;ilmrron  iilliulca  tf)  tlir  clamor  cronti^il  liy  tlic  cxroitiou  <if  tliis  pecrit 
(li'cri'c;  liU!  '  ciiiiH' vliiit  luiiy  ynui' iiiMJc.sty's  (irdiTs  sliiill  lio  cafiiid  dut,' fup 
liny  ai'o  jii.st.  liOttcr,  in  7\rii(ii(.r-Co.ii/i(hi'',  I'l,'/.,  si'i'iu  ii.  t  )ni.  v.  rjli.     Sco 


/'".'/"  ^ 


( 'cilnhii- 


.VJ.  Mul  /., 


T.;it.  K 


'It.,   is,  Oil   tllC  new  Olil'V 


'Wliohcld  civil  aiiil  ciiuiiiial  juii.silictiou  iii  tlio  lirst  instmioc,  iiiid  puliti- 


111  ami 


ccDiupiiui!  .sinicrvi.-!um  of  In.i  » 


(li.stiict.     Tl 


R'V  wcro  ( 


if  til 


i;l,..,. 


A '/Vd/fiN,  (ir  Verged  in  law,  jKilitico.i  d  dc  ri'j<((  1/  i-</'ii(lii,  ;\ni\  pulith-n-t  y  mVi- 
I'ir.H.     All  had  tlui  saino  jidwcr,  except  that  t.'io  last  two,  as  not  vlm>lcI  in 


had  in  suits  to  consult  the  alcalde;)  mayorcs 


•tiila.i  tl 


icir  cor.inL 


llinsiu  now  to  1)0  a]i]iointcd  in  Xcw  Spain  wcn^  not  all  of  thi-i  formal  (li;,'nity, 
tl'.i'Uiili  cnjoyiiii,'  the  title  and  duties.     In  tlio  instructions  for  their  f,'uidancL', 


d  July  !■_',  lo.'IO,  they  v  ere  ordered  to  1 


aiu  !i:i  aceou 


lit  (.f  the  ]:vM\'i  ctd- 


ti\atcd,  .■iiicl  the  amount  and  kind  of  tritnttc  ]iaid;  t<>  keep  ji  record  of  tlio 
eiieoniicudas  adjoining,' their  eorre,L.'imien to,  liy  wiurniheld,  how  iiiaiiaL;cd,  wliab 


tviliUto  uas  olitailied,  hi.)W 


thi 


naln  I 


ro  trt'ated,  what  reli 


•  iiw  lu.-jt ruc- 


tion was  jiiveil,  and  \\  hetlu'r  liiero  were  an v  va'.'i-ants.     Thevcouhl; 


:'pt  1M> 


>:ilt  or  fee,  directly  or  iniiirectly,  umUr  juiialiv  of  loss  of  otlieo  and  a  lino 
:-eveu  time;)  tlio  value   of  the  gift.     Siiii|;lieH  mi^lit  he  ohtaiiied  f'.'oiii  th' 


natives,  lii 


t  onl 


V  on  aecou 


nt  (if  :ialarv,  to  ho  deducted  wiieii  trilmlo  lew  v.a.-4 


laade.  'i'iiey  could  form  jio  business  eonneclion,  and  cuuld  neillur  luiilcl  a 
li'ir,-;e  nor  eni;a;;e  in  trade.  IJesides  rcsj'oudinu'  to  the  usual  demaiiiU  oil 
tluir  ]iolitical  and  judicial  duties,  they  must  make  an  amiual  tour  of  tiitir 


(li 


.•t  to  w 


,tcl 


1  over  the  interests  i 


i  tl 


le  iiativis. 


'I'l 


ilishi  d  tarill  ..f 


ollirial  fees  must  lie  strictly  oliserved.  This  clause  was  much  uecdcil  owiie^ 
t'l  the  excessive  demands  of  jud-cs  and  advocates,  'i'lie  audieneia  were  w  iil- 
iii','  to  al'.ov,-  at  first  eight  and  suliscipleully  live  times  the  amount  char;;ed  in 
^I'aiu,  wliilo  "JO  times  more  was  cxpectcil,  and  ill, it  in  i. early  all  trades  ;iiicl 


professions.     Sec  Li/lir,  in  T(  iiiaii.'--Coiii/r( 


I  'o>i. 


sen.!  ii.  torn.  V 


lu;;  4. 


Sfii  ii'i  lines  were  to  ho  applied  wholly  to  tlio  royal  lionseholil.  The  f-upervi- 
si'iii  of  miiiiiei|ial  duties,  of  relii:ious  and  social  conduct,  of  ro;iih)  and  fcin  es, 
of  inns,  and  so  forth,  was  enjoineil.    All  <illieial  acts  were  to  lie  testilled  to  liy 


D'ltarv.     T 


f" 


10  eare  o 


I  the  1 

(latr 


ndiaiis  was  ]iaitieulaily  ur.'cc 


1,  to  lilierate  tlulii 


"111  oi'pression,  nlolatry,  and  vices,  aui 


I  to  pi 


instructions  are  i|nite   niinule.     See  i'c;/",  t'tdiilai'io,  oJ-U;  JJtrrt 


aiiote  ('hristian  civili/aliiin. 
/■I'l 


lib. 


IX.  cap.  XIV. 


1  ■ 


•■<■ 


i|:j. 


if 


S30 


THE  SECOND  AUDIEXCIA  AND  ITS  REFORMS. 


upon  the  kind  and  amount  of  tiil)uto  to  l)e  collccti  d 
by  tlic  eorrecridores.  They  must  watch  that  tlic  na- 
tiv'cs  tilled  their  land  an*'  he[)t  to  their  other  work 
so  that  the  tribute  mi^^lit  not  fall  off;  they  must  jiro- 
mofe  their  conversion  and  the  spread  of  civilization, 
and  })rote(.'t  them  from  every  abu.'<e  andmalUvalmcnt, 
kee])ing  also  an  eye  upon  adj(jining  cncomenderos  and 
settlors  within  the  district,  and  watchin'jf  as  ma^i- 
trates  over  the  observance  of  social,  religious,  an>l 
political  laws. 

An  al;;^UA(il  and  a  priest  aided  them  in  the  dis- 
charge of  these  duties.  Their  only  recompense  was 
a  salary  v.'hicii  for  snudler  districts  amounted  to  a 
trille  over  three  hundred  pcsos.'^'  As  the  new  system 
Y/ould  materially  affect  the  conquerors  who  had  cer- 
tain claims  to  the  land  ac(piired  by  them,  it  va-; 
proposed  to  give  them  the  preference  in  a] /point in.;' 
corregi. lores.  The  first  task  of  the  audiencia  was  1o 
inspect  the  towns  and  ap[)ortion  districts  of  suuicient 
si::e  to  ."upport  the  many  claimants  entitled  to  ollice. 
}d;uiy  cf  the  divisions  were  too  small  to  suj>port  tlu) 
trijdo  offices  of  corregidor,  alguacil,  and  i)rie;.;t,  an  I 
acting  co]regidores  or  agents  were  a})[)ointed,  partly 
for  economic  reasons,  partly  to  allow  the  a[)i)oint- 
inent  of  humbler  candidates,  as  but  too  many  of  tiie 
con(|Uerors  v»'ere  declared  to  be  uniit  ibr  the  olUce  <  l" 
corregidores.  l>y  ?darch  lool  about  ninety  of  the 
dispossessed  landholders  had  been  couqiensated  wilh 
appointments  as  corregidores,  alguaciles,  and  as  super- 
visors of  snadl  di.stricts."^ 

Another  reform  introduced  was  the  treatinent  <  f 
aatives  by  I'ncfiincderos,  as  onl}'  a  portion  had  been 
dispossessed.  The  audiencia  jicrceived  with  honur 
hov*'  Iho  juior  (•re.'dui'es  had  been  toin  IVom  tin  ir 
homes  under  the  most   shallow  pretences,  to  be  hi- 


^"  '  I,e  f-iiljiii'c  (lis  c(nTr):i(ln!-.i  v.nric  do  "'20  i^i  ,1S0  pcHos  d'or,  <c  liii  ilea 
nli^iiii;  ilti  «N'  1-0  a  1-10,  it  ocliii  tUs  ciin's  dc  1,10  i'l  170.     ]!•>  sunt  tiv.s-i;:iiil'  I'l 
ft  crju'iiilimt  Hulls  111!  s.'iVDiiH  iivcc  i|ii(ii  tcs  imyiT, 
Tiiiiiiii.il  iiiiiiiui!",  \  "!/.,  n'lii'  ii.  t(  ill.  V.  l.'!_'. 


Litti't'  ilis  Ktiilt'mr 


■"  'i'o  ttux. .  .'6k    >uout  i.(jirii:iUois  ou  iiliiuazils."  Jd, 


TREATMENT  OF  THE  NATIVES. 


331 


slaved  ami  branded ;  some  carried  to  distant  regions 
;iiid  made  to  woi'k  in  tlie  mines,  there  to  die  Irom 
liardsliips  and  maltreatment,     ^\'^ars  liad  been  forced 


der  t 


iijMiii  provmces  m  order  to  g'lve  excuse  tor  ensiuviML; 


<]i 


.-> ' 


icltv  offences  had  l)een  ialselv  cliar^'ed  a<j;ainst  free 
iiii  II  to  secure  their  condenmution,  and,  iailing  in  tliis, 
they  had  been  declared  slaves  of  cliief ;  and  transferred 

"ted 


as  s 


ucli  to  the  Spaniard-^.     For  this  a  remedy  exi 


enslave- 


ill  a  cedula  of  Aniiust  2,  1530,  forlilddiu', 
nil  ut  either  in  war.  or  bv  any  process  whatseevei', 
aiid  as  a  check  to  furtlur  abuses  in  this  direction  all 
liuUeis  (  f  slaves  \-erc  directed  to  rei;istir  then*  Ije- 
i'liie  the  royal  o{i:cials,  and  if  necessary  prove  their 
tid(\  iJishop  Zum;irrap;'a  was  l)y  the  sanie  decree 
cniilirmed  as  prote;  tor  of  the  Indians,  to  watch  over 
its  observance,  and  shield  the  o|>pressed,  yet  v.ith  au- 
tlmi-ity  subordi'.i.'ite  to  that  of  the  andiencia.'"^'  Strict 
as  the  law  ap[)eared,  it  was  not  dilHcult  to  evade  it 
v/ith  the  aid  of  coi'i'U[it  odicials,  ])y  wliom  the  audieneia 
(  lald  easily  be  deceived.  Fven  the  saintly  oidor, 
(^hiiro'-a,  ioins  Salmeron  in  sULT'j.'estini'"  a  lew  n:<>iitl 
iiitii'  (lie  issue  of   the  ct'dula,  that  n;itiv 


IS 


es  uui 


■11 


lolati 


d 


(k 


Itv  ef 
dt. 


IT,  and  seeiai  crimes,  he  condeinneu  to 

ess  Workers 


ich,  iiion,  h 

the  i!)ines,  whirh  must  he  aban(h)ned  unl 

c"u!d  be  obtained.''^     ])espite  the  abuses  that  crept 

ill,  a  salutary  check  had  nevertheless  been  given  to 

Jiiiliaii  slavery.     So(M1  Inllowcd  the  liberation  of  ehil- 

(.lieii  born  of  such  slav.s,  and  gr.ulually  .skivi'iy  in  its 

rc;d  sense  became  :()niined  to  the  nc'ro  race."' 

Another  evil  was  the  carrier  system,  by  which  chiefs 

'■'  \\\n  jurisdiction  was  liniitc  il  in  rases  of  iiiiiltnahntiit  to  'tO  jiosos  ilo  oro, 
I'l'  till  il;iy.<  iiiipii -I'liiiicnt,  iiiiil  ho  linl  i.  >  tail!;iiity  uvvv  o  .iuiiils.  J'i'i/r, 
I  ■■'  ■(•.'",  llt-li.  J!is  ilia  ri'criiK  o  lii(i:!;ie  iicvcitliilt:-.s  il!;jtaf  ti  :'.a.  it  klcIilS, 
t'l  1'  !•  iil'.'.^l,  wlui  ri'ioiiiiiii  U'lcd  that  no  nwtvv  jiroluctora  lie  Liiioiir, .[. 

•'■'' ',!,/, M,  iu  J'((i/,iio  and  I'i'.id.  ita.i,  Col.  I)ur.,  .\iii.  !M)-_iiv>,  •>.-\-Ti.  Sal- 
r.Hi'nii  <'Viii  uix.)  the  \vonl  iiwlavi  incut  in  tiii.<  <.muui  clion.  A  juiiii;  Ictttr  <>f 
t'lc  iMiilii'ncia,  of  March  l.'i.'U,  fitalts  ll<at  llu'  vwwv  against  slavciy  hatl 
lilrci.ily  iiijinol  niiniii','  an.l  iaiM.il  the  ^aicc  cf  ^.mul.i.  'i\  i'i,'iu.c-L'>jiiq'Uii.*, 
I '  y.,  siiic  ii.  toin.  v.  117  S. 

^' I 'ill  tc;i  uiLc.i  iu  l.".i'i7  that  no  iiiuluc  haste  he  used  in  liln  latiii;,' slavi  j, 
111  It  !y  that  ihiWn  n  he  (Uclari  d  Inc.  r..-riiios  Shilh  it,  'I't'-s.  The  ['liccof 
sl.ivci  iu  li'ili'-'  \\as  10  iicsoa.  Sue  Tutiikal's  letter,  ubi  su^i.,  'JoS-U. 


' 


n 


-Ml 


FT 


332 


THE  SECOND  AUDI7:XCIA  AND  ITS  REFOIIMS. 


or  towns  were  called  iipDii  to  fmniish  iiioii  to  cnco- 
iiR'ndtnos  and  ofliL-iais,  or  ibr  protended  royal  scrvitv, 
to  transport  provisi(.)n  and  material  to  tlio  settlements, 
or  lor  armies.  The  burdens  and  pressure  to  Avliich 
.sue) I  impressed  natives  v/erc  .submitted  were  quite 
a])j>alling,  hundreds  perishing  on  tlio  road,  there  to 
be  left  as  carrion,"''^  To  stop  the  impressment  was 
imj)ossiblo,  as  available  beasts  of  burden  wero  too  few, 
and  as  there  was  no  other  way  to  utilize  certain  na- 
tives who  wero  accustomed  to  carrviu''*.  Xevertln'- 
less  restrictions  wero  introduced,  with  hmits  on  the 
burden,  the  distance,  and  the  pi'oportion  of  tlie  in- 
habitants to  be  thus  cm[)loyed.  Married  men  wt  re 
allowed  to  employ  four  carriers,  bachelors,  two,  v.lio 
nuist  volunteer  for  the  work  and  receive  in  payment 
one  hundi'ed  cacao  beans  daily."'"  All  natives,  indt.cd, 
must  be  [)aid  for  work,  the  rate  and  number  of  hours 
being  determined  by  tlie  audiencia.^' 

In  these  and  other  tasks  of  ref  irm  this  body  was 
aidetl  by  native  alguaciles,  instructed  by  8[»anish 
otlicers  and  intrusted  with  the  staif  of  oflice,  as  a  step 
to  teaching  them  the  administration  of  municipal 
alfaii's,'''*  A  I'ni'ther  stej)  was  the  establishment  of 
the  town  named  Santa  V6,  nviw  ]\l.exico,  for  convei  ted 
natives,  csj)ecial]y  those  who  had  left  the  monasteries, 
and  liere  imder  the  care  of  friars  in  their  convent 
hospital  tliey  were  to  bo  conllrmed  in  the  knowledge 

''Tlic  iruoxiitzinciis,  \\Iio  liordcri'il  on  Uk;  nu"m:it;iiii  pfissos  Icnilinu'  tn 
iMoxioo  N'iilU'v,  \\('r(,'  fniistMiitly  iiin'ri-scd  fur  st'iilin^  tin;  r;iii.i;i'S  uiili  tur- 
tlciis,  (1  ptr.iiii  uiulor  wliiih  liuinlii'iU  ixiislicil,  as  ZunKU'rag.i  Miitis  in  lii-*  t'U- 
qiKitcil  h'tur. 

'•^'''  /':ii  III  III,  Varlii,  m  Pii'']ii  ronwA  ('lioli  ifis,  Cal.  7)or.,  .\iii.  '2V2.  lioiiu'- 
posts  (111  n  Jattr  )  m.uc,  that  ('ii'iii;;li  Ik  asts  cxi-^t  tn  dispciisu  vitll  ini'.cli  nl  tl;i' 
ciiiTviii^'.  ;iii(l  ixY'jii::*  till'  ctiiitiiiiii'il  iiitniiliiolioii  nf  livc-ttufk.  (.iuznumfaMiiiil 
tlio  saiiu!  i(li\i  for  Mexico,  Imt  not  fi  r  IS'cw  (Jalii  ia,  wlicro  fiw  hcasts  i"ii!>l 
lie- foiMiil.  /i/.,  xiv.  !i(i-7,  !l"-I-;i.  ]>(.■;. uiuont  adils  lii.-i  coinir.iiils.  CruiK  .I/.'''., 
iii.  4  17  s.  JliiTriii,  (K\',  V.  lih.  i.  cap.  vi.,  r.llialia  to  tlie  limit  of  ."U  kauiui 
for  ccrtiiin  transportatioiis,  witli  propor  care  and  luaiiitoiaiioe  of  llic  can  it  i>. 

" /'^•;/'^  ('((liitdriii,  77,  ^r>.  'Jill'  {iudicmia  .sicakt  in  l.'j.'U  of  '1111  il(  iiii- 
cell  mill  do  niais  y:iv  jour  '  to  worki  rs  on  a  coiivii'.l.,  7'.  iiinii  r-Coin/itnis,  I  •  ,v., 
Hi'iic  ii.  toin.  V,  17''.  At  a,  later  date  tlio  jav  ■.\as  a  silver  cuartillodailv.  aii>l 
Miiidoza  rrcoiiinitiidcd  the  imrcaso  to  t:  n  niaravcdis.  ow  inj;  to  the  ii>e  iti 
prii'ex  ^rinerally.   l!(lit<-'.„,  in  FitciiiCQ  m\A  Cnnl' iki-i,  Col.  I>n(\,  vi.  .".(MI  7. 

^"'I'lic  aiidieiui.i  did  not  liii.l  the  Indians  eivili/ed  enoiivii  to  fonii  U'WU 
cjuueils.  Lctlir,  in  Tvrnaii.c-t'oiti2iuii.-<,  I'c//.,  seric  ii.  tun.  v.  ItJS, 


Kll 


\v 


-'UK 


i.t 

"■0 


Tr.r- 
ictt- 


I  ti,.' 

I/..''... 

1. 1 .-. 
]i  mi- 
I    '/., 

.i.'i.a 

>0    ill 


rUEELA  DK  LOS  ANGELES. 


too 


nd  pivrjeo  of  Europenn  arts<  mikI  institutions.    Otlior 
,ri(,'  itlaecd  in  apprcntieosliip  to  S[>ani>li  artisans.-' 


l^ll'oits  were  also  made  to  <^ather  antl  provide  for  liall- 
liiicd  cliildren  deserted  by  their  fathers/"  and  to 
aihnini.ster  rehef  for  tlie  sufierinc^  ereatoil.  by  tlie 
iiicMsles,  Avhich  hurst  suddenly  U[)on  the  natives  as  an 


OSL' 


■](ideinie,  and  eonimitted  ravaLjes  oidy  inferior  to  th 
(it'  tlie  suiall-pox."    Moors  and  Jews,  and  dcse(,'ndant> 


tllOM 


w 


ho  had  been  stamped  bv  the  inriuisitioi 


lui 


wvvc  expelled,  so  that  their  jjresenee  mii;ht  not  pr.i- 
I'a.  ■  the  increasing  number  of  converts.^-  ^Teasurcs 
against  va;Ki'ants  were  made  more  strini^'ent,  as  tliey 
sit  a  had  I'xaniple  to  the  eonnnunity,  and  created  no 
little  misehief  in  the  native  towns.  This  ap[ili(d  als(t 
t>)  many  idle  and  dissc»hite  persons,  who,  without  beini;" 
actual  vagrants,  ])roved  e([Ually  pernicious  to  tho  com- 
iiiunity.  A  number  of  these  were  settled  in  ditlrrent 
t')\\iis,  and  lu^iveu  land  to^vther  with  ten  or  twenty 
natives  to  aid  them  in  cultivatinj;'  it. 

Aiikhil;"  the  i-esults  of  the  colonization  measures  was 
till'  t'nuiuHn'j;'  in  1530  of  the  city  of  Puebla  de  his  An- 
l;v1,s,  by  J  Imiandode  Saavedra,  corre^'idor  of  Tlascala, 
w  iih  the  ap[)roval  of  the  audiencia.    Bisho})  ( iarces  had 


It  was  fmimlt'il  by  Qnirocra,  who  projected  two  iiioie.  /./.,   ]."."i,  Idii; 


B'.t 


"■'I'lrnil,  (  riiii. 


Mirh. 


III. 


iU)-ll. 


'"'riu'yniiylit  lio  iiitnistcil  to  ciioomcixlorns  till  of  an  aeo  to  earo  for  tlicm- 
il\(»!.   I'lKjii,  Ciiliiliii'lii,  SS.      QiiiroL'a  hail  \ivvn  actiiatcil  to  this  ntv]>  ii:utly 


li\  the  iiuiulii'V  of  chililivn  drowiu'il  in  tlu'  diti'lus  rmnn 


1  Ml 


.1/- 


J 


'i-ihiiiH  ii'i)-!^    'JO-1.     I'lio    illi".ntiliiati'    oU'spiiiij,'   of    liidians   aiul    Spaiiiaid.i 


icii  ivi'd  ihi'  name  of  Montai' 


J] 


',/' 


Ili-^t.  J! 


171.     llisl 


lO]> 


■/.v 


r;iL,'ii  had  liiail  Indian  adiiltcrti'-i,  hut  this  act  was  aiinuUoil.  Onli 


ik  In 


l\ 


li 


/■"//'(,  Ms.,  ii.  (>. 
^'It  stands  recorded  in  tho  native 


ds  as  /■  f'ifnit  fihiinll,  small  lie.'d, 
■pox  lieii)','  called  great  jiest.   Mimlii/'i,  llist.  Kitia.,  ."ilt-l."!.     Miito- 

the  coiKiuest,'   l/isl,   Jml.,  i.    1,"),   \\hiio 
iiiir  in  l.~i'J7.  lireiided  liy  a  'salmdiUc  li.;Iit'  iu 


iia  (ihees  it   '  ileveii  years  alter 


iMiiial  hiaz  assiimis  tliat  it  e. 

til"  Ik  avi  us,  fnnii  which  the  jiiiest  ]iredieted  wluit  fulloweil,  uaiiii  ly  an  e|ii 
(Iriiiie  of  nieasles  and  a  sort  of   hiuosy.     lii  the  year  after,  a  lain  of  tnads 
tiiiilied  the  settlers  of  (loa/aeii 


'I'll,  /;,/.,  />,„■/,< 


d  r 


v/f 


y/(V.  < 

Col.    J)„ 


(I'aris,  IsiiTl.  iv.  4lll--'. 
ix.  "JIJ,  a  faiaiue  is  rii 


Ii 

ded. 


vliieh  extended  over  Miu'iiatlaii  reuioii.  Salia;ruii  deserihes  a  jiest  ahoiit  that 
jii  1  ind,  'y  salia  como  aj,'ua  do  las  lioeas. ,  .gran  eopia  dc  Haiigi'u  [aj  i>or  lo  tual 
liieiiii,  y  iiiurii)  iiilinita  geiite.'  Jli^t.  Oi'ii.,  ii.  'J73. 

1  iHtitioiis  aniieared  to  this  ell'eet.     Sec  Vtichrri)  and  Ciir'I'Hiis, 
;:    I. II     I'll!      'ei...  .1 ,..:....    i. .,....„,,.„..,....  ;..    I  :l I.,  /  •.,1.1.1,. 


Nevi  ra 


'W.  J>i>r.,  xii.  l--'4,  \'M.     'riie  deer 


ee  ai/ainal  dews  npiiears  in 


Lilira  (k   (  '(ih'l'lii 


M""-.  I!'l,  and   that  at'oinst  the  others  wus  ulrcudy  issued  hy  the  i)ri;\iou.i 
aiuiii  ucia,  Ijulh  to  he  evadtd  ity  briljc.s. 


■'■' 


Ii 


oo  f 


THE  SECOND  AUDIEXCIA  AND  ITS  EEFOEMS. 


already  ivpresoiitcd  It)  Hk'  crown  tliat  unless  a  S[)amV]i 
town  was  (.'stablis^lied  in  his  diocese  little  ])rogress  cnuLl 
be  UKule  in  the  way  of  cither  spiritual  or  temporal  im- 
])rovenient,  and  he  a})plied  Tor  permission  to  i'ound  oiu'. 
'J'he  necessity  was,  however,  so  evident  that,  contidt  iit 
(>r  the  approval  of  the  kinj4',  the  audiencia  aiithori/.(  d 
the  l)eginnii)!L,M)f  the  woi'k  hcforc  the  receii)t  of  iiisti  uc- 
tions  from  the  crown/"  Accordin,!^  to  !^lotoli!lia,  thu 
work  was  begun  on  the  IGth  of  Ajiril,"  and  from 
]iisho[»  Zumari'aga's  st'iteuicnts  we  learn  that  tlie  situ 
first  selected  was  situated  on  low  ground,  and  tliat  it 
had  been  decided  before  he  left  New  Sjiain,  in  ]')',-2, 
to  remove  the  town  to  a  higher  position.^'' 

AhhoU'di  great  assistance  had  been  <''iven  to  the 
settlers  by  sujiplying  tlu'Ui  with  native  labor  from  tlic 
neighboring  towns  of  Tlascala,  Tepeaca,  and  others, 
dui'ing  the  lirst  thre'O  j'cars  the  colony  did  nt)t  nia!ci' 
that  progress  which  the  promoters  of  it  had  hop  d/' 
The  cause  was  the  uncertainty  as  to  the  royal  ordii s 


9  i 


*' F\v  c('(Iiilii  of  .Tiinnnry  IS,  ]')?>],  tlio  qncrn  appmvcd  of  the  ]il:\ii  hy 
instructing  tliu  iindii-'ncia  to  fouud  a  town  un  an  i.'ligil)!c  bito.  J'i';/(t,  d  'Lilur'.  •, 
(IS. 

*'  'I'lu'fc  JM  some  (lcscrppancya))onttlio  (In  to  of  tlio  founding' of  ruiM.iJu'.ttliit 
j:ivi'ii  liy  Moiolinia  is  well  siij'portril,  Ji-(rJni/<-ii<i,  <'i,(.  /Jur.,  i.  "Jii'J;  ('onri'^oi 
J'rni-.,  l.").'i.")-('i,"i,  '2i'.\.  Sahucron,  writiiiLT  on  tlio  .'iiKli  <>f  Miinh  l.i.'il,  iis",s  llic-o 
vni'ds:  'Sinoniii'iizii  :'u'nsay:irlii  ruclda  di'  Ins  An;4il(s,'y'<(r//ii()and  '  '../(/r,  f.-, 
( 'ill.  J)t,r.,  xiii.  I!)(i,  yt't  on  Anu'ust  1  I,  l.^il,  lit'  drsi  iJjcs  tlic  town  asiairlyluiiit, 
containinra  cliuirli,  jiulilii'  stiiutnii's,  fnurliostclrios,  iindoOliou.scs.iiniltlioit 
tliTs  already  eu^'aued  in  acriioull'iro.  'J'l  nid'i.r-i  'uiojian.-i,  I'oi/.,  si'rie  ii.  tniii,  v. 
](1.'{  .■>,  J.s7-I)0.  \"elaniurt  >.'ive.s  Ainil  K!,  lollO.  as  the  datt' when  the  lirst  nia-i 
vrt'^  Haid,  wiiieli  statenunt  is  eorrohorated  iiy  Motolinia.  Vetaneurt,  iiowovir, 
errs  in  as.'-erting  that  the  work  was  lie^iin  iiy  pernu.-sion  of  Fiienleal,  as  iho 
president  had  not  yetarriv<'d  in  Xew  S[iain.  ( '/iron.,  IS.  Zaniaeois  slates  t!i:;t 
tlie  eity  was  tonnded  in  \'i',i',\  as  a  measure  resolved  iijion  liy  I'm  nleal  laid  Ihu 
aiidienria.  ///>/.  J/i.r.,  iv.  ")()'_'.  Some  minor  authorities  give  the  ye.ir  I'.il, 
and  oMiera  \'>',\'2,  as  the  date  of  the  fouudini;  of  this  t'lun. 

*■•  I'luliii-i)  and  ('<(rth  nnn,  Cvl.  Due,  xvi.  ritiO-"-.'.  The  new  town  was  hi;ilt 
on  tlie  111  irgiu  of  the  rivt  r  Atoyac.  Ti:e  ^ite  was  live  leauru's  .soutli  of  'i'l.-- 
ea!a,  'JO  leaL;ues  east  of  tlii^  eily  of  Mexieo,  and  10  lea^'ues  wist  nf  \  era  I'ri  /. 
I  pon  it  were  very  aueient  ruins,  those,  ;u'ei'rdiii;,'  to  tradiiion,  of  the  ei.y 
(if  (^'uil.iNeolaiian,  founded  eenturies  hefore  liy  \  euiee;it  and  Xieahuit"al;. 
Anoiher  name  f^iven  to  llii.s  aneieut  eity  wa.s  \'asipalan,  nuanin,;  'eountiv  ■  f 
PuaUes.'  Mii/iiiii,  C/ircii  <lf  Sitii  ])ii''ioili'  JA.f.,  'Jt'_'  .'!.  Ijhiilaxenlapan  ^i■.'Ulll^^ 
the  '  pl.iee  wlure  entrails  are  cashed,'  the  iiani''  hein,'  derivid  from  the  riiS- 
tom  of  throwiu','  into  th(^  streams  iie.ir  liy  the  enti'aiU  of  human  vietinis  .-.k.'- 
rilieed  liy  the 'I'lasealtecs.   Al'iild,  J>,  si-riiK  l^iihl.i,  MS.,   1."). 

'"Sal'inevon,  in  a  letter  dated  Ndvemlier  1,  I."i.'!-J,  slate8  that  the  tu!.  ny 
M'aa  on  the  ilucreiisc.    Tiiruuux-Cvini'Uits,   I'vi/.,  seiic  ii,  tuni,  v,  I'ltT. 


COLONIAL  DEVF.LOrMEXT. 


Avitli  i'eL;nr<l  to  j)ri\iloL;'os  and  iniiiiuiiillL"^.    PdiiM  a!s«.> 
jiifvaik'd  as  to  rei>aniiuicufos/'    Mfanwliile  tlio  (|tkH'ii, 


l.v  cedilla  of  tlic  20th  of  Maivli  1 


)•!. 


aiict  min' 


d  tl 


10 


jii'itccodiii'L:^,  and  iiistnirtt'd  the  aiulit-ncia  to  advan 


CO 


S( 


•ttl 


ciiiciit  as  tiilly  as   lay  m    its   power,  _L;rant- 


tho 

iii'f  oxonintioii  from  taxation  for  tliirtv  vcai's.     SIk 


■^()  coniL'rred  upon 


I 


tlio  t 


own 


tlie  titlo  of  citv,  and 


'■raiiti-'d  it  a  coat  of  arms**  ai)pro])riato  to  its  iiainc  ot 


OS 


4;) 


pprop 


J'uohla  do  los  Aiigo 

Yet  lor  somol  imo  discontont  [ircvailod  amon'4dli»>  col- 
onists and  1  hoir  luimbors  (kcroasod  considerably.'  J  Jut 
tliis  nnl;i\'oralilo  state  of  alfairs  did  not  last  for  many 
vi/ars,  as   in    Ijo.")  ;i   sul)scri[)tioii  to  tlio  amount    of 

*' '  Lis  nii'contcnts  ri'prtnit  sans  cpsso  aiix  ccili>iis  qu'ils  Ics  jh  nlciit  it  (^o 


i-'!i'iiT  I'nx 


iTiiiirliiiiii'iitDs. 


•iiii'iiu -■.,  puisnuu  it't  L't-sai  j^uuum'  ijn'oiHiuut  guiiviiiiLi-  Ic  p;iyp 


J'l. 


■•■  M.  ■/ 


(•"n«i.- 
•Ih.'s 


tr.lc.f  liVL'  t( 


;.  ■/(;/" 


«/<S'a;(  Dii  ji'ii/i'  Ml 


:i: 


ii'in. 


l  \  dri. 


I  I'll),  ( li. 


thrciiiili  the  central  ouc  ot  wliicli  luslicda  raiiiil  livii 


was  siirmimn 
.1 


till  liy 


i:i  imjiiial  cruvMi,  an 


l  .-^1 


■  I  Ipv  t\v<i  an'.;<!s  ImliH 


1>- 


i  .  i!nii-  liaml  tlic  Kitcrs  K  iiiiil 
\',  wl'i'li,  as  Miiiina  cunjic- 
tuii-^,  ^i;  ;:'ii<Ml  Charli'S  V.  lu 
t:,iMi!-!,'  i.;in.siTilif(l  tlii'  motto: 


AiiL'tli.*  svis  l)i'vs  Manilavit 
!f  >i'  vt  cvstodiant  te. '    I  re- 


1 


liuv  a  uoiK 
t' 


l-i'iit  ri'prtsi' 


11- 

I  -'{"W  of  t!r"s('  anus  fruni  '/i-n- 


■  :  I :in-',la.  Ti 


If, -a 


Dh 


nv'tto. 


1 1  ;i.7l>ancl71,in\\lii».'h 
ipcours  ill 
silts  that 


I'li'iir  of  ."  t  )!•  li' 


Calk 


"f  an 


•anti'i 


^..^a^ 


■c^ 


th'iiOih  of  Julv  I.mS.  an.l 


t.i.   U 


't'  •niiiy  N'lhli', y  Lual' 


Amis  IF  I'l  i:i.i..\  1>K  Los  Akiikleh, 


v'\  Fchniai-y -21,  \M\.  Mi 


A'. 


lil. 

ih; 


)i\.u 


>n.in  Maiih  l.'lll.infnrnn  il  th.M^nmn.  without  giving  nny  reasons, 
tliat  thi^  naini;  liail  Im-oh  a'liitfd  sulijict  to  liis  Maji.sty's  apjiroval.  I'm-ln-o 


I'n-iln.iK.   i'ni.  ]).,:.  xiii.  l',)(i.     'Inulil 
i.-lio) 


imi 


mu  1  \  I  r,  a.-- 


thi'  nanii'.     One  is  that  1 

siti',  ' '('/(riViV'N  /'/•()(•.,   l.V)."l-(i, 


(iaivis  saw,  m  a  (litaiii,  an.;> 


\iiil  aiiolhi  r  om 


'.'ii.s  viasons  tl  Il- 
ls survt  y  in'_'  tlio 
iiit'iirnis  u.s  that  v.  hi'u  iho 


mJUils  were  eini^loyiil  in  t'omuling  tho  lity  a  Lriiat  iiiiillituuo  i 


iijv.i  aicil  III  a  ilivam  toC^hiem 
y;. .'/(.,  lili.  iii.  lit. 


l-alii  1  and  iiuliiated  to  her  tli 


-itc, 


if  anjiU 
(I'liii  III, 


^  ■  Luis  de  CastiUa  made  deilaration  in  Toledo  l.'i.'lL  that  iu"  had  In  in  at 
I'uilihi  Liul  that  the  M'l'inos  Wiiv  dissalisliid.  Ahliiiiiu;h  lie  iiad  in  aid  that 
th' i-i.' Wire  ('/)  c<ilonists  wlitn  it  was  Inst  settled,  wlit  n  lie  «as  thei".  thiM! 


Wi  10  on 

a-I_'liei 


ly  17.     Tlieso  coiniihiined   tliat  Tlaseala  and  (  liolnla  hail   i 


1. 


I  to  them  ill  reiiartiiiiitiito,  thou,u;li  a  ]iiiiini.si 


to  that   elieet  liad   been 


iiiiide.  I'ti^h'a,  I'rijhuir.a,  in  /'(u7(ico  uiid  Citnliiatii,  xvi.  od~-\). 


„ 


fi4i'li 


sno 


TTJE  SrCOXD  AUDIEXCIA  AND  ITS  I^EFORM.S. 


eleven  Inindred  and  twontv-six  pesos  was  raised  for 
the  erection  of  a  more  suitable  cliurcl),  wliicli  was 
lu'Cfun  in  An^-ust  la.'^G  and  eom])letfd  in  October  If):;'.). 
From  this  time  continued  success  followed,  and  Puebla 
became  not  only  the  cathedral  town  of  the  diocese'^ 
but  a  liourishlng  agricultural  and  manufacturing  ceii- 
tre.'-- 

i'^lattered  l)y  the  good  effect  of  many  benevolent 
measures,  and  the  ease  with  which  reforms  had  bet  ii 
introduced  into  the  Indian  department,  the  audiendu 
began  to  write  glowing  reports  of  tlieir  progress,  and 
of  tli(3  imi)rovement  of  afl'airs  generally.  Their  seci'et 
onlei's  were  not  divulged,  and  Ibr  a  long  time  tin.' 
withdi'awal  of  encomieiidas  was  understood  to  be  a 
step  towai'da  new  distribution,  partly  of  gi'ants  in  pi-r- 
netuity.  Tliis  belief  was  fostered  to  some  extent  I'V 
tlie  uttei'anecs  of  certain  oldores,  made  in  good  faitli 
in  fivor  of  tMicomiendas  as  nee(H'ul  to  ct)lonial  advano- 
ment,  and  ])artly  by  the  public  letters  of  Fu^'uleal 
to  the  san.j  eliect.  I»ut  tlio  hitter  were  intended 
only  to  deceive  tlie  settlers,  or  calm  tliem,  for  in  pri- 
vate letters  he  spoke  against  all  but  temporary  grants, 
and  made  light  (tf  protests  I'romthe  cohjnists."''  Some 
of  thest>,  howevei ,  thought  it  ])rudent  to  secui'e  all 
the  benefit  possible  from  the  natives  held,  and  this  to 
.a  degree  that  left  a  stamp  of  desolation  Uj>on  many  a 
fair  district.  ^J'his  done,  tliey  were  ready  to  jein 
iliose  who  had  been  dispossessed  in  an  ovei'whehning 
clamor  against  the  gi'athially  disclosing  polity  of  tin; 
audieiicia.      Tlie    country    would    surely    be    mini d. 

''■  Tito  opif  copal  8Ciit  was  roniovcd  fi-oin  Tlasoala  to  Pucbla  in  l.'ijfl.  .Vlmiit 
this  jii'iioil  it<  iiiitaiiR'd  ."KK)  vcciiuis.  Jlc.r.  Jii/onn.,  in  /'iir/ici  i  and  Citrih  n'l-', 
Cnl.  Jhir.,  XV.  -117  !'.  As  I'arly  as  l."i.'!l  Saliueion  hail  siif.-.L;(stu(l  that  I'lul.lii 
sliiiiihl  lio  niadi!  ihi"  srat  of  tho  hi.^liopiic — Ti  riiiii(j-Co/ii/i((ii<,  ."irio  ii.  t'uii. 
V.  Is,""-  anil  llishop  ( lai'ci's  altio  ajiitatid  the  ((iiostion  of  ivnioval  thilhrr. 
Jic  did  iinl.  liowivir,  live  to  sco  tho  i'Iiani,'o  oll'oLtid. 

"-X.itahly  that  of  silk.  ]'.y  <  I'dilla  of  April  '.';{,  l.'.JS,  firo  liiviise  vas 
givoii  to  its  iuhaliitants  to  ostalili.^li  t^ilk  faotorioa  without  buiiig  sulijtct  to 
control  or  intorfiiciico.  Jiicvp.  i/c  /«'/.,  ii.  108. 

''•' '  l'",l  .'ilior  (jnitado  ln.s  indios  y  avoUos  toinado  para  Viiostrii  Ma;.'!.-^!:;  1 
fi!i'  I'osa  j_'inada  ]Mir  I'ios.'  A  littlo  Itilow  ho  '.iruos  delay  in  consiiloiin;;  [ni- 
jii'lnity  •grants,  'anni|iic  on  ol  parooor  ipio  onvio  iligo  ulra  cosa.'  Carta,  in 
I'uc/uco  aiul  Cunluia-:,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  'JJ'J-3. 


CORREGIMIENTOS  OR  ENC0MIEXDA3. 


XM 


,v'l 


Al"Hlt 

,;,-,/.,,•-■, 

t  riu'M.i 

ii.  t'lni. 

thitli''!-. 

!iso  \\;h 

l.j.L-t  I.) 

lii'.'fsta.l 

Iml;  1".>- 

■urtu,  111 

Vv'itliout  natives  to  work  for  tlicni  t1i(>  C-istilian  would 
]u'  rt'iliu'oil  to  starvation  and  oompi'lk'd  to  ^o  in  si-arrh 
(  t'  other  tielils.  Tlio  natives  would  relapse  into  tlieir 
dU  ways,  grow  arrogant,  ri.se  against  the  Spaniards, 
and  none  might  })rediet  the  end. 

'V\\c  coi'regidores  also  joined  in  ihv.  erv,  and  com- 
]il;iiiu'tl  liitterly  of  the  small  pay  which  barely  sutlict'd 
1'.  If  absolute  necessaries,"'*  The  friars,  who  were  inter- 
ested, for  that  matter,  by  reason  of  a  number  of  .snug 
giants,  came  to  their  aid  with  strong  ai"gumcnts, 
ilwclHng  in  particular  on  the  need  of  the  encomienda 
>\>ti'm  to  promote  conversion,  and  thereby  maintain 
miitrol  over  the  natives.  Tlie  oidores  became  divided 
(111  this  ])oint,  Salmcron  and  Quiroga  showing  a  pref- 
iitiice  for  the  S3"stem,  and  the  able  Ceynos  appearing 
if'.iinst  crown  holdings  by  which  the  revenue  was 
)•.  (hiced  to  nothing.  It  was  also  aigued  that  encomen- 
(liios  could  l)esu])ervised  in  their  treatment  of  vassals 
I'lilly  as  well  as  corregidores,  and  would  not  only  take 
^iv.itcr  interest  in  their  charge,  but  insure  a  largi'r 
tiihiite.  "  The  economic  featui-e  nuist  ai'ter  all  out- 
\\righ  })hilanthropy,  at  least  witli  a  monarch  in  iiccd  ^A' 
t'linds,  and  as  corngimientos  involved  a  costly  staff  <^t' 
prtty  governors  and  collectoi-s,  with  j)aym»'nt  of  army 
;iiiil  jicnsioners,  nearly  all  of  wliom  could  l)e  discarded 
uiitlcr  the  encomienda  system,  which  also  ail'orded  a 
>\\w\-  return,  it  is  no  wonder  that  the  high  resolves 
v>trc  .shaken.  Viceroy  ^Nlendoza,  indeed,  ivceived 
"itl!  IS  to  stay  his  haiul  against  encomenderos,  and,  as 
lie  slrojiLilv  condemned  corregidores,  and  advocated 
native  service  as  necessary  f  >r  the  country ,°'*  we  lind 

■''I'liis  is  grajiliicallv  sot  fortli  in  a  in'tition  f'om  a  uuiiil»i>i-  of  oomnKTor.s, 
ill  ('■■/.  lh,i\  I, ml.,  i.  rriO-IJO. 

' '  ryiiDs  i('L'oniiiu'Hili'(l  cntiiilcd  p-niits,  Mitli  oiifi((Ucria  claiiso,  of  iiinst 
l.iiiil,  iiiid  ill  lai'Ljo  lots,  say  tn  aliout  -JdO  tii'sorviii!,'  iiuii  in  all,  '_M0  iif  wli'im 
\\>vv  til  ii'siilc  at  Mexico,  ])ayiiii,'  nno  truth  of  ivvfiiiif  to  tlie  crown.  .Sniallir 
t.i:iiits  Icail  to  extortion.  VtirUi.  in  L-dJuilii  hi,  Cnl.  Ihic.,  ii.  l.'iS  ct  sc(|..  •!'.'',. 
'I  li.'  rijinsciitations  of  tlic  friar.s,  licaiU  il  liy  \  akncia  ami  I'ctan/.os,  arc  ;.i\  i  a 
in  /'/.,  !.■)('),  I'.H),  and  otluTs  a|i|icar  in  I'dr/aco  and  CuidenU'',  Cul.  Jin'.,  i\. 
."iilo  71.  xi.  I!I7-S,  xii.  l.':}  (i,  14l>,  xvi.  .")()0. 

•■"Sec  liis  letters  in  /d.,  ii.  1S;<-,"),  F/cridn,  Co!.  Doc.,  i.  V2'2.  ami  T' nn'i/.r- 
(.'ijiiij.diis,  I'l.//.,  scfie  i.  toiii.  X.  304,  whciciu  he  ulsu  cx^wscs  the  conxi^iduica 
UisT.  Mex.,  Vol.  II.    23 


I 


-  -1 


rs 


THE  SECOND  AUniEXCIA  AND  ITS!  REFORM*!. 


t'u>  old  system  rovlvfd  with  over  inrreasiii!^  oiitnilinciif . 
I'oi"  a  nmii1)er  of  lives,  side  1)\'  side  with  coi'iV!4iiirn.'iii  i 
rn]i\  till  it  withers  in  the  ticiicr.il  advaiiceinent,  an  I 
di.^aopcars  hy  doeree  of  Cai'los  III."'^ 

The  ([lU'stioii  was  of  vital  iiniiortaiifo  to  th(^  cmi- 
f|Uerors,\vii(\afteri>erloriiiiii'^ achievements iinetjUall  I 
for  dariiin' au<l  "'raiidiMir,  as  Uenial  Diaz  asserts,  Iiail 
for  a  do/.i'ii  years  assisted  to  estaltlish  a  new  oountiy 
for  the  crown.  If  tlu'ir  motives  were  not  jjovcnn  I 
wholly  hy  patriotism,  the  result  nevertheless  ajipcar-  | 
to  i\\v.  hcnetit  of  their  (lod,  their  country,  ancl  th  •!)• 
kinu',  and  they  were  entitled  to  a  better  reward  thi'i 
appears  to  have  heen  n'iven  them — instance  such  meri- 
torious men  as  ^[i)ntano,  the  volcano-dimhei".  ]\Iu'!i 
of  the  com[)laint,  as  recorded  in  ditferent  memm'ia!^, 
and  in  the  soldier  chronicle  of  liernal  ])iaz,  is  no 
douht  tlie  chronic  grumhlint^*  of  men  disa[>i>ointed  la 
their  inoi-dinate  pri'tensions,  or  torn  hy  envy  at  tlic 
Li'rt'ater  honors  and  opulence  Li'ained  hy  favorites  <  f 
foi'tune,  or  hy  persons  nu>re  careful  of  their  opi»oiti!- 
nities  than  the  reckless, shil'tless  adventurers  who  seize  I 
an  emperor  and  suhdaed  a  nation,  and  then  ahandone  I 
the  substance  to  dispei'sc  in  pi-ofitless  search  of  new 
worlds  to  concjuer,  "^I'lu-re  had  been  here  a  !Moiite- 
zuma,  an<l  there  an  .Vtahualjta;  surely  there  was  noih- 
iniL!,-  so  very  improbable  in  the  fancy  that  there  miuht 
be  half  a  sc(n\'  of  such  kinu'doins  scatteretl  about  l!u' 
Aorld.  But  the  j^old  and  pearls  of  new  kin^'doiiis 
on(^e  more  melted  into  air,  and  when  the  restless  s(  1- 
diers  I'eturned  to  neglected  e'rants,  they  found  tliein- 
selvi's  too  often  stripped  of  these.  And  so  tiny 
struu"'j,led  on,  a  ]»rey  to  tlieir  own  folly,  yet  e\ii- 
brinLiiuij;'  accusations  asi'ainst  a  not  altoLi'cthor  thankle>.s 


s   II 


ns  iioL'liL,'('iit  otVuors  ami  cruol  o\t'"irtioncrs<.    The  commissioners  sent  tn  ■!  i 
justii.'",  i'i",/ii,  Ciihi/crrio,  7">,  (li'l  littli' jroml. 

■'■  In  Li '1)1,  Ti'dt.  Kiii'iim..,  4  ct  si'i|.,  wi;  timl  tin-  vnlcsi  lunl  projrross  of  thi' 
pysttni  fully  nv'  jilcil.  with  entailment  lo  tlii'  tliinl,  fuuitli,  ami  liitli  L'ouia- 
ti.'n.  in  iVdin  |,"i.">;)  tn  lil-Jli.  Mtiuln/a  sjiiaks  of  a  ;<ysti'm  cf  ili'dniti"!!-;  iiii'l 
varancii's  in  tlu'  (.■nnou'iilur  lioJdinLjs,  in  (irdtT  to  ulitain  fninlH  to  ;'n(>|'i'rc 
fi]'lu'iiit('i's  for  wliuiu  uu  i)laco  coulil  bu  fouml.  I'uc/uco  ami  CunhiiK.^,  iU, 
l/uc,  vi.  JUO. 


DisFEr.siox  or  tiik  coxqukrors;. 


ano 


•.foverniiicnt,  and   fuKliiiLr  consiiliitioii   in  tirades  and 
petitions,  and  uI)|)Vl'  all  in  dwelling-  iipon  tlio  [lirtui'i's 


[lie  i:'] 


^t,  d 


I  1 


nous  past,  (ninnica  Jiei-e  and  tlieri-  i*\  reco 


K'ction.s  of  those  who  had  yit-ldt  d  hie  upon  llie  terriiiK 
,st  >ne  of  saciitice,  vet  anon  illumined  hv  heroic  death: 


oil 


the    l)attle-lield.       ]Manv    sufcunihed    to    hi 


o!\i'!i 


lii';dth,and  a  hah-century  after  (he  landing'  of  Coit.'s 
hilt  live  of  his  famous  hand  of  live  hundred  and  two- 
re  remained,  as  IJernal  ]Jia/  (juerulously  ivlatv^: 
All  of  us  aii'ed  and  inlirm,  and  very  poor,  hurdeiird 
I  dau'-hte'rs  to  marrv,  and  with  ii'iand- 


srii 


v.iih  sons,  aiK 


ildi 


I'en;  and  so  we  live  in  troul)le  and  misery  ---a 
^riitv'Uee  which  may  possihly  hehe  itsilf,  however. 
]Jiit  let  the  old  soldier  gruinhle;  it  gives  us  j)leasure 
soiiietiines  to  exa^'u'erate  our  merits. 

As  for  the  band  of  Xarvaez,  about  a  iliousaiid 
strong,  lie  knows  of  but  twelve  remaining;  and  the 
f<ill!iwersof  (hii'.'iy,  rdl  gone  or  dispt-rsed.  Yet  the  eoii- 
(j'l- I'ors  did  not  disap[)ear  so  eiilirely  alU'i'  all:  tliJ 
iiuiiiher  of  pi'omineiit  and  wcahliy  men  who  in  latrr 
generations  elaimed  descent  i'rom  tluMu  is  (piite  nunui'- 
t  u>.  and  many,  indeed,  liave  ])V  ilhistrions  deeils 
re\i\ed  the  laiU'els  u'aiuetl  1)V  their  forefather.-.'' 


IJunKil  I>ia/.'  (iwii  family,  di-sjiti'  liis  tDiinilaiiits,  rosu  to  j 


U'lillUlR'lKi'.  or 


n  lui- Kinuiiicd  it  ilf,  a!  tii'.il  in./i, 


<!i'"i.,  i.  ;>:;s;  riwh,  Eiiit 


liiil.     Hi) 


own 


IxMik 


.•lii.l 


V.i  Wltll 


til  liiiff  1 


i-.niinulcs.  yy;.-/.   Vir.hnl.,  14,  I'.'il,  •_M0 


iMirrapliic'-f  <> 

a 


f  a  lai'L' 
t! 


/I, til, III  ,  II. 
(J  nuiul'ir  (if 


I  -.  I.I  -.//'(,''■,((,  1.  11.,  11111 


I  /,■ 


J' 


I,  ami  pas.-iiiii;  tlio  iviord.s  iii  '    >/ 


givo  a 


Klitioiial  fact.-f, 


<\  I 


Iv  cmiiiilcto  lists  (if  Uk"  lir.-t-coiiiiT.s  have  Ihtii  I'ollci'tcil  in  yiv/.//'//- 


J)u 


i.  4?AA 


ii.  4!IJ-.")1(' 


i;  .Vc)'- 


iiftr'irion 


Mt.r.  (I'e-v/.,  lii'itlii,  'Jdi  lJ) 


M.-)-!».     Tl 


M„ 


lltO-'*     li'lK'. 


MS.,  opi'iis  with  11  list  (if  ik'S( cinlaiits  liviiii,'  in  ITiiK),  ami  (.civca  snu, 


Hlilt  lit    t.leir  (.•DllillilKU. 


--.   '/• 


^t'O  alsi> 
'/■'/'.'<  nti 
ii'L'O  lilvt'i'iliii;;  c.'iaptiis  iiro 


Tiatro  J-.'rIi.'',  i.  1 


Mini:/,  ul  1, 


'.'/. 


.'.'-(i;  Vwr.'Oi 


ill,  i.  ."i."il  I'to.    Aililitional  autii' 


In-  t'-.o  tl 

4.  t;,  114,  :.i.)^\\;  iv.  ik; 

l!'7  '■' ;  .\ii.-.\iii.  iias.^ini;  xv. 


iml  Ciiiiliini^,  Co/.  J):r.,  ii. 


III!!  74;  VI.  "JT 


// 


xvi.  ;>(;s. 


;i;>,  "lOi ;  viii. 
li'iil;  .\xvi. 


M;    ix.  'JIJ; 
i2-r)()l;  \x\ii. 


"/• 


ii.  lOJ  ;i:    7' 


■(  ■ml/iitll 


III/.,  s<rii>  i.  toiii.  X. 


;4.")-(J."i;  Bcrio  ii.  toiii.  i.  'Jil'.)  it  n'l. ;  toin.  v.  iiassiiii ;  l/lirt  ih-  ( 'nlii'i/n 


'S,.  141,  liM,  -JlO-l;  Oni.lu 


114-1; 


:;)-:;:); 


Li 


Ti-iif.  J:'. 


IS 


:|. ;  I'lnid,  Cidiiliifl'i,  (i  jiassiiii;   Cir'nn  (!■•  Lnlidi.  ()."i!),  fSIiT— U ;   Turi/n 

i.  ;:i-_'-i;i,  ."(i-.'-:i,  .".DiMiuS;  iii.  .•!;»-;•_•,  it;i--J,  i:.7  et  s.  .j.-,  /.ai  c 


I  III.   Hu-n^Uil.    40-.').    !tl    n-J;    /.'' 


/' 


o,  i!)i -•_'(!,•..  •_>:!(; 


'';•(.",     V'ullVn 

Ixiv..  14  It 

ii,  iii;!  -ii.  . 


MS.,    1C!-J;  /.■ir.'.a'nf".,    Cnl.    ]>■>< 


M'i[. ;  II.  1  p.  xxu.i.-v. 
V_M- ;!•:);  ii.  4M-r);  iv. 


i>),  l.'.(i-S();  (\l.  /)n 


•JlM-(; 


r/ii 


Ml 


Ih. 


).   xlviii.   i\., 

'/.,  i.  'JH, 

1.  pas-i 


u,  bi,  lGO-7,  'Jy7-3UJ;   Murdli,  FaHi  J^'fc;  Orbi<<,  104;  Florida,  Cut.  I've. 


!'   t 


Iii 


>  I 


i 


!' 


r.'.o 


THE  SECOND  AUDIEXCIA  AXD  ITS  REFOHMS. 


]JI-nn:   Onhiips  <fr  !fi  ( 


(iiruin, 


MS.,  i.  1    (5.  f)0    J;   A'lhn^n  rl  Snl'm,  J.m  fi'rU- 


J'fitiiildn,  i.-iv. ;   Jtrniji.  lie  Jiiiliii,s,  i.  ."iTC;    ii-    1-7  >H,   H'T;    ('aii's,  L 


,//,, 


III    iKissmi ;    llamiri 


v.,  lhu\,  .MS.,  •_•(;! (lid 


;!MI    JO-J;    J>iii-iiii,   II,  I. 


Jwl  ,  MS.,  ril, ■-•_':.;    MniilUta,  Jl'i'.   J>l' 


iM.« 

J/ 


111!  ii.  i)t.  i. ;  (iuiiziiicz  JJurila    'J'ni' 


1 

<:,  /J;.<t.  Orljiha,  .'{it-i.'i;  J/.'/; 


•.'24   IK 


ri;    Vlriii 
•JO  4,  71. 


•U)  0,  ; 


( /,/ 


(A   ,s„,*  J);,,/,,,  !),  10,  111 
:t-J    '.  -.'JO;  yA/r/V«  rwl'iUft,  lll-<t.  I'ciiil.  Ml.,-.,  1-.-14.  l'.'(»-4!»;'y'/v«-.,/r^  J/, 


ii.  477.  .'{Il-lj;i:  iil.so  noti'.H  in  Mix.  cili 


-ii.;   Iliinilinlili,  En.-tnl  l\il.,\    ji.l. 


l^J;  F'rK'inili:,  J/lsl.  A'.A.v.,  47-'.>ii;  111'  l.'t,  l.'l!  !»:  I'-rdlla,  Sol.  II, ^t.,  l.'SC  7, 


l«;4  S,  L!7(i  '.);  y-v« 
.'.71  'JO;  V.  •-!-".»,  -J.i 


v^',  AV 


',/'!,/,  4l-:i;  ,1/f, 


/^  ('run.  Mich.,  iii.  '-'10  pfisKiin:  iv.  ;")!,  S,')-!(t),  11.")  Id, 


C"iil!ii.i(t<luii,  .MS.,  ;tO,  •Js4-l):i,  'M-2;  Ii 


'/Aw  /.' 


niiiiii. 


/;.-/'.,  MS.,  8,  {\-2,  7'J  (i;  I't. 


<i.  7,  y4,  41,  4o-.")ll;  jit.  vi.  ;ti.'2-!»;  Km-ii-nirn,  ('(jiijiirdiioii,  ii.  4.S-(i'_';  Jllll■l|,,^ 
l,i:iij.  Iho-riji.  OiiJK'ii,  i.  ;{  (J4;  ii.  IJS;)  !I7;  V'.lla  S,  I'lm;  T/irafro,  i.  i:i-14;  ii. 
li_';   L<  rill)  (/(•  'I'ljiiilti,  A/iiiiit.  II.Kf.,  ])t.  iv.  'JlS-Tiii;  Miiiitiiixinnr,  Sniinrii'--, 


I 


t>7-lO."»,  17.>-Ml, -tl'.'-Kli;  pt.  ii.-iii.  iiassiiii;  Aluiiinn,  jyin'-rt. 


M)  -A). 


i-i-jp.  -JU^iO,    ll.V>,    -Jl.VJJ;    ii.    -Jd-;!:!,    l."(l-i)(J,    ;I07   Ki,  Jipi".    l.'>  4!):  Hin-'i.; 
I'iiii'stni  liini.,  l-ir);  Coiirtlio.^  I'roi:    y.;.V.;7  y  /.>;.7, '_'!»-;{4,  •2-.>7-S-_';   .S'.i/.-v, 
..i/c.f.   iJ.'./,  ;{0;$-7;  Sa/d'Mr  y  itlnrlr,  Cdiiij.  Mcc,   .'{Ki-.")'-',   y'.KS-441;  Coii 
Jlist.  A'.  /;.>•/>.,  l-J  i;f;  /Vuc.  N/.)  JJniii'jrr  ,,  lit.  i.;  CW'/,.,  .lA/«.  y  Xnf  ,  41 
Jtir>-ni,  <,',)h.  .l/r.c,  i.  i."J-7;    ..'/<j\,  L'.cli(i,/o.i  de  Culn'nn,  MS.,  a-TJ;  J/-.-' 


Sol.  Ciinlml,  '1\',:>;    J.i 
iilo'J.,  4s.j;  III.,  ( '111 


,  Jii.-'ii(i:-i'i.i  Hint.,  i)t.   x.wiii.   4."iS-(i(>;    Vihtiin-ii, 
.'(i-4S:  /,/.,  7',a/.  J/r.,\,'_>8-.-.4;  LI.,  J'h'IIk,  :,\  d; 


Z  iniorii,  Jli'i.  Li'ii.  Ull.,  ii.  ;t74-4IS;  v.  14!)-:U)();  .1/(/.s< o  JAr.,  iii.  .Si';  Ii. 


Ii 


iiirihiiirij, 


IHkI.  yitt.  (  ('c.iv.  7-.!-74;  La  Jl 


J'l/'li-.,    Mini,    li'liill... 


r_':!-!);  A' 


Ji 


Jliiiii/ic.-'li)  III  Jill/.,  "J'J  (i;  Ml 


Ml 


i/r/i' 


iinfrariuH  Mi xi'Uiin,  i.  ol."i 
.MS.,  '2-2r,-io;  Ml 


IS.'j.l,  It,   10;  J'lter  Mnrtiir,  ih' 


Jh.~cIi.<,  147 


.1(1,  A 


iiiiub  ui'ijc  \'i  ri^'uin/iiiij,  xxviii. ;  JJi, 


I.  .i.id  '^, 


.1.1   I.".:  ii.  47.'>  ."10;  v.  .")7S;  vi.47.">  S;  viii.  <«J  ;t,  J. '!."),  L'l.'t  ct  so(].;  ix.  41-. 
.   74(i-dll;  Uia'iH  C.i/iila^,  MS.,  i.    14S-!(;  (I'miiailoi,    Tiinli.i  Am.,  '_'S- 


J^raH,i    S'l^lur  lUp.,  4"_';  /' 


iiinliii  i'lii, 


Sini/hiiio,   MS.,   1,  •_»,    15;  /A//.- 


'/iiiii.  Cuiii/.,  iii.  1 14  L't  Hu(j.;  iv.  ;i.'i4;  /(/.,  Cnrt''^,  ii.   17()-S2,  24H-r).S;   ('urn, 
I  rm  iSi'jIiiK,  i.  U(>-lld;  C'l  iiii'iiti',  'J'lililus  Cliroiiiilnij.,  17."J-'2l'0;  lli'ini'.-'dl,  Jli'l. 


I  ,',.■111/111,  li)-i;t,  :;,")  4I,  lUI-ll,  47!l;  Un-llUi,  Ni.'^ihiKii  Hist.,  4S1-8;  So 
<.;uj.,  Jlnlitlii,  i.  '-'.'S,  Ni'S  41;  ii.  7,  i;i7,  'J.54-(i:!,  4:U-44;  iii.  ;547;  v. 


Mr. 


N.  lUS-i;i;  xi.  .JOl;  /^a,. 


Jli<l.   Mr 


1J;>S  !);  iSmiioi^,  I'lirvii.  Ilwinlalu 
J.iiri  iiuiiilii  ri 


1!)7  pa.s.-^ 

I'ltIK  /'/ 


:i,    lG."i 
.MS.,  i.  i-t. 


Mi.r.  tl  (I'liiit.,  l.'i'J-H;   Mn-.ar'ii ijoK,   Chhijia,  'M-A'^\  l.nliui'i,! 
riijv,  X.  (i'J   I'J'J;  Jiiirra,  lli.-<t.,Jii!tijiit,  i.  4u-(JU;  L'anqih,  ll'.s  l/i.-t.  S/mii.  .1///, 


41;  J/iiinutiii,  Hi!)-7t';  (.'urti ■•■■,  Ii 


ii.  'JOO- 


Siiiii/ur'il,  Hist.  (' 


V 


hX>;  Xoiii:  liih.  dm  \i,ii.,  124-7;  I'imndil,  Mem.  Lit.  Ar'uul,  l(i8-7(l:  (i 


A . ;; 


()0S-10;  Ali'jir,  lii.^t.  Cmnp.,  i.  2l;i -Ki,  4.U-U;   i'oi/ai/i.-i,  A'l  w  « ' 


i    .'ilS;  yoiiril/is  All.  (/( >•  loi/.,  xiix.  1!>2;  Ljli.-<ia--<  ij  I'onvriitus  dc  .lA  .c,  (12   1, 


i; 


itO;  Frust'.^  Pii:  JJi.-'t.  M, 


i:ii)  4;  (/(//■,•<>(,  JH.st.  li.th.,  liii.  1!)  2(1; 
y,iiiiii/ii  Jiixt.  Mc.r.,  4(i;  Jlii.i^ii  rn,  1/Enip.  Jhr.,  .'{.'iti-SO;  Siuirliiz,  I'm',, 
.''itjriiilii.,  1  1()2;  ,Sidinoii',H  Mid.  Jli.tt.,  iii.  l!)d;  Kliii/shnroiiiih'n  Mc.e.  Aiifi'/., 
vii.  IDN;  Jidi.srt 
J, I  i  -I  II  ill  Ml  .c, 


M, 
12S;  Miii/ci 


Jlist.,  2(1.")-]  2;  .)/(,'■.,  ('../.  LiiiiA  JSGl,\.  p.  xl.;  ILII, 


Ml 


. I -./((',  i.  87-'J0;   Tl 


JIi.-<t.  (,' 


.1/ 


v.   '.i:!-7;    F/n.iro/iiiilo   Mi.c,  7;  I'orlilln,    J\.</).    in.  Mc.r.,    l!)!l-202;    Ou'l/i 


Corti 


rill.  !/  ('mill.,  2.S!)  ,'j04;    Dindiiir 


Mc 


J.i'lrcn  Ediuaidci,  iv.  ,'>5(i-liS;  JUnrio  Mi 
2iJ-l)7;  Lon.-ii  I/,  Mc.vique,  oOl;  ilrijalca,  t'rOnii 


'I" 


1!I2; 


32.');  L'l  Liceo  Mcxicauo,  i. 


",  2-1). 


Cir  VPTER  XVII. 

CONQUEST  OF  NUKVA  tJALK'IA. 

CoUina's  Mission — Advanck  of  thj;  ruoss—Kxriiv  ov  HrzMw  i     o  Mi- 
(  iioAC'AN— His  A'ruociTir.s— Ti:i:i;nii.i:  I'atkoi'  KinhTam;  \.\ii\n   -Cx.m- 

VMIIV     IM    Cl  IVAS,    CriT/.CO,    AMI    AI.ONd    ClIAl'Ar.A    liAK  K  — li  AITI.K    dC 

ToNAt.A — Raids  Fi:r)M  Xoi  misti.an — Va.  (Juan  Tkii, -Oi'KrtAiiuNs  in- 
.1  ALisco — In  Qikst  ok  Tin;  A.mazd.ns — TuE  Ciui'.ATKii  Si'ain     (koss- 

IN(i    TlIK    Esi'iUITLI   .SaSTI)  -(JN    I  o   A/ IAII.AN  — 1>KVA.sTATIN(J    ri.iMPHs    - 

];i:ani)1N(J  Si.AViis— TiiK  A.ma/.hn  Mvrii— ("nAMii;  ok  1'i.ans  -  FursD- 
jNci  (IF  Towns — fIr/MAN'  l)r.in;s  'Hif,  Afiiifncia — Castii.i.a's  1)i>(().m. 
1  iTfi:):— Xf.m  i:sis— I!ir.i.i()(;nAi']iv, 


]t    has  been  ri'latcd    liow   Cortc's,  lured  bv  over 
jncscnt  rumors   ot"  ^-okl  and   jx'urls,  had  st'Ut    lortU 
i\|ir(Hti<)ns  Avhicli  skirti'd  lh(!  southern  sea  IVtMii  lidi 
Tiitiiti'p(;c'   to    distant    Jalisco,  and    then    retired    to 
Cnliuia  and  Tzintzuntzan  to  I'orni  nuclei  Cor  pioposed 
celoiiies,  and  startin_!^-i)oints  lor  more  iU'ective  in\a- 
^ioiis.     In  ^Miclioacan  thu  ex|)loitation  of  mines  prox  id 
a  means  to  attract  and  maintain  settli'i's  chielly  of  a 
leckless   class,  whose  conduct   was  not  calculated  to 
ei'cato  admiialiou.    The  native  kiii'j',  indeed,  had  cause 
\'i<v  bitter   complaints,   and    after  the    overthrow   <.f 
Salazar,   in   15-(>,^  hv   came   to   ^Mexico   for   re(lress, 
tliii'c  to  observe  f  ir  hinisi-lf  the  beneficial  inilueiice  of 
fiiai-s,  particularly  in  restrainini;"  the  colonists  in  <\- 
cesses  aL!,'ainst  natives.    ()f  a.  timid  nature, '^I'an^ax* 'an 
tlioiight  it  politic  not  only  to  acce[)t  ba[)tism,  with  the 


r.i'uimoiit,  Ci 


Mh-h. 


•Ji; 


tunc 


it  Sii!.iz;ii''-t  ink';  lint  li;i(l  li 


tl 


H'C'S   tins    VI 


Mt    ill 


tho  tr 


ail 


III  ;i  prisiiMor  tocKtort  triiisiii 


oliir   tiifli,  that   r.'iliiu'iiiiM  t\i;illl 


i'.tAHii 


writes  in  1. 


t  !■   I>iii^  siiu'ilil  lio  snit  fiir;iul  sii/til,  because  lie  le,-J^;eil  the  luiiiei 
iu  Jaa'jukila,  Cul.  Doc,  i.  uO_'-a. 

(  3U ) 


•_'.»  liiat 


§ 


i    u 


ill 


•tj: 


CO'^QlT.r^'r  (1F  XITVA  OALiriA. 


iKiiiH^  of  FrnJifisco,''  Icit  t  »  ask  I't  fVi;ifs  fo  .'uvMin- 
])aiiy  liiin  ainl  sjtri'nd  tlxir  laitli  in  Iiis  kiii'^'doin.  T!:i« 
M  as  ai-cdidril,  and  Mai  tin  dr  .h  siis.  also  i;ni>\vn  as  I )  • 
la  ( '(inn'ia,  one  dj"  tlif  twiKr  l-'iMnriscans/' srt  fiutli 
w  illi  twii  or  till 


t'c  «'tiniiiaiii<'ns 


,1'. 
'I  Ihv  wt'if   well   ircri\cd,  and  sodii  a  cdiivriit  and 

(•]iur(  li    arose,   the    lattn-    dcdicatrd    to    Santa    Ana, 

v.lii'it  in  l»i';_;an  tlicir  jirosrlvtin;^"  work.      A  not   alto- 

;.;(  tluT    politic    iconoclasni    cicatcd   a   liostiK'   iV-rlln.; 

amoiiL;"  liu'  pcojijc,  al)tt(i'(l  l>y  ilic  iiatisc  [Jiicsts.  an! 

Itiit    lor   the    dccidrd    attitude   of    tlio    kiii^;  and   I 


(oiiitirrs  in  lavor  ol'  i\\v  iViars.  (licit'  task 


won 


Id 


lis 


lia\  c 


liccii  dillicnlt.  .\s  it  was,  idol  after  idol  was  c,i-( 
down,  and  temples  wciv  |)Uiilicd  of  tluir  alxunini- 
tions.  or  destroyed,'  and  .-.ince  tlic  wrath  of  llie  co,|^_ 
manifested  only  in  impotent  oiai-les,  seemed  powerle-s 
Ji^'ainst  tli(>  attack  of  tliese  solitary  im-n.  the  jieoplc 
i-eco\ered  iVom  their  lii'.-i  shock  and  hc^aii  to  I,.i!, 
inort"  kindly  on  a.  religion  held  hy  doughty  coniincroi' 
and  p;!ti'oni/ed  hy  royalty.  This  chan;.;f  was  <;r"':>'',v 
pi'omoted  hy  tlu'  exemplary  life  of  the  IViars,  nnselli^!i, 
de\did  of  i;reed,  patltnt,  liene\ olent,  and  sympatlii/.- 
iiiL;.  and  these  \irtues  tonehed  the  peojde  in  part icuLir 
thion^h  the  care  of  childrLii  and  in\alids.      With  tlic 


-Si  To!(|iuni;iila.  iii.  .'VVJ.  ;issiiiii('<,  fullnwcil  liy  r>c;:um(iiit.  yet  it  i-;  let 
lililiki  ly  tluit  till'  liaptism  timk  jilarc  later,  tliiMr,'li  ii^t  a!'tir  I.V_"I,  as  ^liri\ei 
liy  J'Hiir,  in  Jifi.'i'i'ri  Id,  (',,/,  i>,ir.,  ii.  'JIS.  Ali';,'H' iiiiiiirs  liiiii  Aiitniiio.  Jli-'. 
Cutii/i.  Ji.tii^,  i,  !CJ,  ami  .si>  <l(ns  ('liiinali)aiii.    ///,<'.  Coi"/.,  ii.  7S. 

•'  Ho  is  iii,i.'lily  Niii'kiii  of  fm-  liis  tliarilaMc  iliarai'tiT  aiiil  liuiil  oUsci'v.mu  <• 
•  if  I'ulfs.  After  w  lll■l^iIlu'  /oaldusly  in  .Mielinaeaii  lie  wi'nt  witli  Curtes  toll 
iliil'llia.  lieeaiiie  ;;iiaiiliali  at  I'liel  liavai  a.  relunieil  to  I'.it/eliaru,  wli>i\'  hi 
ilii'd,  )>riilialily  i"  I'l.'S.  \'ftaiieurt  .^ay.s  Septeiiilier  '2'\  (iiiiittin:^  tin-  year. 
MviioU,ii.,  I(l,"i;  l)ii'ii.<  lliiK/,,  ill  (.'((ritif  til  /iiiliii.-;  7^^^;  'J'<>iipni,iii(lii,  iii.  Ili.'i  7; 
jiiristaiii  nay.s  l.'iliS. 

*  Ml  iiiliitii.  Win'.  I'l/i  -I,,  'A'Ci.  Ill  :\  iiieliioiial  of  (!ciii/a;:a  live  arc  liioi- 
timieil:  .\lij.'el  ilo  Salieetn,  nr  Salleedi),  later  klmwii  a.s  Ali;;el  tie  \'aleiiii,i, 
<  i(  i'..iiiliii)  (le  1.1  Cl  lix,  .liiaii  r.;nlialiii,  •  r  llaililld.  ]in'piily  N'adier,  Miu'llel^'i 
KiiliHiia,  ami  .liiaii  ile  I'adilla.  ami  lU-.-iiiliiunt  iiisi-ts  <iii  aeeejitiiiu' tlieiii,  l'i:t. 
'lohliu  iiiaila  ]iiiiiits  uiit  tliat  .sniiii'  .if  tin  se  ani'.ed  duly  in  l.")'J7.  J'.in>seiii  de 
liiMiiliiuii;.'.  Ili^t.  .\ii/.  dr.,  iv.  7.">l,  71"i-(i.  taiw:'  a  jxriiilid  op]iii>ite  t"  the 
liear  .stateineiits  of  Mindiita,  and  [lervert-i  Ids  (jnutil  autliuiity,  'rui'ine- 
liiada. 

■' 'I'lic  eliiiuiiilers  fiavely  relate  tliat  idols  exeii  of  t'lld  and  ."^iher  \vc 'e 
<1estriived  cr  east  ::«ay.  '.Iiiiitn  v  ii;i  i.iail  snir.a  de  idiles.  j  ,"i  Ins  de  metal.  } 
oiii  lus  aiiujii  111  !u  ma.'-  proluiuk)  lie  la  lacuna.'    \  {■'mn.rrt,  Jliiiuloj.,  lOJ. 


MARCH  OF  r.UZMAX. 


.■M3 


nriival  of  nioro  IViurs,"  coiui  r>i(»ii  sprrMtl.  .-iiiil  li  rnii- 
t  i.;cs  ami  CDiivi'iits  Wivv  soiui  istal'IiNlii'd  iit  ilitlrniit 
1i»v.ii-<.  as  ( JiiJiyaiiLjarfo,  ]'at/.('iiai'i>,  A(;iiMl>aro.  I'liia- 
|i,i;i,  ami  Taivc'Uart*,  all  i>l"  which  wt n-  suhoidinati',! 
t  1  I  111'  ludlhrr  iiistituti'iii  at  'r/iiit/.uiit/an,  a  <ilv  con- 
llriiuil  as  capital  hy  (Km-i^'c  t»l'   l.VJS.' 


ro\)- 


JIlCIIOACAN    ANI>    OlI-IMA. 

Thus  spread  a  jn-accl'iil  c,)n(|ucst,  marred  (miIv  i)y 

cr';i;-ii!lial    f\ccs-;cs    iVolll    rufhlcss    coldiiists,    and     the! 

T;:iasi'aiis  wci'c  hccoiuiiiL;"  iccoiicilcd  to  the  Spanish 
i!iiiMin;;tioii,  tempered  as  it  was  \\\  the  inllueucL!  of 
tlic  (TOSS.  l)(it  the  )>(;icc  of  Michuaean  was  not  (l(>s- 
tiiicd  t(>  he  of  loni;'  dui'alion.  The  wealth  of  its  hills 
Was  against  it,  as  (K-monstratiMl  not  alon*'  hy  tho 
uiiiiily  i-onduct  of  the  lii-st  colonists,  hnt-  hy  the 
iiil'ainons  pi'ocei'diji'4's  of  the  ilist  aiidiencia  a;;ain>t 
TanL;a\oan  Calt/ont/.in,  kini;"  of  Michoacaii.  wlio  hail 
hciii  sununoned  to  Mexico  and  thn-c  ht  Id  captixc, 
V.  it!)  .--innilicant  intimations  that,  it  would  he  as  wrll 
l'"i'  him  to  arran;^'!'  for  a  ['Icntil'ul  su[tply  of  oc,l,[. 

'''I'lif  rconnls  of  Aciiiiil'iiro  cIm'  tin' n.iims  i>f  trvniil  .•iililiiiiui.il  friars, 
wImi  lire  said  to  liavo  ai'riviil  alnaily  liuti'it!  tlio  ilust.'  ul  J.'iLMi.  lit  nuinniit, 
I  .I'l.i.  Mii/i,,  iii.  'J7-ri;!.    l.")'J7  i^  a  iikhi'  ccurict  dato. 

'  /'';/".  '  '  ihiliirid.  "J".  l'>  as'.iiiMiit  ciiimn  lalcs  m  vcral  nuirc  ustal<li.->Iuiiiiiti, 
ljut:iljly  ruiiiul  Laku  I'iilztuiiro.   Croii.  Muh.,  iii.  -13^. 


1  fi 


■  u 


H    '1 


I 


344 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 


It  was  in  December  1520  tliat  Xuno  de  Guznmii 
lefc  the  capital  as  one  flylii!^  from  retrilmtion.  ]|(; 
appeared  in  Miclioacan  at  the  liead  of  {i  svell  equippid 
army,  accompanied  by  the  king,  who  now  served  ju 
the  additional  capacity  of  hostaj»;e.''^  The  return  of  tli- : 
monarch  was  sufficient  in  itself  to  give  rise  to  deiu- 
onstratif)ns  of  joy,  notably  at  Tzintzuntzan,  althouL^li 
the  festivities  were  soon  marred  by  bitter  gi'iof  Im- 
modiately  al'ter  his  arrival  the  president  required  t!ie 
kinj^-  to  furnish  the  Spaniards  witli  from  six  to  ten  tliou- 
saiid  servants  for  the  march  nortliward,  and  a  few  d;iys 
later,  under  pretext  that  Tangaxoan  did  not  su[»iily 
the  necessary  |)rovisions,  Guzman  ])laced  him  in  iron- 
and  confined  him  in  a  room  near  his  own.  Gold  and 
silv(n-  were  also  demanded,  but  the  amom.it  given  was 
far  i'rom  satisfvin^T  Guzman's  irrecd,  and  Tanii'axoan 
was  repeatedly  tortured'''  in  the  effort  V>  ascertaiii 
from  him  the  hiding-place  of  his  store  of  precious  met- 
als, small  amounts  ol  which  were  still  brought  in  from 
time  to  time  in  tlie  vain  hope  of  obtaining  the  rt>y;d 
captives  release. 

As  soon  as  the  requisite  number  of  natives  had  hot  n 
fiu'nislied  they  were  distributed  among  the  Spaniaid  ;, 
and  the  march  r.f  the  army  continued,  the  lord  of 
I'acli  town  or  vii!:»ge  being  carried  along  in  cliaiiis  as 
a  guaranty  of  submission  on  the  part  of  his  snli- 
jects,  after  the  manner  of  Tangaxoan,  Don  IVdio 
the  governor,  and  J)on  Alonso  the  king's  son-in-law. 
From  Tzintzuntzan  they  went  to  Puruandiro,  fording 
tlu-'  liver  Tololotlaii,  or  Li-rma,  Febiaiary  2,  Ij.'lO,  at, 
or  iK'ar  Congniip<».  Fj-oni  the  day,  they  named  the 
river  Nuestra  Sehora  do  la  I'uriticacion  del  Bueii  I'aso, 


*TIio  kiiif;  wns  np-pnrcntly  nt  lihorty,  but  n  crnarrl,  s;  pcinlly  n'pynintt'cl  t'> 
Viitili  liiiii,  woiiltl  li:i\>  tiiuik'  fiitil"'  iiiiy  atti'inpt  t>)  t'sc.  )i',  d'lr.i.Kt.i,  .j"  /•'<!■ 
A  IK) II.,  Kin. 

"(laivi.'i  del  Pilar  iiiiil  111  ■  aloallc  (lodoy  were  fiiiiili  .'oil  for  ttii'  iiiirimsr', 
litlt  l!u-  stati'lliriit lit'  tlic  foriiifi'  l"iivi's  it,  uncertain  \\lie<  »ertlie  Uin'.rNvas  ti'i' 
tiiicil  wliilo  in  'rx.int/itnl/.in.  An  milcr  was  given,  luit  liefore  it  wa.n  e.irrinl 
iiitoelliv't  two  friars  intercrded  iind  tlie  king  was  resturi  to  liis  i)ri-.iin,  wher-- 
lie  w,i.-»  l.ept  aitii;,'itlier  almlit  tliree  wecUs,  until  the  m.nrli  <if  liio  iiliny  WUf* 
icsiimcd.  I'iliu;  Jicl-Jvloit,  'J48-U;  O'u  man,  4"  ^'V/.  Audit.,  4Ga. 


THE  TORTURE  ArPLTED. 


.345 


i'S. 


o^» 


t:ilcincf  formal  possession  I)}'  nnpropriato  ccremoiii 
ni)  l'\'l)nmry  7th,  of  the  country  on  the  northern  hank 
)i()\v  visited  ft)r  thi!  first  time,  and  bniUUiiL;*  a  kind 
of  walled  chni-oh,  t)r  liermitaije,  also  dedicated  to  Our 
Lady  of  the  Purification. 

I'^noampiniif  n(>ar  the  ford,  Onzman  proceeded  to 
further  try  tli  -  king,  charging  him  with  tlu>  murdrr 
(if  several  Sjiuniards,  relapse  into  ])aganism,  and  tlu; 
trcaehei'ous  tKsi<>n  of  laving  an  and)Ush  for  the  arinv. 
( )hserving  that  his  prisoner  was  not  willing  to  con;e>s 
(limes  which  ho  never  had  conunitted.  Guzman  iv- 


s< 


cs. 


lived  to  Hjijily  more  fireihle  remedi 

Two  Tarasvan  interpreters  ni're  ih-.  first  \ietinis. 

Iiifoi'mation  »vas  demanded  as  to  the  number  of  Chii>- 

tiaiis  Idlled  by  their  ruler,  the  time  since  the  occnr- 

niiee,  and  the  wliereabouts  of  Caltzontzin's  wives  and 

treasure.     It   W7is   of  no   avail    that   they   proti>sted 

iL;'iiorance,  the  lash  and  drijijiing  watir  were  employid 

lemory,  and  a;,  last  tire  was  a^tpHed 
+iw>  +,^,^..  .1..,  ,>,>.wi  ..a'n 


tn  revive 


th 


en'  n 


to  tlie  feet,  until  the  toes  dn  ppinl  off. 

Durintx  the  followinir  three  davs  Don  Pedro,  Do 


n 


Alonso,  and  oven  Tanuaxoan  were  subie-ted  to  ihe 
same  treatment,  all  except  the  ap[»lica(ion  oi  fire,  and 

'"Boannioiit,  Crdn.  Mirh.,  iii.  304-00,  followed  l.y  Ramirez.  Prorexo,  20.T  (i, 

aiiil  (itlii  In,  iT])n's<'iitH  tlic  iiriiiy  us  li!i\  iiii;  iviu'lui!  tlif  river  mi  l)iciiiil)ef  Stii 
ill  ('niij;m  ij;(i,  vlniice  tiny  wiiit  lo 'J'/iiit/uiilZiiii,  tlninc  to  riiru::iii!ii(>,  iiii'l 
lilti  r  iulviilniii!,' ii  frw  liiii^'ucs  e!c)ss<'il  a  j;reiit  riv<'r.  N>i  oiu;  Muiilil  suiii.i.-<o 
from  tliii  vcisiciii  tliiit  (,'(iii'.:iiti|i(>  mul  the  er().;--iiin  near  I'uitKiiuliro  wiio 
lilciitii'iil  a:)  is  tlic!  Iii<t;  elcarly  the  aiiliiors  jiail  iim  siic  ii  iiKa  tin  iiimIvi  s. 
Oilier  writers,  as  Frejes,  llist.  /Inrr,  7.'!,  ami  Hnii'.ero,  ^Vl.^  Mih.,  Vll,  iiiako 
I'diinlier  8th  the  (l;ite  ot'  i.:c  liiial  erossiii,'.  Unl  iniist  of  the  oi'i^'iiial 
il'Tiiimiits  wiy  the  river  \>as4  t'l.i  led  in  February,  w  hile  ( liiziiian  in  /i'«.'./i'-/<, 
iii.  ;i.'!l,  and  t)'.iedn,  iii.  .Id,'!  ">,  jillirin  it  was  (Hi  i'lirilieatioii  <lay,  or  I  eluuicy 
'.'I.  Tlie  ciinfiifion  in  dares  and  KHiseciiieiit  liliiiidi  r  in  the  Kint;;  ari-;e.<  dnnlit- 
Irss  fivini  the  fact  tl..,*  eirtain  writers,  learnili,'  that  the  ev.'nt  tmiU  jlae-  I'li 
tlie  (liiy  (  f  Nitestra  Sefidia,  iiave  s^l]l]lll^  il  it  w.is  the  ('uii.cjitinn,  I  >eeriiilic  r 
Mil,  instead  iif  the  rnrilieatinn,  IMniiaiy  'Jil,  i>f  onr  hnl, .  riiriiii;;lu.iit  this 
ealiipMiL'n  there  is  the  j.';'eute;'t  conuibiiin  in  ilate:-..  1  h;  ve  sji:u.d  r,M  pains  in 
li-iirtainin;'  in  neli  rast>  the  exaet  or  a]>iiii'\iniate  dates;  l.iit  I  have  i.ut 
«li  iiiii  cl  it  licsi,  rxec)it  in  n  few  e:;ses  for  sjieeial  reasons,  to  .-^liow  in  notes  the 
iinthndsof  arriving' at  my  eeueliisieiis.  1  have  iilmiidaiit  material  at  liaiid 
f'  r  r'leli  ii()t(s,  liut  they  wiilld  li(>  loiijj;  ntid  liiiliM  rolls,  and  serve  no  ilsefal 
I'lUI  ofe  !-«ve  iierliaj's  jis  a  reeoid  of  tin  ar.tlior's  industry. 

"  dlily  n  ftw  Si'aiiiards  vho  I  njoyi  d  the  eoiilidt  nee  of  the  •.(  iii  ral  w  e-o 
J»e>:ent  lit  this  inlaiiioie-  ]'(iee(  cHni.',  eciidneti  d  ill  a  i  mull  hut  uuuide  tho 
cuiiip.  I'iUtr,  Ttstiiii'jiilu,  ill  liuii.in',  /Ve  ■  ^o,  -OG. 


it 


34G 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 


Avith  the  saino  result.  They  were  firm  in  deiiyiii^' 
the  possession  of  treasure,  and  affirmed,  as  was  douht- 
less  true,  tliat  the  gifts  ah'eady  made  represented  thu 
aecunuilations  of  many  years,  and  that  as  their  couii- 
tiy  pro(hiced  but  httle  gold  they  had  no  more  to 
give.'"  Irritated  by  failure,  Guzman  scnteneed  the 
ruler  to  death,  declaring  him  guilty  of  all  the  charges; 
and  after  having;  been  draiX'jjed  (ner  the  ])lain  tied  to 
the  tail  of  a  horse,  Tangaxoan  was  burned  alive  at 
the  stake." 

To  the  last  Tangaxoan  protested  his  innocence  and 
his  good  faith  toward  tlie  Christians,  called  on  his 
people  to  witness  how  the  Spaniards  rewartled  liis 
devotion,  and  asked  tliat  his  ashes  be  taken  honie'^ 
for  l)urial.  This  re(]uest  was  disregarded,  howevci', 
and  the  ashes  were  thrown  into  the  river  by  order 
of  ("luzman."  These  facts  were  brought  out  at  the 
trial  ol'  the  infamous  president  in  later  3'ears  and  arc 
supported  by  statements  of  the  best  authorities.  I 
believe  there  is  no  circumstance  to  be  urged  in  bcli.il!' 
of  Xuho  tie  Gu/man  which  can  justly  relieve  him  u( 


III 


'- I'il.ir  .•iii'l  the  .niitlioi' (if  the  .J"  Hi  I.  Aiidii.  stiite  that  the  rlay  iift(  r  tli.^ 
ti  rtuiiiii^  tii  ('iilt/iiiit:'iii,  scvtTal  of  (iuxiuaii's  fiiUdWtrs  left  thu  c'aiu]>  a.i 
ii'turiiecl  .siiiiic  (lays  later  witli  a  yreat  <nuiiitity  ui  go\d  ami  hilvei-,  I'duiiil  iu  .i 
liDU.se  iiidK-ateil  hy  tli(^  kin^,'  when  uiKier  torture.  J'iliii;  Ji(lu(!(jii,'2')0-\,  ;ii;.l 
(irziJi'iii,  .'('<■  Hfl.  Aiii''ii.,  404  T). 

'■■  'I'Jl  prejiDn  deeia  ]ior  halier  imieito  iniuhoa  eristianus,'  (i'kzdhiii,  J"  J!' I. 
Amiii..  4'M),  'decia  il  |ire'_'(>ii  A  este  lic/inhre  jxir  trJiitlur,  i")!'  imu  has  iiiiuiti  ; 
di!  ori.sliaiid.s  <iue  se  le  lian  jirnliado,'  Suiiiiiiio,  I'vl.,  lltjj.  Jk'i'iial  J)ia;%  Ili^K 
I'l  nliii/.,  '2'.U),  and  ]$rasseiii-  dc  lioiirliimri^',  ///>/.  Xal.  Cii>.,  iv.  7."'-,  iUlii:ii 
that  tlie  kin:,'  was  8tiaii;;leil,  iuit  they  ai'e  evidently  liiistidven.  I'ilar,  'Jl-l'- 
vimiioy  ill  Ji'iiiiii'iz  J'n>c('.io,  '2ii'.),  says,  'liieirt)  ]iiisieioii  fueLTo  i^  la  1' iia,  y 
eiiiiieiizi'i  ii  anler.  y  asi  (|Ueiiii'i  al  <lieh(i  diznhj,  liasta  (jiie  iiaturaliiieiiU; 
jieidiii  la  vida.'  Wm  I'edrii  and  1  )on  Al^nso  were  only  .saved  fioin  t<liariii,' 
tiic  kin,i:V(  fate  im  aeenunt  of  tlie  inteieession  of  tlie  fnniier  cnutadni' AIIkhiii'/ 
nnd  "if  lather  Mii,'iiel  de  lioloiia.  Ll'il,  iu  Soc.  Mix.  Utxnj.,  Uulctiii,  'J. la  t  ji., 
i.  .SOO. 

"  '.Mandalia,  ipie  despuea  de  fjueinado  eojieao  los  polvo.s,  y  cenizas  de  cl.  . 
y  (|ne  alii  hieiese  jiintai'  ;i  tudos  los  seinu'es  de  la  dielia  I'rovineia,  y  niU'  li  s 
eoiitasc.  .  .i|ue  viesen  el  j.'alai'don,  ipie  le  al)aii  los  (.'liristianos.'  J'ildi;  '/'<<'/'■ 
viiiiii",  in  Hmiiii'iz,  /'rncisn,  ■_'{)!).  Navairi-te,  J/iKf.  Jul.,  "J!*,  says,  'tluuuii  tlio 
kiiiLt's  will  was  eoniiili'il  with,  the  'J'aiaseos  luniained  (iuiet;  their  own  kin,' 
lja<l  aeeMstoiiied  them  to  iiusiliaiiiiiiily.' 

' '  jirassi'ur  <le  IJonrlMiur;,'.  //»'.</.  ^V'(^  CIr.,  iv.  7."i-.  foUowinj^  an  old  iiiaiiu- 
sefi]it,  elainis  that  the  ^'reatir  jiart  wa.s  saved  hy  friends  and  .servants  ot  tii-' 
l.iti  kiiiLTaiid  seeretly  buried  at  I'at/cuaro,  with  all  the  honors  and  suieninilies 
due  to  his  rank, 


TANGAXOAN  BURXED. 


347 


llu;  blrtclv  criun;  of  liiniiio-  foully  and  witlioiit  provoca- 
timi  niimk-rc'd  tlio  kiiul-lioartcd  Caltzoutziu.^'^ 

Tlicsio  pi\)('('L'(lings  inatL'rially  aifeetod  the  pronrrcss 
of  tlic  expedition,  for  the  news  spreading  thnnigliout 
l]ii>  neiglilioring  districts  caused  the  natives  cither  to 
llv,  or  to  rise  in  defence  of  their  homes,  only  to 
encounter  certain  defeat.  Any  other  leader  would 
liave  been  startled  hy  the  desolation  which  nut  his 
cN'c  on  every  side,  hut  Guzman  seemed  ratlier  to 
acci'pt  it  as  a  flattering  tribute  to  his  renown,  and 
made  light  of  the  alarm  manifested  by  some  of  his 
l".il!()wers,  declaring  that  he  would  assume  the  respon- 
siliiiity  before  the  crown  of  all  his  acts. 

])uiing  the  stay  of  nearly  two  weeks  at  the  camp 
hy  tlie  lord  of  Purificacion,  and  while  the  proceedings 
against  Caltzontzin  were  carried  on,  detachments  were 
f-i  .it  out  in  different  directions  to  receive  the  submis- 
^!■lll  of  the  towns,  and  th  'V  met  with  no  resistance. *' 
Tlicn,  alter  military  ordinances  were  juiblished,  the 
iiiiiiy  started  down  the  river  on  or  near  the  northern 
i>aiik,  and  after  a  march  of  six  days  arrived  on  the 
hiidei's  of  Cuina(»,  or  Coynan,  province^  watered  by 
llh'  stream  known  afterward  as  the  Zula.  C'hirinos, 
t!i''  late  worthy  associate  of  the  tvrant  Salazar,  who 
;ncompanied  the  expedition  as  ca|)tain,  was  sent  in 
ail\ance  to  demand  submission.  ]le  found  the  chief 
liiwii  aliandoned,  and  the  inhabitants  in  ra[)id  llight, 

'■'It  i^  fiiir  to  prcsoiit  tlic  eycii-it's  tliiit  Imvc  hccn  dllii-ril  for  (Inznuui'.s  tift. 
Ovii'ilo.  iii.  ."iCir ."),  wiys  till'  I;  in;,'  rcliiscil  to  i^ive  infoiiii.-itiuii  aliiut  tlu'  iioriiiriii 
I'lUlitlT,  iilicl  that  lio  I'oiitVssicl  the  liiuidtr  of  ,'{.")  Spaiiial'ds,  whose  icinaiu.-i 
vciv  usi'il  at  p:!;4ail  festivals.  Sala/ar  j  Olartc,  Com/.  Mir.,  4'J(i,  ti'Us  >is  hi' 
liad  I'l'l.'.iiscil  into  iilulatiy  and  sacriliceil  S|P!iiiiar(ls,  (lit'ssiiii;  hiiiiM'lf  in  tlio 
skills  of  the  victiin-i.  Mota  I'aililla.  Citi)'/.  A'.  (!((/.,  •J.'J-t,  say.s  lie  was  acrnscil 
ot  (li-iloyal  plots,  was  formally  tficd  lUid  <'oMvi(.'tod,  iiliil  that  so  Icainc  d  a, 
I.iv.yt'r  as  (lU/inan  would  not  have  proet'ciU'd  illcu'.iHy!  (!ii/nian  liinisilf  iit 
(''(/•/((  a  S.  J/.,  in  It<i»in^lo.  iii.  I!;U,  siiys  that  Tan'.'axoan  was  tiiid  on  many 
rliai';,'cs<,  cH|)<'eially  that  of  nliollious  dcsi'^^ns,  inipiidintly  rcfciriiii,'  to  t\w 
ii  I'liiils  (if  the  trial.  If  from  the  standpoiiit  of  the  times  we  admit  relap-'o 
iiito  idolatry  Jts  a  jnstitii'ation  for  his  drath,  it  is  very  evident  from  the  frieiid- 
^llip  ol  the  friars  lor  ("altzont/in  that  tlu're  Wiis  no  .aieli  n  lapse  in  his  ease. 

'".Mota  Padilla,  t'oin/.  A'.  <•'«/.,  '21,  without  iiamiuL;  any  Jinthoiity,  states 
t'lat  one  of  these  ex])editions  penetrated  to  ( luanajuato.  Aeeoi'dim,' to  Teijii, 
eiKMiajnato  was  then  eon<|uered.  P>otli  Mota  I'.idil'a  and  Naxarieie,  «  lio 
I'll'iws  him,  Uiit.  Jul.,  "JU,  nieutiuu  IVujanio  as  uue  ul  the  pucliloa  suhjecled 
ut  tiiis  time. 


348 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  O.U.ICIA. 


l^ 


Vit 


:  J 


h 


yet  defiant,  though  a.  shglit  skinui;<h,  involvliii^  tlio 
capture  of  a  few  of  their  iiuml)er  was  all  that  ivsultiil 
from  the  doinoustratioii.  Fur  several  weeks  tlu! 
army  remained  in  the  camp  outside  of  Cuinao,  t'le 
town  itself  having  been  burned,  doubtless  by  (iu/- 
man's  order,  althousi'h  it  was  claimed,  as  also  in  many 
later  instances,  that  such  deeds  were  due  to  llh! 
Aztec  and  Tlascaltcc  allies  who  could  not  be  con- 
trolled. Meanwhile  expeditions  were  made  into  the 
jieighborhood  by  detachments  under  Guzman,  Chiriiios, 
and  Cristobal  de  Onate,  to  reduce  the  count r}'  and  to 
ravage.  Their  task  was  not  difficult,  for  the  viilagr-i 
and  farms  were  all  abandoned,  while  straggling  I'ugl- 
tives  hovered  in  the  distance.  A  number  gradually 
came  in  to  tender  submission,  and  among  them  the 
cacique,  upon  whom  the  devout  (luzman  hinis.  U' 
exerted  his  oratorical  power  in  behalf  of  the  faith  Ini' 
whieh  he  was  thus  mowing  a  path.  It  is  unnecessary 
to  say  that  the  chieftain  was  convinced  by  the  argu- 
ments of  his  teacher.^'* 

From  here  a  message  was  sent  to  the  adjoining 
]iri)vince  of  Cuitzeo,"  which  lay  on  both  sides  of  tin' 
main  river  on  and  near  the  shores  of  Lake  Chai)al;i.  ' 
the  chief  town  of  the  same  name  being  on  the  south- 
ern bank  and  within  the  territory  discovereil  by  I'l-aii- 
cisco  Cortes  in  1524.  It  was,  however,  no  part  I't" 
(Jiuzman's  policy  to  avoid  that  territory  or  to  respect 
the    rights    of    preceding    explorers.     Chimalhuaian 

'"  It  is  ainusiii!:;  to  i'p;i(l  (iuzntiiu's  nt'i'oniit  of  tliis  clTurt,  .niul  to  iintc  tlm 
flow  of  (U'voiit  .Sfiitiiueiit:)  fi'om  lii.s  pen.  Tiu!y,  tlic  sovcrci^'ii  m\ist  li.ivcuiiii- 
giiitiiLitiil  Iiinisclf  on  ]iossi's;;iiiu'  so  cjinic.^t  ii  clwiiiq.ii^li  of  tlic  iross.  Sro  •  ''ir- 
ti(,  ill  /'(/(■/('(  oiiiiil  ( 'linl  iKif!,  (  V)/.  y/ic,  xiii.  .'KJI!  t.  Acoonliii!,' to  Mot  a  riiili'ln, 
Ctiiii/.X. it'll/. ,-'.>,  Fiiiy  M;irtiiuli'.i«..-i!siii:,ilr  In  I'cim  ;itt<'iiiiit;it  (•nii\(r~i"ti,  I'ut 
tills  is  more  tliiili  doiilitful,  for  lie  i.s  now  lure  oho  iiie'iitioucd  as  a  iiuiii''ii-  '  t 
tlu' cNiiLclitioii.  It  isjilsos.iid  tliiit,  wliilc  in  Ciiiiiiio,  imssfiiLjcrs  rctiiiinil  Ii"M 
Miilioacaii,  liriii^iiit;  nioiu  ,','olil  and  silver  tliaii  rvrr  Ix  fore.  Tlu'y  had  hnn 
sint  hy  Dun  IVdro  and  Don  Alons'),  wlio  hy  tliis  nifan:i  sou^I.t  to  oiiU.ia 
fxcniiitiou  from  further  torture.  J'ilar,  Ji'-l.,  'J.'jl.and  Gic.maii,  v"  III.  Anoi., 
4(i(;. 

'•' I'.raiiniont,  'V<;,7.  M'uh.,  iii.  ?,M,  followed  l>y  Zaniaeois,  llist.  M<j.,  iv, 
.'(H),  tills  us  this  was  not  Cuitzeo  dc  la  L.igiiiia  near  Lake  (,'hapala  ;  liat  they 
are  elearly  in  error. 

'"<  li,''/>iilii,  hikein.Ialiseo;  T.aet,  l<!:!;i,  A.  Clhtji'ili;  .TefTerys,  ITTlj.  //;'/'''; 
palct;  Kiepert,  1&.'»J,  lake  and  eity  V/iiqiiilti;  Carlvij.  I'ac.  Vvtttit,  .MS.,  ii.  -It't'. 


BATTLE  AT  THE  FOrvD. 


340 


niid  the  Avalos  provineos  lio  re^nrde'd  a:^  logitlniati^ 
iiclds  of  coiKiuest,  and  lie  anticipated  pleasure  as  well 
;is  profit  in  wresting  these  regions  Ironi  Cortes.'^ 
The  natives  of  Cuitzeo,  however,  were  not  at  all  inclined 
in  receive  the  strangers  with  open  arms,  and  their 
fMcique  sent  answer  "that  he  know  what  sort  of  men 
llie  Spaniards  wei-e,  and  challenged  tluMn  to  enter  his 
count  ry."  Guzman  is  said  to  have  hesitated  as  to  what 
course  he  should  jnusue,  l)ut  (^listohal  de  Onate  soon 
solved  his  doubts  hy  tauntingly  observing  that  Cortes 
would  never  have  achieved  his  gloiious  triumphs  had 
lie  allowed  himself  to  be  regulated  l)y  formalities  and 
niiuerimientos.  He  made  his  demands  with  foot  in 
stiriup,  and  entered  the  very  camp  of  the  foe  to  hear 
tlie  answer."^  The  march  was  accordingly  dh'ected 
toward  Cuitzeo,  and  before  loni:c  thev  came  in  sicrht  (^f 
the  eneni}'.  When  at  a  gunshots  distance,  a  native 
( !i;iin}tion  came  forth  to  test  in  a  personid  <v)nd)at  the 
v.ilor  and  weapons  of  th(^  8paniar<ls.  He  was  (\isily 
v;!ii(juished  by  Juan  ]\Iichel,  a  l*ortuguese  soldiei', 
v.lio  ol)tained  pi-rmission  to  exhibit  his  prowess,  and 
tlie  defeat  so  territit-d  the  Indians  that  they  iiasteni'd 
to  seek  shelter  at  the  I'iver.  ]lere  they  recovered 
their  courage,  and,  on  attempting  to  cross  the  stream 
on  lafts  and  l)y  fording,  (Juzman's  forces  were  attacked 
ill  the  water  and  a  desperate  struggle  ensued  in  the 
current,  on  the  baidcs,  and  on  the  river  island,  where 
the  I'oe  had  intrenched  themselves.-'' 

This  continue(l  for  several  davs  with  severe  losses 

« 

en  both  sides,  (:Juzman's  being  mostly  confined  to  his 
ii;iti\(^  allies.  A  few  horsi's  wimv  killed,  but  great 
care  was  used  in  disposing  of  the  bodies  so  that  the 

'-'Miit.a  Padilln,  Cnmi.  X.  C»'.,  '27,  lu-rc  ns  well  !^^^  in  tlio  rest  of  lii^ 
nil. milt  (if  (ai/.inuit's  caiiiiwigii,  >«.i'l;.s  to  (Ufoiid  tin;  uii»<'i'uiiuloua  pi )1  icy  of 

the  liri'sidciit. 

'•'^ 'Coi'tLS. .  .cou  la^  ann.i-*  on  la  maiioyil  ]iii'  ni  il  rstnlxi;  rcinitiii  sus 
t'liiliajiiilas,  mas  las  rc.-jnu'stas  las  oia  eii  las  iiiisliiasi'Miiak-s  ili-  las  itolilauimii's.' 
Mi:i't  /',1,/ill,,,  ('om/.  X.  Hill..  .•{!). 

'•' < 'iiitaiii  Vas(|iu'/,  arnii'd  with  ;i  swcml  and  a  luiiklcr,  was  tlic  tii-st  who 
!i:iiii'il  into  the-  riviT,  and.  foUowrd  !iy  siinu' of  his  foot-soldiers,  opcniMl  tiiu 
ull.iuk  ujion  the  natives  iutrcncht-J  ou  ti>o  uluud.  'iuiuuiiu,  I'vlacion,  'liiH. 


3.10 


CONQUEST  OF  XUEVA  GALICIA. 


f')('  DiiLjlit  not  know  tliat  tlioso  dreaded  monsters  wcro 
vulncruhle  to  their  weni)on.s.  At  last  tlie  liver  was 
passed,  Cuitzeo  Mas  taken,  and  within  a  fortni,i,dit  tli(j 
neij^hborin^  places  on  or  near  the  northern  shore  of 
Lake  Chapala,  and  on  both  sides  of  tlie  river  from  La 
]]arca  to  Poneitlan,  were  reduced  to  allegiance  by  a 
series  of  minor  expeditions,  described  with  some  detail 
in  the  records,  but  a  fuller  narrative  of  which  is  neith*  r 
practicable  nor  desirable  here.'-* 

From  Cuitzeo  tlie  Spaniards  proceeded  to  Tonal, i,'^ 
the  aboriginal  name  of  the  region  about  the  present 
(Jruadalajca-a,  entering  and  taking  possession  of  the 
chief  town,  also  called  Tonala,  on  March  Uath.  The 
town  and  province  were  at  the  time  under  a  female 
I'uler,  who  received  the  Spaniards  with  kin^hiess, 
jiiiiidfnl  of  the  former  visit  of  Francisco  Cortes;  but 
some  of  her  peo|)le,  notably  those  of  Tetlan,  well  in- 
formed (.'f  (jfuzmaii's  proceedings  in  Michoacan  an  I 
the  murder  of  TaiiLjaxoan,  were  indiniumt  that  their 
mistress  had  weicomod  the  enemy  of  her  race,  and  two 

'"  I  (It-cm  it  useless  to  givo  long  lists  of  town  names,  most  of  which  can  liu 
fiinnil  on  tho  inu))^,  bnt  vci y  few  of  wliich  aro  applicil  to  tlio  Rami!  locahuis 
as  in  ahori'^inal  times.  Thr  ori-in.il  towns  wore  fur  tliu  most  part  tlistroyi  il, 
and  Ihosc  wliicli  siucccdi'it  tlicm  under  Sji;:nisliauspii:cs  liav(!  in  many  install'  rs 
expei'iencud  several  changes  of  loeality,  while  retaining  tlie  same  nanus.  As 
a  riili!  i  sIi.'.U  name  only  siuh  town.s  as  are  necessary  to  show  tlie  route  tul- 
lowed.  and  siu  li  as  aeriuiii  d  sonu  importance  in  later  times.  Among  theaiis 
of  enulty  ]>crpiu'itecl  ia  this  legion  was  tlie  setting  u,  (ierce  dog  on  the  f;it 
caciipie  of  •  !iiit,'eo  .''or  alleged  ih'uleit  in  furnishing  supplies,  an  act  atliil>in.nl 
liy  S;ila/ar  y  Olarti',  ■"■'Hf/.  .!/'.<•  ,  4'_'i)-S,  to  a  'delirious  impulse 'on  the  )ia!t 
of  ( Ill/man.  A  .Nfexie.in  .  hief  iih n  uas  so  1  c.iteii  for  some  fancied  nii^'  cpiulii  t 
thai  he  lost  Jierm.Miently  the  use  of  jus  hands,  (iiiziixiii,  4'^  I'd.  .l/.(/'/.,  HiT. 
Navarr'te,  J/ist.  Jul.,  ■'(."),  Kj.eaks  of  the  artificial  formation  of  ii  ford  l>y  tilling 
the  river  with  sanil.  «!uziiian,  /t''i)iiii.--in,u]  .'{;!_'  4,  tells  lis  of  liiidiiig  ia«nil>.u< 
nnd  huiiiing  11  sodomite;  he  regrets  the  idolatrous  tciide'ieies  of  the  natives, 
and  says  -uncontradicted  so  far  as  I  know — liiat  lie  is  himself  the  greatest 
sinner  of  .ill,  hut  hopes  that  tlod  in  his  great  goodness  wjl)  necept  hi-"  clloita 
foi-  till!  conversion  of  gentiles.  Ovieilo.  iii.  ."iIm-O,  xpeyks  irf  iiMua  filled  w  i;li 
human  hoilies  frying  in  their  fat  and  lilood,  to  be  usei/ .is  foorl. 

•^("hirinos  was  iletailed  with  oiio  iletiehment  t()  reach  To»((il/i  by  adill'  r- 
cut  route  and  render  (Ill/man  iissistaiiee  in  case  of  nenl.  (iii/imni,  i'nrl'i.  la 
J'lirliiro  and  Ctirilmn.i,  i'ul.  Dor.,  xiii.  ;{7<);  'J'elio,  in  ll'i-'f.  N.  Uiil.,  ii.  ."i:'<, 
and  others  imply  that  Cliifiiios  was  instriieteil  to  eon'|iiei  ll.o  nortlicrii  rcgion-i. 
joining  f  o  main  army  at 'lejiic;  but  prol'ahly  the  division  of  the  iiriiiy  «»< 
not  eU'ected  till  later.  On  the  maicli  from  Cuitzeo  to  Tomil.'i  tlw  'friend  y 
Indians'  were  kept  in  ehriiiis,  or  under  strong  guard,  by  onlir  of  <«ii/iiiiin; 
to  picMiit  them  from  escapinjj  or  ubuudouiii^  the  baggage.  O'lizmun,  '/'*  HI. 
AiiOii,,  -ny!. 


FIGHTING  AND  PLUNDERIXO. 


3ol 


or  tliroc  thousand  of  tliem  nfatlicred  with  Imsf  IltMlcin- 
oiistmtioiis  oil  a  heii^ht  own-look iii^^  the  rapit.il,  iirar 
the  actual  situ  of  (iuaclalajara.  A  (Iciiiaiid  of  sul)iuis- 
sion  was  hauglitily  spurned,  whereupon  (jinziiiaii  led 
ihe  eharj^^e  against  them,  assisted  by  Ouate  and  Ver- 
(lii'^o.  A  lively  battle  ensued,  for  the  natives  fought 
with  a  desperation  hitherto  unparalleled;  but  they 
w  ere  comparatively  few  in  number,  and  had  at  last  to 
succiunb,  with  great  loss.  During  the  struggle  CJu/- 
iiiau's  lance  was  wrested  from  his  grasp  and  directed 
;igainst  himself,  but  one  of  his  companions  turned  the 
wcnpiMi  i'rom  its  course  and  saved  his  life.  It  is  even 
Slid  the  ll''ht  was  so  hot  that  Santiairo  himself  frlb 
()hiig(;d  to  appear  in  succor  of  his  faithful  children.-'^ 
Alter  this  battle  the  whole  province  was  quickly 
liioiight  into  subjection;  in  fact  there  was  no  further 
ii  <i,>lan<'e.  Yet  the  hostility  of  the  Tetlan  wari'iors 
'4,1  \t.'  ( lu/man  a  pretext  for  [)Iuiidering-^  and  burning, 
tlic  latter  part  of  the  performance  being  always  at- 
tributed to  the  unmanau^eable  Indian  allies.  On  the 
ground  that  the  province  had  not  been  permanently 
subjected  by  Francisco  Cortes,  (Jn/-man  claimed  it  as 
a  iK'W  con<jUcst,  and  in  connuemoralion  of  bis  great 
\  ictmy  i\\u  cha[)els  were  built,  one  witliin  the  town, 
(1  dicatcd  to  the  holy  virgin;  the  other  on  thi'  lofty 
battle-ground,  dedicated  to  the  victoria  de  la  cruz,  by 
wliicli  term  the  chapel  became  known,  and  in  token 
of  llio  same  a  cross  was  erected,  .som*;  sixty  I'eet  in 
li'ight,  v.hich  could  be  si-en  for  many  a  league,  bc;u'ing 
uitnc-ss  to  the  irresistible  valor  of  ("hristiun  soldiers. 

•''  M'lta  rndilla,  Comi.  '^'-  '''"'•-  ^^'  "I'vs  tlu-  iittadi  was  niadi;  vliili'  tlio 
S|Miuaiis  Win-  ■n-atfil  at  11  liaii((iU't  v'^''"  'i.V  the  iniicii,  wliih^  iiioiti'f  iIkj 
<i!iL:iiuil  jiu'lioriti'S  ami  <■%•<■«  itiicsscs  statf  tli.it  tlic  hatilo  v.is  tmiLilit  lut'in' ! 
(■ii/iiiau  iut-  ird  'I'lPiiahi,  Imt  tlir  |iicsiiU'iil's  i.wii  rcMi.rt  hIiows  early  tliat  it 
t  I'lU  j.Lut'  aitii'  lie  liaii  tftt  tlic  tnwn.  Sduinno,  iii'ltiriuii,  'JdD-Tti;  <i>'':iii'i,i, 
..'  I.'il.  Aiwii.,  441;  /'/.,  .;'«  A-/.,  4iiS;  Ld/-'  '.  /'</.,  i;i  P<irl,vr,>  ami  Cnnlnm^, 
«  I'l.  Ih"-.,  xiv.  41'.k-'20.  'J'lii'  ilay  at'ti  r  tlic-  Uattlo  (Jliii  iiuw  arrivud,  and  was  went 
t>>  tlwotlicrsiiloiit  tlioi'ivi'i'to  disperse  tlic  iiN.ssi'mliliii'^  fiij^'itives,  hiitu*  iuu  tn 
till'  ni..";iMluo.s.s  of  the  coiiiitrv  l^if  f\jKvlilii(n  faiti-d,  (i  '-.hkiii,  in  f/.,  xiii.  .■>74. 

■'  '  V<>a«>  liw  imU'stm  Imiinilad  do  (jncri'llo  {'^oUl  and  silver)  iii  "|iU!  veii;^n 
a  (111).  .  yiitinn  Uf  iiiaiiduilo  deoir  inie  li"  ^l■Ul,'o  iiecesidail  do  or",  siuo  de  ipio 
si:ui  tiiU'iii'x,' s«>;8  the  iiresideiit  liyiH.eiitually  in  his  letter  to  thu  cliipcror 
ill  l'>i:/ifc>  aiul  Cunkiian,  Cut.  Doc,  xiii.  373-4. 


im 


n52 


CONQUEST  OF  XUF.VA  OALICIA. 


After  a  fortni 'flit's  stay  at  Toiial/i,  about  iho  bonMii- 
iiiiiL?  of"  A})i'il,  the  army  rosumcd  its  inarch,"'*  j)assiiiL,^ 
ahiiost  win  lily  tlirouj^h  d'-scrted  lai'ins  and  villiigcs. 
Near  (^iiitla  a  hody  of  natives  veiitiu'cd  to  attack  the 
\'aiiu;'iiard  under  the  niaesti'c  do  canijio,  in  ivtaliatimi 
ii;r  which  a  liill  village  was  sur[»riscd  while  the  inhah- 
itants  were  engaLTcd  in  ri'iigious  exercises."-"     On  i\\)- 


lSri;VA    (I  ALICIA. 

proacliiii'jc  Nocliistlan,  (iuznian  learned  that  luunhcrs 
Were  prepared  for  I'esistance.  Messen^'ers  were  sent 
to   demand    jieacefid    suhmission,   only   to   he  drixeii 

"Afi'ordiiii,'  ti)  Mota  l''i<lil>(i,  Conq.  X.  (Iff.,  X\,  luiil  lleaumont,  CiOn. 
J\f'-!i.,  iii.  ."illl  •_',  :i  ),';irris(Mi  was  lift  iit  'roiifil/i  innl"  r  Caiitaiii  \  asijia'/  lU; 
J'.ui'iiilia.  (iu/niaii  iiiiiirnpriatcil  'I'ciiuihi  tn  liiliiscll',  l>iit  latiT  llio  ciowii  i"<'k 
il  from  liiiii  ami  iiimIc  it  a  ct)n'eyiinii.'nto.  Litlii-,  in  J't  riftux-t'onijKUiii,  1  vi/., 
Biri<'  ii.  toiii.  V.  177. 

'■''■'•.V  'I'niilitla..  liall'lDS  en  una  iMirnnhcra.  pi  r  ilmi'lo  crco  riuo  no  ni'.s 
sulirriiM  ilc  ;;iifiia.'  <,'itiiiiiiii,  Cirfii,  in  J'K'lirro  aril  Cunli  ,i(i^.  Cnl.  I  >!'■', 
'llii'  (ilai'i's  tuiu'iuii  since   Tunul.i  wuiv    v.'iuii)etala,   Xinioanitia, 


MM. 


'(.1. 


Ixcutlaii,  liacutla,  C'uaUu,  Tulilillu. 


THE  GRAND  TEUL. 


35.1 


l);i(lv  liy  missiles.  "VViicn  tlio  army  camo  in  sight, 
liovwvcr,  the  natives  retreated  toward  the  mountains, 
the  cavalry  pursuing  and  capturing  a  number.  The 
torch  was  now  apphed  to  the  deserted  town,  and 
(Irtaclimcnts  were  sent  to  ex})loro  and  conquer  thu 
iieigIil)onng  districts.  One  band  under  Chirinos, 
.sent  to  Teul,  passed  through  an  ancient  city,  witli 
many  largo  buildings,  similar  to  those  found  in  ^Icx- 
iro  b}''  the  first  Spaniards,  but  returning  to  Nochis- 
l!an  the  accompanying  natives  burned  the  relics. 
Another  successful  expedition  was  made  under  Ver- 
dugo"'  in  the  direction  of  Xalpan;  within  a  few  days 
the  lords  of  that  region  appeared  in  the  camp,  tender- 
iiiir  their  submission,  and  delivering  some  idols,  v^liich 
Were  immediately  destroyed. 

Tiic  people  in  Nochistlan,  though  fugitives,  had  not 
abandoned  all  thoughts  of  resistance,  and  when  one 
(lav  a  body  of  about  tive  hundred  came  to  the  descrtiKl 
town  in  search  of  provisions,  they  attacked  and  killed 
a  iiumbcn"  of  Aztecs  and  Tlascaltecs  and  pursued  the 
remainder  to  their  camp.  Innnediately  some  S})an- 
i  irds,  and  later  Guzman  himself,  mounted  and  went 
to  tlio  rescue,  but  night  having  set  in,  the  enemy 
]e(n'ated  in  safety  to  the  penol.''^  Next  morning,  at 
the  head  of  a  division,  Onate  started  in  search  of  the 
i'iigitives,  and  was  followed  a  few  hours  later  by  Guz- 
man. ]3uring  the  day  various  encounters  took  place; 
the  (MU'iny  were  in  all  cases  put  to  flight,  though  sev- 
eial  horses  were  wounded.  The  army  remained  here 
ul)out  a  month,  celebrating  holy  week  in  a  small  church 
hastily  erected.  Soon  after  caster,  having  previously 
taken  possession  in  the  name  of  the  crown,  the  march 
was  resumed"'-  and  after  three  or  lour  days  they  reached 

'"ITc  was  a  lirotlicr-in-l.nv  of  Diogo  Vi'laziiiicz,  the  governor  of  rii5):i,  ami 
coi!ij)aiiinii  (if  Xarvauz.  Aftiiv  the  cajituiv  of  the  hitter,  he  enlisteil  in  (Jorti.s' 
niiiij',  anil  at  ViUafane's  coiitiiiraiy,  without  knowing  it,  l\e  wa'<  ciio.scn  as 
suixes.<or  of  (,'oitt's.  Later  lie  Keltliil  in  Mexico,  hohling  alternately  tho 
oliiroM  of  re^'idor  anil  alcalde.  See  IH<t.  Mcc,  i.  jia.s.sini,  this  series. 

^'  'i'his  penol  is  said  to  he  the  same  on  wliich  .Vlvarado  fell  in  later  year.s. 

'•TiUo,  followed  hy  Mota  I'adilla,  IVauinunt,  I'rejrs,  Uainire/..  Naxairiti', 
oiul  (Jil,  sjK'uk.s  iif  expedilion.s  under  Chiriuoa  aud  Ouutu,  fruni  Cutt<:eu  uud 
liisr.  Xltx..  Vol.  II.    23 


m 

■  ''a 


3-.t 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  OALICTA. 


tlio  "£,n'nn(l  Teiil,"  the  prliiripnl  aborlLjinal  town  of  nil 
this  ivgion,  R[)oken  of  as  a  kind  of  .sacred  stroni,4i(il(l 
built  on  a  lii):,^li  mesa,  and  eontaininf^  fnu;  teinpKs, 
fountains,  and  statues  of  Btone.""'  But  hallowed  as  it 
was  to  the  entire  native  population  of  that  region,  it 
])()ssessed  little  attraction  for  the  Spaniards,  whoso 
forces  under  Chirinos  had  reduced  it  to  ashes. 

From  here  it  was  decided  to  cross  the  western 
ranife  in  search  of  the  large  and  populous  j)rovinces  on 
the  South  Sea,  distant  some  twelve  days'  journey,  and 
as  ])rovisions  were  scarce,  with  few  prospects  of  ns 
])lenishing  along  the  route,  the  army  was  dividc.'d. 
One  division  under  Chirinos  marched  westward  across 
the  Xayarit  Mountains,  by  a  difficult  route  which  can 
not  be  exactly  traced  by  the  records,  and  jirrived  at 
Te|)ic  early  in  ]\Iay.^*  Guzman  with  the  remainder 
iollowed  a  route  to  the  south,  recrossed  the  river,  and 
a]iproached  Te[)ic  by  way  of  Iztlan  and  Ahuacatlan, 
likewise  over  bad  roads,  where  part  of  the  baggage 
was  lost.  They  met  with  no  resistance,  thougli  sonic 
of  the  villages  had  been  abandoned.  On  reachiii' 
Jalisco,  the  last  place  explored  l)y  Francisco  Cortes 
in  1524,  they  learned  that  Chirinos  had  been  in  Tepic 

Tonahi,  na  distinct  from  the  opcratioua  of  tlio  main  army,  exploring  part  I'f 
Aguascalitiitu.i  anil  oxttMuling  as  far  as-Jiaez  in  northern  ZacaU-L'as.  Accurl- 
ing  to  those  autiiorilii'.s  the  main  army  remained  south  of  the  river,  vaitiiij,' 
lit  A/tatlan  until  joined  l>y  Oaate's  fone,  thenec  proteedilig  to  Topic,  v.  Ia;o 
vas  (.'hirinos'  iliviaion.  (iil  r\in  maiiCLi  (iuiiman  in  hid  marcli  from  .A/tatl.ui 
to  Tejiie  pass  as  far  .south  as  M.iscota.  Ikit  all  those  statemenli)  are  indo:imtc 
r.nd  ciintr;  dictory  to  tho.sc  uf  (!u;:mLi!i  a;id  otlier.;,  who  agree  that  the  main 
army  cnii;ed  tlio  river  and  marched  l>y  way  of  Xoohi;jtlan  to  Teid.  Non-'  of 
the  lat'or  siioaks  of  any  iiulpondei't  I'ranoh  cNpodition,  but  (Jautu  or  Cliiii- 
iios  are  io;njatedly  meiitionod  as  having  boon  sont  forward  to  rccoauoi.n'. 
Oviedo,  Ilcrrera,  and  Salazar  agree  with  this  version,  at  least  witli  that  wlii.  Ii 
refers  to  (I azman'n  march  in  person  through  Xochistlan.  See  TMo,  liUt.  A. 
Uti'..  ;U''  7,  and  others,  ubi  sap. 

■'^  There  i.s  much  doubt  al)ont  the  locality  of  '  the  grand  Teul.'  Xo  extensive 
ruin.s  .«o  far  as  I  know  have  been  diso<j\ero<l  in  the  region  of  the  puoblo  x.hitli 
now  bears  that  name.  For  a  description  of  tiie  aboriginal  remains  in  this 
region  see  Knthr.  Itucf.^,  iv.  578-03,  this  series.  (Juzmau  calls  Teul,  Tel)liclian, 
aud  also  Teul  or  Tonauipan. 

"The  country  was  so  rugged  that  of  the  17  days  employed  thoy  ciuilil 
travel  only  three  dayson  horsobacU.  Giizinaii,  Car/a,  ']S',\.  Tc:llo,  J/ii'.  X.  ('■''■, 
'Si')-ii,  compares  this  crossing  the  sierra  to  llannibars  crossing  the  Alps.  Tin; 
Topic  natives  tliought  the  Spaniards  must  be  birils,  regarding  tiie  route  as 
impassablo  to  men.  llaminv,  Pixi^i'so,  "207-8,  thinks  Ciiirinos  reached  the  cou:-t 
uorth  of  tho  lliu  Liruude  and  returned  .^outlnvuiJ  to  Tepie, 


GUZMAX  AT  TEPIC. 


3.")C 


part  of 

Accural- 
v.ai'aui? 
V.  Iic:o 
i/liitl:iii 
ik'.iiiito 

lie  main 

or  Lliiii- 

Ulu'ui'l'. 
;U  V,  lli  i\ 
'/(•,-'.   .V. 

ila\,hii-ll 

ill    tllii 

L:l)licliail, 

icy  fiiiiM 
X.O.'I., 

Ijis.  Tliu 
loutf  as 

tllC  COU:.t 


for  tlirco  (lays,  niid  was  tlieii  only  two  l(\infnos  distant. 
Xitwitlistaiuliny^  tlu;  latcnuss  of  the  liour  tluy  iinnic- 
iliatcly  joined  him.  (Jiiznian  remained  al  Te|iic  about 
three  weeks  to  refVesli  the  horses  and  to  await  reen- 
lurcements  from  ^Icxico.  In  the  mean  time  parties 
were  sent  out  in<hirerentdireetions  to  receive  the  suh- 
mi.ssion  of  the  native  eliieftains  and  to  <^atliei- supplits 
Ini'tlie  army.  Tiiere  was  no  organized  opposition  lure, 
though  the  general  feeling  in  the  province  was  hostih', 
as  indeed  it  could  not  longfail  to  be  under  the  treatnunt 
(if  Guzman's  raiders,  and  as  tlio  commander  really 
wished  it  to  be,  so  that  the  conquest  might  not  s(>em  too 
easy,  and  that  an  excuse  for  plunder  might  not  bo 
wanting.  The  caci(|ucs  of  Jalisco  declined  the  honor 
of  becoming  vassals  of  Spain,  and  all  the  cflbrts  of 
three  or  four  embassies  to  persuade  them  were  in  vain; 
tluy  even  went  so  far  as  to  kill  several  of  the  allies 
and  one  Spaniard,  who,  too  coniiding,  had  strayed 
IVmn  the  camp.  Thereupon  an  ex[)edition  against 
.lali^^co  was  undertak  ni  in  thrive  divisions,  conunanded 
hy  (luzman,  Chirinos,  and  Onate,  respectively;  but 
h(sides  securing  a  few  prisoners  and  burning  the 
tt'wns  and  villages  on  the  way,  nothing  was  achieve(h 
Having  previously  been  informed  of  (jiuzman's  i>lans 
tlie  natives  fled  to  the  mountains,  and  tlunigh  pursued 
for  v]<j;\\t  Icacfucs,  roufdi  <xi'<'ini<l  saved  them."'' 

When  Guzman  halted  he  learned  that  the  ocean 
lay  but  two  leagues  (Hstant,  whoreujion  he  proceede(l 
thither  the  following  day  and  took  possession.  Ai'ter 
extending  his  exploration  a  short  distance  in  a  nor- 
tlicrn  direction,  and  having  discovered  a  port,  sup- 
jiDsed  to  bo  the  best  on  the  v.hole  coast,'""  he  re- 
tiuiied  to  Topic,  whither  meanwhih!  the  caciipies  of 
Jahsco  and  neighboring  towns  had  repaired,  volun- 

''Tlio  'itlior  of  tlio -{«  lid.  vl )(('»., -100,  nsprrts  tliat  .T;ili«ff)lmf1  poaccfnlly 
suliiiiittcd,  l.litli'litlk'il  wlitii  ;inixtCi<sivo  t!il<iiti\va.s  iinpoaiMl,  iiii'ijiiscmiciico 
of  «iii(li  (liixiiiaii  ))unii'il  the  town. 

^"■Iiist  Ih'Iow  tlie  jiiisiiit  San  Was,  flii;iii;in  callid  it  Mart(purlicl,  ami  !i3 
Miitaiulifl,  or  l'(;rt  of  .lalino,  it  vas  known  for  ninny  years.  Map-niakcra 
aiiJ  w littis  iiviJtutly  couaiikicd  it  ilibtiucl  fioiii  Sail  i-Uis. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


'f^iiiia  iM 

^     12.0 


1.4 


1.8 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)872-4503 


&? 


■«/ 


I 


350 


CONQUEST  OF  XUEVA  GALICIA. 


if  ri 


tarily  tendering  submission.  A  garrison  was  estal)- 
lislied,  the  nucleus  of  the  villa  de  Compostela  founJod 
the  next  year,  and  regular  officers  were  appointed  to 
collect  tribute  and  otherwise  attend  to  the  emperoi- s 
interests  in  this  region.  In  the  last  days  of  May  the 
horses  were  rested,  the  province  was  pacified,  and  the 
army  ready  to  advance.^ 


37 


Although  successful  in  the  acquisition,  or  rather 
appropriation,  of  vast  tracts  of  land  properly  belong- 
ing to  the  conquest  of  Francisco  Cortes,  so  far  tlio 
expedition  was  deemed  a  failure,  having  yielded  but 
little  gold  and  silver.  It  was  expected,  however,  that 
the  northern  provinces  and  especially  the  country  of 
the  Amazons,  the  Hosperides  of  the  sixteenth -cen- 
tury Spaniards,  would  yield  ample  compensation  i'or 
all  hardships.  Progress  hither  was  checked  some- 
what by  the  hostile  attitude  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Centipac,  or  Temoaque,  a  rich  and  populous  province 
on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Tololotlan,  where  Captain 
Barrios  had  been  sent  to  explore  and  seek  a  ford.  Ho 
crossed  the  river,  but  was  repulsed  with  some  loss  l)y 
the  native  chieftains,  who  sent  back  a  warnincf  to 
Guzman  not  to  invade  their  country  on  penalty  of 
being  cooked  and  eaten.  The  main  army,  however, 
marched  '  .ee  from  Topic  and  reached  the  banlc  of 
the  rivei  the  29th  of  May,*^^  when  the  commandor, 
clad  in  his  best  armor  and  mounted  on  a  gayly  capar- 
isoned steed,  entered  the  stream  and  halting  in  the 
midst  of  the  current  named  it  Espiritu  Santo.  Tlien 
mounting  the  opposite  bank,  closely  followed  by  the 
army,  Guzman  took  possession  of  the  new  territory 

"'  Hero  were  appointed  Francisco  Vcrilugo,  treasurer;  Cristobal  ile  Ofintc, 
coiitador,  or  auditor;  Juan  dc  Saniano,  factor;  and  Hcrnan  Chirinos,  vcoiloi, 
or  iiisjicctor;  but  most  of  tlicse  oilicers  seem  to  have  gone  on  with  the  army. 

•'^'i'l.is  date — Espiritu  Santo  day — is  given  by  Guzman,  m  several  of  tin) 
oii^'inal  documents,  and  by  Oviedo,  iii.  ,571.  Tello,  J/iif.  N,  (lal.,  .'UT, 
maki's  the  date  May  Ist,  which  \z  tlie  day  of  San  Felipe  and  Santiago.  This 
author  was  perhaps  misled  by  tlio  name  Santiago  afterward  applied  to  tho 
river.  IJuauniont,  Cr6n.  Mnh.,  iii.  401,  says  the  crossing  took  place  early  in 
K;I>1 .  A  native  captured  near  the  river  was  delivered  to  the  blood-hounds  fur 
refusing'  to  give  iuforniatiou. 


GREATER  SPAIN. 


3J7 


for  Christ  and  Charles,  by  waving  his  sword  and  with 
it  cutting  down  sonic  branches  of  trees;  he  ordered 
the  trumpets  to  be  sounded,  anrl  pompously  j)ro- 
clainicd  that  this  new  conquest  be  thereafter  known 
as  "  la  conquista  del  Espiritu  Santo  de  la  Mayor 
Espaila,"  or  Greater  Spain.  The  acts  of  possession 
and  naming  were  properly  certified  before  the  notary, 
and  the  whole  world  was  defied  throusjli  loud-voiced 
heralds  to  appear  and  dispute  the  regularity  of  the 
proceeding.  But  no  champion  of  aboriginal  rights, 
nor  envoy  from  any  old-world  nation  appeared  to  utter 
a  protcst.^^ 

The  army  of  Ccntipac  soon  appeared  drawn  up  not 
far  from  the  shore  to  utter  a  more  practical  protest  by 
disputing  the  farther  advance  of  the  invaders.  That 
the  Spaniards  might  not  bo  terrified  by  superior 
nunibers  and  escape  annihilation  by  flight,  a  part  of 
the  native  force  was  at  first  placed  in  concealment; 
but  the  leaders  soon  realized  that  their  full  strength 
was  needed,  as  the  Spaniards  attacked  and  were 
attacked  simultaneously  at  several  points,  one  part  of 
the  native  force  falling  furiously  on  the  division  in 
charge  of  the  baggage.  For  several  hours  a  desperate 
struggle  was  carried  on,  the  natives  exhibiting  not 
only  valor,  but  a  skill  in  military  tactics  unprece- 
dented in  Spanish  experience  of  aboriginal  warfare. 
Superior  weapons,  discipline,  horses,  and  at  least  equal 
nunibers  including  auxiliaries,  at  last  gave  the  victory 
to  tlie  invaders;  the  brave  defenders  of  Ccntipac  ilcd, 
but  relatively  few  escaped. 

Armed  resistance  in  this  and  the  adjoining  prov- 
inces was  at  an  end  and  the  army  of  Nuno  do  Guz- 

""  T,no,  MO,  names  it  Castilla  la  Xuova  dc  la  Miiyor  Espafla.  Tlio  titlo 
Orcater  Spain  was  bestowed  with  a  view  to  celipsic  the  glory  of  Cort(':i  as  tlio 
toni|iicror  of  New  Spain.  Mota  Fadiila,  ('oin/.  A'.  6V(/.,  "Jit  etc.,  says  tii.it 
<lu;'inan  gave  tliia  name  at  tlic  lirst  crdssiiiL;  ot  the  river  on  the  Miulioaran 
liuiiler.  llainirez,  J^rorcfo,  208-11,  strangely  confused  in  this  pai't  of  liii/- 
iiian's  trip,  identifies  this  Kio  Kspn'itn  Santo  with  the  liiode  lasCafiaa  insU.ul 
of  the  Santiago  du  Tololotlan.  The  erossing  was  prohahly  not  far  from 
Santiago  Ixenintla.  For  account  of  ancient  lonmina  on  this  river  see  S^utive 
A'atc'.s,  iv.  575,  tliia  scries. 


888 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 


'i  ':.! 


i;. : 


man  wns  drawn  up  next  clay  to  thank  the  holj'  spirit 
for  the  victory. *° 

For  two  or  throe  days  the  army  remained  encampei) 
near  the  river,  in  a  town  called  Temoaque  accordiiiL^ 
to  some  documents;*^  then  they  marched  northwanl, 
ci'ossed  a  large  liver,  and  encamped  at  the  town  of 
Omitlan  on  the  northern  bank.  The  river,  doubtless 
from  the  day  of  crossing,  Juno  otli,  was  called  Trini- 
dad, and  was  probably  that  now  known  as  the  Sau 
Pedro.'*'^  Here  the  festival  of  Corpus  Christi  Sunduy 
Mas  celebrated  on  June  9th,  and  here  they  remaincil 
about  forty  da3's  to  refresh  horses  and  men,  await 
correspondence  and  reenforcemcnts  from  Mexico,  and 
receive  the  submission  of  the  country.  The  pro\incG 
was  fertile,  supplies  were  plentiful,  and  the  inhabitants 
well  disposed  at  first;  but  very  soon,  despoiled  of  their 
property,  most  of  them  fled  to  the  mountains.  From 
()mitlan  several  officers  returned  to  Mexico,^'  and  bv 
tliem  Guzman  sent  his  report  to  the  emperor,  dated 
July  8,  1530,  a  document  which,  except  where  it  refcr.s 
to  the  outrages  committed,  is  one  of  the  best  author- 
ities extant.  Guzman  requests  the  emperor  to  confij'iii 
his  past  acta  and  the  nan)es  he  had  given.  He  an- 
nounces his  intention  to  march  four  or  five  da^'S  later 
to  Aztatlan,  three  days  farther  on,  a  province  reported 
to  be  rich  and  populous,  which  he  desired  to  reach 

^^  Seven  or  eight  Spaniards,  10  or  12  horses,  each  wortli  about  400  pesos 
lie  niinas,  and  liundicds  of  native  allies,  all  of  whom  were  prcjhahly  value  1 
less  tlinn  a  single  horse,  vcrc  killed,  while  a  large  jiart  of  all  the  forces  ami 
about  r.O  li<>rscs  wcic  wounded  more  or  less  seiiously.  Cluznian  tells  us  that 
several  of  tlio  Indian  allies  ^^ere  killed  by  the  lance-thrusts  of  the  Spaiiianl.-', 
the  sti'ui'glc  lieii'g  so  close  it  was  impossible  to  distinguish  them  from  the  fee. 
Ovicdo  uprcscnts  the  force  of  the  enemy  at  1'2,(;(1(),  that  of  the  killed  a^ 
r),(K;0,  and  .'-ays  all  the  Spaniards  were  wounded,  Tello,  IJisf.  X.  Clul.,  ."17  it 
teq.,  and  licauuiont.  Tn//;.  M'(ch.,\\\.  101,  state  that  the  entry  into  this  pvoviiue 
wrs  without  resistance,  and  minutely  descrilio  the  ceremonies  and  attentions 
at  the  reception. 

^''l"he  autlior  of  the  ""■  lid,  Av(^ii.,  410.  calls  the  jilace  Atccomatlnu. 

■'^ The  small  stream  between  the  Tololotlan  and  San  I'edro  could  hardly 
have  Item  called  a  large  river  by  (luzman  and  others,  who  imply  that  the 
1  rinidad  was  the  first  large  stream  north  of  the  Tololotlan. 

•^Captain  lUieanegra,  the  maestro  de  campo  \'illarocI.  and  the  comendailor 
]'aiTi<]s  according  to  I'^diiiiiiio,  'iii'-^O,  and  L(]ii:.  -l.'l'J,  'b'!(i.  As  to  tlir  L.ttcv, 
both  autliorities  ai'c  confused.  He  is  also  nieutioned  as  having  returned  fruui 
A/tatlan  thn.'e  months  latcx'. 


AZTATLAN. 


359 


Ijcfijrc  tlio  tlircatcnccl  rising  of  the  rivers  sliould  stop 
his  progress.  From  Aztatlaii  ho  proposed  to  press 
on  to  the  Amazon  country,  reported  to  be  ten  days 
distant." 

About  the  middle  of  July  it  was  resolved  to  pro- 
ceed, and  Gonzalo  Lopez,  who  after  Villaroel's  return 
t »  jMexico  had  been  made  maestro  do  canipo,  was 
scut  in  a  northerly  direction  to  find  suitable  winter- 
quarters.  Passing  over  iloodcd  roads,  where  some- 
times the  water  reached  to  the  stirrups,  Lopez 
discovered  Aztatlan,  the  chief  town  of  a  province  of 
that  name,  and  with  this  information  he  returned  to 
the  camp.  A  few  days  afterward  the  whole  army 
resumed  the  march;  but  instead  of  three  days,  as  ex- 
pected, it  required  nearly  a  week  to  reach  Aztatlan, 
Oil  account  of  the  rainy  season  and  the  marshy  nature 
o^  the  soil.  Several  days  alone  were  spent  by  the 
maestro  do  campo  with  the  vanguard  in  building  two 
Inidu'os  over  swollen  rivers,  which  otherwise  it  would 
have  been  impossible  for  the  foot-soldiers  to  pass.*' 
Aztatlan  reached  at  last,  the}'  established  themselves 
in  winter-quarters,  and  remained  there  about  five 
months.  This  province,  situated  on  the  northern 
liank  of  prcjbably  the  actual  Ilio  de  Acaponeta,*" 
aflbrded  food  in  abundance,  and  at  first,  as  long  as 
the  rains  did  not  prevent  raids  for  plunder,  all  went 
well. 


m! 


*'  Ccr'a,  in  Pachcro  and  Cdrflnum,  Col.  Dor.,  xiii.  ."J-'O-nO,  .and  in  7?fUH(w/o, 
iii.  I5,!1-'J.    tlnzniau  also  asscita  tliiit  a  cluuch  vas  built  at  Oniitlau. 

'■"Si'miano,  J.'cl.,  279-SO,  s-pcaha  of  a  river  called  Santa  Ana  from  the  day 
of  crosiiigr,  July  'J(!tli;  and  .says  tliey  afterward  crossed  another  river,  oa 
vliicli  lay  A/tatlan  un  Santia'jo  day,  or  July  '25th! 

■''Itv.as  certainly  on  eillier  the  Aeajioneta  or  the  Eio  de  las  Cafias,  the 
jivi  sent  boundary  between  Jalisco  and  Siiialoa.  Tlio  two  streams  arc  not 
o\,r  10  miles  apart  ah  their  mouths.  The,/'  J!cf.  Ai:oii.,  44G-7,  makts  tlio 
<list.'inco  from  Omitlan  10  lea'.'ues,  and  adds  that  when  the  army  had  foi'ded 
the  stream  and  were  pursuing  the  foe  they  cr.nic  to  a  lar^i^'cr  river,  wliich 
sto]i])cd  the  jiursuit.  It  is  eler.r  that  no  such  sti-eam  could  have  been  found 
iii'ar  the  Cafias  and  north  of  it  The  ^  Ii'd.  Anon.,  'JSS-!t,  makes  the  ilis- 
taueo  10  or  1:2  leagues  from  Esjiiritu  Santo  IJiver.  The  statement:-!  are  not 
delinite  enough  for  exact  location  in  a  eounti-y  like  this,  wlere  there  are 
H'\('ral  .streams,  each  with  branches,  to  srv  nothing  of  j)ossil)k'  ehangfs  Vi  itliiii 
three  centuries.  Tlui  name  Azt.itlan  applieil  in  lat(  r  times  to  a  tow  ii  on  the 
Acapuueta,  is  cousidcrcJ  by  liamirez,  I'iulccO,  20S-11,  as  worthy  of  notice  iu 


»: 


I 


1.  ■) 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

While  hero,  Guzman  learned  that  his  presentiment 
of  a  change  unfavorable  to  him  in  the  goverinnent  of 
New  Spain  had  been  verified.  A  letter  froni  tlio 
oidores  Matienzo  and  DelLradillo  arrived  in  the  first 
week  of  September,  announcing  the  return  of  liis 
enemy  Cortes  and  the  overthrow  of  the  first  audieu- 
cia.  Certainly  Guzman  congratulated  himself  for 
having  so  timely  and  with  such  advantage  escapt'd 
the  company  of  his  former  associates.  Altliough 
probably  on  the  same  occasion  he  was  summoned  to 
appear  in  Mexico,  he  was  in  a  mood  rather  to  increase 
the  present  distance  from  the  capital,  until  he  could 
return  as  the  conqueror  of  a  new  kingdom.*'  But  in 
any  case  it  would  be  better  not  to  leave  the  terri- 
tory wholly  to  his  enemies,  particularly  as  the  late 
oidores  would  doubtless  attempt  to  prove  their  own 
innocence  by  heaping  blame  upon  him.  It  was  difli- 
ent,  liowever,  to  find  a  person  intelligent  and  at  the 
same  time  trustworthy  enough  to  plead  successfully 
for  the  absent  governor.  Nevertheless  he  would  do 
what  he  could.  So  he  selected  the  former  vecdor, 
Peralmindez  Chirinos,  whose  interest  he  considered 
as  linked  with  his  own,  especially  since  the  appoint- 
ment at  Topic  of  his  nephew,  Hernando  Chirinos,  as 
veedor.  With  a  letter  of  Guzman,  and  accompauird 
by  ten  or  twelve  other  Spaniards,  Chirinos  set  out 
from  Aztatlan  for  ]\Icxico.*^ 

Scarcely  had  Chirinos  departed  when  a  fresh  niis- 

this  connection.  Telle,  Ifisf.  K.  Gal.,  349-50,  says  that  Aztntlan  was  Imrncil, 
vaguely  implying  that  a  ))attlo  was  fought  in  which  a  great  number  of  iiiitivc  s 
perished,  and  that  sulisequently  the  province  subniitteil,  the  Spaniards  being 
receiveil  amidst  dances  and  festivities.  He  also  gives  un  aecor.nt  of  a  publio 
performance  arranged  in  honor  of  the  strangers,  a  fight  lietwcen  a  tiger  ;;ud  a 
caiman  in  tlio  yard  of  a  house.  According  to  the  ill  /,',;.  Anon.,  417,  llio 
relics  of  a  Cln-istian  trader  wlio  had  died  seven  years  l)eforc  were  fouutl  at 
Azt'itlMU.     Have  wo  hero  a  trace  of  the  nnssing  Villadicgo? 

■"The  author  of  4"  J'<'l-  Anon.,  470,  says  he  luul  received  the  news  nf 
the  arrival  of  Corti's  already  at  Oniithui,  thougli  tiie  message  of  the  oidon  s 
reached  him  only  at  A/tatlau.  Ijcauniont  asserts  that  it  was  at  Tipic,  but 
his  account  of  this  expedition  is  very  confused.  Crdn.  Mich.,  iii.  400-1. 

**ln  iud  letter  to  the  emperor,  dated  CliametUi  Jan.  15,  lol>l,  (Ui./UKin 
refers  to  another  scut  from  Aztatlan.  UiiZDiaii,  Carta,  in  /*(((7;(yo  i-.nd  <\'iii(- 
va.'i,  ('ill.  ])oi\,  xiii.  41)0.  According  to  the  i"  Ucl.  Audii.,  20--4,  Chirinu* 
returned  from   Chumctla  north  of  the  other  point  uanicd. 


! ;  I 


DIMIXISniNG  NUMBERS. 


361 


fortune  befell  Guzman.  About  the  20tli  of  Septem- 
ber, when  the  rainy  season  was  nearly  over  and  the 
patience  of  the  inhabitants  quite  exhausted,  a  sudden 
rise  in  the  ri\'er  at  midnight,  preceded  by  a  tempest, 
and,  as  some  say,  by  the  appearance  of  a  comet,  sub- 
nier;4'ed  the  whole  region  of  the  camp  for  about  two 
leagues  in  circumference,  and  made  it  literally  azt<(- 
tlan,  'place  of  waters' — now  known  as  Etzatlan.  The 
slight  shelter  of  the  soldiers — for  the  army  was  not 
oiicamped  in  the  town — was  blown  or  washed  away; 
hogs,  cattle,  and  largo  numbers  of  sick  allies  were 
drowned;  and  it  is  even  said  that  the  towns  near  the 
river  were  flooded;  the  waters  subsided  rapidly,  but 
left  the  army  in  a  critical  situation. 

The  rich  stores  of  food  which  the  natives  had 
been  forced  to  supply  were  now  spoiled,  an<l  as  the 
j)00[)le  had  for  the  most  part  fled  to  the  moun- 
taiuo,  there  were  no  means  of  replenishing  the  store. 
A  pestilcnco  attacked  the  auxiliary  troops,  carryingi 
tlii'iii  off  by  thousands;  the  survivors  were  threat- 
ened with  starvation.^^  Notwithstandinix  this,  Guz- 
man  persisted  in  his  plans  of  further  exploration 
northward,  and  it  was  in  vain  the  Aztec  and  Tlas- 
caltec  leaders  implored  permission  to  leave  that  valo 
of  cleatJi  and  remove  to  some  healthier  locality.  In 
vain  they  offered  all  their  booty,  jewels,  gold,  and 
silver.  The  leader's  inflexibility  could  not  however 
jirevent  attempts  to  escape.  A  number  of  Indians 
ran  away;  others  were  killed  in  the  attempt;  and  not 
a  few  recaptured  were  hanged,  while  others  anticijiatetl 
such  a  fate  by  committing  suicide.     Even  the  JSpan- 


■''•'Tlic  accounts  given  of  tliia  inundation  arc  doulitlcss  exaggerated.  It  is 
Faiil  Uiat  the  soldiers  escapod  drowniii;^'  oidy  l)y  climhingtroes;  that  1 ,000  siilc 
liiiliaus  were  drowned;  that  of  the  rcniaiiulir  only  500  survived  the  faiuiiio 
and  the  jiestilencc;  that  the  .survivors  had  to  live  on  toads  and  inseets;  that 
all  the  Me.xican  leaders  perished,  etc.  ]Je:uiniont,  ('rvn.  Mirli.,  iii.  ;i'Jt)-40l, 
n.'presiiild  the  Hood  as  having  occurred  at  Tejiic.  ICscudero,  Ni.t.  Son.,  2")-(!, 
\vAii  the  il(jod  at  Chanictla.  N'avarrete  t<;iys  tlic  Spaniards  escaped  on  Ir'lsas 
to  Acaponeta.  Lo|)ez,  in  Pdchico  and  Cardnius,  Col.  JJoc,  \iv.  4i;',),  makes 
the  sdURwhat  broad  assertion,  ' Adolecieron  nuieluis  cspanoles,  l(\s  euales,  ast 
(111  s  coino  los  indios,  fucron  curados  yusistidosdel  capital! general . .  .eonio  ui 
iueijcn  sua  hijos." 


■^mn 


302 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 


i  ■f|i 
-is  ■ 


iarcls  became  rebellious,  and  at  least  one  of  their  num- 
ber was  hanged  as  an  example,'^*' 

What  concerned  Guzman  most  was  the  decrease 
of  his  force.  lie  was  determined  on  this  adven- 
ture. In  fact  lie  must  go  on;  ho  could  not  well  turn 
l)ach.  It  was  sad  for  him  to  see  his  men  perish,  not 
because  of  the  men,  but  because  of  himself  Evcii 
now  if  he  would  continue  his  expedition  he  must  have 
reenforcements.  The  maestro  do  campo,  Gon:::alo  de 
Lopez,  was  therefore  sent  to  jNIichoacan  and  the  Avalo.s 
provinces  for  Tarascan  warriors  and  carriers,  together 
with  hogs  and  other  supplies." 

At  length  Guzman  became  convinced  that  ho  must 
remove  from  that  spot  if  he  would  not  see  the 
whole  army  perish,  for  disease  was  daily  thinning  his 
number.  A  division  under  Lope  do  Samaniego  was 
sent  northward  to  Chametla  where  the}'-  met  with  a 
friendly  reception,  and  brought  back  fowl  and  iish. 
As  they  gave  a  good  account  of  tlio  place  Gaznum 
resolved  to  remove  thither,  sending  first  Verdugo  and 
rroailo  v/ith  a  small  force  to  pre])are  quarters,  a  tusl; 
which  they  easily  accomplished,  aided  by  tlio  friendly 
natives.  At  the  same  time,  that  is  at  the  end  of 
November  or  bcii'innino-  of  December,  Garcia  del  Pilar 
was  sent  southward  to  hasten  the  return  of  Lopo'/, 
who  had  been  absent  about  fortj'-fivc  days.  He  f  ;iuul 
the  worthy  maestrc^^at  Ahuacatlan  faithfully  engaged 
in  branding  slaves,''^  for  the  northern  market.     On 

^  Another  Spaniard  was  saved  from  the  gibbet  only  on  account  of  influen- 
tial in'LL'rci'y:;ioii;  others  chnrgcd  -witli  attempts  at  iliglit  were  kept  pi'isoiK'rs. 

"  TcUo  luul  ilota  I'adilla,  foHo\vcd  by  iSavairetc,  say  it  was  tlio  capiaiii 
Juan  Sanclicz  do  Oloa  wlio  was  sent  to  !^Icxico  for  aid.  According  to  Telia 
ho  returned  in  two  months  with  G,COO  carriers  and  supplier;,  llola  I'aiUiLi 
estimates  the  number  at  .'>,.jOO.  Lopez,  in  Puc/uco  and  Udrdciut!^,  Col.  JJv., 
xiv.  4;i7-S,  an.l  the  author  of  the  ,>'  lul.  Anon.,  447,  add,  that  a  coinnussii.ui 
was  ftiven  by  Guzman  to  enslave  and  punish  the  natives  of  tlie  Ja'.i.sco  dis- 
trict for  having  attacked  a  convoy  of  provisions  sent  from  Michoacan,  killiii,-,' 
some  of  the  men, 

^'-  Oviedo  informs  us  that  Lopez  served  under  Guzman  with  10  horsciuiu 
nt  his  own  expense;  and  unlike  most  of  his  companions  ho  camo  back  as  pour 
as  ho  started! 

^^  IJeai;  nont,  Cwd,  Miffi.,  iii.  404,  speaks  of  5,000  slaves  sent  by  Guziikiu 
from  Jal'.jco  to  IVmueo.  Tliis  statement,  if  foundi  d  on  fact,  pi'obaLIy  l■^'i^v■■i 
to  a  son  cwlu't  later  period.     Tilar  and  Lopez  iu  their  declarations  cstiuiato 


THE  LAXD  OF  THE  AM.VZOXS. 


3C3 


tluir  return  with  succor  tlicy  found  Aztatlan  almost 
(loiicrtod,  Cristobal  do  Ofiate  alone  having  remained 
in  charge  of  the  baggage. 

About  three  weeks  after  Vcrduijo  had  been  sent  to 
C'liametla,  Guzman  followed  with  the  main  army, 
.•uul  was  kindly  received  by  the  natives,"  who  sent 
llu'iu  food,  and  furnished  a  thousand  "arriers  to  trans- 
port their  bagii'a'jfe.  But  continued  friendships  the 
S[)aniards  could  not  endure.  Would  not  some  of  the 
survivors  of  this  sickly  army,  some  of  the  soldiers 
of  tliis  dastardly  commander,  prick  these  unsoi)histi- 
cated  natives  to  the  commission  of  some  rash  act 
which  would  justify  the  Spaniards  to  rob  and  enslave 
tlicml  Nothing  more  easy;  and  by  the  time  the 
niacstre  de  campo  and  Pilar  arrived  with  reiinforce- 
mento  the  country  was  in  a  state  of  glorious  hostility. 
Kii.-lavement  flourished  so  that  soon  almost  any  nuni- 
l)cr  of  human  being's  could  bo  obtained  at  the  rate  of 
five  pesos  cnch.  Those  captured  in  raids  were  divided 
among  the  Spaniards  present. 

After  a  month's  stay  at  Chametla  the  army  pro- 
coo'.lcd  northward  to  the  Quezala  province,  and  thence 
t)  Piastla,  easily  subduing  the  natives  of  the  district. 
Tlie  women  were  becoming  more  beautiful  as  they 
continued  their  course,  which  seemed  to  indicate  that 
tlioy  were  approaching  the  object  of  their  dreams, 
the  country  of  the  Amazons.  And  indeed,  glowing 
]i 'ports  of  Cihuatlan,  the  'place  of  women,'  confirmed 
the  marvellous  tales  which  had  reached  the  capital. 

tlic  munljor  at  1,000.  They  were  branded  with  an  iron  given  Lopez  by  Cuz- 
iiKai,  iuid  witli  tlic  comniaudor's  autliorixitinn.  Jlakinc;  considcnil>lo  allow- 
niito  for  ('x:r,'^;cration  in  the  stiitciiicuit  of  I'ilar  there  still  remains  little  doubt 
tli:.t  the  outrages  committed  on  thid  peojilc  may  be  classed  amo'ig  the  most 
iiutewortliy  of  the  world.  Sec  rilar,  'J.')iJ-7;  (Ur.uKvi,  4"  Ihl.  Anon.,  47iJ-4; 
Liipcz,  in  Piu'hico  and  Cdrdena-i,  Col.  Doc.,  xiv.  4G1-J. 

■''  Passing  oil  the  road  tlaough  Acaponcta,  Juan  Sanchez  do  Olea  with 
auNiliaricR  and  supplica  id  said  to  have  joined  them.  In  tiie  same  place  tho 
tioiijis  and  stores  were  mustered.  'IWo,  /{i.it.  A'.  OaL,  ']')\-'2.  The  province 
of  (  liiiimtla  was  on  a  river  from  I'J  to  "20  leagues  beyond  Aztatlau  accordim,'  to 
dillcrent  estimates  by  Guzman's  otlicers.  Tho  chief  town,  bearing  the  s  imo 
Jiain?,  wag  about  live  leagues  from  the  river's  month,  which  formed  a  tolerably 
good  harbor.  The  stream  was  doubtless  the  one  llowiiig  into  the  sea  next 
aliuve  the  Kio  de  las  Cafias,  which  still  retains  tho  name  on  some  uiodcru 
maps,  as  does  indeed  u  town  near  the  oriyiual  sito. 


864 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  G.\LICIA. 


All  was  so  unknown;  greet  patches  of  untra versed 
earth  spread  out  in  the  boundless  blank  plains;  it  was 
as  easy  for  the  credulous  sixteenth-century  men  t;) 
believe  one  thing  as  another  concerning  those  lands  as 
concernintj  the  unexplored  sky  or  the  dark  bowels  of  the 
earth — to  believe  of  all  these  places  to  bo  what  they 
were  told,  whether  by  homo  sages  or  foreign  savages. 
And  it  may  not  be  the  last  time  thii:  tlicsc  Span- 
iards awoke  to  disappointment,  when  they  learned  at 
Cihuatlan  that  the  Indians  had  been  telling  stories  to 
amuse  them;  that  there  was  no  Amazon  island  or 
other  great  wonder  there  awaiting  them.  Yet  for  a 
long  time  they  continued  to  talk  of  these  things,  and 
in  a  measure  to  believe  in  them  though  they  knew 
them  to  be  false.  Still,  the  determination  of  the 
commander  was  to  go  forward.  Marching  yet  far- 
ther north  they  came  to  Colombo,  in  the  province  (»f 
Culiacan,  where  they  remained  for  seven  months. 
Fruitless  explorations  were  sent  out  in  divers  direc- 
tions; tracts  of  barren  land  inhabited  by  rude  pcoj)lo 
offered  little  inducement  for  further  efforts.  The 
fading  of  the  Amazon  myth  tended  to  lower  the 
enthusiasm  of  the  soldiers,  but  Guzman  remained 
steadfast.  It  is  even  hinted  that  vaofue  rumors  of  the 
later  famous  Seven  Cities  had  reached  his  ears,  and 
served  to  fire  his  mind,  now  weakened  by  hardships  and 
disease.^^  So  impaired  was  his  health  that  he  had  to 
be  carried  in  a  litter.  Be  this  as  it  may,  the  march 
was  renewed,  now  in  an  easterly  direction  over  rough 
roads  and  across  steep  mountains. 

But  Guzman's  star  was  sinking,  and  however  much 
his  efforts  attempted  to  avert  it,  he  was  finally  com- 
pelled to  3'ield  before  nature's  barriers.  Confronted 
by  the  fact  that  to  continue  would  entail  the  loss  of  his 
entire  force  by  starvation,  he  returned  to  Culiacan, 
where  the  villa  do  San  Miguel  was  established.  Local 
authorities  were  appointed,  and  a  number  of  sokliois 

''^Guzman,  la  and  S"'  Uel.  Andn.,  292,  303;  but  these  allusions  may  be  babcd 
on  Liter  reports. 


GUZMAN  IN  JALISCO. 


3C5 


left  tlicro  as  settlers,  to  whom  wcro  given  repartiinl- 
entos.  With  the  remainder  of  his  army  Guzman 
])("^nn  about  the  middle  of  October  1531  his  marcii 
southward,  to  protect  what  he  chose  to  regard  as  his 
I'ights  in  Jalisco.  Having  failed  to  find  the  Amazon 
Islos,  and  having  also  by  his  unwise  and  oppressive 
policy  estranged  the  inhabitants  and  destroyed  the 
ricbes  of  the  provinces  to  which  he  had  some  claim 
as  discoverer,  and  which  should  have  satisfied  his  am- 
bition, he  felt  that  the  region  south  of  the  Rio  Grande 
d(  1  Espiritu  Santo  must  be  preserved  at  any  cost. 
l*(iluips  to  a  man  of  his  temper  these  lands  seemed 
all  the  more  desirable  because  another  had  a  better 
riu^lit  to  them.  His  northern  possessions  properly 
nuuiacred  would  have  brought  him  wealth  and  fame; 
ho  chose  to  return  and  renew  his  quarrel  with  Cortes, 
and  thus  bring  upon  himself  ruin;  but  he  had  the 
satisfaction  of  knowing  that  in  these  later  years  liis 
o]<l  enemy  was  hardly  less  unfortunate  than  himself. 
Gu;!man  had  asked  the  emperor  to  confirm  the  name  he 
had  bestowed  of  Greater  Spain,  his  own  title  as  gov- 
ernor of  that  province,  his  distribution  of  the  towns 
anions:  his  friends,  and  his  liGjht  to  enslave  rebellious 
natives.  His  petition  was  gi  anted  except  in  the  mat- 
ter of  making  slaves,  and  in  the  substitution  of  the 
nioi'o  modest  and  appropriate  name  of  Nueva  Galicia. 
This  confirmation  of  his  authority  was  probably  re- 
ceived by  Guzman  before  his  return  to  Topic. ^^  His 
authority  as  governor  of  Piinuco  w^as  continued,  but  of 
course  at  the  coming  of  the  second  audiencia  he  lost 
his  governorship  of  New  Spain. 

It  is  not  likely  that  definite  southern  limits  were 

•'"  ^^ola  ParJUla,  Conq.  N.  Gal. ,  8.3.  The  docnnicnt  f'ontnining  this  confirma- 
tion so  far  a3  I  know  is  not  extant.  The  Ih-st  mention  of  tlic  new  pi-ovince  liy 
roynl  authority  wliich  I  have  found  is  in  a  eoilula  of  l'"eh.  17,  15.')1.  Pinjd, 
i  '■  diilario,  73.  The  new  pros'incc  is  sjiok'-'n  of  in  the  earlier  documents  not  as 
Xucva  Galicia,  or  Ts'uevo  Reino  de  Caiicia,  but  as  Galicia  do  Xucva  KHpaua. 
Ikrnra,  dec.  iv.  lih.  ix.  cap.  xi.,  says  that  Guzman  received  notice  of  iiid 
nppoiiitinent  atChiametla  on  his  journey  south.  Thcoidores  at  lir.st  doulited 
tliemiuiinencssof  the  commission.  Letter  of  1631,  in  Tcrnaux-Compans,  Voy., 
Belie  ii.  torn.  V.  13G-8. 


II 


4"' 


:r 


306  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

at  first  assigned  to  Now  Gal'Kna,  and  tlic  governor's 
lirst  care  was  to  distriljuto  the  Jalisco  towns  among 
his  partisans,"  encroacliing  without  scruple  on  tlio 
earlier  cncoTniendas  of  Francisco  Cortes  and  others  iu 
southern  Jalisco,  the  Avalos  provinces,  Colinia,  and 
even  Michoacan,  maintaining  that  the  former  dis- 
cov(Ters  had  not  permanently  occupied  the  territoiv, 
and  that  he  had  been  obliged  to  reconquer  it — a  ])lr;i, 
of  some  plausibility,  were  it  not  that  the  hostility 
of  the  natives  and  the  necessity  for  reconquest  had 
resulted  altogether  from  his  own  outrageous  acts.''* 
lie  founded,  either  immediately  or  within  a  few  years, 
several  Spanish  settlements.  Among  these  was  the 
villa  of  Santiago  do  Compostela,  in  the  innnediato 
vicim'ty  of  Tepic  and  Jalisco  towns,  for  a  long  timo 
the  capital  of  New  Galicia.^'' 

Not  long  afterward  Juan  dc  Onate  was  sent  to 
establish  Espiritu  Santo,  called  later  Guadalajara,  in 
honor  of  Guzman's  birthplace.    The  first  founding  was 

"  Tcllo,  Hid.  X.  Gal. ,  3o5-G2,  gives  a  list  of  the  principal  encomiendas  auJ 
the  persons  who  received  them.  Sco  aho  Sor'n'fii  Aiiia:,  i.  lVt-i)'2.  (lii:;iii:ii, 
VMS  in  sonic  way  proini)te(l  to  it,  because  several  of  his  captains,  asldn,';  jier- 
mission  to  go  to  Mexico,  went  to  Peru.  Afraid  lest  the  desertions  nii^ht 
matorially  reduce  his  power,  thus  invalidating  his  conquest,  he  went  in  jicron 
to  Ahuacatlan  and  the  Kio  Grande  where  by  liberal  grants  of  encomiendas  ho 
contrived  to  satisfy  the  discontented.  Bcaanumt,  Crun.  M'lfh.,  iv.  TiS-O. 

'''*  The  dispossessed  holders  appealed  to  the  crown,  and  by  cddiila  of  A]iril 
20,  \7i,]?t,  Guzman  was  forbidden  to  meddle  witli  Colima  encomiendas.  Pinj't, 
('('(li(l(trin,  82.  Ho  pleaded  that  the  settlers  of  CoIinia  had  encroached  on 
Jali.-;co.  Carta,  in  Pacliwo  nivX  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  4.'?3. 

'"  Named  after  the  capital  of  Galicia  in  Spain  and  honored  with  nil  the 
privileges  of  its  (  l-world  namesake.  Also  called  by  some  writers  ICsjiiritu 
8anto  do  Compos,  iia,  Compostela  y  Santiiigo.  Ogilby,  1(571,  Danipier,  KiHO, 
Laet,  1G.')3,  Wtxt-Iiul.  Spipi/lwl,  1(324,  write  Comfn^dta;  the  latter  adds  Cat- 
(jiii)m;  .Tcfl'crys,  1770,  Kiepctt,  18.52,  CompoMdla.  Carton.  Pac.  Count,  MS.,  ii. 
f)28.  IScaumont  and  Mota  Padilla  mention  the  year  as  loS.l,  but  the  dilibn  iit 
declarations  given  by  Guzman's  captains  about  the  year  lu32  speak  already 
of  the  establishment,  and  agree  that  it  was  made  on  their  return  from  tho 
north,  and  hastened  by  the  arrival  of  Castilla  from  Mexico.  (Guzman  him- 
self says  in  his  letter  of  January  10,  15.31,  that  the  'Villa  del  Esi)irita  Santu,' 
as  he  calls  it,  had  been  established  in  the  Tepic  province,  and  that  it  was  tho 
lirst  town  laid  out  on  this  expedition,  but  probably  the  real  foundation  wd% 
made  when  he  returned.  Ramirez,  Proccso,  21"),  claims  that  Guzman  founded 
the  town  in  that  place  against  the  wishes  of  his  officers,  in  order  the  ))ettrr 
to  defend  himself  by  sea  or  land  against  Cortes.  Tcllo  gives  a  list  of  the  early 
settlers.  Hist.  N.  Gal.,  .300-1.  Ancient  map-makers  hll  up  this  space  as  fol- 
lows: Lok,  loS2,  Galicia,  in  large  letters  across  tho  country;  Laet,  10.'3.3,  Xi"  ra 
Galicia;  Kino,  1702,  Kova  Galliria;  Jefferys,  1770,  New  Gallicia  or  GnaiJ'd'i- 
xara;  Kicpcrt,  1S52,  Jalisco  or  2fueva  Galicia.  (Jartog.  Pac,  Coast,  MS.  ii.  502. 


mt- 


FOUNDING  OF  GUADALAJARA. 


MT 


at  'N'oclil.stlaii ;  l)ut  in  If)"''  the  town  was  removed  to 
the  .Tacotlaii  Vnlhn',  near  Cuqnio,  and  fmall}'  in  1541 
jikiocd  south  of  the  river,  in  Tonalil.  Ev(!n  in  l!3o3 
tlie  transfer  was  tallied  of,the  latter  jilaeo  beinuf  deemed 
}\un-c  convenient,  hut  Guzman  objected,  preferring  to 
jiold  that  region  for  himself" 

Duriniy  this  time  La  Purificaeion  on  the  Colima 
frontier  was  also  founded  by  Guzman,  all  v.ith  an 
eve  to  'defeating  his  archenemy  in  case  of  open  rup- 
ture."^ _ 

While  thus  on^xaijed  in  estal)llshinLr  his  authority 
in  the  soutii  of  New  Galicia,  Guzman  was  beret  with 
serious  difficulties  from  the  first.  The  second  audien- 
cia  had  come  Avith  instructions  to  proceed  with  the 
ri'sidencia  against  the  former  j. resident  and  oldores, 
and  while   hastening  to  seize    the   property  of  the 


t'" Mota  Padilla,  Covq.  iV.  Gal.,  "  :.  ^yi^'-^' 

77,  tisscita  that  ill  1  JoO, when  Guzman 
iiiuvclicd  northw;u';l,  a  garrison  umlcr 
Jniui  do  Oaiitovaa  left  in  Xochistlan, 
ai:.UIiiitou December,'!,  l.'oO,  Guzman 
ifiucil  ."tCuliaeaniicomi  .i.;.  ion  to  or- 
ganize that  fcttlcmcnt.  Thclattcrdata 
i.i  evidently  wrong,  as  Guzman  was  in 
.Tiinnary  13,".l  rtiU.it  C'humethi.  The 
ptatcmcnts  made  by  mendjcra  of  tlio 
cxiA'iliUun,  however,  n';rec  that  Gua- 
dahiji'.vn,  was  cstalilished  after  tho 
fouiiilinqof  (.'omiiostcki,  i<»  L'rI.  Anon. 
'.".)2-:!;  >/.V/.  Aiidii,  .ir.;)-(;t);  Loji^z, 
ltd.,  in  Pwhero  and  Curdfua-t,  xiv. 
4(j1.  Lyaci^'ihilaof  Novembers,  15"2!), 
the  ld:!j  jTanted  tho  eity  of  Guadala- 
jara a  coat  of  arms,  described  in  TcUo, 
lii'-t.  2^.(!al.,o~\-',\\  l]<'uuiiwnt,Cr6ii. 
M'lcli.j'w.  17G-7;  Ahiirr,  JIUt.  C'omp. 
J(m<,  i.  SI  passim;  Mota  Pad'lfa, 
C^imi.N.  Gal.,  101),  ISS-O;  <  ullc, Zfrm. 
1/  ^ot.,  Of);  Oouzidc.  JJ;ir'i'(i,  Tmtro 
E'h'i^,  i.  178-9.  I'^omc  writer:',  ;;s  IJcau- 
laoiit,  Cron.  21!<li.,  iii.  4I!S,  ')'u-!^,  and 
Xavarrcte,  IliM.JaL,  .jO,  mention  .".n- 
other  intermediate  transfer  of  (Juada.lajara.  Ogilby,  107,  writes  Ozuukdarrn; 
L;iL't,  \6']^,  Gtiadcddjiira ;  Jcfi'erys,  177(3,  Kiepcrt,  18,V2,  Vuadalaxura.  Cartoij. 
I'w:  Coast,  MS.,  ii.  492. 

«'  Authorities  differ  Ijctwccn  l.j.'iannd  l.'HO  as  tlie  date.  Tcllo,  IIi<t.  X. 
Gal.,  ?M,  gives  a  list  of  21  settlers.  Ojjilijy,  1071,  gives  this  places  as  Piiri- 
fcatio;  Dampicr,  1099,  Purijicutlon ;  Lact,  lOoS,  Pur/Jicntiou  and  ActUlitn; 
Wrct-liid.  Sjikijhel,  1021,  Purijk-atk)  aiuX  east  Ycallair,  JclTei-ys,  177(>,  /«  Pu- 
rijlcacion;  Kiepcrt,  18o2,  Pzinjicacion.    C'arlotj.  Pac.  Coast,  JIS.,  ii.  484. 


Coat  or  AnMs 
or  THE  City  of  Guadalajaiia. 


■!»'H 


358 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 


implicated  officials,  they  had  summoned  Guzman  to 
answer  at  Mexico  to  the  fast  accumulating  charges, 
including  not  only  abuses  as  head  of  the  administration, 
but  the  illegal  appropriation  of  treasury  funds  for  his 
expedition,  the  torture  and  execution  of  Tangaxoan, 
and  other  outrages.  Guzman  paid  no  attention  to  the 
orders  of  the  government  at  Mexico,  which  he  refused 
to  recognize,  still  styling  himself  president  and  gov- 
ernor of  Now  Spain.  His  policy  was  to  communicate 
directly  with  the  crown  and  thus  gain  time  to  estab- 
lish himself  firmly  in  his  new  possessions,  and  to  take 
advantage  of  circumstances  in  finally  defending  his 
conduct  before  the  emperor. 

Meanwhile  he  sought  through  the  agency  of  friends 
at  court,  who  had  so  far  served  him  well,  and  by 
means  of  letters,  to  exculpate  himself.  In  a  tone  of 
injured  innocence  ho  protested  against  the  sequestra- 
tion of  his  property,  and  the  maliciousness  of  the 
charges  against  him.  **  What  justice  is  it  that  per- 
mits such  measures  without  a  licarinij?  Is  this  my 
reward  for  having  served  your  IMajesty  with  so  mucli 
labor,  faithfulness,  and  honesty?"  It  is  well  for  some 
that  they  can  make  up  in  brazen  assurance  what  they 
lack  in  humanity  and  integrity."^ 

His  refusal  to  attend  at  IMexico  for  trial  was  based 
on  the  ground  that  the  conquest  in  the  north-west 
demanded  his  constant  attention,  and  as  even  his 
opponents  recognized  that  interference  therein  miglit 
imperil  Spanish  interests,  the  audiencia  resolved  to 
jiostpone  the  case.''^  Soon  after  came  orders  to  inves- 
tigate the  main  charges,  and  depositions  were  taken 
and  forwarded  to  Spain."* 

"^  The  blame  for  slave  traffic  he  threw  upon  the  settlers.  The  reports  of 
the  bishop  could  serve  only  to  jirove  his  malice  and  Guzinaii's  npriglitiuss. 
'  No  pucdo  dc  todo3  ser  amado,  mas  cspero  en  la  misevicordia  dc  Dios,'  Carta, 
in  Pacheco  and  Vurdeiias,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  407-13. 

*^  Zumtirraga  and  others  thought,  however,  that  Guzman  should  not  bo 
left  in  charge  of  the  country.  Id.,  xvi.  3G3-7o.  'Nous  lui  avons  acoorJc  un 
nu.'  Letter  of  audiencia,  in  Tcrnaux-Coinpans,  Voy.,  s(5rio  ii.  torn.  v.  'JOJ; 
TorqnemadK,  i.  G04-G. 

••'Dy  dificrent  decrees  of  1530  to  ir).'?2  the  crown  demanded  the  immedi- 
ate repayment  of  treasury  funds  and  the  investigation  of  Guzman's  rule  iii 


EXPLOITS  OF  CASTILLA. 


3G9 


The  authorities  at  INIexIco  clearly  i^aw  the  futility 
of  discountenancing  the  acts  and  attitude  of  Xuno  do 
Guzman.  Indeed,  with  the  forces  at  his  command, 
he  could  afford  to  bid  defiance  even  to  armed  oppo- 
nents, as  he  stood  prepared  to  do.  Cortes  had  natu- 
]ally  objected  to  the  adv'antage  taken  by  Guzman  of 
liis  discoveries  and  plans  for  conquest,  but  this  could 
no  longer  be  remedied,  and  all  he  might  do  was  to 
talvc  possession  for  New  Spain  of  the  districts  actually 
subjugated  by  his  lieutenants,  and  at  the  same  time 
afford  an  opening  as  settlers  to  a  number  of  the  needy 
adherents  who  had  followed  him  from  Spain.  While 
taught  by  his  own  acts  in  similar  cases,  and  by  the 
tiickerv  of  others,  he  allowed  himself  nevertheless  to 
suppose  that  the  authority  of  sovereign  and  audiencia 
would  be  sufficient  to  obtain  respect  for  the  claim. 
In  this  belief,  as  captain  general,  he  commissioned 
Luis  de  Castilla,  a  knight  of  Santiago,  of  noldo 
family,  to  proceed  v.'ith  a  hundred  men  to  settle  and 
I'ule  the  country  bordered  on  the  north  by  Rio  Tololo- 
tlan. 

Castilla  approached  Jalisco  from  the  south  at  tlie 
same  time  that  Guzman  returned  toward  it  from  the 
north.  Informed  of  the  presence  of  a  rival,  the  latter 
hastened  to  install  a  municipality  at  Compostela,  as 
capital  of  the  district,  and  to  let  the  intimation  reach 
Castilla  that  he  had  been  anticipated.  Luis  replied 
that  he  came  in  the  name  of  his  jMajesty,  and  nnist 
take  possessi<ni.  Guzman  was  by  no  means  prepared 
(.itlier  to  3'ield  or  to  shed  the  blood  of  officers  armed 
with  a  royal  connnission;  yet  peradventure  he  might 
ca[)ture  him.  To  this  end  artifice  alone  was  left  to 
iiiui;  so  he  sent  a  message  full  of  bland  assurances, 

ranuco,  nnd  liis  execution  of  Taniinxfinn.  Pinjn,  Cnliilario,  7'>,  TO-SO,  S^,  S7. 
The  receipt  of  the  paiiers -wms  nckiiowledr^ed  iu  April  l.");),'!,  tlic  exaniiiiMtion 
li.iviiKiljegnn  in.Iannary  l.j.""-',  say.s  rjoaiiiiiDiit.  <'nJii.  Mir/i.,  iii.  ii~',);  hi..  MS., 
17!t.  Tlic  chief  witness  \\a^  (.larclii  dtl  Pilar,  n,  coiunienjr  imiler  ( 'orti's, 
^^iln.'io  services  had  procured  for  him  a  coat  of  aijiis.  Lately  he  hail  served 
as  (illicer  and  interpreter  under  ( luznian,  and  was  nccordin^'ly  well  iufornied. 
lie  died  during  the  trial,  in  February.  Cortrx,  Hcriili'iirin,  ii.  "JOl-'Jl.  Bcrnal 
Ihiu  wrongly  states  that  he  fell  iu  battle.  JJid.  VerdmL,  2-tL 
HiBi.  Mex.,  Vol.  U.    21 


Ml. 


!<  i' 


870 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 


declaring  that  the  commands  of  the  sovereIp;n  would 
receive  his  Immble  obedience,  and  even  bidding  the 
knight  welcome  as  a  valued  neighbor.  Satisfied,  Cas- 
tilla  encamped  at  Tetlan,  preparatory  to  entering 
Jalisco  on  the  morrow.*^ 

The  object  of  Guzman's  message  was  to  throw  the 
recipient  off  his  guard.     Following  it  came  Captain 
Onate  with  some  fifty  trushed  cavalry  to  seize  upon 
whatsoever  advantage  might  offer.     Informed  of  tlio 
negligence  prevailing  in  the  enemy's  camp,  he  pointed 
out  the  easy  task  of  capturing  the  company.    It  was 
finally  agreed  to  undertake  it,  and,  stealing  forward  un- 
der cover  of  the  night,  at  the  first  break  of  dawn  they 
fell  upon  the  camp  with  a  thundering  ''Viva  Dies  y 
el  rey,  y  su  gobernador  Nuno  de  Guzman."    The  sol- 
diers of  Castilla  were  so  completely  taken  by  surprise 
that  they  made  no  effort  at  resistance,  and  all  were 
quickly   disarmed    under   the    eyes  of  their   leader, 
v.liom  Onate  sought  to  reassure  with  affected  consola- 
tion.   Finding  that  his  person  was  respected,  Castilla's 
fears  abated,  and  he  hastened  to  use  the  permission 
granted  to  exhibit  his  credentials  at  head-quarters. 
On  beholding  him,  Guzman  broke  forth  with  the  fierce 
inquiry  why  he  presumed  to  enter  with  an  arnicd 
force  into  his  territory.     Castilla  answered  by  pre- 
senting the  royal  commission  in  dignified  silence.   This 
being  read,  Guzman  kissed  it  with  great  humility. 
As  for  obeying  it,  that  was  another  matter.     The 
cedula  had  evidently  been  issued  under  false  repre- 
sentations, for  the  province  of  Jalisco  had  never  been 
subjugated  by  Cortes,  and  as  the  sovereign  could  not 
desire  to  give  to  another  his  hard-earned  conquests, 
wherein  he  had  founded  the  first  settlements,  he  must 
appeal  to  Spoin  before  obeying  the  order.     While  a 
notary  drew  up  the  answer  and  protest,  the  governor 
sought  to  charm  his  captive  by  a  display  of  his  brill - 

"'iSomo  of  hia  followers  expressed  doubts  nbont  Guzman's  sincerity,  Imt 
Castilla  maintained:  'No  hay  que  roeelar.'  Mota  Padilla,  Coiiq.  X.  GuL,  !M. 
Aimther  account  refers  to  the  preliminary  capture  of  some  of  Castillii's  btniy- 
glcrs.  Guzman,  4"'  Hd.  Andn.,  481-2. 


if^   I 


FALL  OF  GUZMAN. 


371 


iant  conversational  power;  but  vlien  ho  dismissed 
liiin,  ho  changed  his  tone,  and  bade  him  depart  with 
l)i,s  followers  within  four  hours,  under  penalty  of  a 
traitor's  doora.^"  The  threat  lent  wings  to  Castilla, 
and  he  hastened  crestfallen  to  report  his  failure  to  the 
captain  general.  "It  appears  that  the  Castillas  in 
New  Spain  are  better  fitted  to  govern  in  peace,"  caus- 
tieallyobserved  Cortes  as  he  turned  his  back  upon  him."" 
This  was  the  governor's  last  triumph;  from  this 
time  his  prosperity  waned.  His  friends  and  sup- 
porters one  by  one  left  him,  some  of  them  estranged 
i)y  his  arbitrary  misrule,  others  because  the  star  of  his 
foe  seemed  in  the  ascendant.  The  refusal  of  the  kins: 
to  confirm  Guzman's  license  to  enslave  the  natives 
thinned  the  settlers'  ranks;  the  governor's  severe  pun- 
ishment of  certain  persons  who  disobeyed  the  law — 
a  tardy  attempt  to  conciliate  a  powerful  element 
among  his  foes — drove  away  others;  while  of  the 
remaining  colonists  many  were  drawn  away  by  ex- 
citing reports  of  the  gold  discoveries  in  Peru.  The 
governor  had  the  petty  satisfaction  on  several  occa- 
sions, as  will  appear,  of  refusing  water  and  other  aid 
to  the  vessels  sent  out  by  Cortes,  or  of  plundering 
those  vessels  when  cast  aground  on  the  coast;  but  so 
weak  did  he  become  finally  that  he  offered  no  resist- 
ance when  Cortes  marched  to  Jalisco  to  recover  his 
vessels.'^ 

''^  'Tenia  intcncion  secretft  do  mandarlo  cottar  la  cabeza,'  says  Beaumont, 
Civii.  Mich.,  iv.  G8.  The  4'^  I'd.  Andn.,  4S;{,  states  that  Castilli*  had  been 
capturi'd  on  the  road  in  company  with  four  or  five  men. 

''•  (,"iistilla  was  ordered  to  Spain  witli  the  documents  bearing  on  the  case, 
tlicro  to  iV(M  to  the  charges  against  (iuznian,  but  a  gale  swept  the  sea  whicli 
KUMllowed  the  vessel  bearing  them  with  all  on  board.  Mota  i'adilla,  Coiiq.  A\ 
V'll.,  !I7;  Castilla's  death  is  implied  in  Corlt'.'i,  Eicritox  Sitelfox,  lO.'l,  yetaniiinof 
siiiiihu'  name  figures  Bome  year.H  later  in  \ew  (.lalioia.  Ramirez  and  some  other 
writers  represent  that  this  cxpeditionof  Castilla  was  subsequent  t.),  and  partly 
in  toiise(|uence  of,  Guzman's  treatment  of  Ilurtado  during  his  voyage  up  the 
coast;  Imt  this  is  ciToncous,  for  Uurtado  did  not  sail  until  ^^'ly  or  June  of 
l."i:i'J,  while  the  audieiicia  reported  the  whole  Castilla  afliiir  to  the  court  on 
A|>ril  19,  1  r)32;  and  their  action  in  the  matter  was  approved  by  the  queen  in 
a  l.'ttor  of  October  ICth.  Pwjn,  Ccdiilnrio,  80.  Moreover  Cortes  describes  tlio 
nllair  in  a  letter  of  April  20,  1532,  and  says  that  Guznum  from  the  north,  and 
C.i.stilla  from  the  south,  both  arriveil  at  Jalisco  the  same  day.  Carla-i,  .">12. 

•^lu  Pacheco  and  Cdrdenas,  Col.  Doc,  xii.  xiii.  and  xvi.,  arc  a  number  of 


"P 


I* 


372 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 


|i    ' 


Shortly  after  Castilla's  return,  tlio  audienoia,  doubt- 
less at  tlic  petition  of  C'ortes,  had  ordered  Guzman  to 
confine  the  exercise  of  his  authority  to  the  reirion 
north  of  Jalisco  and  in  no  case  to  interfere  in  th(> 
government  of  Colima,  Michoacan,  or  Tonahl.*''  This 
was  confirmed  by  a  peremptory  order  from  Spain  of 
April  20,  1523,  bidding  Guzman  not  to  interfere  in 
the  southern  encomiendas  and  not  to  call  himself 
hereafter  governor  of  Panuco.  A  month  later  lio 
was  required  to  report  in  future  directly  to  the  audi- 
cncia  of  Mexico  in  all  matters  affecting  Xueva  Gali- 
cia."'^  Of  his  later  transactions  we  know  little  save 
in  connection  witli  the  seizure  of  Cortes'  vessels,  and 
in  allusions  to  petty  campaigns  against  natives  whom 
oppression  had  driven  into  revolt,  and  to  visits  to  his 
possessions  at  Piinuco."^  The  succession  of  disap- 
pointments and  humiliations  encountered  in  the  deser- 
tion of  comrades,  in  signs  of  disfavor  at  court,  in 
pendinix  residencias,  and  in  subordinatimx  him  to  the 
government  at  Mexico;  all  this,  in  connection  witli 
dwindling  credit  and  resources,  could  not  fail  to  bend 
his  haughty  spirit.  "I  am  driven  to  despair,"  lie 
writes,  "without  a  crust  to  eat."'' 

Better  boldly  face  the  storm,  he  concluded,  tliaii 
endure  this  torture.  He  would  throw  himself  at  t!io 
feet  of  the  emperor  and  seek  mercy.  Ho  accordingly 
placed  Cristobal  do  Oilate  in  charge  of  the  gov(Mn- 
ment,  and  set  out  for  Pilnuco,  to  collect  additional 
funds  and  seek  means  of  conveyance  to  Spain.  ]  Lis 
star  willed  it,  however,  that  he  should  turn  aside  to 
!Mexico,  there  to  meet  a  portion  of  his  just  deserts. ^^ 

his  letters  wherein  ho  seeks  to  justify  his  conduct  and  bring  censure  on  tluit 
of  his  opponent. 

•■'TonaLi,  however,  seems  to  have  been  under  the  rule  of  Liter  govcnioi 
of  New  Giiliciii. 

'^Pwin,  Caliilario,  82-4,  87. 

"  C((i-/a,  in  Pach'co  and  iWrdcnas,  Co!,  Doc,  xiii.  414-20. 

''' '  Y  creo  quo  ni  la  juaticia  divinu ni  huinauano sou doUo  servidos.'  Carta, 
in  Id.,  419. 

''^  'Con  el  motivo  do  no  pcrdor  crceidns  sumas  de  dinero  quo  lo  deliiiin  tn 
la  caja  real  dc  Mi'xieo  de  resulta  de  sus  sularios.'  limitmoiit,  VnUi.  Mh-h.,  iv. 
81.     Bcrual  Dia;;  utates  that  Mcudoza  invited  him  to  come  to  Mexico  witii  .i 


AUTHORITIES. 


373 


vi.w  to  pave  liiin  from  tlic  indignity  of  arrest  in  lu3  own  provincea.  7//*^ 
y<  i-drtil.,  '2'M.     Jint  tliia  ia  doul)tlul. 

The  original  authorities  whieli  I  have  oonsulteci  on  Guzman's  expedition  arc 
ns  fi)llow3:  I'cln'in:ic  di  Xviino  di  Gcsmnii,  in  Urnnii-in,  in.  ',i',]l~'J.  Thi:i  is  u 
It  ttcrcf  Guzman  dated  Or.iitlan,  July  8,  IJoO,  directed  to  the  emperor,  and  giv- 
ing a  detailed  account  of  progress  down  to  tlic  date.  Tlie  Spanish  original  liaa 
liirn  published  in  Pnrftcco  and  (.'drdenns.  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  3.")()-!>.'},  and  a  very 
it, i]ierl'cet  condensation  in  English  may  bo  found  in  Piirchas,  IJiiPilijruuiii,  iv. 
)  ."j  ':-'.).  The  v.riter  admita  only  such  outrages  on  the  Indians  as  were  iner- 
itrd  tliroui^h  disloyalty  to  the  emperor  or  infidelity  to  the  white  man's  God; 
Iv.it  in  feuch  cases  speaks  of  his  orders  to  hang  and  burn  with  a  coolness  tiiat  is 
r.  v(ili.i:iL,'.  TIio  narnitivc  is  marked  by  hypocritical  expressions  of  si-.Lmis^ioii 
ti'  the  divino  and  royal  will,  extreme  even  for  that  time.  Tiie  Jtchirioii'.-i 
Aiioiiimrt.i  {!">  »''>  u".  iiml  //.(^  )  de  la  Jornada  que  liizo  Xitiio  dc  Cliizmaii  il  1 1 
ym  i-'i,  Oa'icia  were  written  by  eye-witnesses  of  the  events  descriljcd,  includ- 
iii','  botii  friends  and  foes  of  the  leader,  were  drawn  out  apparently  by  the 
(ilii^ial  investigation  of  Guzman's  conduct,  and  are  to  be  found  oidy  in  Iruz- 
l.i'n  >a,  Col.  J>or.,  ii.  238-300,  4:59-G(),  4()1-8:J.  The  first  and  s.^cond  seem  to 
hive  Ijcon  v.'rittcn  by  tho  same  person,  whose  name  is  unknown,  as  is  that  of 
tlie  writer  of  tlic  third.  Icazbalceta  linds  nuich  reason  to  identify  the  author 
(if  the  fourth  with  Cristobal  Flores.  Similar  to  these  narratives  is  the  li'ihi- 
(■/o;(  of  Cionzalo  Lopez,  in  Pachcco  and  Cdrdciiax,  Cat.  Doc,  xiii.  411-01;  tho 
Jid'ic'on  de  Garcia  del  Pilar  and  the  L'dacioii  de  la  Comjuiiifii  dc  hs  Ten'' it 
Cliii-li'mcras  by  Juan  dc  Samano,  in  Irazhnlrcla's  (  ollrclioii,  ii.  'Jl!)-S7.  Vet 
th"  .'iiiuihirity  between  tho  statements  of  Lopez  and  Sumani.  as  also  between 
t!:i)sc  liven  by  I'ilar  and  the  author  of  the  ./«  7.'t'/.  Aiidn.,  implies  tliat  they 
v,\ro  not  made  rpiite  independently.  Tlie  testimony  of  Lopez  may  claim,  as 
to  facts,  pcrha[>3  more  reliability  than  tho  other  when  we  consider  that  dur- 
ing the  la;;t  part  of  Guzman's  campaign  he  lieM  the  position  of  a  maestro  d^ 
c;!;iipo.  I'ilar  was  a  young  interpreter  of  Nahua  flialects,  and  one  of  the 
(  rigiual  concpiistadorcs,  but  not  of  good  repute  if  we  may  credit  Bishop 
/iiin:;'.rag;i"s  alluyions  to  his  maqiiinacioiici  diah6Uras  and  to  his  uufortunato 
escapes  from  being  hanged.  Tcruanx-Compuiia,  Vo;/.,  serie  ii.  torn.  v.  'JO. 
Ho  v.as  a  v.illing  tool  of  Guzman  during  tho  campaign,  but  a  bitter  foe  ufter- 
M.ird,  sh.owing  all  his  leader's  acts  in  their  worst  light  and  relieving  himself 
of  all  complicity  by  throwing  the  blame  on  tho  other  interp.eter  .hum  I'as- 
eiial.  In  i'.ddition  to  this  narrative,  I'ilar "s  testimony  taken  at  Guzman's 
tii  ;1  i.i  ]ii'.Mi:;hcd  by  llamircz  and  IJeaumont,  whose  works  are  notit-il  below. 
Juan  de  Samano  was  one  of  Guzman's  captains  and  afterward  la.d  a  higli 
jKisitiou  in  }de.\ico. 

Of  the  early  chroniclers  who  claim  or  may  be  suiiposed  to  have  had  access 
to  (.ri'dnal  sources  of  information,  are  Oviedo,  JPcd.  Grii.,  iii.  o01-77,  who 
eoMsulud  .':everal  mcndiers  of  the  expedition,  especially  Franciso  de  Arzeo; 
J':idre  Te'lo.  Jii-'f.  tie  la  xV.  Grdic'ia,  written  about  Hj.")0  by  a  Franciscan  m  iio 
li:;d  .>p)  ■ut  over  iiO  years  of  his  life  in  the  country  of  wliich  lie  writes,  but 
V  liose  work,  or  such  portions  of  it  as  have  been  preserved,  is  valuable  latiier 
fill-  iiiT  ivmation  on  aboriginal  manners  and  eustoiiis  than  as  an  histoiieal  iiaria- 
tne;  lljrrern,  dec.  iv.  lib.  vii.  cap.  viii.;  lib.  viii.  cap.  i.-ii. ;  lib.  ix.  cap. 
i\.  xii.,  who  consulted  some  of  *^he  anonymous  manuscriiits;  Mota  radill.i, 
'"'7.  V.  G(d.,  '2,3-CO,  7o,  who  also  saw  some  of  the  original  documents  and 
often  cites  Tello;  Ijcaumont,  Crc:;.  Mirh.,  iii.  'JliO-7,  ;)0--4'J2,  AIS.,  l;i,">, 
171  'J07,  who  cites  Tello  and  llerrera,  and  gives  Pilar's  testimony.  See  also 
Siiliizar  y  Olarte,  Comj.  Mcc^-VlW-X^;  Tonjuemada,  i.  .'Cts,  (iOO-'i;  (loniara, 
7/.V.'. /,);/.,.-,(;, 'J71;  IJernal  Diaz,  7/;.s^  Virdif'l.,'l-l\)-.\\;  \'illaS.'nor,  Tln.,tn>, 
ii.  'JO.T^, 'J'_'!);  ('alle,  Not.  »/ J/cm.,  8!)  !)<);  Cavo,  Trr.f  Srjln.^.i.  14,!)."),  101   ■_'. 

Among  modern  writer.s  the  only  ones  who  liav(;  treated  this  expedition  at 
Iriigtli  are,  Frejes,  JIUt.  lirfiro,  41-OS,  llS-'Ji,  Itamirez,  I'mnsn  dc  Ursld. 
ciii.'ra  Alrin-(iiii)  >/ Gir.vinn,  187--">8,  and  Xavarnte,  ('o)iij,iiiitio  dc  la  lli<l.  dc 
,li  !! c),  'J7-01,  8.")-0.  'J'he  second  jrives  some  of  tlu;  ori  ;iiial  documents  rif  the 
I'l  .--ideiicia,  and  draws  his  historical  ski  tcli  ehielly  from  Ijcauinont  and  .Mota 


:h  Ul 


374 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 


Padilla  with  somewhat  Ipss  skill  than  might  be  expected  from  the  author's 
high  reputation.  Tlie  latter  follows  ToUo  to  a  great  extent,  and  iiis  work 
does  not  show  extensive  research.  Other  works  which  mention  tiic  expedi- 
tion arc  the  following:  Escovc/o,  in  Soc.  Mcx.  Geofj.,  vii.  6,  C;  d'H,  in  /(/., 
viii.  477-80;  Garcia,  in  Id.,  viii.  23;  Payiio,  in  Id.,  2a  dp.  i.  797-8'Jl,  ii. 
137-8;  Hernandez  y  Ddvalos,  in  Id.,  2a  <5p.  iii.  187-8;  Romero,  Xot.  Mkh., 
122,  18(5,  193,  197-8,  Miiaeo,  Mex.,  iv.  115;  Chimalpain,  Hist.  Conq.,  184-(i; 
Moreno,  Fi-ag.,S,  0,  30;  Esciuhro,  Not.  Son.,  25-6;  Ternaux-Oompans,  Voi/., 
eOrie  i.  torn.  ix.  280  etc. ;  Burner's  Chron.  Ilist.  Voy.,  i.  105,  109-70;  Cal- 
vano'n  Discov.,  40;  WeH-Ind.  Spierjhel,  334-50;  Gallatin,  in  Nouv.  An.  Vo>i.,^ 
oxxxi.  240-1 ;  Davis'  El  Gringo,  58-9;  Laet,  Novva  Orbia,  284-G;  Domenccli,^ 
Deserts,  i.  108;  Gottfriedt,  N.  Welt,  005;  .S'ocidW^l/n(<r.,i.  35-52;  Riveni,  GiJ>. 
Mcx.,\.  18,  24-5;  Larenaudidre,  Mex.  et  Gnat.,  144;  Pwja,  Cedulario,  80 etc.; 
Dice.  Univ.,  ix.-x.;  Greenhorn's  Memoirs,  25  etc.;  Parra,  Conq.  X<d.,  x.  MS., 
70;  liivera,  Descrip.  Zac,  pt.  ii.  1-5;  Alegre,  Hist.  Comp.  Jesus,  i.  204;  Gonzal'Z 
Ddvila,  Teatro  Eclea.,i.  178-9;  Alaman,  Disert.,  i.  app.  27-S;  Bras-^eur  de 
Bourbourg,  Hist.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  744-53;  Camargo,  Hist.  Tlnx.,  182  ;  Zanuico\<, 
Hist.  Mij..  iv.  470-7,  489-90, 493-515;  Morelli,  Fasti  Novi  Orbis,  21  ;  nowero, 
in  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  Boletin,  viii.  538,  ix.  15,  85-6;  Archiro  Mex.,  Doc,  i. 
302-3,  ii.  201-2;  Monumentos Hist.  Polit.,  MS. ,8,  9;  Monumentos  Domin.  Es/i., 
MS.,  239-40;  Russell's  Hist.  Am.,  i.  381;  Voyages,  Selection  of  Curious,  :v.); 
Santos,  Chron.  Hospit.,  ii.  445;  Jalisco,  Mem.  Hist.,  34-02;  Gordon's  Anc. 
Mex.,  ii.  248-9;  Expl.  del  Codex  Tel.  Rem.,  in  Kingsborough'a  Mex.  Antiq., 
V.  155;  Dillon,  Beautds,  39-61:  Pimentel,  Mem.,  96. 


I  "I 


it 


CHAPTER  XVlll. 

ESTABLISHMENT  OF  A  VICEREGAL  GOVERNMENT. 

1535-1537. 

\rroiN'TMENT  OF  Mendoza — His  iNSTRUcrioNg  and  PRERooATrvES — Arrival 
AM)  Reception'  op  the  First  Viceroy — Inaugural  Ceremonies— Rk- 

TIUEMENT  OK  THE  OlDORES — DIFFICULTIES  OF  THE  AdMIMSTIIATION— t'l  T  V 

Impuovemexts — Defensive  Measures — Apparent  Weakness  of  the 
Spaniards — Proclivities  and  Conditiox  of  Negroes — Their  Conspir- 
acy AND  its  Suppression — Muster  of  Spaniards  in  the  Capital. 

The  sad  failures  attending  the  governing  of  this 
distant  world  which  the  Genoese  had  found  and  the 
]']s^trouiaduran  had  conquered,  led  Charles  to  bethiidv 
liiiiiself  of  other  means.  Would  not  a  miniature 
court,  having  about  it  the  sacred  smell  of  royalty,  the 
very  embodiment  of  imperial  power  and  prerogative, 
awe  the  turbulent  spirits  of  New  Spain  into  more 
courteous  submission?  And  so  it  was  determined 
tliat  a  viceroyalty  would  be  the  proper  thing  in  this 
region. 

Acting  in  accordance,  therefore,  with  the  wishes  of 
liis  Majesty,  who  was  in  Flanders,  the  queen  proceeded 
to  select  a  person  qualified  both  by  birth  and  ability 
to  till  so  high  a  position.  Her  first  choice  fell  U[)un 
tlie  conde  do  Oropcsa,  who,  howeyer,  under  various 
[uotcxts  declined  the  oftcr,  as  did  also  the  mariscnl  de 
1^^'omesta.  She  next  tendered  the  appointment  to 
^Manuel  Benavides,  but  his  exorbitant  demands  with 
icspect  to  the  power  to  be  vested  in  him,  and  supplie;! 
of  money,  induced  her  Majesty  to  v.'ithdraw  the  nom- 
ination. The  position  was  lastly  offered  to  Antonio 
de  Mendoza,  who  though  he  accepted  it  was  detaii.".;d 

(375) 


I 


370       ESTABLISiniENT  OF  A  VICEREGAL  GOVERN^IEXT. 

Kcvcrul  years  in  Spain  before  sailing  for  the  seat  of  his 
government.^ 

Though  the  Cortes  party  considered  that  the  choice 
ouglit  j)roperly  to  have  fallen  upon  the  marques  del 
Valle,  the  crown  did  not  evidently  deem  it  prudent  to 
invest  with  such  power  one  whose  possessions  in  tJie 
country  were  so  extensive,  his  interests  so  large,  and 
his  friends  so  numerous.^  The  selection  of  JNIenduz.i 
was,  moreover,  a  fortunate  one.  Of  noble  birth,  being 
son  of  the  second  conde  do  Tcndilla,  and  first  niar(]Ue'.s 
de  Mondejar,  he  was  connected  with  the  celebrated 
naval  commander  Bernardino  de  Mendoza  and  tliu 
equally  famous  statesman  and  historian  Diego  Ilur- 
tado  do  Mendoza.  Both  as  regards  character  and 
ability  he  was  well  fitted  for  the  place,  his  governing 
capabilities  being  equalled  l)y  the  integrity  of  his  in- 
tentions. Austere  in  his  habits,  and  practising  absti- 
nence to  an  extent  injurious  to  his  constitution,  lio 
never  relaxed  his  exertions  in  the  discharge  of  liiis 
duties,  while  the  responsibility  of  his  position  increased 
his  anxiet3^ 

Besides  his  appointment  as  vicero}',^  Mendoza  was 
created  president  of  the  audiencia  in  the  place  ol" 
Fuenleal,  who  was  returning  to  Spain.  This  office  did 
not,  however,  entitle  him  to  vote  in  judicial  matters, 
tlie  administration  of  justice  remaining  in  the  hands 
of  the  oidores,  whose  provisions,  sentences,  and  deci- 


'  ITc  received  the  appointment  in  l.'oO,  Leauviont,  Cr6n.  Mkh.,  iii.  .".'iO, 
liiit  (lid  not  iinivu  in  ^loxico  l)oforc  l.")35.  From  I'liga  it  .nppeurs  that  \\\i 
jippointnient  was  forninlly  nuidc  ont  April  17,  \o?>o.  Cii/iilario,  OS-!). 

-'  llivrcrn,  dec.  v.  lib.  ix.  cap.  i. ;  Uvainnout,  Cruit.  Mich.,  iii.  540-1. 

"  lie  VMS  .issifriK'd  .a  sahiry  of  0,000  dnca(his,  .'J, 000  of  wliieh  ho  received  ;is 
viceroy  and  ,'3,000  as  president  of  tlio  audiencia.  Ho  was,  moreover,  allotted 
L'.OOO  ducados  for  the  expenses  of  his  liody-gntird.  J^iii/a,  C<dnkirio,  OS-0.  In 
]()!  t  this  salary  m\is  raised  to  '20,000  ducats,  pay  for  six  months  beingallowi d 
for  the  voyage  out,  and  a  similar  amount  for  the  cxjicnses  of  returning.  Aln- 
tiiait,  Dhcrt.,  iii.  app.  'Jo.  The  (i.OOO  ducados,  at  .'575  maravedis  each,  were 
ei|ual  to  5,000  pesu-s  do  niinas  at  450  maravedis,  and  the  laborious  investigatur 
('liinencin  estimates  the  value  of  the  peso  de  minas  in  1497  to  have  been  nim: 
dollars  and  seventy-five  cents,  so  that  Mcmloza's  salary  would  1)C  about  eqiiiv  - 
(dent  to  48,750  dollars  of  modern  coin.  But  the  jiurchasing  ])ower  of  coin  tiic!! 
was  in  some  directions  live  or  ten  times  greater  than  at  the  present  day;  '" 
that  it  is  impossible  to  estimate  neeuratcly  the  value  of  coin  then  as  compared 
with  the  present.  2hm.  VaLr  jUontda,  MS..  501  ct  secj. 


ANTONIO  DE  MENDOZA. 


377 


i^ions  had  to  be  signed  by  the  viceroy.  In  addition  to 
these  appointments  ho  was  constituted  acting  captain 
•.(•ucral  and  empowered  to  assume  the  corresponding 
luuctions  should  circumstances  render  such  a  step  nec- 
essary. His  privileges  and  prerogatives  were  most 
ample,  and  although  he  was  advised  to  consult  with 
the  audiencia  on  matters  of  importance,  ho  was  fully 
autliorized,  after  receiving  their  opinions,  to  act  on  his 
judgment.  The  instructions  given  him  for  his  guid- 
ance were  explicit.  All  afi'airs  of  the  government  wero 
jjlaced  under  his  direction.  The  prelates  were  to  bo 
consulted  on  ecclesiastical  matters,  the  establishment 
and  extent  of  bishoprics,  and  the  erection  of  churches; 
iuid  a  full  report  thereon  w^as  to  bo  forwarded  to  the 
hiiig.  Clergymen  who  caused  scandals  were  not  to 
1k^  tolerated  in  the  province,  and  such  as  had  boon 
iViars  were  to  be  sent  back  to  Spain;  the  limits  of  the 
bishopric  of  Oajaca,  wdiich  it  was  proposed  to  erect, 
were  to  be  determined;  the  church  patronage  enjoyed 
by  the  crown  was  to  be  upheld,  particularly  the  right 
of  presentation  to  all  ecclesiastical  positions;  ecclesi- 
astical judges  could  have  no  power  to  arrest  and  punisli 
civilians,  and  the  audiencia  was  empowered  to  inter- 
I'cie  in  cases  of  appeal.  Convents  were  to  be  reformed 
jind  not  allowed  to  become  places  of  refuge  for  crimi- 
nals.* 

Vmt  though  his  majesty  was  anxious  for  the  proper 
spiritual  government  of  liis  realm,  his  worldly  inter- 
csls  were  by  no  means  left  out  of  sight,  and  sugges- 
tions were  made  to  promote  the  increase  of  the  royal 
revenue.'^    The  capability  of  the  natives  to  bear  in- 

*  Tlic  pnymcnt  of  church  tithes  hy  the  natives  was  to  bo  closely  investigated, 
mill  an  estimate  made  of  what  portion  of  tliein  ought  to  revert  to  the  crown, 
}i  was  ordered,  also,  that  in  tlie  existing  eoixvcnts  the  natives  sliouhl  reeeivo 
hitler  instructions,  Pach'Co  and  Cdrdcuoa,  Col.  Doc,  xxiii.  4l2G-4.");  and  they 
V. nv  to  he  encouraged  in  industrious  hahits,  and  to  collect  themselves  into  coni- 
iiiui.ilies.  No  arms  were  to  he  sold  to  the  natives,  nor  were  they  to  he  tau;.'ht 
to  manufacture  them.  Spaniards  settled  in  Mexico  were  to  keep  oU'ensive  an<l 
di'i'cniuve  arms  in  their  houses,  and  negroes  were  forbidden  to  carry  wcai^ona 
eiilicr  publicly  or  secretly.  /A  r/vra,  dec.  v.  lil).  ix.  cap.  i.  and  ii. 

^?^iendoza,  among  oth'T  orders,  was  instructed  to  search  for  buried  treas- 
ures in  the  great  temples  of  Mexico,  the  king  having  been  informed  that 


i 


378       ESTABLISHMENT  OF  A  VICEREGAL  GOVERNMENT. 

creased  tribute  was  to  be  considered,  as  well  as  tlio 
question  whether  those  portions  of  the  country  liilli- 
erto  exempt  could  not  be  taxed.  Moreover  industries 
were  to  be  encouraged  for  the  promotion  of  the  wel- 
fare of  the  country  and  the  benefit  of  the  royal  treas- 
ury; the  accounts  of  the  royal  officials  were  to  bo 
examined  and  the  collection  of  all  balances  due  was 
ordered.  Instructions  were  also  given  for  the  erec- 
tion of  forts,  and  provisions  were  made  with  regard 
to  arms  in  order  to  insure  the  safety  of  the  country. 
About  the  beginning  of  October  1535,  Mcndoza 
arrived  at  Vera  Cruz,"  and  preparations  were  made  to 
receive  him  with  becoming  ceremony.  He  was  con- 
ducted in  great  state  to  the  capital,  where  he  was 
sumptp'^usly  entertained  by  the  authorities.  Never- 
theless the  reception  was  quite  tame  as  compared  with 
later  ones,  when  the  viceroy  was  conducted  with  ex- 
cessive pomp  and  pageantry,  involving  great  expense, 
from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  the  whole 
journey  being  a  triumphal  march,  the  road  spread 
with  palm-branches  and  spanned  by  arches  of  fresh 
evergreens  and  flowers;  the  entrance  into  TIascala, 
Puebla,  and  all  the  principal  towns  on  his  route  being 
signalized  by  martial  music,  and  processions  of  multi- 
tudes of  natives  decked  in  brilliant  colors  and  bearing 
aloft  the  banners  and  devices  of  their  towns.  Ili!"!! 
in  front  of  the  viceregal  party  there  used  to  float  a 
lichly  embroidered  flag,  on  one  side  of  which  were 
worked  the  arms  of  the  king  and  on  the  other  those 
of  the  viceroy.     The  solemnity  of  the  reception  on 

native  nobles  had  been  buried  there  with  great  riches.  Tlic  question  of  sond- 
ing  slaves  from  Spain  or  elsewhere  to  work  iii  the  mines,  was  also  to  bo  cx;ini- 
iucd.  Id. 

*  Hcrrera  only  mentions  the  year  without  gi^^ng  the  month.  Id.  Torquo- 
madasaysin  1534.  Monarq.Ind.,  i.  G08,  followed  by  Figucroa,  VtiuUcins,  MS., 
Il2(),  Vctancurt,  Tmt.  Max.,  7,  and  several  minor  authorities.  Padi-o  Jltdina 
assigns  the  15th  of  August  1535  as  the  date  of  his  arrival  iu  Mcnico,  Climii. 
lie  San  Diego  de  Mc.r.,  233,  but  the  acts  of  the  ayuntaniiento  of  Mexico  show 
that  on  the  13th  of  October  dispositions  were  made  for  the  reception  of  Mtn- 
doza,  and  on  the  17tli  the  commission  made  a  report  of  the  conference  lic'.d 
with  him.  Presuming  that  the  confei-ence  was  held  on  the  IGth,  his  anivul 
probably  took  place  on  the  15th.  Zamacois  accepts  this  date.  Jiiat.  M<j., 
IV.,  5SG;  and  Rivera,  Gob,  Mcx..  i.  29. 


fii 


!         '\\ 


RECEPTION  OF  A  VICEROY. 


370 


cacli  occasion  was  proportionate  to  the  importance  of 
till!  town;  and  as  his  successor  approached  the  capital 
the  outgoing  viceroy  left  the  city  to  meet  him  and 
resign  the  government  into  his  hands. 

On  arrival  at  Chapultcpec  the  viceroys  used  to  halt, 
and  in  the  evening  proceed  to  the  city,  where  the  cere- 
mony of  taking  possession  would  bo  perfonned  witli 
great  solemnity.  Then  he  was  conducted  first  to  the 
hall  of  the  audiencia,'  after  that  to  the  hall  of  civil  [)ro- 
ccdure,  where  the  seal  was  delivered  to  him,  the  roval 
ct'dulas  constituting  his  appointment  were  exhibited, 
and  the  oath  was  taken  by  him  on  the  holy  gospel. 
Then  followed,  on  a  day  appointed  for  the  pui'pose,  his 
jniblic  entry  into  the  city,  on  which  occasion  was  dis- 
jilaycd  a  costly  magnificence  in  retinue  and  apparol. 
Xiar  the  church  of  Santo  Domingo  the  ayuntamiento 
delivered  to  him  the  city  keys  beneath  a  triumphal 
arch,  whence,  under  a  canopy  of  state,  he  was  con- 
ducted to  the  cathedral,  where  he  was  received  by  the 
archbishop  in  his  pontifical  robes.  At  the  entrance 
another  was  usually  erected  for  the  occasion,  beneath 
Avliirh  a  panegyric  in  verse  was  addressed  to  him. 
Ai'ter  the  te  deum  the  viceroy  would  proceed  to  the 
paii.ce,  and  for  several  days  the  city  would  be  gay 
M  ith  festivities,  the  night  bright  with  fireworks,  and 
the  day  one  continuous  round  of  bull-fights  and  other 
amusements.® 

'  Each  viceroy  was  the  hearer  of  a  scaled  letter,  called  the  pliogo  de  mor- 
taj.'i,  nililrcsscd  to  the  audiencia,  and  which  could  be  opened  only  in  case  of 
Ills  (k'utli  while  in  ollice.  This  document  designated  the  person  whom  tho 
crown  appointed  to  succeed  him  under  such  au  event. 

"  'I'lic  expenses  of  these  inaugurations  in  time  became  excessive,  amountin;| 
to  as  high  as  'JG,000  pesos.  The  king,  by  royal  ci'dula  of  May  G,  llJSS,  liniitcil 
tlu>  sum  to  be  employed  for  this  purpose  to  8,000  ])Csos.  Ordcucs  dc  la  ( 'o- 
mna,  MS.,  i.  9-11.  On  account  of  the  disputes  which  occurred  on  the  entry 
of  the  viceroy  Galvcz,  in  1783,  the  court  ordered  that  in  future  the  procession 
on  horwcback  into  the  city  should  be  discontinued,  and  thcnccfortii  the  ceie- 
inony  terminated,  and  tho  viceroy  and  accompanying  authorities  entered  tho 
city  from  Guadalupe  in  cari'iages,  the  garrison  being  ilrawu  out  in  the  streets. 
Tlio  respective  oaths  were  taken  in  the  council-chamber,  and  the  ayunta- 
miento ]i;ud  tho  expenses  of  banquets  and  otlier  festivities.  Tliese  still 
ainoimted  to  tho  great  sum  of  14,000  pesos,  iind  the  second  count  of  Kevilla 
< 'i-'dlo  adviseu  his  successor  to  suppress  them.  Ataman,  l)isert.,  iii.  app.  !)!>. 
Ill  former  tUies  ik  had  been  the  custom  for  the  authorities  of  the  capital. 


880     I:sTABLIs^^i^^'T  of  a  viceregal  coverxment. 

Soon  after  tlic  arrival  of  tlio  viceroy  several  iiiom- 
bors  of  the  audiencia  retired  from  oflice.  President 
Fuenleal,  already  advanced  in  years,  had  in  15:)J 
requested  permission  to  return  to  Spain,  and  the 
oidores  Salmeron  and  Ceynos,  for  the  same  reason, 
M-erc  equally  anxious  to  be  relieved  from  their  duties. 
By  cedula  dated  November  13,  1535,  Francisco  dr. 
Loaisa  was  commissioned  to  take  the  resideneia  of 
the  four  oidores."  On  the  24th  of  February  15;i(; 
this  order  was  proclaimed  witli  the  usual  form  in  the 
city  of  Mexico;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  chargrs 
were  preferred  against  any  one  except  Quiroga,  wlu) 
was  accused  of  having  caused  to  be  erected  two  hos- 
pitals, one  at  Santa  Fe  near  the  capital,  and  the  other 
in  Michoacan,  the  construction  of  which  had  brou'jlit 
great  distress  to  the  natives,  whose  houses  liad  beni 
d'.'stroyed  to  suppl}"-  materials.  Quiroga,  however, 
vindicated  his  action  by  proving  the  great  benefit  tliat 
luid  been  derived  from  the  hospitals,  especially  fioia 
that  in  Michoacan,  and  in  March  153G  he  was 
formally  exonerated  by  the  juez  de  resideneia.^'' 

Shortly  after  the  favorable  termination  of  their 
resideneia.  President  Fuenleal  and  the  oidores  Sal- 
meron and  Ceynos  returned  to  Spain.  It  is  no  more 
than  a  just  tiibute  to  their  memory  to  acknowledge 
that  they  faithfully  discharged  the  duties  intrusted  to 
them;"  that  during  their  administration,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  their  colleagues,  the  system  of  tyrannical 
misrule  organized  by  their  predecessors  was  broken; 
and  that  reforms  of  essential  benefit  were  effected  by 

including  the  trilninal  of  the  inquisition,  to  meet  the  viceroys  at  Chnpultopce, 

where  they  were  entertained  with  bull-fiphts  and  festivities,  but  from  tho 

cnorof  a  royal  C(jdula  of  1701  it  appears  that  before  that  year  Chupultcpuo 

ad  ceased  to  bo  the  halting-place  before  their  solemn  entry  into  tho  city. 

'cdlci  t'ldulas,  MS.,  i.  105. 

"On  the  I'.lth  of  the  sanio  month  nn  order  was  addressed  to  tho  viceroy 

•ccting  him  to  return  their  stall's  of  olliec  to  the  oidores  on  the  event  of  tluir 

i     idencia  beinj,'  satisfactory.     From  the  day  on  which  the  varas  were  giviu 

I  1;  to  tliem  they  could  continue  to  receive  their  annual  salary  of  500,000 

II  raved  is.  Piifja,  dcdtdario,  110. 

^" ncaiimoiit,  Crtin.  Mich.,  iii.  .SlG-17,  iv.  315-49. 

"  Derniil  Diaz  says  that  the  new  audiencia  'nocntendian  sino  solamciitc 
en  hazer  lo  (jue  Dios,  y  su  Magestad  niauda.'  Hist.  Vcrdad.,  230. 


\i  0 


A  rvinilTEOUS  rUT,RR. 


3S1 


ilicin  under  oirmnistjiiioos  wlildi  n'qiiircd  the  greatest 
j)ru(lciice,  good  jiulgnieiit,  and  courage.''^ 

It  is  refreshing  to  bo  ahle  to  speak  ^vell  of  one  of 
Spain's  rulers  in  America.  Mendoza  made  every 
ctrort  to  carry  out  the  instructions  he  had  received. 
I'lio  (kities  of  his  position  had  been  rendered  soine- 
Avliat  less  difficult  of  performance  by  the  previous  ex- 
ertions of  the  second  audicncia  in  tlic  work  of  reform; 
nevertheless  it  was  no  easy  matter  to  rule  with  satis- 
liu'tory  results  a  community  divided  into  factions, 
wlioso  opposing  interests  were  asserted  with  jealous 
claims  of  merit  and  equal  expectations  of  sup|)ort. 
TIk;  numbv^i  of  provinces,  and  the  varied  condition 
of  the  native  tribes  in  dillerent  parts,  rendered  it  im- 
])ossible  to  apply  the  same  rules  in  all  cases,  llegu- 
lations  which  were  beneficial  and  necessajy  in  some 
districts  were  inapplicable  in  others;  hence  discon- 
tent and  charges  of  capriciousness  against  the  vicer()y. 
Moreover,  each  ruler  of  a  province  and  each  enco- 
niendcro  wished  the  government  to  a<lo})t  his  own 
jiartieular  views,  and  the  advice  offered  to  jMendoza 
was  so  multifarious  that  ho  found  it  the  best  plan 
'|uietly  to  listen  to  all  without  dissenting,  and  then 
do  as  he  thought  best,"  as  contradiction  on  his  part 
led  to  interminable  wrangling.  Tlic  adjustment  of 
existing  jealousies  between  the  conquerors  proper  and 
the  new  settlers  was  a  difficult  task,  but  much  more 
so  was  the  enforcement  of  the  new  laws  relative  to 
the  treatment  of  the   natives;  and  though  he  was 

'■'  Speaking  of  President  Fuenleal,  Gonzalez  Ddvila  attributes  to  his  care 
and  iinidcncc  all  the  j^'oocl  tliat  was  cO'cctid  in  Xew  Siiain  duriiif,'  this  ]>i'riipcl, 
and  adds  that  lie  returned  to  the  I'lniiisula  without  fjold  or  sihcr.  T<<ilrQ 
/.'■A. v.,  i.  '2i')'l.  On  his  return  he  was  ap|)i tinted  to  tlie  see  of  'I'ny;  aftcrwaid 
lie  was  made  bishop  of  Leon,  and  111  ally  (if  Cuunca  on  the  'jrith  of  .luly  l.",l-i. 
At  the  same  time  he  was  ehosen  president  of  the  auilioncia  of  \'all;iilolid, 
V.  here  ho  died  January  22,  ITilT.  He  was  buried  in  the  ])()iMiiiiean  convent 
o;  Santa  Cruz,  founded  by  himself  in  his  native  jilaee.  Iti  nuil  Ji'ki:,  Hi4. 
Virilnl.,  230;  Hcrrcrti,  dec.  v.  lib.  ix,  eap.  i.;  Ovkdo,  iii.  534-5;  Tci-fjininai/a, 
i.  (;!1S;  Carliiiidp  ImlkiK,  829-30. 

"  '  Fa\  verdad,'  says  Jlendoai  to  his  successor,  'que  si  huhicse  de  hacer  lo 
qu(>  se  aoonseja,  que  ya  la  tierra  estuviera  trastoniada  do  abajo  arribu  vieuto 
voces.'  Jidacion,  in  Pacheco  and  Vdrdcuas,  Col.  Doc,  vi.  509-11. 


if 


1  1 


382        ESTABLISHMENT  OF  A  VICEREGAL  GOVERXMENT. 

well  aware  of  the  necessity  ot*  extending  to  tlicin 
protection,  lie  advised  the  repeal  of  the  laws/*  Tin; 
excessive  difficulties  encountered  in  legislating  for  the 
benefit  of  the  natives  arc  aptly  represented  by  Men- 
doza,  who  considered  that  the  numerous  experiments 
tried  were  enough  to  drive  them  to  insanity/^ 

Apart  from  the  administration  of  political  affaij's 
the  viceroy  was  occupied  in  carrying  out  improvi- 
nicnts  in  tlic  city  of  Mexico,  and  providing  means  of 
defence  against  outside  and  inside  attack.  The  second 
audiencia  had  already  executed  certain  works  bent'ii- 
cial  to  the  comfort  of  the  inhabitants,  such  as  tlio 
introduction  of  water  into  different  parts  of  the  cap- 
ital, and  the  substitution  of  stone  bridges  for  woodni 
ones.'°  The  aqueduct  from  Chapultepec  to  the  city 
had  also  been  begun  by  order  of  the  oidorcs."  Tlic 
continuance  of  these  improvements  under  a  viceroy, 
and  the  prospects  for  the  future  of  stability  in  the 
government  had  naturally  an  ofFcct  upon  the  value  of 
city  real  estate,  and  Meiidoza  informs  the  king,  <m 
the  10th  of  Decf'l^or  1537,  that  rents  and  property 
had  doubled  in  value  since  his  arrival.'^     The  defensive 

'*  The  general  outcry  against  these  laws  impelled  ^Icndoza  to  act  coiitriii  y 
to  Ilia  iLi'lings.  'Tengo  harto  cscrnpulo,'  lio  writes  to  the  king,  'dc  d;ir  pan  ■<- 
ciT  epic  V.  M.  los  quite  do  su  caheza;'  and  lie  goes  on  to  state  that  ou  one 
occasion  when  in  1  J.'J7  he  had  transferred  certain  Indians  to  the  care  of  the 
myril  troainircr  tiicy  wept  for  joy.  Pachcrn  and  Cdnlfiias,  Col.  J)oc.,  ii.  'JO.'i-fi. 

'■" '  V  en  lo  do  los  indios,  son  tantas  las  niudanzas,  que  algunas  vocr»  he 
dieho  quo  los  lieiiios  do  volver  loeos  con  tantos  ons;iyo.s.'  Jfciulout,  in  /(/.,  \  i. 
filO.  Olio  of  Meudoza's  first  actions  was  to  induce  certain  prominent  ciui>- 
ineiideros  to  exchange  towns  which  it  was  important  tliat  the  crown  sliould 
control  -sncli  as  Cholula  and  Huexotzineo— for  eucomiendas  in  tlie  interior. 
Tlie  iirinci]ial  incentive  to  the  assignees  was  the  expectation  that  niucli  gcil<l 
existed  in  the  mw  districts  assiirned  to  them.  The  encoinenderos,  how(.ver, 
soon  repented  of  their  bargain  and  reclaimed  the  towns  they  had  surrendered, 
but  in  vain.    Tor<iiiemnd<t,  i.  CI.'J-14. 

"'Fucnleal,  writing  in  September  ir)32,  stated  that  these  improvements 
would  1)0  finished  during  the  next  moutli.  I'achcco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Dvc, 
xiii.  'J.T). 

" 'i'hc  queen,  by  c(^'dula  of  November  13,  153."),  ordered  the  viceroy  to 
complete  it,  as  being  most  necessary  for  tiic  convenience  of  the  inhabitants. 
I'liija,  Ccthilurio,  Kli).  Its  completion,  however,  was  n  -t  tlic  result  ot  a  lim- 
ited number  of  years,  and  indeed  work  at  this  aqueduct  has  been  going  on, 
from  time  to  time,  ever  since  its  commencement. 

^''  Trruanx-Comimnx,  To//.,  st''rio  ii.  torn.  v.  200;  Pachrco  and  Cdnlciia-:, 
Col.  Doc,  ii.  2()0.  Arntngementa  were  made  with  the  dillerent  religious 
orders  that  tlie  construction  of  their  buildiiig.s  should  Ije  conducted  on  proper 
plans  so  us  to  insure  the  erection  of  good  edifices.  Id.,  vi,  oi3. 


MORE  ARMS  NEEDED. 


3S3 


iiicasLircs  atloptcd  by  liira  also  contributed  to  this 
iiK-roiise  of  [)rospcrity.  Besides  steps  taken  to  cast 
pieces  of  artillery  from  metal  produced  in  the  coun- 
try/^ lie  proposed  to  erect  on  one  of  the  causeways  a 
Initrcss,  which  he  considered  would  greatly  contribute 
to  the  security  of  the  city.""  Though  this  project 
(iocs  not  seem  to  have  been  carried  out,  at  Vera  Cru/ 
lie  began  the  erection  of  fortifications,  as  a  defence 
against  corsairs"^  and  for  the  purpose  of  providing 
iacillties  for  the  repair  and  security  of  vessels,  which 
Were  I'requently  exposed  on  that  coast  to  violent 
storms.'^ 


Protective  measures  against  internal  revolt  were 
indeed  of  vital  importance  to  his  jMajesty's  domain, 
and  iiistructions  were  from  time  to  time  issued,  dc- 
signed  to  keep  the  colonists  on  their  guard. "•^^  Owing  to 
t'le  scarcity  of  arms  the  position  of  the  Spaniards  at  this 
juncture  was  by  no  means  secure.  The  recognition  of 
this  want  had  not  onl}'  impelled  Mendoza  to  ap[)]y  to 


"Mcndoza  reports  to  the  king  Dec.oml)cr  10,  1537,  that  there  is  alin.i- 
(luKO  of  metal  iu  tlic  coiintrj'  for  the  inauufaLture  of  artillery,  Ijut  that 
sKii!ri4  wurkiiicn  arc  wanted  to  extract  anil  STnelt  it.  Ho  tlitrcforo  ruijuestd 
Ih.it  such  lie  sent  from  Spain.  I<L,  ii.  IS,'];  Floridd,  Col.  JJoc,  I'JI. 

-"Ho  uioicover  recommended  the  Iniilding  of  a  strong  fortilieation  on  the 
(':i!/:iila  do  Tacuba,  eontaining  apartments  for  the  audiencia,  a  foundry, 
mill',  and  arsenal.  Such  a  f<irtress  ho  helicvcd  could  he  constructed  for  1I,(I0() 
]ii  ns,  ilie  sum  which  had  been  paid  L'orted  for  housca  for  the  audiencia.  J'/. 
'11, ii  work,  liowcvcr,  had  not  been  commenced  in  l.'ilO,  and  Meiido/.a  that 
y-dv  describes  the  old  fortress  as  in  a  ruinous  condition  and  of  no  further 
usi;  fur  the  purpose  it  was  intended,  namely,  as  an  arsenal  and  doek-yaril, 
^iIlce  tlu!  lake  was  quite  dry.  Pnchcro  and  Cunkiia^,  Col,  Doc,  ii.  ',i'>~.  llo 
li.id  iu  I'i'il  stated  tliat,  from  the  same  cause,  it  could  be  removed  to  iio  place 
tli:it  Would  enable  the  luigantines  to  bo  of  any  service.  /</.,  ISJ-3. 

-'TIic  India  ("ouneil  had,  as  early  as  l.">'_'(>,  deemed  it  advisable  to  ord'T 
tlie  building  of  forts  in  America  as  a  protection  against  pirates.  Ihrnra, 
dr  ■,  iii,  lib.  X.  cap.  ix. 

•■"L'o  defray  the  expenses  of  these  works  he  laid  an  impost  upon  the  mer- 
cliiindiso  imported  from  .Spain,  and  iiorrowed  '_',(•()() pesos  with  Mldchto  begin 
(']"  riitions.  The  viceroy,  however,  met  with  ditfieulties  and  delays:  some 
llaMjue  workmen  whom  he  had  employed  died;  and  Sanclio  do  I'iniga,  master 
lit  a  vessel  bound  for  Spain,  attempted  to  steal  'J, 000  pesos  do  miuas  \\  hii  li 
Mcmio/a  intrusted  to  his  care  for  the  puicluvse  of  tools.  Ho  was  detected 
and  iiu|irisoned,  l>ut  managed  to  escape.  These  mishaps  retarded  the  wurk, 
Had  in  licccmbcr  lolJT  Mendoza  requested  the  king  to  send  out  competent 
men.  FIniilo,  Col.  ])oc.,  \~',\  Tt. 

•^  The  queen  in  Novendier  lo3o  ordered  arms  to  Vjc  distributed  aniouy  the 
BetUers  in  the  city  of  Mexico.  J'i"ju,  Cidulurio,  IO'J-10. 


if; ' 


i 


3S4       ESTABLISHMENT  OF  A  VICEREGAL  GOVERNMENT. 

the  king  for  weapons  of  war,"^  but  also  for  permission 
to  retain  and  purchase  arms  which  were  on  the  point 
of  being  withdrawn  by  adventurers  for  Peru.  This 
apparent  weakness  of  the  Spaniards  in  New  Spain 
was  regarded  by  the  negro  population  as  offering  a 
favorable  opportunity  to  ofTect  their  destruction,  and, 
with  the  cooperation  of  the  natives,  liberate  the 
country  IVom  the  Spanish  yoke. 

The  vindictive  character  and  hardihood  of  the  Afri- 
can race  had  at  an  early  day  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  government  to  the  danger  to  which  the  Indies 
were  exposed  by  the  importation  of  negro  slaves.  In 
proportion  to  the  population  their  numbers  were  be- 
cominixalarminnf,-^  and  althou2:h  their  number  in  Xtw 
Spain  was  relatively  insigniiicant  compared  with  that 
of  the  indigenes,  it  was  such  as  to  hold  out  to  tlicni, 
turbulent  as  they  were  and  Refractory  by  natui'c,  a 
prospect  of  gaining  their  freedom.  They  were  furtlicr 
eml^oldenod  by  the  knowledge  which  they  obtained 
of  the  troubles  that  embarrassed  the  king,  and  by  tlio 
arrival  of  vessels  from  Spain  only  at  long  intervals.-" 

Their  intercourse  with  the  Indians,  and  the  mutual 

"In  December  1537  he  informs  the  king  that  no  arms  had  been  reeoivcd 
hy  him  from  tlic  royal  olliciala  at  Seville,  to  whom  the  matter  had  huLU  in- 
trusted. Pnr/ieco  mid  Cunlcna-i,  Col.  JJoc,  ii.  '200. 

'•'■'In  lo'J;j  it  was  ordered  that  the  niunher  of  nCjCjroea  should  only  hr  in 
the  proportion  of  one  to  three  Spsiii  ards,  and  that  the  latter  shcnild  lie  well 
armed  ;  'porq  a  eansa  do  aucr  muehus  mns  negros,  4  Christianos  en  his  i.sl;is,  y 
tiuersc  eomcneado  a  desuergoni,'ar. '  llcrreva,  dec.  iii.  lib.  v.  cap.  viii.  Latir 
other  precautionary  laws  were  passed.  In  \oo\  negrocn  were  prohibited  I'lom 
e;nrying  anna.  Ly  order  of  \'A'l  they  were  not  permitted  to  be  out  of  dour.s 
at  night,  larop.  do  IikL,  ii.  ."iO;]— t.  In  1^75  tliey  were  forbidden  to  Hve  in 
Indian  towns,  and  negroes  without  occupation  were  to  bo  sent  to  woik  in 
tlie  mines.  As  the  necessity  of  more  stringent  laws  beeamo  apparent  it  \\as 
ordered,  in  1U12,  that  they  should  not  congregate  in  companies  of  more  tliau 
three,  while  only  four  negro  men  and  foiu'  women  were  allowed  to  attiiid 
nt  the  funeral  1  of  those  of  their  race.  Muiitenidt/or,  Sfinarioti,  'JdS,  jit.  iii. 
4.")-().  Neverlholess  tho  negroes  in  many  matters  met  with  eon.sideiatiiiii, 
and  inducements  to  become  (piiet  mendiers  of  the  community  to  v  liicii  tin  y 
belonged,  liy  a  royal  letter  to  tho  authorities  of  Kew  Spain,  dat<(l  Novtiu- 
ber  lu"_'(),  wo  learn  tliat  it  was  considered  advantageous  to  allow  tliini  to 
marry,  and  after  a  certain  period  of  service  even  to  ])ureliasc  their  fieiclniii. 
J'i'Uti,  Ceihilarto,  'JO.  Marriage  was  to  l>e  encouraged  among  them,  but  the 
act  of  marriage  tlid  not  confer  freedom.   Ji'nttp.  ile  I  ml.,  ii.  ',Ui\. 

■-"Tho  viceroy  in  liis  letter  to  the  king  of  December  10.  l.'i,'{7,  nlluding  t'> 
'  las  gnerraa  y  neeesidades  que  V.  M.  tii.ne,' remarks,  'y  viene  il  noticia  de 
los  negros  y  dc  indios,  sin  que  so  lea  encubraiiada.'    lie  also  advises  the  king 


THE  XEfiROES  BECOMINO  DANGEROUS. 


3S:> 


pvmjiathy  wliicli  existed  between  the  t\v(>  races,  offered 
;i  tiiiii)tatii)U  to  their  unsuhmissive  jjroclivities.  Ac- 
coidin^ly  a  plot  was  formed  to  massacre  the  Spaniards 
iiiiil,  in  ahiancc  with  the  natives,  gain  possession  of 
the  country.  The  head-f[iiarters  of  tlie  cons[)irators 
wa  ^  in  the  cit}'^  of  Mexico,  and  there  tliey  held  me"t- 
iii;;s,  elected  a  kin<jf,  and  formed  their  })lans  in  connei-- 
tiiin  v/itli  those  of  their  race  located  at  tlie  nnnes  and 
(lutside  towns.  One  of  their  numl)L;r,however,  inl'onni';! 
till)  viceroy  of  the  plot,  and  ]\ren(loza  hy  judicious  man- 
ii^euient  succeeded  in  arresting  the  already  elected 
kill.;'  and  the  ringleaders.  CV)nfessions  opened  their 
cyi  s  to  the  danger  escaped.  The  Spaniards  in  the 
iiiliiin'j:  districts  and  country  towns  had  already  been 
pi;t  upon  their  guard,  and  other  ai;^-ests  were  made  out- 
.siilc  the  capital.  Twenty-four  of  the  captured  con- 
sjiirators  AVere  hanged  and  (luartd'ed."'  Although  no 
eniiiMJicitv  could  be  i)roved  against  the  Indians,  in- 
vc-lign.^ioii  left  little  iloubt  that  they  were  aware  of 
th<'  plot,  and  that,  had  tlie  nef>roes  broken  into  overt 
acl-;,  the  natives  would  have  given  their  aid. 

Jt  was  now  deemed  dangt-rous  to  import  negroes, 
niid  tlie  viceroy  requested  the  king  to  prohibit  tiu; 
tr.iiiic.  ]Nroreover,  to  arouse  Ihe  settlers  I'rom  tlu-ir 
;i;i  ithy,  and  inform  himself  of  powers  for  defence,  Iks 
oidt-red  a  muster  in  the  city,  at  which  six  hundred 
;iiiil  twenty  horsemen  presented  themselves,  four  hun- 
\\\\\\  and  lifty  of  whom  were  well  ecjulppcd  and  fit 
^^^\'  service.  There  was  also  an  etpial  number  of  foot- 
sikhers,  well  conditioned.-^ 

til  sf'iiil  vessels  roi;ulai'ly,  so  tlmt  nows  from  Spain  ini,','lit  bo  received  fre- 
i;iu;i;Iy.  Sueli  eduinuinieatiou  \\(mlil  edii'Liilmte  ;rrea(ly  to  tho  content  ami 
i|i;ii  :  cf  the  \iei)ple.   Pfvhvnt  ixwA  < 'unli'iuis,  (\J.  I><ti\,  ii.  1'.'!). 

•'  Many  of  the  negroes  lleil,  I'oiir  of  m  honi  M'ith  one  woinnn  were  kiMeil  liy 
tlir  liiiliaiiH,  who  NalUil  their  hoilics  ami  hi'on;:ht  them  to  Mendoza,  tieeansc 
111  !,.■  il  onlered  llio  fu;;itives  to  he  taken  ileail  or  alive.  /■/.,  I'.iS.  'lai  esto 
alio  ill'  0  ( 'jj.'as  y  (le  irj.'iT  f^e  (juisieiim  al/ar  lo'i  Negros  t  n  la  ( 'iinlail  do  Mexieo, 
ill  Im  (luales  iUioi'caron  lo.s  inventoles  ile  ello.'  Cud.  TiU.  lit  in.,  in  Kiii'ju- 
/i;i/v. '/;///',•{  J/c.r.  Aiilii/.,  V.   l.').j. 

■-'■'Ihesu  nmnlicrs  do  not  reprc'^ent  tlu^  whole  Spanish  male  jioimlation  in 
the  eapiial  at  tiiis  time,  lieoanse  there  were  'otrr  i  iimehos  i|iie,  ]ior  iiiili-^]iMsi- 
eiun  V  oUos  impedinientos  juntos,  dejaron  dc  salir.'  I'acluco  aud  t'unknus, 
Vul.  'Due,  ii.    1!)!)  •_'{)(». 

Ui:ir.  aitx.,  Vot.  II.    25 


M 


.■J 


2 

<   i 


M) 


CHAPTER  XIX. 


A  DECADE  OF  CHURCH  ]SLA.TTERS. 
1530-1J40. 

TiiotiBLES  OF  Bishop  ZrMAmiAnA — IIi;  Goi:s  to  SrAiv — ITis  Cokskcrattov 
ANU  Rkti'hx  to  Jlr.xico — Fikst  Ciii'uchks  in  TiiECAriTAL— Unci;ktain' 
Puioiui-y  AM)  SiTi:s — The  Fiust  CATiir.uRAi,— Xkckssitv  of  JFoi::-; 
BisiiorKics — DiocESKS  ofOajaca  and  Miciioaca.v  Established— I'liAN- 
ciscAN  I'uooiJEss—CusTpiJiA  OK  Santo  Evancelio  Raisi'.d  to  a  I'uov- 
iNci: — Lauors  of  the  I'adres — Dominican  Provincia  ICstaiu.isiu.d— 
Unseemly  Strife — Si:cci:s,sFrL  I'lioi-AaANmsM — Arrival  of  Aii.i- 
tinians — Labors  and  IIardshii'S— Provinclx  I'Istabi.ished — Miraci- 

LOUS     SlIIilNE     AT     ClIALMA— Da<;0N     OvERTHltOWN — TlIE     ViRCIN'     oK 
CiCADAUTE— A  {JlORIOUS  VlsION— A    MoDEST   SlIRINE    AND    A    ( 'dSTIA' 

Ciiinu'ii — A  Wonderful  Painting — Multiti  des  of  Converts— Secret 

IlJOLATIlV. 

While  tlic  political  government  of  New  Spain  v.-.ns 
thus  undergoing  important  changes,  reibrnis  (MjUiilly 
momentous  were  l)eiii!»;  effected  in  the  ecclesiastical 
administration.  The  disorders  which  had  prevailed 
previous  to  the  arrival  of  the  second  audiencia  had 
been  such  as  no  efforts  of  the  church  could  arrest.  The 
ecclesiastical  body  I'ound  their  labors  at  conversion 
almost  inell'ective  I'rom  the  I'act  that  their  teachings 
were  naturally  disregarded  by  the  natives,  v/ho  saw- 
clearly  enough  that  the  doctrines  of  tlu;  religion 
preached  to  them  were  ])ractically  ignored  by  the 
race  eni'orcing  it.  The  condition  of  the  natives,  both 
s[»iritual  and  temporal,  during  this  period  was  lament- 
able in  the  extreme.  Ijishop  Zunuirraga,  who  had 
been  ajipointed  [U'otector,  exerted  himself  in  vain  to 
alleviate  their  sufferings;  his  effoits  in  their  behah' 
seemed  only  to  bring  u[)()U  himself  the  animosity  ol'  ail 

( obG )  * 


zumArraga  IX  srAix. 


387 


iiiterostcd.  Novcrtlicloss  liis  words  liad  their  effect, 
and  he  was  sent  lor  IVoin  Spani  to  y;[vc  advice  on 
iiieasiires  i'or  aiiiehorating  the  coiuhtioii  of  the  Indians. 

Vv'ilhont  money/  hut  resohite  in  Ids  lahors,  he 
.11  rived  iu  Spain  ahoiit  the  niitldle  of  10.32,  and  v.as 
received  at  court  with  every  marl;  of  I'avor.  His 
(Icilncc  of  the  religious  orders  in  New  Spain,  aiul  of 
liis  own  lino  of  conduct,  his  descri[)tion  of  the  c;)n- 
(lition  of  the  natives  and  his  fervid  pleadings  in  their 
!n  li;df  were  listened  to  with  attention.  His  eh)quenco 
and  earnestness,  his  self-negation  and  poverty,  he- 
s[)oke  favor  for  his  cause.  The  title  of  protector  v.as 
ctulirnied  to  him,  and  he  was  empowered  to  examine 
tlie  sytem  of  tributes,  with  the  object  of  their  ivduc- 
tjiin,  and  the  audiencia  received  instructions  to  assist 
him  and  conform  to  his  views  as  far  as  possible.* 
On  the  27th  of  April  1  5.'].']  he  was  solcumly  conse- 
crated as  bishop  at  A^alladolid  in  the  Franciscan  cliuich 
by  the  bishop  of  Segovia,  in  the  presence  of  a  largo 
a.-semblv.  After  the  ceremony  he  iourneved  throu'ih 
diii'erent  parts  of  Spain  lor  several  months,  and  in- 
(hiced  many  mendjers  of  his  own  order  to  return  v/iili 
him  to  ]\Icxico  and  aid  in  tlie  laljor  of  conversion. 

In  1534  he  again  arrived  in  ]\Iexico,  having  at 
sonic  time  during  llie  same  year  issued  a  let.ter  iVoni 
Toll 'do  erecting  his  cathedral,  establishing  tlie  dig'ui- 
liuies  of  his  chapter,  and  delining  the  rules  by  which 
his  tlioccsc  would  be  governed.^ 

It  has  been  a  matter  of  much  discussion  as  to  tlie 

'  'Con  Ii.irt.-i  poljrcca  do  iliiicros.'   7'  rqurmuihi,  iii.  110. 

'^  (ioiir.'diz  Dilri/ii,  'J'<a/ri>  Lc'v.t.,  i.  'Jl  ;  .M(iiiliiln,  Iiist.  J'dcs.,  ()',)];  .SV,xi, 

K:''"-.  .'/'<./•.,  t)  iiixi  ii]"p.  '2:;;j. 

•*  Tim  clinptcr  consistctl  of  a  ilcini,  (irclulcvu-nn,  prt-cciitor,  chancellor,  trciis- 
uri  r,  ti'u  canon:),  uniltsix  i)rcl)i'n(lai'i(s.  'JTicsalaiic.iuf  t'lcsccc^'lciiaoLic  i  varioil 
li'iiii  l.)>)  Id  ;!"»  jiosDS  per  iiidnili.  Xiiiv:i  /.'•ixi/in,  JJn  rr  He.;.,  M;i..  i.  rjj-!.), 
c 'ir.:iins  a  cii[)y  (/f  llio  liishup'.s  letter.  One  fouri.h  of  the  tithes  l.u  reserved 
f'lr  himself  and  snceessor.s ;  erne  fourlli  was  ii  jipro]iri:i,ieil  fcM'  tlio  |  nynien^  i.f 
th'-  ^:il;nies  of  the  catheilnil  <li_iiitiiries  Jind  oilier;;  the  r(iu;:i..iUr  v. .-.H 
jippurtiuncil  for  the  payment  of  rectors,  the-  ldn'.;"s  tidies,  tlu'  liaiMiir;  of 
ei.urdies,  and  the  sup[)Oit  of  the  hospital.  The  jiarislies  of  Me.\ieo  l,'ii,y  are 
iin.iiiiuned  in  MallnU.  de  Judios,  MiS.,  Xo.  18,  fols,  (J  11. 


HI 

1  \c. 


I   1 


388 


A  DECADE  OF  CHURCH  ]SIATTEr.S. 


iirst  cliurcli  erected  in  the  city  of  INIexico.  During 
the  next  tliree  years  after  the  capture  of  tlie  city  no 
edifice  was  built  for  churcli  service,  but  a  hall  in  the 
house  of  Cortes  was  set  apart  ibr  the  purpose  of 
divine  vvorship.  This  place  was  soon  required  as  a 
store-room  for  arms,  and  a  chapel  was  established  in  a 
narrow  corridor,  inappropriate  both  to  n^ligious  solem- 
nity and  the  requirements  of  the  worshii)pers,  many 
of  whom  had  frequently  to  stand  outside  un})rotected 
from  the  sun  or  rain.* 

The  Franciscan  order  claim  to  liavo  founded  the 
first  church,  but  some  doubt  exists  as  to  their  pi'iority 
from  the  I'act  that  in  the  books  of  the  cttbildo  it  is 
recorded  that  on  May  30,  1525,  a  piece  of  land  ibr  an 
orchard  v>as  granted  to  Fray  Pedro  dc  Villagran, 
who  is  styled  the  [)arish  priest  "of  the  church  of  this 
city.""''  It  is  not  unreasonable  to  conclude  that  Coi- 
tcs,  previous  to  his  departure,  marked  out  the  siti; 
and  took  measui-es  for  tl">  erection  of  a  church,  whicii 
\vas  begun  during  his  absence,  and  completed  at  a 
later  date. 


*C'ortctt,  Ri'4'li'ncw,  i.  passim;   ^^otolhii't,  I/lyf.  hid.,  101. 

^'J'lio  .siiiiio  Ixiiik  jn'ovcs  thiit,  in  August  l.">'Jt,  tlio  luispital  of  Jesus  v.ts 
fnniulod  .•mil  a  cIuu'lIi  fittac-Iicd  to  it.  Aliiiimii  UKiiiitnius  that  the  ]iari.-h 
chr.foh  and  tliis  one  wei'o  tiio  first  established.  Dlscrt.,  ii.  1;;,'>.  Orozeoy  Den:!, 
fuioting  the  same  authority,  dr;i\vs  the  conc'usion  that  in  the  last  numl!:;-!  of 
1  ")•_'!,  alter  Cortrs  had  left  for  llonduias,  tlic  Iirst  ehureh  was  built.  Mi.i\ 
A'o'.  ('/«(/.,()!).  Ica/baloet-  eonsiders  that  hardly  any  iloubt  exists  that  l!io 
first  chnreh  vas  not  built  until  after  tlie  arrival  of  the  Traneiscans.  Srla:  :r, 
Jfcr.  (11  Jo'i.'i,  \>A~1'&1;  To.  (jnriiiadfi,  iii.  ,".")-(!,  Accori'.in  ;  to  ^'l'Laneurt,  1'  e 
name  of  St  .Joseph  was  j,'iven  to  tlie  paroehial  clnurh.  'J'riil.  JL.t:,  (i.  'i'ho 
assertions  of  .Meiidieta  and  'J'or(|UeiiKida,  Vilio  advai:eo  the  elaim  of  the  rr.iii- 
eiscans,  au;  disputed  by  8i;uK'n;:a  y  (l('in','or;i  and  .Vlar.iau.  They  are,  nri'i'- 
over,  at  varianee  wi;h  Ilerrera,  who  plainly  attriljutes  to  Cortes  the  e.-,. ah- 
li.Jimi'lit  of  the  i>riiicipal  ehureh.  llerrera's  statement — dee.  iii.  lib.  iv.  e::|i. 
viii.  — may,  however,  be  reeoneiled  v.'ith  that  of  Memli-ta,  l)y  iulerpielinr  it 
to  mean  that  only  the  initiatory  steps  were  taken  by  t'lo  e!>ii([ueror.  Mlii- 
<lii'ta  i.Kserls  that  the  ehureh  w.s  built  in  l.VJ."),  '  e.jn  mueha  brevedad;  i)or(|i'.e 
el  ;;obe;-n;'.dor  ]).  rirnando  Cortrs  j.uso  en  la  edilie;.eion  luueha  c:.ler.'  /;'■'. 
L'i\'(S.,  '222.  t'orli'S,  however,  was  in  Honduras  ;;t  lliat  time.  Aecon'.iu'r  t> 
evi.leuec  fiven  by  v.'itncsses  in  liis  reaideneia  it  w.-ald  ap.car  tliat  it  v.,  -i 
built  iluriuL?  his  absence  in  Jlondtiras;  thou  li  I\Llil.\oeIiitl  claims  tliat  !:i-4 
iin-.estor  of  the  .'-auie  name,  after  the  I'eturn  of  the  e>;pedil.ion,  rendered  ■  '.cat 
aid  in  its  conslveelion  by  lairii'.yin'j  b.ith  la))or  r.nd  inaterads.  The  hoii  e 
for  tlie  rr.'.ntisear.s  had  been  already  l)i';;un,  and  after  t!io  completion  of  llie 
ehureh  IxlUhcoel.ill  assisted  the  friars  in  the  erection  of  their  buildings.  //'/'. 
C'rui LhuU's,  111  10. 


if.  ■•: 


TITE  FIRST  CHURCH. 


380 


An  oqnally  tliflicult  question  to  (lecido  is  the  site 
of  the  first  church,"  hut  there  is  u^ood  reason  to  suj>- 
jiose  that  tlie  parochial  church  stood  on  <;"round  previ- 
ously occupied  by  the  great  Aztec  temple,  and  where 
llic  old  cathedral  was  afterward  erected."  By  a  hull 
of  Pope  Clement  VII.  tliis  church  was  elevated  in 
I  7):)0  to  the  rank  of*  cathedral;'^  so  that  the  fh-st  cathe- 
dral and  the  parochial  church  were  identical.  IJut 
litis  edifice  was  only  regarded  as  a  provisional  one, 
:iiid  during  the  presidency  of  Fucnleal  the  construc- 
liou  of  a  more  appropriate  building  was  begun  and 
(I  iiii})lete(l  by  the  viceroy  ^Eendoza."  As  time  advanced 
tliis  structure  also  was  too  humble  in  which  to  ci'le- 
bi'.itc  the  worship  of  God  with  beconiin<_r  OTandeur. 
A  lew  decades  later  was  laid  the  first  stone  of  the 
liia-'iiificent  edifice  which  exists  to-dav.^^ 

"Ii-azlKiloetii,  after  c.-irofully  woigliing  tlic  arjruinonts  mldiiccil  ])y  Alaiium 
fiiiil  J(j<u  F.  lianiirc/.  in  analyzing;  tin.' Sitati'iiicnts  df  Tonniouiada.  alt'aou'^li 
r.(M-iiiziii>,' tin;  <liiiiculty  of  ))roof,  coiiu's  to  tlio  coiiuhisioii  that  llio  I'onjuctin-e 
that  the  J'raiieiscau  iliui'L'li  was  the  fii'st  one  liwilt  in  the  eity  of  .Mc.\iro  is 
[iinLalily  ri'-'Iit  and  that  its  site  was  that  ocenpied  \>y  the  atrium  of  the 
jivMit  cathedral.   Sn'fiz/ir,  M(X.  ru  iJ.;.;,  KSt-'JOJ,  'Jl;}--J!). 

■  1  ierreia  states  that  the  foundation-stones  of  the  ]iiii()chial  chureli  '.verc 
i'liils:  'y  conien(;o  la  mayor' — i.  c.  iglesia — 'sobrc  eierto.s  idolos  do  ]iiedia  i"! 
hirucn  i)or  va.sas  do  las  eoluiias.'  dee.  iii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  viii.  If  tiii.s  vc\i  il 
i]nrstion  as  to  juiority  and  «ite  should  ever  he  solvid  it  will  prolialily  I'O 
f'iiind  that  the  lirst  jiai'ochial  ehurcii  'ind  the  lirst  Franeisean  chureli  were  luiiit 
aliin  t  eontcnnjioraneously,  the  former  oceupyin;,'  the  siti^  of  the  Axtee  temple, 
ii;,  I  ;  rouial  whieli  had,  aeeordinj;  to  Vetanenrt,  been  assii^ied  to  the  l''ran- 
ei-.  an  i  for  a  convent,  but  of  which  tiny  re.iinpii.dieil  tin  ir  riu'hts  as  owners, 
7'/-''.  M(\<\,  17;  and  that  the  hitter  named  eluireh  stood  near  by  on  the  e;ist, 
i)i  ;-■  mta  Teresa  street.  There  is  cviil  nee  which  indicates  the  site  <jf  t!ie  lirst 
<.''lird:;!l.  for  Fuenleal,  writiii;.;  to  the  empress  on  tiie  .'iOth  of  April  \7i'.Vl, 
MI  "ests  the  appropriation  of  1-  out  of  'Jo  lots,  'senalados  para  liacer  i;.':lesia, 
clain'ira  y  e:isa  episcopal,' for  the  purpo~e  of  erectliii;  on  thnn  buildin;;s  for 
t:ir  :;niliencia.  'i'hese  lots  of  <,'rouiid  wei'c  situated  in  the  ])laza  Ik  twei  n  tiie 
tW'i  !lou:^es  of  Cortes,  and  the  jxisition  of  those  pri'[i".;ed  to  bcrapiiropriated  was 
!-ui  h,  '(piesta  easa  do  Audieiicia  y  las  ilos  e;  sas  del  Manpn's  tennan  la  i;;le:  iiv 
>  I 'lixa  en  medio.'  Cartri,  in  J'^ic/ic-n  an<l  Ciirdrifin,  ('..f.  Dnc,  xiii.  'Jit  l.'i. 
Tli' ■.  subject  is  discussed  at  ^'I'cat  hiiLjth  and  ably  by  Jcazbalccta  in  Salazdi; 
Mi.r.  Ill  I'l'/.y,  and  by  Alaniaii,  Dlsirl. 

*" Xiii  ra  L'sjKtiid,  J!rivc  /.Vs.,  ^iS.,  i.  I'JI.  From  the  same  luill  wi;  learu 
t'::it  tlie  cliiireh  was  dedicated  to  the  Vir;;in  Mary.  Speakinj^  of  the  eathe- 
ih;l  IJeaunioiit  says:  'cuya  titular  es  la  Asuncion  dc  Xuestnv  Senora.'  ('run. 
M'-li.,  iii.  "J.")!. 

'■"  r<y  a  ci'dula,  tlatcd  August  28,  l.'IVJ,  it  was  ordered  by  rrinco  Felipe 
th:it  liic  cost  of  construction  should  be  diviih'il  into  thre  portions,  and 
<!■  iraycd  respectively  l)y  the  royal  treasury,  the  eneoni(^ndcros,  and  tho 
liaiivis  in  the  diocese.   JhiiKrcii,  JJis>.  /lar.'dn/ft,  i.  r)l!l-'.;(). 

'  Tts  ^'rowtli  was  slow,  however;  slower  than  that  of  the  temple  at  .Tern- 
taJLi)!,     l''orty-two  years  were  occupied  in  building  the  outer  walls,  and  it 


(iiJr  ■! 


r^i 


390 


A  D'TADE  OF  CIILT.CII  MATTERS. 


The  careful  attention  witli  wlilcli  the  .second  audl- 
encla  examined  into  the  ecclesiastical  system,  and  the 
suufLjestions  made  by  them  8liowed  the  necessity  of 
reorganization.  In  August  1531  they  represented  to 
tlie  king  that  the  districts  comprised  in  the  diocese  of 
Tlascala  were  unwisely  selected,  inasmuch  as  they 
were  distributed  at  distances  from  the  episcopal  town 
varying  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  and  sixty  leagues, 
and  they  urged  the  necessity  of  cstablishinjjj  more 
bishoprics  of  limited  extent,"  and  consisting  of  con- 
tiguous districts.  Such  a  system,  l-liey  argued,  would 
compel  the  prelates,  whoso  means  and  power  would  bo 
curtailed,  to  confine  themselves  to  the  conversion  of 
tlie  natives,  and  attention  to  church  matters  only.'-' 
The  metropolitan  see  of  ^Mexico  ought,  tliey  considered, 
to  be  of  limited  extent,  but  it  was  advisable  that  tin; 
bishop  should  be  invested  with  extraordinaiy-  power  to 
decide  doubtful  questions.^^  These  rojiresentations  liad 
their  effect,  and  by  cedula  of  March  20,  1532,  the 
bishopric  of  Tlascala  was  limited  to  the  districts  of  tlio 
town  of  that  name,  and  of  Huexotzinco,  Cholula,  Te- 
peaca,  and  the  newly  founded  city  of  Pucbla  do  los 
Angeles." 

Further,  in  accordance  with  Fuenleal's  recommenda- 
tion,^' the  India  Council  expressed  their  opinion  to  the 
king  that  not  only  ought  there  to  be  four  bishoprics 
in  New  Spain,  the  nund)er  to  be  increased  as  circum- 
stances might  require,  but  that  an  archbishopric,  or 


was  not  until  1020  tliat  tlic  interior  was  so  far  completed  that  the  old  catlio- 
dial,  Ijcsitlc  which  the  new  one  was  reared,  could  Im  pulled  down.  Or.^v  i  // 
Jlcrra,  ia  ,^fl•.r.  Xut.  Ciitil.,  71;  J\'ot.  Mcv.  \i\  Mimiimeutos  IJoiiuh.  Usp. ,}>!>., 
3'20.     Vctancurt  gives  10.")u  as  the  date.    Traf.  Mix.,  IS. 

"  Tliey  advisee  I  that  the  diocese  of  Tlascala  bo  limited  to  a  radius  of  10 
leagues.  (,'«)•/«,  in  'J'l  riiaii.v-CoiiipaiiK,  I'o//.,  scrie  ii.  toni.  v.  KiO-S. 

'■'  Friars  Domingo  do  Uetauzos,  Francisco  do  Soto,  and  ^Martin  do  Valencia 
arc  mentioned  as  l)cing  Avilling  to  accept  so  poor  liislioprics.  LI. 

'■' Er-pecially  regaiiling  n.'tivc  marriages,  as  tho  Indians  concealed  their 
degrees  of  rclationslii])  when  it  was  their  interest  to  do  so. 

"Tlie  audieiiciii  was  also  instructed  to  give  its  views  after  due  consulta- 
tion regarding  the  estabiishment  of  other  sees,  /'".'/ft,  Ci'diiiirin,  7l)-7,  !)>)'-'. 

'■"lie  remarks,  'yando  ser  personascjue  andeii  ;'i  pic  di'>  no  jjudicrcn  amlar 
cavalgaiido,  y  (^ue  se  contenten  con  el  mantenimiento  do  los  iudioa  y  con  toda 
pobre;:a.'  CarUt,h\  ruch<.i:o  nwiX  Cdnkuas,  xiii.  '-lo. 


rnovixci:s  a\d  liisnorRirs, 


301 


iintropolitnii  Msliopric  with  superior  powers,  slioulil 

]>v  a  royal  cedula  issued  in  February  Ifj."]-},  New 
Spain  proper  was  divided  into  I'our  provinces,  desii^- 
iiatel  as  Mexico,  ]\[iclioacan,  Goazacoalco,  and  ]Miz- 
ticapan;*''  but  the  bishoprics,  wlilch  it  was  intended 
1(»  some  extent  should  follow  these  political  divisions, 
were  known  1)}'  the  names  of  ]\[exico,  ^lichoacan,  Tlas- 
cala,  and  Oajaca.  The  boundaries  of  all  now  dioceses 
wcru  to  l)e  limited  to  a  radius  of  (iftoen  leagues,  having 
the  cathedral  town  as  the  centre.  Intervening  sj)ace 
between  two  sees  was  to  be  equally  divided,  l)ut 
should  any  principal  toMU  be  situated  near  a  boundary 
line  the  district  belonging  to  it  was  to  be  under  the 
juii'-diction  of  the  bishopric  in  which  tlio  town  lay, 
even  thouu'li  it  extended  into   the   neij'hboring  dio- 


cese 


n 


]>ut  these  regulations  were  attended  v.ith  incon- 
veniences. The  different  l)ishoprics  still  included 
greater  territorial  extents  than  were  consistent  with 
Ihoiouu'h  work,  and  in  later  times  the  want  of  delinite- 
ness  respectnig  boundaries  led  to  frequent  disputes. 
]n  addition  to  the  two  bishoprics  now  existing,  nan  'ly, 
thny-o  of  ]\Iexico  and  Tlascala,  two  others  were;  to  be 
esta1)lished,  tliose  of  Oajaca  and  jMichoacan,  The  see 
nl'  ();ijaca  was  first  offered  to  Padrc}  Francisco  Jime- 
nez,^-' one  of  the  first  twelve  Franciscans,  but  he  did 
not  ncce})t  the  appointment,  and  it  was  conferred 
upon  Juan  Lopez  do  Zarate,  a  licentiate  in  canonical 
law,  doctor  of  theology,  and  a  devoted  member  of  the 
])ominican  order.-'^ 

'"/'cover)'  ill  Conxejo,  in  PacJiPco  and  Card  en  an,  xii.  133-4. 

'' 'J  ho  limits  of  each  were  iiropcrly  ileliiicil.  I'li'jn,  Ctdit/urio,  90-1. 

^'Xunora,  JJlh.  Lr;/.  (III.,  iv.  4S4. 

''■•  J  Ic  had  hui'ii  called  to  several  diflerent  sees.  Tonineinada  states  that  ho 
rrfuHed  that  of  (iuatemala.  (icjiizaiza  calls  him  the  liislioji  of  Tahaseo,  and 
-\K  I  liu.i  considers  him  to  have  been  the  iirst  liishoii  of  Oajaca.  This  latter 
iiiillior  consiihrs  that  the  vagueness  of  diocesan  hnundaries  at  this  perio(l 
j,':'v<'  rise  to  this  diversity  of  opinion.  Chroii.  di:  S<iii  JJinji)  de  J/'.i'. ,  '24(i, 
J'liu-iiiria,  JUsf.  Proi:  Comp.  d<'  Jchs,  2'M-'2.  Accordin;^'  to  the  lir.st-tiuoted 
rMtiu)ritvand(.'o;(-"/'.^  Jhirifn,  T(utro  Edc".,  '222,  he  was  appointed  by  Charles 
\'.  ci  l':e  1  ;th  -f  .T;',!r,!:;vy,  l.VU. 

•'' Jie  y.ivc  permission  to  this  order  to  establish  in  his  diocese  all  the  con- 


i  i 


II 


SI 


■<  li'l 


ii'li- 


■ri 


809 


A  DECADE  OF  CHURCH  MATTERS. 


On  ilio  20tli  of  :^^il3'  15.35  the  pope  cstaMIslicd  tlio 
bishopric!,  dosiLijiiatiii^  Aiito(jiierM  as  the  catliecli-jil 
town,  and  on  ilic  '21st  of  Juno  of  the  same  year  con- 
firnied  the  bisliop  elect  in  his  ap[)ointnu'nt.  Iji-lidp 
Ziirate  on  the  28th  of  September  followinL"-  issued  his 
letter  of  instruetionsfor  the  organization  of  hisdiuccst; 
and  its  i^^overnment."' 

The  bishoj)ric  of  ]\riclioacan  was  established  tlu- 
year  after  by  bull  dated  the  8th  of  AuL;'ust,  Tzintzun- 
tzan  bein<j:  selected  as  the  cathedral  town.  The  estab- 
jishment  of  this  see  had  been  meditated  since  l.j;;;l, 
after  the  visit  of  the  oidor  (^uiroga,  and  the  Francis- 
e-an,  Luis  de  Fuensalida,  had  been  nominated  bishoji 
in  15.'U,  but  he  declined  the  honor.^-^  Some  delay  was 
caused  by  the  death  of  Po[)e  Clement  VII.,  and  llic 
ap[)ointment  of  a  Ijishop  was  not  effected  bel'ore  15;17."' 
The  oidor  Vasco  de  (^uiroga  had  dis|)layed  so  mu<h 
wisdom  and  disinterestedness  in  the  attaii'sof  ]Mi('!ioa- 
can,  that  altliough  not  a  churclunan,  the  bishopric  was 
offered  to  him  as  being  tlu!  person  most  suitable  for 
the  position.     He  accepted,  and  having  received  all 

vents  they  iiii^'lit  choose,  niid  left  one  third  of  his  lihniry  to  the  Doiiiiiiic;m 
emivent  in  ^ii  xieo,  juul  iinother  thinl  to  tiiiit  in  Oa jiiea;  tliu  icniainiu^'  lliinl 
was  ^vi^ell  to  hi.s  own  church.  1[<;  attentlcil  the  lirrit  ccelesiasLieal  coiuuil  in 
I."),"!  and  (lied  the  same  year.  On  his  death-hcd  he  i'ei[Uested  the  Domini- 
cans to  l)Uiy  him  in  ttie  .same  jjr.ave  witli  I'adre  I'edro  ])elgado,  'para  (jiie  el 
vah)r  de  sus  luu  s>-:os  fanoreciessc  los  jKibres  snjos.'aud  accordingly  he  va.s 
interred  in  tlic  Dominican  convent  of  Mexico.  Coitzakz  Ddc'da,  Tcalru  L'ch^., 
i.  2-2-2-X 

■-'■'i'lic  di.Lrnitaries,  memhcrs  of  tlic  chapter  and  vestry,  and  all  ajipoint- 
mcnts  were  the  same  as  thise  of  the  bishopric  of  Jlexico.  For  want  of  Imuls, 
liowever,  to  pay  the  .salaries,  only  tlic  fonr  dignitaries  and  live  e.inon^;  wcie 
ap]iointed,  the  other  positions  being  left  vacant.  A  copy  of  the  bnll  and  thu 
bijiiop's  letter  is  contained  in  Xinva  JJs/KirKi,  Brnr  /,'(■■■<.,  ,MS.,  ii.  i;7S-!i7. 
liishop  Zihate  one  time  ap])ears  to  have  bee  n  dissatisfied  with  liis  dioces;:.  In 
a  letter,  <latcd  May  'M,  l.">44,  addressed  to  I'iiilii)  II.,  he  complainsof  not  belli-; 
permitted  to  go  to  Spain,  and  reiterates  his  previous  request  for  iiermissinn  to 
appear  at  court.  Ho  moreover  rem.'irks  upon  the  extentot  his  dioce>-e,  A\hiih 
lie  says  was  too  large  for  three  bisho|is,  and  yet  only  contained  villiin  it  t\Mi 
eonveiita  occupied  by  eight  friars.  Zunitv,  Cdrta,  in  T(  rmitix-l  '(uii/xnin,  I'l//.. 
f^riioi.  toin.  X.  :287-oOO.  Consult  also  (.'«//t',  J/c//).  yA'o/.,  79;  Maidklu,  lic<i. 
i:rlcs.,  .'(47. 

^'^  Vilaiicvr,  Mfiwloij.,  84;  Moreno,  Frnij.  Qiiirorjn,  ^7.  Ijeauiiimit,  iu 
Cniii.  Miili.,  iv.  I'i-lS,  considers  tiiat  Moreno  is  in  error  in  stating  th:it  I'luii- 
salid.T,  was  proposed  as  bishop  in  1.~),'},'J,  and  approves  Calle's  date  l.'iIU.  St  e 
Jlciii.  ;i  \(it.,  7-. 

^■'Thc  establishment  of  this  bishopric  was  recommended  by  Viceroy  Men- 
doza.  Ihrrcra,  dec.  vi.  lib.  ix.  cap.  vii. 


cox VFA'T.S  F.STAF.LIS [ I V.T>. 


m 


tlio  priestly  orders  at  the  liands  of  ZuiiKlrrnga  was 
C;)nsec'ratecl  by  iiiin  in  15;].S;'-*  hut  owiiiL^"  to  a  vaiiety 
nt' circiinistaiices  he  did  not  issue  Iiis  letter  orsMuiziiiiir 
liis  dioees(!  till  1554."'  ]joth  these  sees  were  suhject 
to  the  juiisdietion  of  the  archbishopric  of  Seville. 

While  the  church  was  thus  cxtendin'jc  her  iurisdie- 
tion  over  the  country,  and  gradually  unfokhni,^  an 
oruanized  system  of  conversion  and  instruction,  the 
several  orders  were  making  similar  [)roiLi;ress  by  estab- 
lishing convents  in  various  parts  of  the  country.  The 
ri\alrv  existing  between  the  Franciscans  and  J)omin- 
icnns  acted  upon  each  order  as  an  inciMitive,  and  th(; 
competition  for  power  produced  ra[)id  I'esults.  As 
c.irly  as  1535  the  convents  of  the  Franciscans  in 
]\li(hoacan  were  of  sutHcient  nundx-'r  and  importance 
to  cause  the  founding  of  a  custodia,^*^  and  in  la-ICi,  at 
the  general  cha[)ter  held  in  Nice  by  tlie  Fi'anciscan 
order,  the  custodia  of  Santo  I'^vangelio  in  ^Mexico 
was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  pro vincia,'-' Fray  (iarci'a 
de  Cisneros  being  appointed  iirst  provincial.    Un  tin; 

-'' (lonj-alcz  Daviln,  'JValro  Ecli'".,  i.  11"2,  snj's  in  l.'DT,  wliidi  is  soini;- 
wliiit  supiiorU'd  liy  a  lottcr  ot  the  (|uec'ii  to  Miiiilo/ii,  chitud  .Si  [itciulicr  !.'(), 
IX\~,  repvesoiitiii/.,'  tliiit  (j>uir(ii:a  liiid  ^\l■itt('ll  to  lu)- cxjiicssiir,'  iii:»  disiro  t(j 
jiriiii'il  tn  lii;i  (lioucsu  ami  iiiuU'i-take  liis  spiritual  (hit lis;  hut  I'lcaiitii'iut,  on 
til  a'.;tlii)rii.y  of  an  old  manuscript  ot'  tiic  .lusuit  latlicr  Francisco  ];.iiiiiroz, 
Bt:itcs  tliut  (JuiroL;a  took  jio.sscssion  of  his  liisliopric  on  the  '22d  vi  Augnst, 
i:i',)>\\  and  was  consecrated  at  the  end  of  the  same  year.    Cruii.  Mich.,  iv. 

•'•Xi'rni  Espniia,  Un'rc  /iV.s-.,  MS.,  ii.  250-70.  In  Hcrmwoiif,  Croii.  Mhli., 
Ms.,  7"1I-"J.  niMV  1)0  found  a  list  of  the  liorder  towns  of  tlie  diocese  projiei'. 

'-".Men<liet;),  lli-it.  Erlix.,  '.\~A\;  'i'on[Ueniada,  iii.:>;!l!;  iicaumont,'  '/vi.v.  Midi., 
iv.  ."!.:-(!,  write  l.').'i(t.  It  hecanio  suiiject  to  the  provincia,  del  Sant  i  Jlvau'.'clio, 
find  wlu'ii  foiuided  was  promised  one  tiiird  of  tlic  mendiers  of  the  order  that 
pimuld  iii'iive  from  Spuin.  I'iidre  Testera,  in  \~A'2,  dniing  tiic  few  months  of 
lli^  ailniinistralion  .is  eommis.sary-L^'eneral,  providt'd  the  cnstodiesof  Vucatan, 
Mich'T.can,  and  .Jalisco  witli  a  competent  nunilier  of  reli','io.:os,  out  of  the  l."0 
liiiiit vht  out  hy  him.  Fipieroa,  in /V//*.  /Va/zr/v.,  !MS.,  series  i.  N'o.  1.  Antonio 
ih'  r>,  '.eta  was  proliably  the  Iirst  custodian.   11  uuiiiintt,  (  roil.  JIi''li.,  iv.  .")•_', 

'^'Ilic  Iirst  comisario  general  was  Alonzo  de  lloiias  w  ho  was  alterward 
custoiiian  in  Jlichoacan  and  .Jalisco.  Mciifllda,  ."4:!,  'l'<iri/iiniimln,  iii.  .'{71. 
The  custodia  iiad  existed  nearly  11  years.  Fi'Jih  roa,  in  /V(/;.  JVancis.,  .MS.,  1. 
Series  i.  No.  1.  During  that  time  tiicrt^  wen'  four  custoilians  who  IkM  oliice 
in  the  following  order:  Fray  Maitiu  de  \'alencia,  Luis  ilc  Fuensaiida,  Fray 
^hlrtin,  .a  second  time  ap])ointed,  and  .lacolio  de  'J'l  stera.  Torii'icuimii,  iii. 
liii^l,  III).').  This  provincia  del  Santo  Fvangelio,  when  'ro'.ipiemada  wrDie,  cnn- 
tained  within  its  limits  70  convents  uud  iucluduJ  the  archbishopric  of  ilexico 
uud  the  bishopric  of  TluscaUi.    /'/. 


■lit 

:  1  i.t 


.  5<--ir 


no4 


A  DECAPK  OF  CllUnciI  MATTHRS. 


fnllowini^f  yoar  C'isncros  dlcxl,-^  and  was  succeeded  hy 
Antonio  d(;  Ciudad  ]{()diljo,  wlio  occupied  ilie  position 
lor  tlie  full  term  of  three  years,  and  was  i'l-llowed  l»y 
i\[arcos  de  Niza,  as  third  provincial  in  If) 40. 

^JMius  the  Franciscan  order  establislied  in  New 
Sjtaiii  a  icLjular  govei'nmeiit  at  an  early  dat(>,  and 
under  its  direction  systeniatic!  u)easures  lor  the  con- 
version of  the  natives  L?ra(hially  supplanted  tiie  donl»t- 
fully  jiroductive  efforts  of  ei'ratic;  missionaries.  Tin; 
instruction  of  children  in  Chi'istian  tloctrines  throni;h- 
out  the  subjugated  ])roviuces  M'as  carried  on  with  un- 
relaxed  zeal,  while  the  adults  listened  to  the  words  of 
salvation  in  their  own  languagt;."'^  jMissionary  enthu- 
siasm increased.  Fearless  friars  pushed  I'orward  into 
I'emoier  re<jjions,  and  dauntlesslv  entered  the  haunts 
of  tril)es  untamed  as  yet  by  sword  and  ar(]i!el)usr. 
Whether  it  was  Ciuzman's  explorations  into  unknown 
lands,  or  a  voyage  of  discovery  undertaken  by  Cortes 
into  unknown  seas,^'  that  olr'ered  an  opportunity  of 
carrying  the  tidings  of  joy,  there  were  ever  at  haml 
priests  ready  to  risk  their  li\-es  to  extend  the  s[)irit;ial 
conquest.      We  cannot  but  admire  the  courage  with 

'■^Tljircia  Cisncros,  a  Castiliui,  received  the  appointment  l)ecai]'=c  of  liis 
iniiiiy  virtues  and  literary  attiiinmcnts.  He  mastered  tiie  native  hui[,'uav;e, 
and  i<  said  to  lia\e  l)apti:x'd  l(X),tOO  persons,  lie  founde.d  the  i:iip..ii;:iit 
eoUege  of  Santii  Cruz  de  Tlatelidco  ;is  a  bemiuary  for  native  nob'e.s,  and  plan  d 
tlierc  fiueii  learned  profe^jsoi's  an  IJassaeio,  (JIukw,  Saliayun,  a.nd  other-i.  JIu 
eontrihuled  largely  to  the  foundation  of  I'uchla  dc  Ioa  Angeles.  M< iid'ata, 
ti-'I-'J. 

-"The  proficiency  acquired  by  the  friars  in  the  native  lan^'im,"cs  was  ii; 
many  easc^!  reniar!;ai)lc.  Anion;,' great  nnndjcrs  maybe  mentioned  I'edro'io 
Castillo  v.lio  ac(iuired  tliC  Mexican  and  Otomi  dialects  to  peii'eetioii.  Tills 
friar's  rcliL'ious  enthusiasm  was  unyielding.  Crippled  and  blind,  he  cau-id 
himself  to  lie  borne  froii  town  to  fcAvn  in  a  chair,  preaching  and  tcaeliiiig  nii 
every  occasioi;  ])i!ssible.  McndhUi,  Jliif.L'ilcK.,  (iS(j-8.  Equally  famous  f.>''  Iris 
aptitude  toac'|i)'iv-  the  native  tongues  was  Fray  Alonso  de  Ivcahiiia,  v,!io  in 
three  years  ae;iU '''-''•  I  the  Mexican  so  thoroughly  that  his  written  sermons  in 
that  laii'.;ua!.'''  wri'o  extensively  used  by  other  preachers.  Id.,  UlJT-T-l.  See 
also  To)-<if'^.'ic/.:.,  iii.  4'JO-l). 

""  Friaio  J  imu  I'adilla,  Antonio  dc  Segovia,  and  Martin dc  Jesus  accompanied 
Ciuzman's  expedition  into  Nueva  Galieia,  and  baptized  multitudes  at  the 
founding  of  San  Miguel.  They  afterward  traversed  a  great  extent  of  country 
represented  by  the  ju'cscnt  states  of  Michoaean,  Jalisco,  andZacatecas.  />'«('- 
vi'»it,  Crdii.  Mich.,  iii.  42l]-(),  Franciscans  accompanied  Cortes  on  his  expedi- 
tion on  the  I'aeiiie,  and  while  at  Teluiantepec  waiting  for  the  coinplction  of  the 
fleet,  they  preached  through  the  country  by  the  aid  of  iiiterpieters  of  tlio 
iiapotec  language  spokeu  there.  Id.,  ii.  -loo-'/. 


Tiir:  DOMiNir.vxs. 


an:. 


v.liicli  tli(>y  ponctratcd  aloiio  into  tlic  coiintry  of  tlio 
l.irliin'ousCliicliiinrcs.  In  lo.SO  two  iVinrs  went  IVoni 
^lidioacan  into  that  ivj^ioii  and  l)M|)tizi'(l  many,''' 
v.hiloin  ir)40  Fray  Francisco  «1((  las  Navas  was  tlio 
tirst  to  aihninistcr  !)a))tisni  to  tlio  Popolucas  who  in- 
hahitcd  the  valley  of  Tecaiaachalco.'*" 

Th(^  Dominicans  were  not  less  zealous  and  active. 
])own  to  the  year  15112  the  monastic  (>stiil)lishmeiits 
(if  Ihis  order  were  subject  to  the  jin'isdiction  of  the 
|i!()viiicia()t'  Santa  Cruz,  in  ]Os]);ihola,  which  had  hecu 
made  indejiendent  of  Andalusia.  ]Jut  I'adre  IJetan- 
/.(w  had  been  sent  as  a  dele;j;ate  to  tlii!  ij^eneral  chaj)t(T 
licld  at  liome  in  that  year,  to  represent  the  intert'sls 
(if  his  convent,  and  procure,  if  possil)l(>,  the  cremation 
dt "a  J)ominican  provincia  in  New  Spain.  His  cilbrts 
wnc  successful,  and  the  pi-ovincia  of  Santiago  of 
Mexico,  independenc  of  that  of  Santa  (,'ruz,  was 
cstahlished  at  the  convocation,  and  ap])roviHl  hy  P()j)0 
Clcincnt  VI [.  on  the  2d  of  July  15:12,  Fray  Tonuis 
(Ic  IJcrlaiiga  heing  apjiointed  acting  [n'ovincial."' 

Fnfortunately  for  the  harmonious  woi'king  of  this 
(Icree,  the  fu'st  provincial  chapter  of  Santa  Cruz,  held 
ill  the  city  of  Santo  Domingo  in  August  ir);)l,had  in- 
cluded the  convent  of  SantoDomingo  in  ^Mexico  as  a 
jiait  of  its  organization,  and  elected  for  its  prior  Fi'ay 
I'Vancisco  de  San  j\[iguel  who  had  recentlyarrived  from 
S|Miii  with  a  small  party  of  I'riars.^'  These  a|)point- 
iiieiits  gave  rise  to  strife  scarcely  less  unseemly  than 


\  r^l 


"'  Frinrs  lip.d  previously  oiitorcd  tliis  mrion.  Tlin  two  mcntioncil  in  tho 
text  \i.;it:c(l  ;:l)<)iit  "0  small  towiiH,  (lio  iKipuhilitm  of  thu  l;u';,'().it  of  wliicli  iliil 
iiiit  r.iiiouiit  to  (JCO  inlmljitants.   Mnlo'inin,  in  /r(rj,(i!r(  fa,  C(J.  Jjoc,  i.  17.'!. 

"-  .\((()i(lin,':;  toTorqucnindiiXavaH  l:;ipli;'(  d  li'.COO  natives  in  two  months, 
iiml  t'lld  the  date  of  his  own  death  Ion;,'  iK-foic  the  event.  He  wa:)  twiio 
(;u:ni!ian  of  tho  convent  in  Moxieo,  and  attinicsdefinidorof  the  province,  iii. 

,"rj:;-(;. 

"' ( 'hiefly  throngh  the  instrnmontality  of  iii'tanzos.  /Voc.  Rnniin-io,  ]MS., .'?. 
Till-  t(  ini  of  the  provincial's  olliec  at  fitst  was  three  years,  but  in  l.'.GS  it  wa.s 
iiirn;i-ed  to  four  years.   Diiiila,  i\iiilii/:iacio)i,  MS.,  "284. 

^'  i';;ih'e  San  ili;r.cl  was  the  first  prior  proper,  the  povcrnmont  hitherto 
liaviii;  l)ccn  in  the  hands  of  vicars,  llaviny  served  only  one  year  he  was 
sui' ■.viled  l.\v  l^crr.ardo  dc  Minoya.  Ikmesal,  Hist.  Ch>/cipa,  50;  Duiila,  Can- 

ChU'ic'oii,  r.is.,  'iti. 


■'rS  I 


390 


A  DECADE  OF  CnURCII  MATTERS. 


that  wliicli  disgraced  secular  rule.  Berlanga  arrived 
in  New  Spain  with  ten  IViars  at  the  beginning  of 
1532,  but  when  he  entered  the  monastery  and  pre- 
sented his  appointment  as  provincial,  the  prior  caused 
him  and  his  companions  to  be  put  in  irons.^^  TIk; 
proceeding  reached  the  ears  of  the  audiencia,  and 
President  Fuerdeal  ordered  the  immediate  releaso 
of  the  friars,  who  thereupon  assumed  control  of  the 
convent. 

In  July  1534  copies  of  the  official  documents  rela- 
tive to  the  creation  of  the  provincia  were  received, 
and  in  1535  Betanzos  returned  from  Spain,  invcstcnl 
with  the  authority  of  vicar  general.  On  the  24th  et" 
August  of  the  same  year  he  convoked  a  provinei;! 
chapter,  by  which  ho  was  himself  elected  provincial, 
and  Fray  Pedro  Delgado  prior,  who  succeeded  him  as 
provincial  in  1538.  The  organization  of  the  provincia 
was  thus  at  last  effected;  but  though  its  creation  had 
given  rise  to  temporary  dissension  in  the  ranks  of  l!ie 
ordcn-,  it  did  not  retard  their  advance  or  interrupt 
their  labors. 

About  this  time  the  fierce  and  man-eating  Chon- 
tales,^*^  who  had  hitherto  scorned,  to  accept  civilization 
at  the  point  of  the  sword,  yielded  to  the  prcacliiiig 
of  the  devoted  Diego  Carranza  and  other  Doniinicau 
friars.  Under  the  s])irltual  guidance  of  these  mis- 
sionaries they  cast  aside  their  baser  habits,  clotlicil 
themselves,  and  changed  their  contumacious  hate  to 
active  oljedience  alike  to  spiritual  and  civil  supcii- 
ors.''"^  The  labors  of  the  friars  in  Tchiiantepec  wove 
of  a  difl'erent  kind.  Aided  by  King  Cociyopa,  tluy 
erected  a  magnificent  monastery  and  church,  besiiKs 
making  other  material   progress.     In  Puebla,  also, 

'•"' President  Funloal  in  letter  of  April  ."^O,  l^).^2,  to  the  king  speakinir  "f  Hii^ 
arrest  «iys:  'nn  tray  Vicente  quo  so  ilecia  prior,  lo  premlio.  .  .y  le  luihi)  rmm 
j'rillus.  y  le  (piito  lij«  poderca  <juc  traia. '  L'uvUt,  in  I'ucheco  ami  ('ardriin), 
Col.  JJoc.  xiii.  210  II. 

^^  'I'liey  oceiipieil  i.  consiilcrablo  portion  of  the  wilder  tlistricta  of  Tahasm. 
J^iilivr  Ji'nrrn,  i.  Ul,"),  tliis  scries. 

"'  /Ji'iri/na,  0<o:i.  Din'-ri/i.  (hijnra,  ii.  .S35-G,  in  which  is  a  description  of  t' 
condition  and  mode  of  lite  of  these  people. 


Btnl; 


>!"li^'*    '> 


THE  AUGUSTINIANS. 


397 


nnfl  Onjaca  the  Dominicans  were  quite  successful  in 

their  etibrts.^^ 

The  Augustinians  were  first  represented  in  New 
Spain  in  1533,  when  seven  of  the  order  arrived  under 
l!ie  leadership  of  their  prior,  Francisco  de  la  Cruz.^^ 
Their  names  were,  Agustin  de  Coruna,  afterward 
l)i.>h()p  of  Popayan,  Geronimo  Jimenez,  Juan  de  San 
llanion,  Juan  de  Oseguera,  Alonso  de  Borja,  Jorge 
do  Avila,  and  La  Cruz/" 

On  their  arrival  in  June  they  were  hospitably  lodged 
in  the  convent  of  Santo  Domingo,  while  their  applica- 
tion for  a  grant  of  land  was  being  considered  by  the 
cabiklo  to  whom  it  had  "been  referred  by  the  audi- 


cncia 


41 


They  at  once  began  their  labors,  and  the  wild  dis- 
tiiets  of  Tlapan  and  Chilapan  having  been  assigned 
to  them,  two  of  their  conipan}-.  Fray  Jimenez  and 
Padre  Avila  were  selected  to  enter  upon  the  work  of 
conversion.  The  town  of  Ocuituco  in  jMexieo  was, 
however,  at  that  time  without  spiritual  instructors, 

''  Frny  Gon^alo,  specially  competent  for  the  position  on  account  of  liig 
l;no\vU','.';o  of  t'.io  native  lanrjua  cs,  ■\v,".s  placed  in  charge  of  tliu  niiasiou 
111  ("lila;  and  Oajaca,  the  district  of  Villa  Alta,  and  the  peaceful  vadcy  of 
"i".- ii;  iiiLlan,  were  occupied  by  friars  in  IJ.'JS.  By  tlic  exertions  of  Fray 
Fi'ininio  Santa  JIaria,  I'J.OOO  families  in  the  latter  district  accrpled  the 
<'hri.?tian  religion  and  received  instruction.  Santa  Jlaria  acquired  the  hui- 
fzi'.a^e  in  one  year,  and  wrote  a  work  on  Christian  doctrine  for  the  use  of  tho 
ii:..i\cs.  Jh'uyo  I,  Oro'i.  JM'.crij).  (hijara,  i.  14-18,  i;>I-3,  ii.  2(iJ-4. 

''■•  As  eaily  as  ir/J7  they  had  requested  prrinission  of  the  emperor  to  pro- 
re  d  to  Xcw  Spain,  and  made  preparations  accordingly,  (jr'.jalati,  Croii.  .V. 
-I  ■.';'■•/.,  '2  9.  Before  departing  they  met  at  Tuledo  in  \'i^2,  elccled  L;i  Cruz 
1 1'lliite,  .".Titl  resolved  to  make  the  journey  on  foot  in  hempen  .sanilals  to  tho 
1 !:  I'c  of  ciharcatioi.  Fcniaiithz,  Ilixt.  L'lli.i.,  V2'.].  Ilazart  states  that  they 
<ii  crcd  X  w  S|  i>i:i  in  \o32.  Kirrltcii  Gdirh'icliU-,  ii.  i>,\l  Medina  and  N'.taii- 
cm;;  follow  Crijalva. 

'  i  liC  ;;l)o\  0  list  '\A  from  Feninndez.  f!rija!va  mentions  Fray  Geronimo  do 
San  Lirtivan,  wiio  doubtless  is  to  be  identiiied  with  .Jimenez. 

'  I'.irqu  niad.i  states  tliat  they  bon":Iit  tlu;  silo  for  their  monastery  in  tho 
city  of  Mexico  witli  the  alms  th(>y  received,  iii.  70.  Ica;:balccta,  in  .Sal'-.ar, 
J/'.-,  cv  7JJ.;,  coucludea  that  the  eabildo  as-signt'd  the  piece  of  gro'.'.r.d  to 
tiuni,  tlicugh  there  is  noreconl  of  sui  h  agrant.  The  liulians  calh'd  i'c  '//ii\\n- 
p".;!,  'in  tlie  mire,' because  it  was  always  muddy,  owing  to  a  iK:i,"hl)i)rini^ 
s[iiing.  Griialva  says:  'Al  (in  resoluio  la  Ar,dit'ii:i  de  senalarlcs  .'iu"  dnndo 
fuiiilascn.'  L'rou.  S.  AtKjust.,  II.  Fernanrie/.  remarks:  'Al  principii)  era  iiiuy 
corta  la  easa  de  Jlcxico,  y  assi  viuiun  los  llclitjiosos  do  dos  eu  doa  eu  vna  ccldu.' 
hit.  £cle.i.,  l'J4. 


-*;? 


wi'i 


1    :1l 


III 


398 


A  DECADE  OF  CHURCH  .MATTERS. 


and  the  audiencia  granted  the  Augustinians  permission 
to  found  a  convent  there.  These  two  friars,  therefore, 
directed  their  steps  thither,  and  were  joined  shortly 
afterward  by  Padre  Corufia  and  Padre  llamon.^' 

In  Octobci  tlie  friars  Coruna^^  and  Jimenez  pro- 
ceeded onward  to  the  Chilapan  district,  where  i'or 
several  months  their  efforts  to  convert  the  natives 
were  unavaihng,  and  the  sulFerings  they  endured  were 
extreme.  Inlkienced  by  their  priests  the  natives 
refused  to  supply  them  food  or  render  any  assistance, 
but  held  aloof  and  left  them  to  starve.  For  three 
months  these  enduring  men  sustained  themselves  on 
cars  of  corn  which  they  gathered  from  the  patches  (if 
the  natives  at  the  risk  of  their  lives.  Yet  return  was 
never  thought  of  They  could  die,  but  not  abandon 
their  trust.  At  last  curiosity  pronqlod  +li  ^  natives 
to  come  forward;  and  soon  they  wor.K^  i>\  '  sonn- 
thing  from  these  holy  men.  Gradually  t^'cir  dislike 
yielded  before  the  kindness  and  winning  exanij)le  of 
the  fi'iar.s,  who  before  long  founded  a  convent  at  Chi- 
lapan.^* 

While  Coruna  and  Jimenez  were  thus  cstablishliig 

"  Juan  lie  San  Ramon  was  one  of  tlio  most  prominent  of  the  first  Augiistin- 
ian  fiiar.s  in  Mexico,  llis  parentage  anil  birtliplace  are  not  roconlcd,  luit  :it 
nil  e;ul  y  av;e  ho  was  made  superior  of  the  convent  at  Valladohih  lli.i  iaim-  in 
Jlichoaean  as  jnior  of  the  convent  of  Tinpilio  caused  his  eleciion  ata'.aUr 
date  ay  ]U-o\"inciai  of  that  proviiicia.  In  l,j44  he  returned  to  Spi'.in  t.>  p!  :iil 
in  hchidf  (;f  the  cncomenderus,  and,  with  Jorge  iic  Avila  an  Ids  coinpani'iii,  in 
order  to  have  an  interview  with  the  emperor,  wlio  was  then  in  (iernuiny,  I'u 
travelled  t!iron;;h  the  Lntheran  eountiics  discjuiscd  as  a  soldier  Ills  lai:-- 
sioii  was  successful.  lie  returned  to  Mexico  after  an  absence  of  nine  yc  ■=. 
Again,  in  lo,'j'),  ho  visited  Spain  in  behalf  of  liis  order,  wliirh  was  cii'jari  I  la 
certain  clisputcs  with  tlie  bishops.  His  eirui'ls  obtained  froii"  the  'm'i.'  ii 
ei'ihila  ordering  the  bishops  to  make  no  innovations.  Having  ret'inr.  '  I'l 
IMi,  he  was  ajipouited  provincial  in  \MC>,  but  needing  rest,  lie  dc;!.:  cti  !•« 
honor.  In  l."v(il),  however,  he  felt  coni])elled  to  accept  that  nliicc,  a  fjcc  .;i'! 
time  oU'eied  to  him;  but  on  (he  conclusion  of  his  term,  retired  to  the  coi.'"('iii 
of  I'uebla,  \\licre  ho  died  and  was  buried  in  l."iSl,  being  the  last  piirvivur  i  i 
the  seven  lir.st  Augustiiiiaiis  who  came  to  Jlc'-ico.  He  wa.s  about  SO  years  >ii 
age.  Midi.,  ('run.  y.aa  N'<co'a.i,'2C)-['i'l. 

■•^  FiMy  Ar^iistin  d(!  Coruua  was  born  in  the  city  of  that  name  in  Spain, 
and  took  t!ie  hal.'it  of  the  order  in  Salamanca.  He  labored  for 'JJ  years  in  t!io 
districts  of  Chil.iiian  and  Tlana,  and  then  returned  to  the  caiiital.  He  v.ai 
nftei'V.'ard  apjiointcd  Iiislmp  of  I'opayan,  and  consoeratiil  in  Madrid  in  l."»IJ. 
Ho  die  1  in  I. /.a)  at  the  age  of  S(»  yc:'.r.s,  at  the  town  of  TaniMia. 

*'  The  church  and  convent  of  Cliilapan  were  destroyed  by  an  eartlupial^o 
in  15u7.     All  their  convents  had  hospitals  connected  with  them. 


aul; l:ttvian  organization. 


390 


llicmsclvcs  in  Cliilapan,  Father  Borja'*'^  had  boon  sent 
to  h^anta  Fu,  a  town  roiintlcd  by  Quiroga,  two  leagues 
IVoni  the  city  of  Mexico/"  Thus  five  of  tlic  seven 
Augustinians  were  jilaced  in  ditl'ereiit  parts  of  tho 
country,  while  in  Mexico  the  prior  and  Padre  Oseguera 
libored  to  support  their  brethren  by  the  collection  of 
alms,"  and  by  forming  a  system  of  government  for 
their  prospective  province. 

In  June  1534  La  Cruz  convoked  a  meeting  of  Jiis 
brethren  at  the  central  convent  of  Ocuituco,  to  con- 
sider the  prospects  of  the  order  and  consult  upon 
future  measures.''^  Some  months  later  La  Cruz  '•'^- 
turned  to  Spain  and  obtained  further  assistance  from 
his  order,  which  had  previous  to  his  arrival  appointetl 
him  })rovincial  vicar  in  New  Spain.  But  the  prior 
did  not  live  to  fulfil  the  duties  of  this  higher  ])osition. 
Assiduous  labor,  rigorous  fasts,  and  exhausting  jour- 
nrys  on  ibot  broke  his  health,  and  shortly  alter  liis 
return  to  Mexico  he  died,  on  the  12th  of  July  la^G/' 

During  the  absence  of  La  Cruz  in  Spain,  Fatlier 
Au'reda  had  arrived  in  Mexico  bearing  letters  addressed 

*•'  Alonso  (Ic  TJorja,  born  at  Aranda,  of  noblo  pnrcntaco,  was  uncompramia- 
iiif'ly  i!U.'  tore  in  his  lialiits.  iVistiu.'^  Uirico  a  v.rck  and  slicpin^  on  liaro  Ixiards. 
I'lcii'.i;;  hi  i  end  approac'.iin;;  lie  si^t  out  (ni  foi;t  for  Mexico  city,  1!)  lia',MC3 
di-itaut.  Having'  received  tlio  last  sacraments  lie  died  sihortly  afterwaid  in 
l."i!J,  and  was  buried  in  the  convent  of  his  cider.  Urijulua,  Cron.  S.  Aid/ant., 
G'J-4. 

*''In  tlio  district  under  his  charj^o  tlicrcwcrc  12,000  faniilief,  tlio  mcinbera 
of  ^\  Iiieh  observed  gi'cat  rc'j;u!aiily  in  tlieir  devotions.  At  Santa  Fe  a  eonxent 
\v;u  f  lUiidcd  liy  I'aUicr  Lorja.   /'/.,  l.")-]7. 

*' Fiom  the  Lady  Isabel  dc  INIontc/nnia,  dauahttr  of  tlie  /n'cat  om])eror, 
and  nianied  to  Tcih-o  C;ino,  tliey  obtained  /,'rnat  favors;  kIic  asriinii>  d  tlio 
calire  r.uiiutenanco  of  their  house,  and  eonUibuted  .so  lavishly  tliat  the  priests 
niiiousaalcd  uulil  tol  I  to  ^'ive  the  surplus  to  the  poor,  /il.,  17. 

'■'At  this  eonvi  cation  reTulations  for  llieir  future  rruiilaueo  worcdrawn  up; 
nnd  it  was  a;'rced  that  I.a  (,'iuz  and  ()se;i;ueva  siiouhl  occupy  the  ei.uMiit  of 
Ociiiaico,  inasmuch  as  they  i^ad  nut  yet  been  engaged  in  tiie  worli  of  eou- 
vci-siiin. 

''•"I'ei'uandcz  gives  June  11,  l.lDri,  as  the  date  of  his  deatli.  If  if'.  K-hn., 
I'Jl-").  I'^ray  I'raneifico  de  la  (.'ruz  was  Ixiin  in  (,'iudad  Itodri  o>,  in  Jl-treni:i- 
(h'.ra,  and  took  the  habit  of  the  or(hr  in  Salamanca.  I'houjh  not  a  learned 
man  he  pcuKeswed  the  gift  of  preaching  to  an  exeellenl  dei^ree.  .Mirarh'S  aro 
attrilmted  to  him  after  death.  On  one  occasion  ho  even  rose  fro: n  hi  i  ;;!'avo 
ill  the  eon\'ent  of  San  A':ustin  in  Mexico  to  .save  a  novitiate  f,  oiii  the 
ehitihc-i  of  the  devil,  who  had  ah-eady  dra'rgeil  him  through  a  narrow  grating 
mid  was  eaiiyin;,'  him  olF.  I'assin;;  by  I,a  t'ru/'s  tomb,  however,  tlu^  fiiar 
i:i"-e,  and  having  put  the  evil  one  to  ilight,  took  back  tho  novitiate  to  the 
cuuvent  through  the  same  grating.  Id, 


«     'I 

iff 


400 


A  DECADE  OF  CHURCH  MATTERS. 


to  liim  from  liis  order.  These  were  now  opened  and 
found  to  contain  tlie  appointment  of  La  Cruz  as 
provincial  vicar,  and  naming  Father  Jimenez  as  his 
uctiuLj  vicar  or  successor  in  case  of  his  absence  (  c 
death.  Jimenez  was  at  oiif^o  recognized  as  provinciid 
vicar,  and  he  convoked  a  general  meeting,^^  at  which, 
among  other  matters,  was  discussed  the  important 
one  of  cstablisliing  an  independent  provincia  in  ^lex- 
ico.  It  was,  however,  decided  to  remain  an  adjunct 
of  the  province  of  Castile.^'  Moreover,  they  resolved 
to  abandon  the  convent  of  Santa  ¥6  and  devote  their 
cneru'ies  to  the  conversion  of  the  natives  of  the  moun- 
tainous  regions,  to  whom  the  gospel  had  not  yet  been 
carried. 

From  this  time  tlic  Austin  friars  patiently  and  de- 
votedly pursued  their  missionary  course  with  marked 
success.  Fatlier  Borja,  with  several  fellow-brothers, 
went  to  Atotonilco,  and  pushing  northward  labored 
among  the  ( )tonu's.  Tlie  wild  fastnesses  of  the  Sierra 
Alta  v/ere  invaded  by  Sevilla  and  lloa,  and  the  scat- 
tered inhabitants  after  lon<>;  and  arduous  exertions 
were  broui^ht  into  submission.''' 

At  Taciunbaro  and  Tlripitlo  convents  were  estab- 
lished, and  at  the  latter  ])lace  a  school  which  in  time 
developed  into  a  university.''^     Nor  did  the  dangers 

'"The  friars  were  now  23  in  number.  In  l.").*?,')  fivo  more  had  anivod,  I'my 
Xicol;!.)  lie  ALrrcda  hciii;.;  tiieii'  snpmior,  and  L;i  Cruz  l)ron,L;lit  wi'Ji  liim  from 
Spaia  1 1  ot::cr  iiRniliiTs  especially  clmsen  for  the  work.  A  fourth  coinpaiiy 
of  Au'_;uHtiniaii3  \vaa  luouLdit  out  iiy  Trior  Juan  Kiistaeio  in  lo.'l',). 

^'Tl'.e  iirovineial  of  Caiitiio  had  authorized  them  to  elect  from  their  own 
inimbei'  four  delinidores,  who  with  their  provincial  vicar  formed  their  eliap- 
tor.  Tlie:  c  were  cmpowereil  to  rogidate  local  matters  without  reienuceto 
Spain,  nnd  elect  tlieir  own  priors.  Fray  Juan  de  Sevilla  was  on  this  eccai^iiiii 
elected  prior. 

''•'Arier  a  year's  unremitted  ciTorts  and  hardships  Roa  in  despair  left  his 
compauioH  with  the  intention  of  returnin;,'  to  Spain.  lla\ing  observed,  hnw- 
ever,  the  Bucccbit.f  bi'ot'ier  friar.s  under  similar  dillicullics,  ho  returned  ti>  the 
Sierra  and  pract.sed  .such  patience  and  jierseverance  that  the  two  fiiar.-j  event- 
ually succeeded  in  eonvertin;,'  th^;  iuludiitants  of  that  rc;,'ion  and  collii'liii;.,' 
them  iato  towns.  They  even  advanced  into  mountain  ranges  occupied  by  the 
Chichimecs. 

•'■'  The  convent  at  Tiripitio,  Miehoatan,  founded  in  ITiST  by  PicfTo  de  AI- 
varado,  a  nephew  of  I'edro  do  Alvaradu,  and  afterward  i)ishop  elect  of  lli'i 
province,  soon  became  celebrated  as  an  educational  centre,  and  won  the  titles 
of  the  Athens  of  New  Spain.     In  lo40  this  convent,  which  wua  two  and  a  half 


f.!   -li 


LAr.ORS  OP  THE  AUSTIN  FRIARS. 


401 


of  tlio  low-l3'ing  coast  lands,  roeldng  with  pestiferous 
;iir,  deter  tlie  Augustinians.  From  Tiri[)itio  they  de- 
scended into  the  tierra  caUente  of  the  southern  sea- 
Itoard,  and  labored  there  as  elsewhere,  regardless  of 
their  comfort  or  their  lives. 

They  went  also  to  Ocuila,  twelve  leagues  south- 
west of  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  having  accjuircHl  tliat 
most  difficult  language  by  the  aid  of  the  converts,  tliey 
liiially  succeeded  in  erecting  a  convent  and  a  church. 
^Miraculous  assistance  was  vouchsafed  to  the  Austin 
I'liars  as  to  others.  Situated  in  a  beautiful  ravine 
between  the  towns  of  Ocuila  and  ^lalinalco,  and  about 
eighteen  leagues  south-west  of  the  capital,  the  myste- 
rious cave  of  Chalma  had,  from  time  immemorial,  been 
celebrated  as  a  ])lace  of  heathen  worship.  Here  re- 
j)()sed  the  idol  of  the  awful  Ostotoctlieotl,  and  here  his 
rites  were  «oleumized  and  his  anger  appeased  by  the 
blood  of  men  and  beasts.  This  stronghold  of  Satan 
the  friars  Sebastian  de  Tolentinoand  Nicolas  de  Perea 
(leteimined  to  assail,  and  in  1537,  accompanied  with 
ill!  army  of  Ocuiltec  converts,  went  in  solenm  proces- 
sit)n  to  Chalma,  Fray  Nicokls  bearing  across  upon  his 
shoulder.  But  on  arriving  at  the  i>loomv  cavern  thev 
beheld  a  wondrous  si'dit.  The  dark  cave  was  illumi- 
iiated  by  a  heavenly  light,  the  hideous  Dagon  lay 
jii'ostrate  and  broken  on  the  ground;  and  a  beautiful 
(Tuciiix  occupied  the  now  ])urilied  place  of  Ostotoc- 
theotl,  and  thereupon  Chalma  became  a  hermitage 
and  shrine  visited  from  alar.''* 

In  1537  the  term  of  the  provincial  of  Castile,  under 
whose  license  they  were  acting,  expired,  and  the  Austin 

years  in  Imililing,  was  made  a  co1K\l'c  for  tlic  liiglicr  brandies  of  learning.  A 
w  n  (if  the  king  of  Mielioaean  waa  one  of  the  lir.st  piipila.  Umlcr  the  jirovin- 
ii:il  Avilii  it  was  one  of  the  great  eentres  of  tiic  faith.  Mich.,  t'roit.  t>t  A'ico- 

^'The  first  hermit  who  occupied  tlio  sanctuary  was  Bartolomi5  do  .Tesits 
Maria.  In  time  a  house,  with  cells  for  a  few  friars,  and  a  ehapel  were  built, 
!uiil  liiially  an  Augustinian  convent,  (hi  .March  .">,  UiS,'!,  the  chiircii  of  ( 'halnia. 
v.iis  dedicated.  TluTc  is  also  a  hor,pc<l('!'ia  for  t!m  accoiiiiiiodation  of  pilirriiiis 
whiivioit  the  pl.".ce  twice  a  year,  at  the  bennniii,.,' if  Lent  and  in  St  Mic'iael'.-j 
'lay  in  May.  Many  tniraclen  and  wonlerfrd  eures  r.vv  crciiited  to  this  :;liiino. 
JujiKtro  Jji'd",  S(ih\  <>< 'iiriiluf.  No.  ii.  IQo  4-1;  iiardu  J  oiKfun,  Chalma, \  etueii. 
Uwi.  Mtx.,  Vol.  II.    20 


A.n 


402 


A  DECADE  OF  CHURCH  MATTEPwS. 


friars  in  New  Spain  appointed  Father  Nicolas  de 
Agroda  as  provincial  vicar  pending  further  action  in 
Spain. ''^  At  a  chapter  of  the  order  held  in  1540, 
Father  Jorge  do  Avila,  one  of  the  first  seven,  was 
chosen  provincial  vicar.  A  season  of  increased  activ- 
ity' followed,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  numerous  convents 
founded  at  the  time.  It  was  not  until  1541  that  the 
AuLjustinians  beijan  to  build  their  convent  in  the  citv 
of  Mexico.  A  royal  grant  had  enriched  the  order 
with  the  revenue  of  an  Indian  town,  and  that  of 
Tczcuco  had  been  as^'gned  to  them  by  the  vicorcty 
Mendoza.  The  building  was  not  completed  before 
1587,  and  cost  one  hundred  and  sixty-two  thousand 
pestvs,  the  whole  of  which  sum  was  j)rovided  by  the 


kin 


O" 


The  establishment  of  bishoprics,  the  organization 
of  provincias  of  the  regular  orders,  the  encourage- 
ment held  out  to  them  to  found  convents,  and  tlie 
gradual  but  continued  erection  of  churches'''  were  I'ar 
more  effective  in  the  su[)pression  of  idolatry  than  had 
been  all  the  labors  of  itinerant  friars,  who,  howsoever 
many  converts  they  baptized,  left  impressions  of  no 
very  durable  character.  The  encomendero  and  the 
exacting  tribute-collector  followed  in  the  footsteps  of 
the  missionaries,  which  tended  to  render  the  teachings 
of  the  latter  distasteful.  Thus  it  was  that  during  the 
decade  from  1530  to  1540  more  lastino-  conversion  was 


'^This  friar  afterward  returned  to  Spain,  attended  the  chapter  Iicld  iit 
Ducfias  ill  l.")-i;?,  and  was  eloetod  prior  of  I'auiplona,  wliero  lie  diud.  Gi'ijiilnii, 
t'roii.  S.  Antjiisf.,  ;i(i. 

•'"'  Tliere  being  already  two  eonvcnts  in  the  capital,  it  was  at  first  considrn  d 
by  the  kiiii,'  inexpedient  to  found  a  third,  .  .deh  was  the  cause  of  the  ddiiy. 
The  lirst  stone  was  laid  hy  the  viceroy,  the  second  hy  J5ishop /iim:ii  liiL'.i,  tli'' 
third  by  the  prior  of  Santo  Domingo,  the  fourth  by  the  guardian  of  San  l'i':iu- 
cisco.  an<l  the  fifth  liy  the  vicar  of  San  ^Vgnstin.  /(/.,  II,  .")().  Cmisiilt  al-o 
iS(i!fiZ(ir,  Met:  cu.  loo.'/,  -48-9;  Mcillna,  Cliron,  Han  JJlcjo di' Mcx.,  10;  Muu.i- 
VK'iitos  Domhi.  Es]\,  MH.,  Ko.  vi.  .'VJ8. 

"'A  royal  cedula.  dated  August  '2,  loHH,  ordered  that  ]>laees  of  woi'shiji, 
where  Indians  might  be  instructed,  were  to  ))e  erected  in  all  princijial  to\Mi>, 
whether  jicrtaining  to  the  crown,  the  numiuea  del  Vulle,  or  enconicinl'i"-. 
the  expense  of  construction  to  be  defrayed  by  the  tributes  paid  hy  llio 
natives.  J/c.c,  Col.  Lfi/m,  i.  xlv.-vi. 


VISION  OF  JUAN  DIEGO. 


403 


ncr()ni[)lis]ic(l,  and  perhaps  a  greater  luunber  baptized, 
tlinii  during  any  otiier  period  of  e<]ual  length. 

In  1531  an  event  occurred  which  greatly  contrib- 
uted to  the  suppression  of  idolatry,  which  was  the 
miraculous  appearance  of  the  virgin  of  Guadalupe, 
the  history  of  which  apparition  is  as  follows: 

An  Indian  of  low  birth  who  had  received  ba])tism 
a  few  years  before,  and  had  been  christened  Juan 
Diogo,*^  was  j)roceeding,  on  Saturday,  the  9th  of  De- 
cember, to  Tlatelulco^''  to  hear  mass  and  receive 
instruction.  On  his  wav  thither  he  was  oblio-od  to 
pass  an  ennnence  about  a  league  from  the  city."^  It 
A\as  a  rugged,  sterile  hill,  seamed  with  fissures  and 
pierced  with  cavities,  and  on  it  grew  no  vegetation 
exc('])t  the  cactus  and  stunted  shrubs. 

Wliile  crossing  the  slope  of  this  barren  mount,  har- 
monious strains  of  sweetest  music  enrai)t  his  atten- 
tion, and  turning  his  eyes  u})ward  in  the  direction 
wlicnce  the  melody  came,  with  increased  wonder  he 
hilu'ld  an  arc  of  olorious  colorinrj.  In  its  centre  shone 
a  lirilliant  light,  such  as  that  shed  from  a  heavenly 
tlu'ono.  The  rocks  around  were  res[)lendent  with 
juisniatic  hues  and  seemed  to  him  masses  of  opal, 
sapphire,  and  burnished  gold.  Gradually  he  drew 
nrarer,  and  in  the  radiance  beheld  a  lady  of  beautiful 
countenance  and  form,  who  in  a  gentle  and  assuring 
voice  bade  him  ascend  to  where  she  stooil.  When  ho 
reached  the  spot  the  lady  told  him  that  she  was  the 
virgin  INTary,  and  it  was  her  wish  that,  on  the  )»lace 
where  she  was  standing,  a  church  should  be  built. 

'"'"'His  native  name  was  Qiiaiilitlatolnia.  ITo  was  born  at  Qnanlititlan,  a 
piU'lilo  ulMjut  I'lvolcagui'S  totlic;  norUiiif  Mexico  tity,  ami  at  tfic  tiiiu'iif  tlie  ap- 
li:iiitiiin  ^^;:a  living  at  Tolpctlac,  two  loaguca  ilislaut  from  tlie  isaniu.  Jlntii- 
viiiiii.  Cniii.  Midi.,  iii.  435. 

^"Tln'io  was  a  collogo  at  Tlatolulco  where  tlie  Spanish  language  ami  the 
arts  !i  11(1  si'ioncos  wore  taught.   Jlcrrni.  Tauco,  Iw'ic,  47. 

'■"'  Fin''  llaniada  ilc  lo.s  indios  Tijuiincw  ([lU'  (luicri'  liooir  oxtronio  o  junifa 
<I''  Ion  cirrox'  or  more  literally  '  iiar'z  (If  Ids  cirrax.'  Jlii.--liii)i'iiit<',  ^■{/•iirir. 
(iiiii'l.,',).  It  was  also  called  (.iHiaullahi]ian,  enrrupted  into  ( lua(ialu|)e,  says 
Ilv'MUiiiont.  The  historian  SIgiienza  derives  the  latter  word  from  tlic  .Vialiic 
iji'ikIii,  river,  as  in  (_Jiiadali[iiivir,  (liiadiana,  and  liil),  or  lidini,  fountain. 
Oiliers  eon^^ider  the  word  eoniposeil  of  the  Arahic  ijiiiiild.  and  tlio  Latin  liqnia, 
its  signilieation  then  beiny  wolf  river.  Cabrera,  Enctulo  Arman,  270. 


1'" 


1 


^^':i 


M    11 


4m 


A  DECADE  OF  CHURCH  MATTICRS. 


She  then  clmrGfcd  liiin  to  hasten  to  the  bishop  and 
inform  him  of  her  commands.  Juan  Diego  at  oiici; 
proceeded  on  liis  mission,  and  told  his  story  to  Zunnir- 
raga.  The  bishop,  however,  gave  no  credence  to  th(^ 
tale,  and  Juan  returned  to  the  spot  where  he  had 
seen  the  vision.  Again  the  virgin  appeared  and  bado 
him  on  the  morrow  repeat  to  the  bishop  her  messanc 
]\Eore  attention  was  paid  to  him  on  this  occasion.  Tho 
prelate  questioned  him  closely,  but  telling  him  that 
his  statements  were  insufficient,  bade  him  bring  sonu; 
sign  from  the  lady  by  which  he  might  recognize  her 
divine  command.  Under  the  imi)ression  that  the 
Indian  was  laboring  under  an  illusion,  the  bisliop 
directed  two  persons  to  follow  him  unobserved  and 
watch  his  proceedings.  This  was  done.  And  wluii 
Juan  Diego  approached  the  bridge  spanning  a  small 
stream  wJiicli  crossed  the  way,  he  disappeared  iroiu 
their  sight,  nor  did  the  closest  search  discover  him. 
Returning  to  the  bishop  they  made  their  report  and 
expressed  the  belief  that  the  Indian  was  guilty  ut' 
witchcraft. 

Meanwhile  Juan  pursued  his  course,  unconscious  of 
the  miracle  performed  in  his  behalf,  and  reported  to 
the  virgin  the  result  of  his  mission.  She  bade  liini 
come  to  her  on  tlie  morrow,  when  a  sure  and  certain 
sign  would  bo  given  him.  He  did  not,  however,  can  y 
out  the  virgin's  injunctions,  owing  to  the  condition  of 
his  uncle,  Juan  Bernardino,  who  had  fallen  ill.  But  on 
the  second  day,  which  was  the  12tli  of  December, 
while  on  his  way  to  Tlatelulco  to  obtain  the  services 
of  a  priest  for  the  dying  relative,  he  remembered  his 
neglect,  and  in  his  simplicity  hoped  to  avoid  meeting 
the  apparition  by  taking  another  path.  On  arriving 
at  a  small  fountain,''niowever,  he  perceived  the  virgin 
descending  the  slope,  surrounded  by  the  same  elhil- 
gence  as  on  the  lirst  occasion.  The  vision  dazzled 
him.     Conscience-stricken,  yet  contrite,  he  fell  on  his 

*'  Called  the  Pozito  ilc  Nuestra  Scflora  ilc  Guadalupe. 


OUR  LADY  OF  GUADALUPE, 


405 


IS  Ol 

to 
liiiii 
■tain 
any 

111  of 

utoii 

llu'V, 

ices 

his 

;tiii.i; 

iviiiiij 

ii'niu 

Hiiil- 

i  Ills 


];noes  trembling.  But  the  vinnfin  consoled  him,  and 
hade  him  bo  in  no  anxiety  for  his  uncle,  who  was  well 
already.  She  then  bade  him  ascend  the  hill,  cull  tho 
roses  ho  would  there  find,  and  bring  them  to  her  in 
tlie  folds  of  his  mantle."'^  Tho  man  obeyed,  finding 
t)ii  the  barren  summit  a  miraculous  garden  of  roses 
which  shed  a  delicious  perfume.  Gathering  as  he  had 
been  bidden  lie  carried  tho  roses  to  the  holy  one,"^ 
Avho  having  taken  them  in  her  hands,  gave  them  back 
to  the  Indian  and  bade  liim  carry  tlicm  unseen  by  any 
one  to  tho  bishop. 

On  arriving  at  the  bishop's  Juan  Diego  unfolded 
his  mantle  and  displayed  the  roses  as  tho  required 
sign,  and  behold,  a  figure  of  tho  virgin  was  found 
])aiiited  upon  the  mantle.  Then  all  acknowledged  tlio 
iioly  nature  of  tlic  apparition  and  bent  their  knees  in 
worship.  Zumarraga,  with  priestly  hand,  took  from 
tho  shoulders  of  the  native  the  sacred  cloth,  and  rev- 
erently placed  it  in  his  oratory. 

On  the  I'ollowing  day  the  prelate,  accompanied  by 
his  household,  and  guided  by  Juan  Diego,  visited  tho 
spot  designated  by  tho  virgin.  Ilis  mission  ended, 
Juan  Diego  returned,  accompanied  by  several  of  tho 
bishop's  followers.  On  their  arrival  at  Toli)etlac, 
Juan  Bernardino  was  found  to  be  in  perfect  lujalth, 
ami  it  was  discovered  that  at  the  same  hour  in  wliich 
the  virgin  had  told  Juan  Diego  of  his  recovery  sho 
had  a[)j)eared  to  Bernardino,  restored  him  to  health, 
and  exjiressed  her  wishes  with  regard  to  the  erection 
of  a  church. 

Far  and  wide  spread  the  tidings  of  the  miracle,  and 
tliu  crowds  which  Hocked  to  the  bishop's  palace  to  see 
the  divinely  painted  figure  became  so  great  that  ho 
jilaccd  it  on  the  altar  of  the  cathedral,  that  all  in  turn 
might  venerate  it.     There  it  remained  till  a  shrine  was 

•^-Tho  Mexican  tilina  was  notliinrr  more  than  a  sqnar  piece  of  dotii. 
Willi  royanl  to  the  modes  of  wcariiii,'  it  consult  ya/itr  Hiui   ,  ii.  I!li(!,  7-7. 

'■'The  virj;in  was  waiting  fi)r  liini  at  tho  foot  of  tho  tree  called  i)y  the 
liKli::iis  litiiaiicahualt,  and  liy  the  Spaniards  iirbol  do  tolas  do  arana,  or  cob- 
wcl)-tice.  JJccerra  Tunco,  Felic,  '27. 


r  5  a 

i;     1  ■<■■"■■ 


406 


A  DECADE  OF  CHURCH  MATTERS. 


erected  on  tlie  site  iiulleated  by  Marv,  Mhithcr  it  was 
traiiBfcrred  in  a  solemn  j)rooession  in  1532. 

No  more  propitious  event  could  lipve  occurred. 
Divine  interposition  quickly  accomplisiied  that  lor 
which  the  servants  of  Christ  had  been  so  long  striv- 
ing. From  that  time  idolatry  rapidly  declined  in  Mex- 
ico. Thousands  annually  visited  the  sanctuary  and 
in  bent  adoration  deposited  their  gifts.''^  In  time 
a  more  appro[)riate  repository  for  the  sacred  robe  was 
wanted,  and  a  chapel  was  built  around  the  hallowed 
spring  at  which  the  virgin's  form  had  waited."^  And 
later  still  an  imposing  edifice,  with  lofty  dome  and 
cohnnns  supporting  graceful  arches,  beneath  which 
glittered  silver  altar-rails  and  ornaments  of  gold, 
received  and  held  safe  the  venerated  painting.'"' 

In  regard  to  the  painting  itself,  we  fmd  the  virgin 
represented  as  standing  with  the  I'ight  foot  on  a  cres- 
cent moon,  supported  by  a  cherub  with  wings  out- 
spread, and  hands  clas])ed  upon  her  breast.  A  rose- 
colored  tunic  I'ichly  embroidered  with  gold  covers  lur 
form,  and  a  girdle  of  velvet  clasps  her  waist.  The 
mantle,  decorated  with  stars,  ])artially  covers  the 
head,  on  which  rests  a  crown  with  ten  points,  or  rays. 


:1  • 
111 


yii 


**  Bustamante  avers  that  the  Spaniards  -n-ould  not  have  allowed  so  iii.iny 
thousDiuls  to  C(mi;rcgate  at  tlic  shrine,  liiul  they  not  boon  aware  of  tlie  juait- 
fill  ])i!i'])ort  of  their  asscinb!in;j;.  Apuiic.  Hiiud.,  .">1. 

'■'The  jiaintin,L,'  was  removed  tlierc  in  1G()2.  aecordinp;  to  IVaumont,  Criiit. 
Mich.,  iii.  440,  and  Villa  Seuor,  Tlnat.  Amcr.,  i.  1(>.  ];uttliisdateidolivioii--ly 
iiK'orrect,  as  the  removal  took  plaeu  in  the  time  of  Arehhishop  Serna  who  dinl 
in  l(!;n.  Considt  .Soc.  Mc.c.  Gimj.,  JloUfin,  viii.  1(!7-S. 

""Tlic  cost  of  this  magnificent  chureli.  probably  the  ricliost  in  Mcxiin,  is 
estimated  at  from  half  a  million  to  eii,dit  liundrcd  thouKuul  ]iesos.  It  '...i.< 
beuuii  in  Uiilo  and  not  fidly  completed  till  1701).  The  hiL'h  altar,  aecordiii',' 
to  IJeaumont,  cost  !)S,(K)0  jiesos,  and  the  throne,  or  tabernacle  in  wiiiili  t!ir 
picture  is  enshrined,  oj,  11!)  pesos.  Croii.  Jiir/i.  iii.  441.  Later  aiirimriiiis 
give  a  still  higher  estimate  of  tliis  latter  work  of  art.  The  paintin.;  was 
placed  in  the  church  on  the  1st  of  May  170.1,  where  it  rcmainc<l  (ill  l.'>Mi, 
wlien  it  \\a3  temporarily  transferred  to  the  convent  of  the  Capuchins  duiin,' 
the  internal  I'cnovation  of  the  edifice,  being  restored  to  ifs  place  in  l»ccemln  r 
of  the  same  year.  Maj^nillcent  donations  have  been  made  to  this  clir.vr!i. 
In  1707  Andres  I'alcncia  left  100,000  pesos,  and  in  1747  the  accuimdatrd 
ca]iital  amounted  to  rrJ7,S.')i!  pesos,  yielding  an  income  of  .S0,000  ],esos.  Wi;ii 
this  sum  endowments  were  made  for  the  support  of  an  abbot,  10  canons,  and 
other  ciinrcii  oliiccrs.  ]"illa  Siiinr,  Thciit.  Ann')-.,  i,  10;  Soc.  Mix.  O'lrii., 
Bole/ill,  viii.  lGS-74;  Floieiiciu,  L'strcttu  del  A'o/te,  l!5-t);  Iklinuni,  JAv.,  ii. 
22G-7. 


If 


THE  SACRED  rArS'TIXG. 


m 


Tlio  artist  Cabrera"'  dcst-rilK's  tlio  couiiti'iuiiuv  as 
(■X()uisiti'ly  beautiful  in  every  leature,  and  luaintaiiis 
that  even  if  a  person  Avere  iijjnorant  of  the  oriL,nii  of 
the  painting,  he  couhl  not  deny,  on  yeeinjjf  it,  that  it 
is  sui)ernatural  work."^  The  finure  is  surrounded  by 
an  aureola  encompassed  by  a  luniinous-edn'od  eloud.'*' 
In  ISoj  a  formal  investi_L;-ation  was  made  with  regard 
ti)  the  genuineness  of  the  existintjf  ])aintinLX,'"  from 
whifh  it  was  discovered  that  its  identity  with  the  one 
miraculously  depicted  on  the  mantle  of  Juan  Die^ro,''^ 
was  not  proven  until  its  removal  irom  its  place  on  the 

"■Miu'Uel  Cabrera,  at  a  iiicotinj;  of  tlio  artists  of  McxicD  in  17">l,  wa.s 
Frli'ittil  to  make  ii  i.'Oliy  of  tlio  jmiiitiiii;  for  juisoiitatinn  to  I'n  iicdiit  XIN'. 
This  inpy  vas  the  most  ciloliiati'il  cmt  takoii.  Cabrt'ia  in  17.")(J  wrote  a 
liiiL.'tliy  <iiti((iio  on  tiic  original.  AjKinr.  (i'iki/.,  4"J-7. 

•'■(iravu  authorities  liave  agri'ocl  that  no  liiinian  hanil  eoulil  liave  painted 
Riuh  a  ]iii'tiire.  llarfra  Taiicn,  Filif.,  n'>. 

•■"'JMie  li'iiglli  of  the  jiictnre  is,  iicconliii!^  to  t'ahrora,  two  ami  oiio  twelfth 
varas,  and  its  \\  idtli  a  littlo  over  one  and  a  (jiiaittr  varas.  'J'lie  Iriigtii  of  the 
viii,in'slii;iire  isalioiltoiic  vara.  It  is  jiaiiited  onavate,  a  ('(larse  native  eloth 
liiaumactuied  out  of  the  fibre  of  the  agave  jilaiit,  ami  has  b.in  ixtiiisively 
ti!iii<'tl.  Tiu;  miraeiilous  origin  of  this  jiaiiiting  lias  givi  u  rise  to  miieli  eoiitro- 
vr.sy  as  to  its  autlieiitieity.  The  arguments  advaiiceil  in  contra  eonsist  of 
live  jiiiiuipal  ones:  1.  The  niiraele  was  ne\ir  aliiiiiied  by  any  auto;  "J. 
llislioji  Xuiii:irrnga  left  no  writing  on  tiu^  stilijcet;  ;>.  'r(ir(|Uemada  leaves  the 
lra(hrto  infer  tiiat  it  was  the  work  of  man;  4.  'I'lie  ay  ale,  said  to  liavi.'  belongod 
to  J  nan  l)iego,  was  longer  and  narrower  than  tlie  maiiths  usually  worn;  ."i.  'J'lu? 
)  aiuting  itsolf  shows  artistic  faults,  llartolarhe  iiiakrs  an  elaborate  iitterniit 
to  refute  these  argiunents.  Maiiijicl.  0;ii(.-('.  l,'ii(t'/.,  Td-lO.").  'i'lie  defenders 
of  the  niiraele,  the  warmest  of  whom  is  IJustamante,  iiase  its  autlieiitieity  on 
native  nianiiserii)ts  giving  an  aeeoiint  of  it;  on  extant  narratives  of  aneii'iit 
wiiieis  mentioned  by  Veytia  and  others;  on  the  testimony  of  aged  jiersons; 
(lu  aiK-ient  native  eantielcs;  and  on  the  miraeles  ])(rtornK'd  at  the  saiietnary, 
iiiriuioned  by  many  writers,  among  whom  was  Jiernal  |)i.i/.,  //^nl.  \'i  i-'lit'l,, 
'I'M,  Those  who  desire  further  infoiniat  ion  eaii  eousult,  besides  the  authorities 
already  ((Uoted,  the  following:  Liix-<ii  </i-  In  I'lj/ii,  //ml  'J'fiiniiilniiriili/rti,  ]iiib- 
lislu'd  in  .Mrxieo,  1(>4!),  a  work  sujijiosed  to  be  modelled  from  S.inelie/.;  lintn- 
rh.i.  Jilcii,  I/'itt.  (I'cii.  Annr.,  Matlrid,  ITlli.  This  author  eolU^eted  a  great 
inuuber  ni  Indian  nianuseriiits:  Wtaii'-rrf,  Tiaim  Mi r.,  Mexico,  lOitS;  S<in- 
rli<:,  liiKnii)!  (//((((/.,  Mexico,  1(!4S;  Cithnrn,  Manirlilii  Aiiki:,  ^h•xico,  I7.">t>, 
a  «iirk  tre;iting  exclusively  of  the  paintin',';  i'kiriiif'm,  Xinrnfo  .\/iiriinio, 
Mexico,  17"i");  /'/.,  Efticlla  dc  d  ymic,  Mexico,  1741,  a  discussion  on  tho 
|aiiiiiiig  and  Indian  «nti(|iiities.  Anlun'm  and  'J'liiinii,  Col.  ( >li.  >/  Ojiiisr.,  an 
iNccllcnt  collection  of  ..ssagcs  from  the  best  writers  on  the  (iuadaliipo 
Mystery;  and  ('axtri),  Ocfani.  .Vdnivi/'t  -l/i.r.,  Mexii  "  17-'.l,  a  ]ioem  in  live 
cantos.  The  material  on  wliieh  the  picture  was  j;  -.I'l  '  is  iliscussed  in  this 
work. 

"''  The  committee,  besides  Ilustamantc,  was  composed  of  the  liishop  of 
Monterey,  Fray  Ortigosa,  two  prebends,  Movellan,  secretary  of  congress,  a 
notary  public,  and  the  artists  Ailloii  and  \'illaiineva. 

''  This  personage,  after  the  ajiparition  of  the  virgin,  withdrew  from  liusi- 
licss,  lived  a  life  of  celibacy,  and  devoted  himself  to  her  scrvici^  lie  died  in 
I  "lis,  aged  74,  warned,  according  to  N'etaucurt,  C/iiuii.,  12S,  of  liis  approach- 
ing cniL 


I, 

I? 


I 


ill 


40S 


A  DECADE  OF  CHURCH  MATTERS. 


old  altar  on  account  of  repairs,  when  'ontion  was 
attracted  to  its  extraordinary  ^vei;_,dlt.  .examination 
I'l'Vealed  the  fact  that  it  was  attached  to  the  toj)  of 
Zuniarra!4a's  tahle,  on  whicji  was  an  inscrij)tion  hy 
the  bisho[>,  certifying  this  to  be  the  true  and  original 
picture.''^ 

AmouG^  the  most  assiduous  propagators  of  the  faitli 
was  tile  I'ranciscan  fiiar,  Torihio_Mot()lInia,  who  kept 
a  i-ecord  of  baptisms  from  1.V24  to  1539.  In  tlie  city 
of  Mexico  and  the  sui  rounding  villages  more  than  a 
million  children  and  adults  were  ba[)tized,  an  cpial 
number  in  the  district  of  Tezcuco,  and  in  Michoacau 
and  other  provinces  over  three  millions  more.  In  the 
single  year  of  1537  above  five  hunilred  thousand 
received  the  faith.  These  conversions  were  the  result 
of  the  lubcn's  of  the  Franciscans  alone,  several  mem- 
bers of  which  order,  it  is  claimetl,  baptized  individually 
numbers  varying  from  one  hundred  thousand  to  tlu'ce 
hundred  thousand.'"  The  nund)er  of  friars  employed 
in  this  work  did  not  exceed  sixty,  fc  'lough  in  1531) 
the  members  of  the  order  })resent  i  'itcd  to  about 
eighty,  not  all  of  them  were  occu])ied  in  ba[)tlzing, 
o\vini»'  to  a  want  of  experience  and  a  knowledn'e  cf 
the  language.  In  spreading  the  gospel  these  evangcl- 
izers  received  much  aid  from  native  converts,'^  whf», 
as  well  as  the  native  traders,  carried  tidings  of  the 

'■^  Tlic  painting  hnd  been  stretched  upon  five  boards,  solidly  joined  to"ctl)cr 
by  trceniiilH,  and  at  the  back  was  the  iiiscii[)ti()n:  'Tuldado  la  iiicsadc  lllliin). 
Sr.  ZiinuiiTaya,  y  en  la  (|U0  el  diolioso  rn'olito  jiuho  la  tihiia  en  (pio  cst.ilia 
cstani]iaila  esta  niavavillosa  imii;;iii.'  'i'lic  carpenter,  who  nicunipanicd  the 
committee,  testilied  to  the  antiquity  of  the  boards,  while  the  wooden  n.ii!?t 
were  like  those  used  by  the  Indian  carpenters  in  the  bishop's  time.  Ajiuri'-. 
O'luiil.,  'JT-!). 

'■'KMntuliiiin,  nist.  III//.,  lOS-O;  McmVrtn,  iTixt.  Eclra.,  27').  Gonzalez  Da- 
villa,  Tiairo  K-U'i.,  i.  •_'.">,  states  that  by  tlie  Dominican  and  Franeiacan  fiiars 
1(),.')(K),0U0  natives  were  baptized,  not  includini^  those  converted  by  otiur 
orders.  According  to  Fernandez,  Jl'iKt.  L'rlc.i.,  47,  the  Franciscans  baptized 
1,(KU),000  during  the  tirst  eight  years.    Ton/iKniwIii,  iii.  l.")(5. 

"In  the  year  l.");50  a  scliool  for  the  relif;ious  instruction  of  Indian  girls 
was  established  with  a  similar  good  result,  the  young  women  assisting  in  the 
work  of  conversion  as  soon  as  suliiciently  taught.  This  seminary  was  under 
the  management  of  si.'C  pious  sisters  sent  out  by  the  <|ucen  of  Spain.  It 
existed  for  about  ten  years.  Id.,  48.  Also  Alotoliiiit,  224-0,  and  Mtndktu, 
4t)2-3. 


SPREAD  OF  TlIK  f;O.SI'KL. 


4» 


ci'oss  into  remote  tlitstricts  not  yut  penetrated  l)y  tho 
IViars. 

It  WMs  a  |L>ran(]  and  Imppv  consuiinMalion,  alike  for 
church  and  state;  so  at  least  it  m;is  rc^j^iUHK'd  until 
thc^  state  beeanie  jealous  of  the  wealth  and  j)()\ver  of 
ihe  church.  At  this  time  the  church  rejoieed  lor  tho 
millions  thus  brought  into  the  ibid,  and  the  crown 
itjoiced  for  subjects  thus  reclaimed  from  savnujisni 
\vh(»  were  henceforth  to  adtl  to  its  revenues.  Thus 
we  liiid  the  queen  wi'itini^  in  ir).'3l2  to  the  archbishop 
dt'Toledo,  of  the  ^vciit  \v()rk  already  accomjilisii.'d  in 
New  Sjtain,  and  the  wide  lield  for  new  conversions. 
The  prelate  is  then  asked  for  virtuous  and  exemplary 


IJ. 


ill 


)(irers  willin<j:  to  a'o 


thill 


ler. 


And 


auam  m  15.'1(» 


lh((  kinjjf  enjoins  the  viceroy  and  audiencia  to  jiromoto 
b)  llie  utmost  the  spread  of  the  I'aith.  liy  this  and 
other    means  the  number  of  reliijious   teachers  wa.s 


all 


v  mcrease( 


J)Ut  not  all  of  the  baptized  id)()rii;inals  were  hap])y 


in  their  new  relations 


Tl 


lere  M'ere  somo  Irom  wlioso 


hearts  the  eradication  of  idolatry  was  not  so  complete 
as  a]>peared  on  the  surface.  ISIany  clun<^  tenaciously 
to  tlio  creed  of  their  ancestors,  and  when  open  pro- 
fession was  no  lon|^^>r  possible  th(!y  had  recourse  to 
strata^'cm.  While  outwardly  observiiiLjf  the  (  alliolic 
form,  they  practised  in  secret  their  anc^ient  rites,  and 
while;  they  knelt  before  the  inuipje  of  the  virgin  (jHered 
adoration  to  hidden  idols  of  their  own.'^ 

■■'(Vilxin,  ill  Col.  Doc.  Iix'tL,  ii.  .'ITO-SO. 

''''.\iiii(|uu  lo8  obrcros  oraii  iiiuy  IjULiioa  (mcdiante  la  diligcncia  del  Visor- 
riy)  (ic^du  i.sto  imuto  coiiiCyarun  a  acr  iiiaa  tu  miincro,  y  mcjorcf),'  Jlenrra, 
ilii'.  vi.  lil).  i.  ciip.  X. 

''Fur  au  account  of  secret  ceremonies  see  SuluKjun,  llisl.  O'ln.,  iii.  oJl. 


Ill* 


m 
m 


I    I 


*•', 
V 


I?!' 


CHAPTER  XX. 

FUTILE  ATTErHPTS  TOWARD  DISCOVERY. 
1530-1540. 

Authority  of  CortAs  Ccrtailed — Indian  Conspiracy  Sitpressed— Dis- 
turbances IN  Oajaca — An  ]']mptv  Titi.e — Cortes  ani>  tiik  Colonists 

OF     ANTEQri:RA — FUKTIIKK    DISPUTES     WITH     THE    AUUIENCIA— CoKTlS 

I'ersistknt— Baiki.eu  Ek'okts  at  Discovery — Hiciii  Hopes  am>  a 
Lowly  Dwelling — Miskortune  Follows  Misfortune — Guzman's 
Animosity — Coutfi;  Defiant — He  Sails  \outiiward— Failure  of  tiii;; 
EsTEi;ii.:.;u — IMvalry  of  Menuoza — Cortes  Disuustek — He  Rexi  uns 
To  Spain. 

Upon  the  arrivnl  of  tlio  second  auclicncia  Coiti's 
liastoiiod  to  lay  before  that  body  bis  commission  ;is 
ea[)tain  p"eneral.  Though  it  was  duly  recognized  by 
them,  the  powers  it  cont'erred  were  greatly  controlled 
by  a,  royal  order  ])roduced  by  the  andiencia,  rerjuiring 
that  CV)rtes,  in  all  his  operations,  should  consult  ilw 
president  and  oidores  and  act  only  on  tlieir  ap])rov;il. 
This  we  may  wi'll  imagine  was  not  Dleasinsjc  to  tin* 
mar(|uis,^  and  soon  he  and  the  audieneiii  were  engngcil 
in  hot  disputes.  Jealous  of  their  position,  and  pioud 
of  the  king's  coniidence,'  Ihe  oidores  were  uncomi)iM- 
niising  in  the  exhibition  of  their  authority,  and  ('ju- 
ried out  their  instructions  to  the  letter;  while  Coi'tes, 

'  Corti''8  professes  to  lii'vc  liren  iit  first  satisfied  with  this  order;  'y  fni 
para  mi  imiy  j,'r;iii  iiiereed,  ]>or(jiie  s'eiiiprc  querria  talcs  testigos  do  mis 
Bervieios.'  i'vti,<,  Kiicri/ofi  > urtlnK,  1!)'. 

■•"When  .lie  luidieiicia  attdidcd  iiiass  on  the  arrivnl  nt  the  cppital  the 
liislio]>  of  'I'lasealii  in  tlie  jnayir  I'nr  tlie  royal  family,  after  the  words,  'rejiiu 
lidstnmi  emu  j.mle  rejoin,'  addud,  'et  diieeiii  excreitus  liostri,'  whereu|"'ii 
Oidcir  Salmeron  adInllni^h^■d  liini  to  oliserve  the  kin,L,'"s  ]ircrniiiii'iK'e:  'i' yo  li' 
niiioiiesti'  (jiie  j_'iiard:isi'  al  liey  su  inciiniiH  iiiia  Real  en  axiUello.'  Sdhncrun,  ii. 
J'ui/uiu  and  Canltiau-',  Col.  JJuc,  xiii.  11)2 

(410) 


ENMITY  OF  THE  AUI'IEXCIA. 


411 


nrc'ustomcd  to  domineer,  ill  brooked  opposition  to  his 
A  lows  or  interests,  and  pressed  matters  with  a  liaugliti- 
iicss  that  offended  the  kini^'s  iudires. 

Thus  it  was  that  almost  immediately  an  antagonism 
appeared,  regarding  questions  of  minor  importance  at 
liist,  as  those  of  etiquette  and  precedence,^  but  later 
aflccting  weightier  matters  both  public  and  private. 

I'ufriendly  relations  being  thus  established,  the 
linach  grew  wider  day  by  day,  and  their  letters  were 
i'ull  of  bitterness,  marked  by  comj^laints  of  griev- 
ances on  the  one  side  and  of  obnoxious  interference 
(111  the  other.  Such  being  their  respective  attitudes, 
it  was  with  difficulty  and  delay  that  even  the  royal 
orders  were  carried  out  in  matters  concerning  Cortes. 
Whether  the  question  at  issue  related  to  the  count- 
ii)''  of  his  vassals,  the  assi'jfnment  of  towns  and  lands 
granted  him,  or  expeditions  of  discovery,  it  was  in 
every  case  attended  by  many  loud  and  angry  words. 

The  first  bushiess  in  connection  with  the  manjuis 
to  which  it  was  necessary  the  audiencia  should  give 
attention  was  the  counting  of  the  twent3'-three  thou- 
saiul  vassals  assiuned  him  by  roval  o-rant.  Diflii-ulties 
at  once  arose  which  rendered  the  counting  slow,'  and 
thcie  were  also  disagi-eements  between  tlie  oidores  antl 
Cortes  with  respect  to  the  method.  Moreover  as 
jiuliiic  interests  were  involved  by  the  establisliment 
of  a  remarkable  precedent,  tlic  ai-tion  of  the  oitloros 
was  closely  watched  and  criticised.^     The  dischaige 


m 


:!,;; 


'Sd'.inoron  coinpl;iininirly  reports  to  tlie  kiii.u  tlic  pfomiiiciit  pfisitioii  in 
w'lii h  t  orti's  canseil  lii.s  cliiiir  to  lio  jilui't'd  in  tlio  oliui'cli,  ami  i\\v.  Uat  that  lio 
t"iik  pn'OC'doiKC  in  clmi'cli  t'crtimiiiics:  'y  al  nfrciir,  iios  liortiainos  todos,  y 
c'l  iilVri c  il  prinif'ro;  y  la  paz  t-aia  uii  sacristan,  y  vd  piiuiuio  il  iiusolrns,  y 
tuiiirla  I'l  piiuRTo.'  /'/. 

'The  (liddit's  i-t]iiirtcil  to  liis  Majesty  that  the  Indians,  at  the  insti^'atinn 
nf  their  chiefs,  evaded  the  ciunit.  'J'hi:i  th<y  coldd  readily  do  dwini^  to  tlio 
fiiiihly  villi  which  they  I'eniuxcd  fi'oin  ]ihu;e  to  place.  The  dutnsdl  theconi- 
liii-.siiiM  a|i]MiinU'd  to  take  tiio  count  were  thnu  made  irksoini'  '.i  the  e\tienu>, 
iind  tlie  result  inaccniate.  They  \ver<>  eni]iloyed  duiiiii.;  iiiv.  wlirile  el'  lent  iit 
d' tcniiiniiis.'  the  jiojiulation  of  a  f-in,i_de  town  i:i  ihe  district  of  Ciu'inavaca 
vithnut  s,itii<tj.etory  restdt,  and  theie  wei'e  not  less  than  'JO  ollieis  in  that 
(liMiii.t.  Uil  if'inii,  in  /'(Ii/kcd  and  Canli  mts,  ('nf.  Dor.,  xiv.  liliO;  ^[uditiicv, 
Litln,  in  'J'mitnir-Ciiiiijfiui!',   Vni/.,  siiie  ii.  toni.  v.  lol,  I!)7  S. 

^('ortis  maintained  that  the  Inads  of  families  only  should  be  counted, 
vliile  the  oiduiea  claimed  that  the  iiidividual  mombi.'r3  oU'dit  to  bo  included. 


i 


I 


Ii 


412 


FUTILE  ATTEMPTS  TOWARD  DISCOVERY. 


of  this  unenviable  duty  was  intrusted  to  six  commis- 
sioners, three  of  whom  were  appointed  by  Cortes  and 
th.rce  by  the  audiencia." 

The  connnission,  liowever,  after  having  labored  for 
many  weeks  in  vain  efibrts  to  arrive  at  even  an  ap- 
proximate count,  reported  to  the  audicncia  that  the 
difficulties  were  insurmountable  and  a  correct  numer- 
ation impossible,  since  not  one  fifth  of  tlie  estimated 
])opulation  presented  itself  The  attempt  was  conse- 
quently abandoned,  and  a  compromise  entered  into 
by  which  Cortes,  pending  instructions  frorji  the  king, 
was  loll  in  possession  of  Cuernavaca  with  its  dcpend- 
dent  townships  and  the  districts  cf  Tehuantepoc  and 
Cuetlachtlan.  The  valleys  of  Oajaca  and  Quilapaii, 
and  various  towns  in  the  province  of  Mexico,  were 
also  assigned  him  under  the  encomienda  system,  no 
iudiciid  authoritv  bein<x  therewith  conferred/ 

Yet  the  audicncia  considered  that  the  principle  on 
which  the  kinix's  o'rants  had  been  made  was  dan^■^l■- 
ous,  from  the  fact  that  the  scattered  positions  of  the 
difl'erent  districts  would  give  Cortes  too  wide  an  inllu- 

Agnin,  several  families  occupied  tlie  same  dwelling,  separated  from  eacli  otlit  r 
by  ))iirtitioiu  of  baiiibiio.  Tlic  oidorcs  eomjilaiu  to  the  kiii%'  that  maiiy  "f 
these  housi's  were  fouiul  empty,  altlKnigh  they  were  couviiicod  that  the  inir;li- 
itaiits  had  only  tenipoiarily  removed.  In  other  instanees  the  partitioiis  liiid 
been  taken  down  so  that  several  families  mi;^ht  appear  to  belon;j;  to  one  a:i  1 
tli(!  same  head;  and  the  audicncia  considtred  that  all  housea  ou;:lit  to  he 
eouiili'd  wlicllier  occupied  or  not.  Id,  ^loreovcr  strictnesa  in  coinit  v:is 
v;rndy  discussed  by  Iho  encomcnileros  who  reco;'nizcd  that  th  ■  decision  <<i\ 
thin  point  materially  all'ectt'(l  thcmiH.lvcs.  Several  witnesses  testilicd  tli  ;t 
the  contadnr,  l^ldri^c)  do  Alhoinoz,  had  asserted  that  the  count  ou'iht  not  (  ) 
be  taki  n  too  strictly  as  the  dillcn  nee  of  CO  niaeclinales  nuire  or  less  v.a.-.  a 
matter  of  sliL'ht  iinportancc.  Pailiicn  and  (.'dnliiict--^,  C'nl.  Dae.,  xvi.  ."i-lS-."  t. 

"The  audicncia  aijiointcd  Cristi.hal  de  IJari'los,  (Jeronimo  Ruiz  ilc  li 
Mota,  and  Ruiz  (;un;;alex;  the  repn.scntalives  of  Cortes  wire,  Anih\s  il^ 
'J'a)iia.  Juan  dc  S:.lccdo.  and  Frant  i.;co  de  Tcriazas.  Tcriiaux-'  ^'mjaun,  !'<;/., 
Krric  ii.  loni.  v.  I'.i".  t'ortrs  complains  that  two  of  his  (greatest  enemies  wcic 
ehosi  n  by  the  audicncia.   I'drhc'D  and  ('lirih  ikih,  Ci.I.  Doc,  xiii.  t2"2-;i. 

' 'i'ln'  njaniuis  crmi  lained  of  thi.s  liniitaticn  of  his  juri>dic(ion,  and  a!  > 
jtrotcsti'd  a;,'ainst  the  appointmcjit  of  eorregidorcs  of  certain  tiaciis  claim  ■! 
by  him  as  pcitainin^'  to  his  grant.  /</.,  loo,  and  I'arhcro  rnd  ('inlinriK,  (  ■  I. 
J)(ir.,  xiv..  oIlU'J.  A  description  of  the  dilicrcnt  districts  and  townshi;  i 
incliuleil  in  the  assiijmnents  will  be  found  in  Id.,  .''.;>;i-7,  and  Tt  rinu'.i- 
( 'nii)/iini!<.  \  (III.,  si'i'ie  ii.  tom.  v.  b"."')-.").  A  cirjiy  also  of  \\w.  av'rcemcnt  lictwnii 
the  audicncia  and  ("orti's  is  contained  in  I'ttdaco  and  ('urdcinin,  (\,l.  iJoc,  >  ii. 
r>bt  'JO.  ( 'orti's  cnira^'cd  to  surrcm'r  all  claim  to  any  districts  which  mii,lit 
atterwanl  be  found  outside  of  his  grant. 


EFFORTS  OF  CORTKS  RESTRICTED. 


413 


c'lioo,  and  t!i ,  oidor  Salincron  had  already  counselled 
the  king  to  centralize  the  authority  of  the  marquis  by 
conilninL^  his  possessions  to  one  portion  of  the  coun- 
try.'^ The  fact  is  his  power  over  the  natives  was  such 
ns  to  cause  the  oidores  heartily  to  wish  him  back  :n 
Spain."  . 

Xor  was  the  assij^mnent  of  these  grants  the  only 
cause  of  dispute.  The  erection  of  his  palace,  the  sale 
ot'  liis  houses  in  the  city  of  ^Mexico  to  tlie  audiencia, 
;:ii(l  his  claims  to  lands  within  the  limits  of  the  city 
w Lie  alike  productive  of  grievances  and  annoyance. 


10 


But  the  treatment  of  Cortes  by  the  audiencia  in 
his  public  capacity  as  captain  general  engendered  yet 
stronger  feelings  of  indignation  and  wounded  pride, 
lie  could  not  shut  his  eyes  to  the  fact  that  his  high 
olKce  was  one  more  in  name  than  in  reality,  and  his 
(juick  perception  soon  revealed  to  him  that  although 
the  crown  had  recognized  his  services  it  did  not  intend 
to  all(jw  him  much  control  in  the  guidance  of  atl'airs. 

Mil  March  ir)31,  Parheco  nni\  Carlcnas,  Cnl.  Doc,  xiii.  203-4. 

"Jii  Au;,'u.st  of  the  same  yvM-  Siilniiroii  iciiiaiks,  'il  aim  til  jiouvoir  sur 
lis  iiiiliui'ias,  que  (I'lin  scul  mot  il  iioiiirait  tons  li's  faiie  n'vollii-,'  ami  later 
iiilils:  Ml  (lit.  .  .iiu'il  I't tounicra  en  Ks|)ai,'iR!.  Tint  an  eicl  (jiril  \v  lit;  (•(•la, 
Kciait  liiMivciix  pour  liv  XouvcUc-Mspa^iie.'  'J'rriKdix-Cniii/Kiii.^.  l'".v.,  si'iii^  ii. 
tni!i.  V.  l!)(j.  In  tlio  sann!  letter  \h\  (  xnresses  the  cuiivictioii  that  it  would  ho 
V(ll  not  to  include  the  town^lnii  of  Auteiiueia  Oajaca  in  the  i^-rant,  while 
(liili^r  (^>uiro;.:a  apprises  the  kin;.'  lliiit  the  assi_:uuii'iit  to  (,'orti  s  of  the  town  of 
Taruliaya,  so  near  the  capital,  wnidd  he  greatly  pi  ('judicial  t(jtlic  city.  I'uclwco 
aiiil  i'lh-ili  mix.  Col.  Jioc,  xiii.  4:i7-H. 

"  Ky  a  letter  of  the  oidores,  dated  14th  of  Aiifjust  l.jSl,  nlreads'  fre(piently 
(|not('d,  the  king  wa.s  informed  tlia''  ('ort('s  was  l)nil(lini,'  in  the  ri;y  a  ]ialaco 
more  ]  letentious  than  any  to  he  f:een  in  Spain,  and  that  tlu^  work  had  lieeri 
inii  !'n!]»tcd  hy  the  .ludiencia  placing  the  towns  from  w  hich  tlie  iiian|iiis  drew 
liis  l;,lj(  rers  under  the  corregimicnto  system,  lie  had,  how*  \cr,  lic(  u  allowed 
t'l  iiiiplDV  the  Indians  of  Chakr;,  ou  tiie  condition  that  he  p;iid  tlici'i  waiies. 
Tlii-:  lie  had  failed  to  do,  and  the  oiiloi'(  s  had  stopped  the  «  nrk.  W'i  Ji  regard 
t'iii:;  houics  ill  the  city  Cort(S  comii';iiiis,  in  |.~i,'i;t,  that  the  audi>  ncia  had 
lie  itlicr  paid  him  for  them,  nor  were  w  illiiig  to  gi\  e  n]i  the  proi"  rty,  not  even 
tlu^  traikr.s'  huildings  which,  according  to  airreement,  he  was  to  iciain;  and 
111'  riiiuests  the  council  to  interfere  in  his  behalf.  Car'n,  in  t'arhirn  jumI  (!dr- 
il' mix,  Col.  Doc.  xii.  TiriO-l.  ("crtain  lands  lying  \\ithin  the  city  oiiiniKfns, 
Wire  granted  to  Cortes  by  royal  order  of  July -7,   \7uA.  I<nf  lie  v;is  dispos- 


f(.-s((l  of  tliem  liy  the  oi(!er(  i  of  the  tir.^t  Midiauia.     In   llll    li 


r  stitulioii,  which  vas  rc^^isted,  and  the  audiencia  dec  ided  to  ^:'l^nlit  tie 
matter  to  the  li.dia  Council.  Iil.,  xxix.,  pas.sim.  The  (piceii,  in  \y\\\  \7u\',\, 
(■;;!i  'iwi  rs  the  nuilieiicia  to  invesli^ale  the  ii;alter  and  decide  according  to 
j  i.-5>icc.  J'li'ja,  Ctuulariu,  tiii. 


414 


FUTILE  ATTEMrX.S  TOWARD  DISCOVERY. 


From  the  first  the  now  adminif^tration  avoided  con- 
sultation with  him,"  and  when  in  mihtarv  matters  lu; 
ollered  sugi^estions,  liis  views  were  not  acce[)tod,  and 
oven  his  actions  wore  interfered  with,  while  at  the 
same  time  no  nunms  was  omitted  of  impressing  upon 
the  ntitives  the  I'aet  that  the  _i>;i'eat  concpicror  was  sul)- 
servicnt  to  the  hioher  authoritv  of  the  andiencia. 

The  very  first  attem})t  made  hy  Cortes  to  exercise 
liis    functions    as    ca})tain  f^eneral    caused  a  rui)turc 


l)et' 


ween  inm  an( 


1th 


le  audiencia. 


Th 


10  inellicient  con- 


cll 


dition  of  the  available  i'orces  in  Xew  S[)ain  was  su 
as  to  excite  u  fear  of  an  uj)rising  of  the  natlw^. 
AVith  the  a})proval  of  the  audiencia,  Cortes  therefurc 
])roclaimed  a  general  muster  in  all  Spanish  towns, 
attaching  certain  penalties  to  those  who  fuletl  to  ;!p 


1 


)ear  wi 


thtl 


leir  arms  and  norses 


Ih 


The  nuister  in  tin 


capital  was  a  failure,  and  when  Cortes  sought  to  cii- 
i'orce  the  fines  U[)ou  the  delinquents  the  oidores  ton!; 
innbragt^  considering  that  his  action  was  an  encroacli- 
ment  u[)on  their  authority. ^^ 

'I'he  weakness  displayed  by  this  failure  to  muster 


in 


for 


ce  aiK 


Ml 


le  wi 


■11  1. 


viiown  dissension 


that 


])reva 


;!..! 


among  the  S[^aniardsolfcrod  a  strong  temptation  to  (he 
Indians.  They  bt'lieved  thatan  op[)ortunity  I'or  throw- 
ing otf  the  Spanish  yoke  had  at  last  arri\ed,  and  tli<  y 


ess(  I 


entered  into  a  conspiracy  to  ilestroy  tlieir  oppr 
Straggling  Spanianls  in  the  country  were  murdered, 

"  Tlio  juidioiicia  iiifornu'd  the  Uiiii,'  tliat  tlu'ir  policy  wna  to  avoid  socUini,' 
tlu>  iiilvicc  »il  « 'iiiti  s  ill  iiiiittrrs  all't'i'tiii!,'  the  >;',k'fniiiie!.t.  Siihnintii,  I  ''irt  >.  in 
J'lii/i'  CD  aiiil  ( 'i('/vA  iKis,  <  'id.  J.'tir.,  xiii.  Iltl.  t'ui-ti'.s  alao  ooiii]i!aiin'il  to  tlie  l.i::.; 
tli.it  111'  was  iu)t  allowed  to  coiisiilt  with  ihv  audicniia,  liut  was  siiniily  ii"|niinl 
toolx'V  oi'dci's.  /(/.,  I'J.  Ill  Ills  J,'<  Idcioii  il<  ,^(  rrifioxlu.'  ntati's  that  tlio  and ii'iiri:i 
coiistnuil  tho  Kiiiu'M  institutions  ivhitivo  to  liiinsclf  to  suit  tlu'nisi'l\i'.<,  and 
that  without  voire  or  vote  in  their  eotineils  lie  w  as  coniiu'lled  simply  to  I'Xi'tu'.i! 
thiir  orders.  I'ailiuvs  coviltl  thus  In;  ehaiyed  to  iiis  aeeount,  while  the  oniiit 
<ii  lii.-i  sueeesses  could  be  appropriatcil  by  ihc  president  und  oidore.s.  K,icr:ivi 
.S'(/(/r.)<,  ■JIT- IS. 

'-'This  ipiestion  of  i^'ero^'.itive  was  still  unsettled  in  April  l.",'VJ.  Corli:) 
writin.'.;  to  the  kiii^'  on  the  'JOtli  remarks:  'vast  se  Iki  (|Uedado  hasta  Imy 
(pie  iiiii;,'uua  .irdeii  ui  eoiieierlo  hay.'  /(/.,  Mil.  .V  .'•imilar  Kiiliiix'  oeeurred  ,:t 
\era('ru/.  /(/.,  '2-0.  'I'lie  audiencia  attriliuted  this  failure  to  the  nelirii  ■  l' 
the  enemies  of  Cortes  who  'aimeraieiit  mieiix  perdre  tout  ee  (pi'ils  posBid*  !it 
<pie  le  reeoiinaitre  pour  ii'ur  supi  rieiir  '  Tinrutx-L'uiiip-jiin,  Wi;/.,  f<erie  ii.  t' i... 
V.  10  JO. 


REVOLT  OF  THE  XATIVES. 


415 


iind  pivparntions  made  for  a  suddni  risiii<jf  in  ihv  eitv. 
A(<(  trdiiin^  to  Oviodo  inoro  tlian  two  luiiidicd  Spaniards 
wnc  soon  tonnd  to  be  missino",  and  tlu'  alarin  hocanio 
«_;i  iicral.  'J'lio  <»idores  in  the  eineriLi^ency  re('o«j;iiized 
tli.it  (lu>  onlv  man  capable  of'dealinLT  with  the  oxciti'd 
lii(Hans  was  the  captain  f]^eneral,  and  him  they  now 
( ;dlrd  Upon  to  conio  to  their  assistance.  With  a  lai'^'e 
Inice  he  inarcliod  into  the  capital,  and  by  his  decisive 
iiuasinvs  fpiict  Avas  i-estored.  (jireat  nund)ei's  were 
iii;i(le  ])risoners  and  the  horroi's  of  lire  and  blood- 
hounds implanted  a  ■wholesome  tear  upon  the  natives, 
who  were  once  moi'c  tauuht  that  tlu>ir  iiatriotic  struir- 
j^lis  only  tii>'htened  the  conijueror's  orasp.'^ 

The  ri'Volt  seems  to  have  (>xtended  iar  southwar<l, 
i'nithniuLr  the  early  part  t)t"  la^l  the  Zapotecsin  Oajaca 
ami  lmj)ilcinL;^o  Mere  in  rebellion,  and  a  mnnber  ol' 
Spaniards  Avho  had  entered  the  district  in  seaivlu)t'ii;(>l<l 


had  been  slaui^htered.'* 

The  ayuntamieiito  t)fAntor[nera  despatched  all  avail- 
iiMi'  force  ai^'ainst  the  insurjjfcnts,  l)ut  as  this  left  the 
t  i\\  11  without  deienders   it  was  ni'cessarv  to  sen<l  as- 

t. 

si^iance  (Voni  iSfexico.  ])ut  e\'en  under  these  circuni- 
s(aiic<'s,  in  which  the  experience  and  military  ability 
(if  ( 'ortes  ouL;'ht  to  have  been  r<'spected,  his  vit'ws  met 
\\ilh  opj)osition,  and  the  coiKjuei-or  of  New  Spain 
(Kriiu'd  it  prudent  to  yield  in  all  points  to  the  opinions 
of  th(>  oidores  on  the  uround  that  his  would  Ix;  tl 


l(! 


h 


.iiue  in  case  of  mishai) 


T 


le  rev» 


.It 


was  supin'essei 


hill  ihe  expeditions  sent  out  by  the  captain  general 
( iiidiintered  uniucessiiiy  diiliculties,  owinj^'  to  the  in- 
tcircaence  of  the  audieiicia.^'' 

'^Or/Vi/o,  iii.  TrJl.  A  false  iilannwiis  raised  ono  iiiirlit  in  tlieeapital  wliicli 
caused  j,'eiieiid  ediistei'iiatinii.  '1  lie  (uiidiiaftir  of  il  «as  iint  iliseuvi  tnl,  Imt  it 
iiliniijed  iiii  additional  iimtive  fur  suiiiire.--siii.L;  the  eiins|iiraey.  V'ecr/ci //;<((/((, 
i.  (iori;  (  iirti,  'J'riH  .Sii/lun,  i.  !l'.)  IdO.  C'uiisult  also  Ihrrim,  dee.  iv.  lil).  ix. 
<.a|i,  i\', 

"  <  >ne  .\lonHoTa1)era  and  sever.il  eiini]iaiiinns  weie  killed,  anil  slmrtly  after- 
vard  six  ntlier  S|ianiard,s  witli  a  huye  niunher  of  slaves  were  juit  tn  death. 
{''irliiihl  Aiii'hI.,  in  I'mhic^i  imA  (unit  mifi,  C«l.  />().•.,  xiii.  IS'J  .'i. 

''<',i,7(-  ,  I:'si-ri/.i^  Sill  It'os.  I!ll  ;i,  'JIS  111.  I'.veii  the  |iuni.-liuii'nt  of  insnlmr- 
daiaticiii  in  his  lanks  was  not  allowed  him  hy  the  audienri.i.  'J'l  niiiii.r-Cinii- 
^iiiin,  Wii/.,  sOrie  ii.  tola.  v.  lot!;  anil  when  uu  one  occiisina  an  t)llii:cr  txcucileil 


'0    I 
'^  II 


# 


41C  FUTILK  ATTEMPTS  TOWARD  DTSCGVERY. 

Thus  tliwartcd  in  ovciy  public  and  i^rivato  measure, 
Cortes  I'elt  bitterly  the  humiliations  to  whieli  ]\r  y.as 
subjected.     Accustomed  to  conunand  so  lonj^;  without 


i'(\>^triction,  lii^ 


posi 


tiou  I 


)ecame 


distasteful.     J  lis  u'reat 


ncliievemcnts  merited,  he  thouu^ht,  a  liiu^her  appreci- 
ation than  that  which  made  of  him  but  a  meic  lij^urc- 
head  of  power;  and  with  woun<led  heart,  and  in  dis- 
gust at  his  empty  title  of  ca})tain  nceneral,  he  beu'^i  d 
the  king,  since  his  ability  was  held  in  so  jioor  esti'tin, 

)etent    person    to   take  his 


to    aiM>omt   a   more 


I 


comp 


)iace 


But  after  all  the  misery  was  not  wholly  on  one  sid( 


(V)rtes  was  to  the  audiencia  as  a  thorn  in  the  iU 


!1. 


numerous,  ani 


1  th 


leu'  ran  Us  were  rt- 


]  [is  friends  v/ere 
enforced  by  discontented  encomenderos  who  saw  their 
interests  attacked  by  the  audiencia,  which  endeavorLil 
to  suppress  repartiniientos.  In  duly  15;32  President 
Fuenleal  suggested  the  recall  of  Cortes  to  Spain,  with 
four  or  tive  others  who  were  causing  trouble/' 

j\Ieantime  Corte's  had  left  the  city  and  n^tired  in 
disgust  to  C^iernavaca,  where  he  hatl  caused  a  pal; 
to   be  built  on  the  outskirts  t>f  the  town.      Here  h 


let; 


lii:?  instructions  ami  rcduccil  to  slavery  somo  prisoners  ra]itur('(l  in  tlic  Tnijiil- 
iin,i;oi.'iiinpai;,'n,  tlio  nianjiiiswasrc'iJriiiiandLil  fur  not  liaviu'.r  jtivi'n  -iullii  ii  iii!y 
(li'linitc  (inli  r.s  to  lii.s  lii'Utt'iiaiit,  anil  the  otlici'r  was  arii'sieil.  (hi'irirt'.  '\\\ 
J'd'/wd  anil  <'(i,-il(  1111,1,  Cul.  Due,  xiii.  4'2t-(i.  Tlio  kiiiu'  in  Marth  l";;.' 
instincts  the  aniliencia  not  to  jirocecil  ai;ain.st  cither  tlie  ca^itain,  \'asco  I'hi- 
callo,  or  tlio  marquis  in  tills  matter.  J'li'jd,  Citbi/ano,  ~'.).  Nor  coiilil  Cor'.i  s 
<)l)tain  any  redress  from  tlr.'  audiencia  ^^ileu  Captain  Luis  de  CastilLi,  wlioiii 
lie  had  siiit  with  an  exiiedition  to  eoloni/o  part  of  the  eonnli y  iircvimi^ly 
jsieilieil,  was  seixed  by  (iuznian  and  kept  prisoner  till  his  followers  disluaulcil. 
LWrilii^,  Siirl/on,  l'.t-J-';t. 

'"  His  letter  is  dated  April  20,  lo3'2,  and  lie  remarks:  '  Porqno  pnes  liasta 
nqul  no  he  errado,  no  (pierria  errar  de  aqiii  adelante:  yo,  eomo  uu  vecino, 
ne^'uir^!'  lo  que  mo  mandaren.'  J.'urri/ox  Siicl'os,  VXi.  On  the  "JOth  of  March 
preeediui,',  the  (luceu  issued  the  following  somewhat  indclinite  instructions  to 
tiie  audiencia  regarding  the  duties  (if  tlio  eaiitain  general:  '  El  Mari|Ues  iia  ilc 
vsiir  el  olicio  do  eapitan  general  on  la  nueva  Espaua  en  las  cosas,  q  ]ior  n  'S 
cspecialnieto  le  fueren  mandadas,  o  alia  por  vosotros  en  nuestro  noinlni'  m) 
le  mandaren,  y  no  on  otra  eosa,  mirareys  1;':  ii  sienipre  lo  quo  Ics  encomcmlays 
y  maiidaya,  jiorquc  se  cscusen  diferencias,  teniendo  sicmpre  rospeeto  a  la  pi  r- 
bona  del  maniues.'  I'luja,  Cediilnrlo,  7!). 

"  i'((<7((''o and  ('unlfiKi!',  CuL  Dor.,  xiii.  22G.  This  advice  was  ngain  given 
liy  tiie  audiencia  in  Novemlier  following,  '/'triidii.v-'  'oiii/i  m.i,  I'ni/.,  siiic  ii. 
torn.  V.  2()S-'.t.  ]Ie\rera  is  alone  with  re;  poet  to  llie  relations  lietween  Cor..  ■■» 
and  Fucnlcil.  Jle  desci'ihes  thenj  as  amicalile,  and  asserts  ihat  the  preoiilci.l 
toutiuually  consultoil  Cortes,  dec.  iv.  lib.  i.\.  cap.  .\iv. 


FEUDS  IX  OAJACA. 


41i 


occiipird  Inniself  witli  anTiculture  aiul  stopk-raising, 
(.'iitcrtaiiiinj:^  nieamvliilo  various  projects  of  discovery. 

( )n  lakiii;^'  possession  of  the  doniaiiis  of  liis  iiiar- 
(juisate,  in  the  valley  of  Oajaea,  tlie  iidiakitaiits  of  the 
town  refused  to  accept  him  as  Iheir  feudal  lord.-"^  This 
action  of  the  Indians  was  doubtless  owini;'  to  the  town 
hnviuL;'  heen  ini'luded  in  the  limits  of  the  Spanish  set- 
tlement of  Antequera  which  ad.joined  it;'*  and  IVom 
l!iis  time  lorv/ard  the  j)eople  of  Ante(piera  and  Cortes 
vare  involved  in  I'requeiit  and  violent  disputt's.  'J'he 
niar(iuis  justly  regarded  the  ioundinn"  of  the  city  as  an 
cucrojichment  iii)on  his  domain,  a  hostile  intrusion, 
lii-i  people  were  always  in  trouble  with  the  Spanish 
rcslvlents,  who  in  their  turn  ap])ro])riated  ])ortions  of 
the  best  ^'round,  seized  upon  his  water  privilei^-es,  and 
tii'ated  his  ae'ents  with  indiu'nitv.'" 

The  ceniral  and  advantageous  po?;ition  of  the  tow 


u 


h;td   induced   Cortes   to   b^'uin    buildin 


a   ]  a  lace    in 


( );iia>'a,  but  he  now  discontinued  the  work,  and  erected 

ii  house  a  quarter  of  a  lea^'ue  distant.     This  removal 

o|'  his  seat  and  the  narrow  conlines  to  which  .Vnte- 

I'la  was  limited  ellectually  checked  the  ])rospi>rity 

it"  the  citv,*^  and  instead  of  a  llourishino;  settlement, 


(ii 


''Tlio  towns  of  0;ijaea  and  Antcfjucr.a  may  !ic  considiTod  as  one.  Tlio 
first  iiuilionvia  foundod  tlio  Spani.li  town  of  Antoiiui'ia  c!o:;o  to  the  Imlian 
\i.!a;L'  v(  tlajaca  on  land  l)clon;;iii;,'  to  t'lc  niar(!in>i.  t'orlis  maintained  liia.t 
t!ii  i  v.as  duno  to  iajuic  liim,  and  pie:i(-nti'il  n  pi'tilinn  to  the  tccuml  jiiiditnu  ia 
u, aiilin;!  the  mattor.  Tiriiui.ix-Ciiiiijntiin,  IV/.,  si  rio  ii.  tnni.  v.  Mii-7.  Mo- 
iii.i.'i:iy.at('s  that  the  king  granted  (.'oitis  I'or.r  viUa.i  in  cxi.han,'o  for  the  city. 

'"inMai-ch  l,";!l  tlio  oiilor  8aln;oi'on  infoi'ms  tlio  India  Connoil  that  the 
p  tt'.cis  in  Ant(.'(|nira  v.  is  hod  to  liavo  tlif  villa  iiiiiovid  t  LAcwhore,  ri'fnro  thry 
i;ad  erected  many  linildinL's;  or  have  the  town  (jf  Oajaea  ('ivin  to  thiin. 
Sahnei-on  ailvi.--cs  that  the  latter  i)ropo.sition  Ic  adupted.  /'((c/.i  co  and  ( '>(/•- 
(/■',(,■<.  Col.  J>oc.,  xiii.  20:]. 

•''(hi  one  oeeasion  the  alenldos  inijirisoned  Iuh  agent,  T>iego  del  Castillo, 
luid  :  r.liiiiitfed  him  to  outi'a:,eous  treatment.   /■/..  xii.  .')."il-4. 

'•' (  hai'les  f.'avc  it  the  name  .-.iid  pi  ivi!e;.:e.'-.  of  a  city  Ajiril  •.?.'),  l.";V.\  ^fr■li^ 
'"'.  C'roii.  .S'nii  Jjioi",  '2W.  ^"il:a.  Sefior  names  April 'Jo,  l.'ull,  as  tiie  date, 
TIfi'ro,  ii.  1  pj,  which  is  iiroliaMy  iiudireet,  as  fortes,  wrilin.;  on  the  '.'."itli 
ef  .lanr.ray  1."..";!,  to  (he  ('(unuil  <  f  the  Indies,  nprescnts  that  a  jiroetor  had 
1"  n  despatehed  to  Spain  liy  the  .'paniards  of  Antc<|nera  for  the  ])urposo  of 
1 '  Liii>iuin  '  that  tiicir  villa  lie  elevated  to  the  r.ink  of  a  city,  and  opposes  the 
ri'|iu  t  hy  bringiii';  forward  his  own  claims.  Piicln  inv.wA  ( \!nti mi-',  <  'ul.  l)<ii\, 
n:i.  .M."  (i.  Accoriling  to  llerrera,  c\enii>tion  was  granted  the  city  fur  30 
\';i:<,  'd»l  pernieio  idiiiario.'  dec.  v.  lit),  ii.  cap.  viii. 
Hist.  "..-.,  ,oL.  II.    27 


ir 


•:  t 


418 


FUTILE  ATTEMPTS  TOWARD  DISCOVERY. 


in  a  few  years  its  residents  were  reduced  to  actual 
distress.-^ 


I 


Other  matters  during  this  period  became  grounds 
of  contention  l)otween  liini  and  the  ruling  j)o\vers, 
such  ns  the  payment  of  tithes,"^  forest,  pasture,  and 
water  rights,  to  which  he  laid  exclusive  claim  in  the 
district  of  Cuernavaca,-^  and  complaints  made  by  his 
vassals  of  the  excessive  tribute  imposed  upon  theni.'-'' 
]\[oreover,  the  much  vexed  question  of  the  nund)rr  of 
his  vassals  was  again  brought  forward,  the  proceed- 
ings in  the  matter  being  marked  by  want  of  libcralitv 
in  the  actic  ns  of  the  audiencia,  and  by  petulant  com- 
plaints on  tlie  jiart  of  Cortes.*'*  Yet  no  adjustment 
could  be  arrived  at.     The  marquis,  though  de[)rived  of 

^-  Antciiucra  was  raisi-il  to  tlic  rank  of  a  cathedral  town  in  l.'D-l,  but  tlio 
di'sciiptiuii  (;f  iu  irivcii  hy  Bishop  Z:irate  in  ]'>H  iiuHcntL'S  tho  victory  i.f  ('..i'- 
ti's.  Tlie  city,  he  wi  itos,  was  in  i^Ufh  a  condition  that  its  ahaiidouincnt  would 
bo  no  lo!>s.  The  distrc.--:)  of  tlio  inhabitants  was  owiinr  to  the  ciiy  ^lo.-'sc'iHinj; 
no  lan<ls,  all  the  surroiimlint;  countiy  being  dwnod  by  CVirtt's,  I'lMvi:  ions 
conscqiuntly  coiuuiandid  cxorliitaiit  jiriccji.  Tlio  town  had  l)L'cn  founded  out 
of  malice  to  the  I'.iarciuis,  but  the  selu'ine  only  worked  to  the  injury  of  tlio 
.settlers,  who  had  not  even  commons  fur  pasturage.  A  ch:in!:e,  however, 
might  bo  cti'eited  by  a  juoper  arrangement  with  t  'ortOs,  M'hieli  wouhl  inako 
Antetjuera  one  lif  the  most  important  pdaccs  in  the  country.  Ttrintux-Vuin- 
lt(ii(-<,   i'l  I/.,  tivvu\  i.  toni.  X.  'J'.).V8. 

^••("orli'i  l:ad  i  btained  from  the  po]icabull  p'anting  tohiin  innnnuity  fnini 
tithes  on  the  dcmiains  granted  to  him  by  the  king.  '1  he  andieiiei.i  ripoit  his 
C(insci|uent  refusal  to  pay  them.  In  1. )!'..'>  royal  orders  were  iisued  t>  t!ic 
clleet  that  he  M.is  not  to  be  exempt  from  the  payment,  since  such  exempti'iu 
would  bo  prejudicial  to  the  royal  ];atronato,  which  it  wan  not  the  popes 
intention  to  injure.  Mnuli  nuiunr,  Sriii(trhi-<,  40;    J'lfjn,  Cclnhirlo,  >'4. 

''The  <HK'eu  by  ciduhi  of  A])iil  'JO,  \7\',\?\,  ordered  that  these  forests,  Vvati'is, 
and  pasancH  be  common  pro]]cr(y  of  the  ^'paniards.   Id.,  S,"). 

^■'I'lio  natives  of  the  ( ''.icrnavaca  district  presented  to  Pedro  (lania, 
the  interpreter  of  the  audiencia,  eight  paintings  descriptive  of  tlie  ti-ilmtn 
they  had  paid  to  the  marquis,  and  ftated  that  they  were  treated  by  his  un- 
derling;  miMC  like  slaves  than  vas'als.  dnrcin.  in  I'l'clv  co  .".nd  t'dri'ciin^.  ' '  '. 
J)0(\,  xiv.  ]4'J  7.  1'he  king  in  September  l,'):;,'}.  directed  the  audieaei:'.  to 
deternune  the  tribute  to  be  paid  by  the  vassals  not  only  of  Cnernavaea  but  oi 
all  his  doiui'.ins.   Pmju,  Cvhilar'o,  H7. 

^•■In  April  l.";i-J  the  audiencia  informs  the  crown  that  in  order  to  arrive 
at  some  laiiw  led;  ;e  (f  the  number,  Im.ians  in  the  guise  of  traders  li:'d  liiu 
secretly  sint  into  the  district  of  Cuernavaca.  These  had  made  dia\.  in;;s  i.f 
the  towns  and  vill.iges  in  the  valley,  from  which  it  appeared  that  in  that  ilis- 
trict  only  there  were  more  than  'J.\01),)  liouses  caeli  containi::g  reveral  familii  >. 
The  iiudieneia  belicvid  that  Cort's  had  received  more  than  his  rig'ht.  '!'■■■ 
V(ni.c-Coii.)i(ui!<,  \\>:i.,  M'lie  ii.  tom.  v.  "204-0.  The  (jueen  in  April  b'.'.'i 
approved  the  s:uggcstion  made  by  the  audiencia  that  President  l'uen!e:d  and 
t\\o  oidorcs  should  jirocccd  to  C'uei'navaca  and  verily  the  ]i:'in(iugs,  talv 
iug  with  Ihcm  the  natives  that  had  drawu  them,    i'liju,   Cidtilurio,  bo  i. 


SnirS  FOR  THE  MOLUCCAS. 


419 


c>I  tliu 
iwuvor, 

il    UKlUo 

iu.r-CiJiii- 
ity  fnnn 
"   t  1  t!u; 

tviliiiti-i 
|h(I-\  < '  '• 
:a  but  I't 
to  iiviivi' 

I;., I    brill 

IV.iui'.ii  '• 

It.  V.  •■ 

Ivil  K-:t 

leal  ;>u.l 

,   tuU- 

li;,  bo  i- 


sonic  portion  of  liis  grant,  adhered  to  liis  elainis  and 
diliiuled  his  rights  as  tenaciously  as  the  audiencia 
assailed  thcui,  filing  protests  and  making  api)eals  to 
till'  crown  whenever  loss  was  threatened.-" 

Again,  in  15;]7  and  1538,  under  the  administration 
of  Viccro}'  !Mendoza,  an  attempt  was  made  to  bring 
alliiirs  to  a  satisfactory  adjustment.^^  Again  the  mar- 
([uis  in  a  letter  to  the  India  Council,  dated  20th  of 
Srptember  1538,.  enters  at  length  into  the  troubles 
tr.ul  exjienses  attending  the  count,  and  having  been 
(K'[)rived  of  man}'  townships, impoverished  bytlie  heavy 
expenses  of  unremunerative  expeditions,  in  reduced 
ciiTiunstanccs,  and  oj)prcssed  with  debt,  ho  asics  relief 
in  erder  that  he  may  live.     Poor  conqueror!  ~'^ 

But  it  is  time  to  consider  the  efforts  made  by  Cortes 
to  extend  discoveries  in  the  South  Sea,  and  mark  how 
his  exertions  were  cramped  and  his  prospects  of  suc- 
cess marred  by  the  same  watchful  opponents. 

The  reader  is  already  aware  that  ])revi<>us  to  his 
(leiiarturc  to  Spain,  Cortes  had  despatched  a  fleet  to 
till'  ]\Ioluccas,  and  that  the  connnerce  he  wished  to 
establish  there  might  be  permanent,  he  began  tlie 
construction  of  other  vessels  at  Tehuantepec  with  tlio 
int'-'ution  of  sending  them  to  support  the  first  expe- 
dition.    Four  vessels  were  already  built  when  he  left 

"' Curft':-',  in  Paclifco  and  Cdnl<iifif'\  Cut.  J)o'\,  xii.  "i-H-O,  o,54-(;;>.  On 
ncconut  of  the  enmity  ilisjilayod  by  llic  .'nulit'nci;!.  bo  j;eti!ioni.(l  the  kin;;  to 
sfiul  a  special  conani.ssionor  to  iiialcc  tlu'  count  auc'  de'lvi :r  bini  bi.s  vr,s.«al3,  or 
to  cini«i\vcr  a  coininissionof  jnclatcs  and  fi'iani  in  .N'vw  Spain  to  do  so,  ollicr- 
wise  a  botilcinent  would  never  lie  aecouiplishcd.   /•'.,  xiii.  'Jl-o. 

■-'Viceroy  !Moiul'>za  rnd  Va:^co  do  (Jaiii)!;a,  bi.-iiiop  elect  of  Mic'.ioacnn, 
wcic  empovicrcd,  Xovcnd)er  'CO,  \X,~,  to  count  tbe  vas.'ial.';.  /</.,  xii.  Illl-lS. 

■'■'  I  'or.'iii,  <  'did,  L'd.  l)<ic.  Iiiid.,  iv.  l',M-"JUl.  llii;  cNjuiises  in  btliii;;  o;it 
iUT.iauRiits  bad  been  cnoi'inous,  ll^.si(\■^5  utbiT  calls  upon  bis  puno,  vbieli  \.a.s 
iviT  an  open  one.  Ho  tiuis  descrd)e:i  bis  .straitenoil  cireunistances:  '('  ii 
l:n  ryiidas  do  eosta  ((ue  dose  Heal  I'onsejo  se  nie  luai  lieebo.  .  .yo  ten;^;o  barto 
(|ue  l.accr  in  nianteneiino  en  un  aldca,  donde  tenTo  mi  nniy;er,  bin  o.s;r  n;-,idir 
in  c^-la  cibd.id  ni  venir  a  elhi.  por  no  tener  (H'O  comer  ci.  ella.'  ,\nd  bo 
entreats  tiie  couneil,  '  dar.  .  .orik'n  como  en  mis  di;!.stenf;a  do  comer  y  d.e.p.r.ea 
di  lios  i5c  couozca  en  mi-i  bijns  (pio  ?n  padre  mere.-;ci('>  a!rro.'  Pur!,ir  i  and  '  '■'.•- 
(''..'■••,  VU.  Ihc.  iii.  ."i.')',).  JUit  no  linal  settlement  of  bis  claim.s  \va:;  mail<'  in 
lii  1  liiVtiine,  and  it  was  only  after  bis  death  tliat  the  latter  \vi.i!i  obLai;ied 
rec  ','uilion,  when  tbo  ori,';inal  ^rant  •  .s  conlirmed  to  bis  son,  wiih  a  fi'.i  .ht 
rc.'<a\alion  and  without  limitation  >,;s  to  tliO  i. iniber  of  vassals,  by  Philip  II. 


i 


!  ;; 


4C0 


FUTILE  ATTKMPTS  TOWARD  DISCOVERY. 


New  Spain,  and  a  fifth  was  completed  later.  Tho  ilect 
was  almost  ready  to  sail,  wlien  tho  oidores  of  tho  lirst 
audiencia  interfered.  They  seized  and  sent  |)ris()n<i- 
to  INIexico  the  ofHcer  in  charge,  dismissed  the  Indians 
employed,  and  suspended  work.  Iho  ship  tackle  and 
stores  wero  stolen,  and  tho  vessels  were  lel't  to  rot. 
On  the  return  of  Corte's  they  wore  almost  ruined,  and 
tho  loss  which  ho  sustained  amounted  to  more  tiiaii 
twenty  thousand  castellanos.^" 

Nor  did  Cortes  meet  with  that  cooperation  from 
tho  second  audiencia  which  ho  had  expected.  Ni>t 
disheartened  by  tho  discouraging  result  of  his  fornic  !• 
attempt,  shortly  after  his  return  to  New  Spain  he 
hastened  to  carry  out  his  contracts  with  the  king.  JJe 
began  tho  construction  of  four  new  vessels,  two  iit 
Tehuantcpec  and  two  at  Acapulco,  and  succeeded  in 
getting  them  launched  about  tho  beginning  of  l.lilJ. 
liut  the  audiencia,  which  at  first  liad  encouraged  liim 
to  proceed  with  tho  execution  of  his  schemes,"''  now, 
to  tho  marquis'  cost,  and  notwithstanding  a  decice 
forbiddin!:j' its  interference,"'- caused  him  nnich  trouble. 
Acapulco"^  was  inaccessible  to  carts  and  pack  aninuils, 
and  Cortes  found  it  necessary  to  employ  native  car- 
riers to  transport  tackle  and  stores  for  his  ships.  The 
opening  policy  of  tho  now  audiencia  with  respect  to 
the    treatment    of  the    natives  was  that  of  strict  Iv 


'"A3  .1  furtlicr  injustice  the  oiilorcs,  according  to  the  representation  of 
Cortt's  to  (ho  kiiit;,  condemned  the  ollicer  in  charge  to  pay  I'.ddO  ca.stclI;.iios, 
chiiuicd  liy  llic  c:u]icnters  as  conipensalion  tor  tho  loss  of  work  for  iieaily  a 
year.  Prcpeity  Ix'lon'rin^'  to  CortLS  was  toKl  toni'tt  tliis  demand,  Cutii'.  ia 
(\,l.  Dor.  liinl.,  i.  ;}!)-40.  The  umoimt  of  loss  is  stated  hy  the  atlonny  of 
Cortea  .".t  a  Liter  date  to  have  exceeded  30,000  castellauos.  C'oiits,  L-^criloi 
tS'«c7'o>',  'J  17. 

'^Hlumiim,  Uht.  .Vr.i-.,2S7-S. 

^'•' ' AinKUic  JO  he  visto  una  provision,  en  quo  sc  nianda  nl  presidente  y 
oidorcr.queiio Koeutremetan  en  eosa  destc  ilesculiriniiento,  .siiioipic  lihreiin  uio 
uio  dej.  n  hacer. '  Cortex,  L'-trri'o'i  Siwllo-i,  \'.)l. 

■■' Aeapulco  Avaa  the  capital  town  of  tlieC.'olniixeas  under  tlic  Ai'tce  empiie. 
It  had  been  visited  at  iui  early  date  hy  exiilorer.'i  of  the  y.ow'Ai  coast  seni  I'V 
Cort'a.  The  port  was  reco/niixed  hy  Cortes  as  allordim;  facilities  lor.';!:iii- 
liuildinjx,  and  vessels  were  eonslrueled  anil  despatched  here  at  an  early  date. 
It  is  mentioned  hy  the  audiencia  in  l.">i;"J,  'J'l  riiuiir-Coiii/i'ins,  I''//.,  siieii. 
torn,  v.,  hut  can  hardly  he  considered  as  a  reeo.'^nized  Spanish  settlement  till 
IboO.    riiilip  II.  elevated  it  to  the  rank  of  a,  city. 


MORE  VESIF<ELS  DESrATCIIED. 


4:1 


(•iilo.'''iii,uf  tlio  laws  of  protection.  Accord inj^ly,  liis 
IiidiaiiN  'vcrc  taken  away,  his  ojicrations  ordered  dis- 
(•(lutiiiued,  and  a   lino  of  forty  thousand   pesos  ini- 


l(»S('( 


Tiiwartcd  at  every  turn,  Cortes  gave  way  to  de- 
spair. "I  obeyed  their  order,"  he  writes,  "and  ceased 
my  jii'eparalions,  so  tliat  neither  by  sea  nor  land  c;in 
J  do  your  ]\[ajesty  any  service,"  and  in  his  he:irfc 
doubted  whether  the  exploration  of  the  Soutli  Sea 
was  a  matter  of  any  interest  to  the  crown.  Such  is  (ho 
version  given  by  the  marquis,  but  the  audioncia  tell  a 
somewhat  dili'erent  tale,  and  inform  the  queen  that 
Cortes  paid  no  heed  to  the  alguaciles  whom  they  had 
sent  to  release  the  natives  i'rom  their  servitude,  but 
deliantly  ordered  the  carriers  to  continue  their  labors. 
Whereu[)on  tiie  audieneia  instituted  proceedings 
against  him.^^  There  was  undoubtedly  truth  in  what 
liie  oidores  said. 

Notwithstanding  all  the  machinations  of  tlio  evil 
ones,  Coi'tes  desjiatched  from  Acapulco  in  May  ]5'.)-2 
two  ships,  the  tSan  JJarcus  and  the  San  Mlu'il;'^ 
under  Ilui'tado  do  ]Mendoza,  tlie  details  of  which  ex- 
pehlion,  as  well  as  those  of  tlio  subsequent  maritimo 
ciibrts  of  the  marquis,  may  bo  found  in  my  lli.sturi/ 
i'f  the  Noftli  Mcxivun  States. 

Vv'ith  this  begiiming  Cortt's  next  determined  to 
superintend  in  person  the  completion  of  his  ships  at 
Tehuantepec,  and  repairing  thither  hastened  his  prep- 

"'Corti's  ill  his  nccount  to  tlic  hiuit  of  this  iiitcrniptinii  oxphiiiis  tliat  the 
nntivcrt  I'liiiiloycil  w fro  those  of  his  I'lvn  ctKoinit'iuhi;  tluit  hi;  piiiil  tlu'iii  for 
tlirir  l;ilior,  anil  tiii't  the  ordinance  ]iroi]il)itiii;,'  tlioeiii];h)yincnt  of  lnili;iii  car- 
11  i.i  had  been  viohited  with  iinininity  l)y  others,  ('''rl't,  in  Pachtc  1  and  '  I'r- 
I'mii.t,  C(t.  JJi'C,  xii.  r)lS;  ('../.  J)o-.  Inn/.,  iv.  17")-7.  A'.onso  do  Znrita, 
\vri'Jiiv;  in  the  hist  lialf  of  tiie  Kith  century,  'oydor  f|ue  fnedc  hi  real  audit  n- 
I  i.i,'  represents  that  the  construct  i(  11  if  llects  hy  Corti'seoi-t  the  lives  of  tliou- 
sjuid.'i  of  Indians.   J 'a  rltcvo  mid  d'l-di  no--,  Col.  I've,  ii.  ill! -14. 

"■'  Ti  riiaux-VumjKUis,   I  01/.,  serie  ii.  toin.  v.  'JO:'.  4. 

^''  Pathrio  ixwd  Curdihus,  xii.  .'41.  These  \ess(  !r,  were  linilt  under  contract 
hy.hian  HodriLruez  do  Villafiiorte,  for  l,."Oi)  eastellanos,  to  ho  delivered  heforo 
(  hii.sfnias,  l.">;il.  Cor/f.s  in  C\l.  Dor.  Inul.,  ii.  410-19.  Tiie  ill-fated  vessils 
viic  hoth  lost,  and  nearly  every  one  of  the  crews,  weakened  hy  uiekiuss  .'ind 
fiiiniiu',  inas.sacred  hy  tiie  natives.  Corti's  attrihutcd  the  failure  of  Ihii  ex- 
ludition  to  the  enmity  of  (iuzmaii,  who  prevented  his  captain  s  landing  forsu[)- 
I'li'js  and  repairs.  Jlad  Prucisioii,  iu  IcuzLakctu,  t'ul.  Doc,  ii.  3d. 


I 


i 


I 


•i 

i  I 


■)  m 


pm 


Si  I 


4'2-J 


FUTILE  ATTHMPTS  TOWARD  DI.SCOVnnY. 


i!  ■ ;  I'l' 


1: 


aralions  as  i-a|)i(lly  as  j^ossiMc,  liviiiL,'  in  a  liut  on  tin; 
boacli,  and  vwu  laborinjjf  with  his  own  liands.''" 

Yot  with  all  his  eaijoi'noss  thu  work  wentslowlv  <»ii. 
For  a  year  and  a  halt' ho  lived  in  his  cabin  on  thosand, 
and  thouii^h  in  January  15:).')  he  ri'i)orU'd  to  the  kiii'^- 
lii.s  expectation  to  be  ready  in  ^lareh,  it  was  not  till 
the  'J'Jth  of  Octobei-  i'ollowin_!^  that  his  vessels,  the 
)S<(n  Likai'o  and  the  Cuuccpvioii,  left  port.""* 

The  enterprise,  which  led  to  the  discovery  of  lower 
California,  was  attended  with  disaster.  About  the 
middle  of  15o4  the  Conccpcuni  was  brousrlit  into  tlio 
port  of  Chianietla  by  six  or  seven  sailors,^^  the  soK' 
Burvivorsof  her  crew,  wiio  had  much  to  tell  of  mutiny 
and  murder.*'  She  had  bceomo  separated  I'rom  the 
San  Ldzaro,  -which  afterward  found  her  way  to  Te- 
huantepcc.  The  reports  of  lands  discovered  brought 
by  these  men  excited  in  Nuno  de  Guzman  a  desire  to 
continue  the  adventure  on  his  own  account.  So  he 
seized  tho  vessel  and  held  the  sailors,  that  th(}  new  s 
miiL^ht  not  reach  Cortes.  ])ut  the  marcpiis  heard  of 
it,*'  and  appealed  to  the  audiencia,  oaly  to  enter  iipoii 
fresh  com})licati'Mis.  That  body,  though  it  is.siu  I  an 
order  in  the  king's  name  connnanding  Cuzhian  to 
surrender  the  ship,  and  prohibiting  him  from  pros- 
ecuting the  discovery,  ordered  Cortes  also  to  desist 
from  further  exjjloration  in  that  direction.*"  The 
marquis  appealed  to  the  crown,  maintaining  tluitGu/- 

"  /{/. ,  35-3.  Tho  port  of  Tehuantcpoc  was  called  Port  of  Santiago.  liomfi;/, 
Ciicnfa,  ill  Pachrcn  tunl  Cdrdciids,  (.\.l  l)o<-.,  xii.  'J!)S. 

^^CortcK,  L'n-ilos  Siiellos,  '2'>().  The  cost  of  the  two  vessels  ainonntcd  toO.OiiO 
pesos  lie  oro  do  ininas.  lloiiuiij,  Ciienla,  in  Pacheco  in\d  Idrdciias,  dd.  J'n'-., 
xii.  'JOS-.")].*].  Zaniacoia,  Hist.  Mvj.,  iv.  5((4,  574,  erroneously  rc!:;arda  tiic  l\^'| 
expeditions  as  one,  and  has  confused  the  events  of  the  latter  with  those  of  the 
former. 

"'•' '  t'on  liast.t  sietc  honibrcs.'  Corf('s,  EnrritoH  Sueltos,  203. 

'"See  //(',s^  Xorth  Mex:  Utales,  i.,  this  series. 

*'  Writing;  on  this  matter  Cortes  s.ays:  'Supe  casi  por  milagro,  scpiind  Iv 
<^ilif;encia  que  Xuuo  de  Guzman  puso  en  guardar  el  secrcto,'  etc.   iV/i'' ■>' 

■'■■'Tlic  reason  pivon  by  tlic  oidorcs  was  tlint  they  had  heard  thut  rinj-nnii 
iind  already  ilespati'lied  an  expedition  to  the  discovered  land,  and  that  'tsc',  i- 
clalos,  niuertes  de  hondires  <?  otros  incovonientes'  would  he  tho  eoii.sei|Ui'ii 'o 
if  the  two  should  meet.  The  order  sent  to  (.Juzinan  is  dated  Aii;^u.st  11). h, 
that  to  Cortes  the  'Jd  iif  September  I.^JIU.  Ileal  I'rorisinii,  in  Irazlndrvln,  (XL 
JJoc,  ii.  31-40,  and  lu  Puc/uco  and  Curdenas,  Vol.  Doc,  xii.  416-29. 


o>r  TiiK  ri:\ixsrLA. 


4::j 


mall  lind  iicitlicr  sent  nor  coiiM  .send  nn  <'N|>('(li(iiiii, 
since  ho  liud  no  vessel  of  his  own,  and  the  (  'ihrcjx'iOa 
Mas  stranded.  At  the  o|)enini;-  ol"  his  |ir(»test  he  siu^- 
iiiticandy  calls  attention  to  the  I'act  that  he  was  nctiii;^' 
in  conrormit V  with  his  Maiestv's  coniinands  and  with 
{Uc  contract  wliich  he  luid. 

Tho  action  taken  l»y  the  andiencia  after  tliis  pro- 
tot  was  no  more  I'avorahle  to  the  eirort><  of  the  niai- 
(luis  than  had  been  its  jn'cvions  conrse.  The  truth 
is  that  the  oidores  were  secretly  supporttvl  hy  the 
throne,  a  course  at  once  cowardly  and  hase  on  the? 
I)art  of  Charles,  wdio  thron'jh  verv  shame  could  not 
cast  off  one  to  whom  he  owed  so  much,  and  vet  he 
feared  to  permit  him  to  ])ros])er.  ({onzalo  liuiz  was 
ceinmissioned  on  the  2ild  of  Aui^'iist  to  proc(H>d  to 
Nueva  (ialicia  and  investigate  tho  matter;  hut  noth- 
iiiL;"  was  done  in  favor  of  Cortes,  whosi>  repeated 
appeals  to  the  andiencia  were  responded  to  with 
such  lukewarmness  that  he  riijfhtlv  concluded  that 
their  ne'4-lect  was  intentional.''''  lie  therel'ore  deter- 
luiui'd  to  take  matters  into  his  own  hands,  dc-spatch  a 
third  ex[)edition,  and  command  it  in  j)erson.  At  the 
yaine  time  he  would  call  to  account  his  adversary 
of  New  Galicia.  About  midwinter  ir);]!-;")  he  de- 
spatched from  Tehuantejicc  for  Chiametla  three  ves- 
st'ls,  the  S(.in  Ldyiro,  tho  Sdiita  ^l(ji(('(l(i,iuu\  tlu^  Sniifo 
Toindu,  thoroughly  equi[)piHl  and  well  supplied  with 
stores.  About  the  same  time  he  started  by  land  for 
Chiametla  at  the  head  of  a  considerable  force.*'  But 
(luzman,  too  weak  to  contend  with  him,  avoided  hos- 
tilities, and,  duriiiijj  the  tinu;  Cortes  was  in  Jalisco, 
pieforred  to  be  absent,  oceupyinn^  himself  with  the 
suj)pression  of  an  Indian  outl)reak  in  the  valley  of 
]jaiideras.*^     The  land  and  sea  expeditions  were  thus 

*'Coniis!oii,  in  Parhrco  and  Cari!('iin.->,  Co).  J)nr.,  xii.,  -J^ft-ItO. 

*'  A  witness  in  a  siibscinu'nt  lawsuit  ti^stilicd  tliut  tlicre  wito  400  Spaiiianla 
nnd  SIH)  nc/Tocs.  ]>crnal  liiaz,  ///V.  WnlaiL,  'S.Vo  l,  .says  the  cxiicilitiou 
toiiMstcil  (if  ;j'JO  jiprsons,  incluilin','  ."4  niai'iii'tl  odupKs. 

'^(luzman,  wiitin;;  in  .luiio  \r>'V>,  claims  that  tho  I'ail  pr)lii'y  of  Tdrti'S 
wliilo  jiassin;,'  thimiLth  .Jali.sco  was  tin;  cause  of  tlifsu  Indian  troubles.  Puchcco 
r.iid  Cdnkiia.->,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  414-17. 


!'     ! 


f   r 


1     ;    I 


r    •' 


42 1 


FUTILK  ATTEMPTS  TOWARD  DISCOVERY. 


rounited  at  Cliianictlii  without  molestation,  and  Cor- 
tes, alter  inspc'ctiuLj  the  Coitccpcion  which  he  luund  in 
an  unserviceable  condition,  j)roceeded  to  make  an 
attcni})t  to  found  a  colony  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the 
Calil'ornian  peninsula. 

The  failure  of  the  scheme,  unless  additional  vessels 
and  supplies  were  ])rovided  for  the  colony,  soon  \h'- 
came  ajjparent  to  Cortes,  and  he  returned  with  thci 
Saiitd.  Aijiicda  and  Santo  Tvmds  to  Acapulco  with  thi; 
intention  of  fitting  out  a  new  ilect  for  that  purj)ose. 
jNEoreover  news  of  the  arrival  of  ]\I(ni(loza  as  viceroy 
had  been  ])rounht  to  him  hy  a  vessel  under  the  com- 
manel  of  Francisco  de  Ulloa,  and  this,  together  w  itii 
an  earnest  recpiest  from  his  wile,  was  an  additional 
motive  i'or  his  return.*"  Though  little  is  known  of  his 
operations  duiing  the  following  two  or  three  3'ears  he 
did  not  give  U[)  the  hope  of  attaining  some  l)rill!ant 
success,  and  with  his  customary  activity  made  })repa- 
rations  f)r  anotlu'r  expeditit»n.  In  Sej)tend)er  IJIIS 
he  ini'oiined  the  India  Council  that  lie  had  nine  good 
shi[»s  already  built,  but  not  yet  launclied,  owing  t  >  tlie 
want  of  navigators,^"  and  in  loril)  his  enthusiasm  wa.- 
raised  by  tlie  marvellous  rei)orts  brought  by  ]\Iarcos 
de  Xiza  of  the  cities  of  Cibola. 

Wliatever  had  been  the  ca[)tain  general's  liopcs  of 
assistance  on  the  arrival  of  a  viceroy  in  New  ISpain, 
the  change  in  the  form  of  govei'nment  only  brought 
into  the  \\v\i\  a  new  and  powerl'id  competitor.  ]\b'ii- 
do/.a  himsi'lf  wouM  like  to  be  a  gi'cat  i-xplorer,  and  in 
10157  he  asked  of  the  king  permission  to  partici[)ate 
in  enter[>rises  of  disco \ery.'"' 

*"  Rcspoctiiii;  tlio  rt'tuniiiig  fleet  and  all  otlicr  particulni-s,  sec  I  I'm'.  .V./V/j 
M(.r.  Sld/cx,  vol.  1.  (Ills  i^ciit  s. 

*■'  He  liail  :;ent  tn  l'.iiiaiii;i  anil  Nicaragua  for  sailoi'.s,  Imt  without  f^iu'ciss. 
Ho  till  11  lore  (li'sj  alilieil  at  lliii  time  Juan  (lalvnno  to  Spai'  in  or.Ur  to 
jiroeurc  tluin.  I'tirlin,  (art',  in  Col.  liar,  limt.,  i\.  l'.ir>-4.  See  alno  l'iirlir<^> 
nnil  Cilnl;  iiiK,  (11/.  Dor.,  iii.  ;">.').")- lit,  and  K.'<cr'tloa  Sv  Ifoa,  '_'S1.  Mntnlinia. 
Jll.tt.  Ii.iL,  171.  fcillo\Mcl  liy  Meudietil,  lli^l.  Kvlm.,  li'.lS.  makes  UKUlion  of  ini 
exi)e(lition  sent  out  |iy  Corti's  Konie  timeduiiiiir  lliif  year,  and  a<Loui|  auii  d 
liy  three  1  ranei>ean  Iriars;  Init  i  do  not  find  the  assi'lion  of  the.--o  uulhois 
tiiiliporled  l.y  iniy  other  authoiity. 

"'  And  for  the  same  fav(jrs  grunted  to  others  in  likt;  ctuics.  Puchao  and 
CdrdeH.iii,  Cul.  Luc,  ii.  'Jll, 


i 


■<     \.  ^ 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  VICEPvOY, 


425 


At  first  tlio  relations  between  INIendoza  nnd  Cortes 
wviv  not  of  an  nnfriendly  natnre,  but  tlio  extreme 
|iU!ictiliousness  wbieli  presently  arose  indicated  a 
miowin;^  jealousy/^  and  the  regulations  defining  cc!'- 
laiu  ConualitieH  wliich  for  tbc  sake  of  harmony  they 
iigHL'd  to  observe,  were  inefl'ective  to  prevent  a  rupture; 
and  now  wlien  men  became  wild  over  the  rich  ivalnis 
to  he  I'ound  in  the  north,  each  wished  the  otiier  in  the 
ioul  jiit.  Cortes,  determined  that  the  exclusive  right 
(if  uortlicrn  exploration  to  which  he  laid  claim  should 
not  l»e  wrested  from  him,  hastened  his  prejiarations, 
aiitl  in  spite  of  the  vicertty's  attempts  to  j>revent  him, 
siucceded  in  despatching  a  portion  of  his  lleet  iVom 
A'apnlco,  under  the  command  of  Francisco  de  Ulloa.'" 
Hut  ^fendoza  threw  every  possible  obstacle  in  the 
way,  seizing  upon  the  captain  general's  remaining 
Nrsscls  at  Tehuantepec,  forbiding  any  one  to  h>ave 
New  Spain  without  his  permission,  and  s.Muling  a 
strong  force  up  the  coast  to  prevent  the  entrance  of 
1" lion's  shi[)s  into  any  of  the  ports.  A  messenger 
(|t-]i;itched  to  Cortes  from  Santiago  in  Colinia  was 
SI  i;,(  (I  and  tortured,  that  inlbrmatioii  might  Ix;  ob- 
tained iVom  him;  and  sliortly  afterward,  one  of  the 
vessels  putting  into  Cuatulco'''  under  stress  of  weather, 
tlic  pilot  and  sailors  were  made  [)risoners.'^ 

All  i'uture  efforts  of  the  mar(piis  to  prosecute  dis- 

''■•  They  n^jrcnl  to  nddross  each  other  by  tlic  title  of  'senorf;);'  thnt  tlio 
viidny  when  entirtailicil  iit  the  house  of  the  liiaiuiiiis  shoiihl  talie  tlir  Iiead 
ct  the  table,  'y  il  aiiilios  se  .sirviese  cdii  salva  y  liiaestiesalas,'  that  at  tlio 
\  i.t  ii.y'.s  taiile  lio  ehair  was  to  \ic  ])la.e(l  at  the  head  when  ( 'orteH  was  lieilii; 
<  nil  it^iiiii  (1,  liiit  that  'hey  slididd  oieu|iy  the  resjieetive  nides,  the  viirrny 
111  nii  ;eat'd  en  tlie  riirht.  ^\'llen  toirelher  t!ie  viceroy  was  also  tooccujiy  tliu 
li-'iii  I  1  .■-itioii.  The  aiialif,'eiiMiit  of  theif  .'^eats  in  the  churdi  was,  ni(iiei>\  1 1-, 
ill  I  iilnl  u|  (in,  mid  tlie  lii>t  ni|itiue  hetwdU  thrin  ainse  fn>iii  an  attc  ni|it  I'f 
till' .'  rv;:nt  of  ( 'oites  to  aiUaui  «■  his  master's  chair  to  the  line  of  the  vii  ero\  's. 
/'•/"/'a,  \ot.  J I  Int.,  I4I-'J. 

"  Me;elo:'a,  howi'Vi'i',  thon;_di  too  late  to  ]ire\(nt  the  di  ]  artiui' of  I'llna, 
drl;;ii:((l  six  111'  Kcven  vesst  Is  of  the  nu  rc|uis,  iind  tii'deiiil  them  not  to  gu  on 
t  1-  I  '.;i(lition.  t'urlis,  Jiisnli.,  iu  <(,/,  Jifc.  Jiiid.,  iv.  *JIS. 

•' (lUiituleo,  II  j'oit  on  the  western  .'liorc  of  the  fiiilf  of  Ti  hnant(  ii'<'. 
0::i!l  y.  I(,7I,  Writis  AiliKtlnlni,  il;e  ni'\t  name  west  lieili;,'  Marili,  ^hiimfn,''') 
''■/"/''.•  I'amiiier,  Itlll'.t,  I'lifl  Wniiliii-n;  J.aet,  \\\:  li.  Aijii'ilii/r.:  Wi^lli.d. 
'V'  ',//••/,  U'i'2\.  (I'liafii/in;  t'liliini,  Kit'p.'i,  Aijinitidcn;  .Jelieiys,  (i'i(«^i(/co;  Kiejiert, 
Jli'fl/il.f,,    C(ir'n;l   t'lir.  CiKisl.  Ms.,  ii.  VAX. 

"  '  Y  80  i)erdi6  el  na\ io.'  C'o/Yi,<,  LWittog  !^iicllos,  303-4. 


V". 


Eini. 


MS 


! 


li  'ii 


420 


FUTILE  ATTE.MPT  TOWAUDS  DISCOVERY. 


covorios  or  obtain  redress  for  his  grievances  were 
iiitilo.  His  prestige  was  lost,  his  power  in  (he  coun- 
try gone,  and  his  petitions  to  tlie  king  unnoticcil."' 
Thus  harassed  by  his  enemies  and  neglected  by  liis 
sovereign,  the  great  con(jueror  thouglit  once  more  to 
]»lead  his  cause  in  person  before  the  liirono,  and  early 
in  1540  he  left  forever  the  shores  of  New  Spain,  whieli, 
after  luivins:  been  the  scene  of  his  giand  achievements, 
had  now  become  the  witness  of  his  I'uilures  and  deep 
liumiliation.'^ 

*'  As  e.irly  as  Fobniary  1535  he  compliincd  that  he  di'l  not  rcc(  ivo 
replies  to  lettci-s  aiklresscil  l»y  him  to  the  India  C'ouncih  Encr'dois  SitcltuK, 
200  1. 

*'  The  exact  <latc  of  liis  departure  to  Spain  is  not  known,  hut  he  ndilres»c(l 
a  h;tter  from  llalwna  to  Oviedo,  dated  Fehruary  .',  I, '40.  Or^o/o,  iv.  \{). 

I  may  mention  as  a(Ulitional  authorities  on  tlie  pretediny  chnpttri  the  fol- 
hwing:  /iiiojod,  dVo;/.  J)c«-r'i/).  Oajwa,  i.  .">,  i:>-lli',);  ii.  ll)'.>-.'){il;  l'al/>\  J/^//), 
y  Xof.,  71-();  l>('n;!a  I'nilillii.  1H4.  Frml.  Vr.r.,  UK')- oS.'),  pai^sim;  JJ'.rUft, 
I'liittiiiinirion,  MS.,  IS.VOS, 'JSt ;  iJii-ztno.^  dr  Iiiilirts,  W.  1-.'!;  Ft  niuuil  z,  JiU!. 
/,'i'/(.s'. .  5S-(!0;  Hon  una,  IJist.  Comp.  (/c'./(,sts,  2.")l-i!;  Ctirltn,  Conryi. ,  oi)!!-!-; 
C'nuutrn,  llhf.  Mrx.,  'Jil-J;  doiizuhz  Ihirilu,  Tvilro  J'r/c-i.,  i.  lO-'JS,  l(/7  Kl, 
'2-2-2'lh  <!nj(t!rn,  Crini.  S.  JikjiisI.,  'A4;  Maidirla.  Hist.  IJ'lis.,  •J-JJ-7;;(1, 
passim;  ('lialo,  iii.  ff'il,  Ti-ll;  Ordnc*  tie  It  Coroii'i,  AhS.,  i.  10-11;  I'liiict,  Cnl- 
vliirin,  '21-118,  i«)ssiin,  KiT;  ll<rop.  di'  Iiiil.,  i.  ol.'];  ii.  '2o;  I'culi^  ('(dulan, 
MS.,  i.  10.");  T(>r>iii<iii(i</fi,  i.  (iO.Vi;);  iii.  ;}.")-!).  .'U)J-.'),SO,  pns.sim;  Vdrmrrt, 
Moio/oij.,  (il-'J.")l),  jiassim,  42."(-;i.">;  Jd.,  Tmt.  Mer.,  (i-O.  17-lS;  Id.,  Cl.n.n., 
rJ7-.S;'/*(»i7/(roand  Ciirdi-iian,  Cnl.  Doc,  ii.  17'.t-:{0-;  iii.  K\-\;  xii.  i;;3-.".i;:.', 
passim ;  xiii.  "J.Vfi,  '2i:?-."il),  4 27  ."0;  xiv.  U-J-7,  32'.)-47;  xxiii.  4J;;-(;7;  xxix. 
.TJ«-.">77;  Ahtmnn,  JJi-sirt.,  i.  '.'OS,  'iCil,  'J0;-8,  •J70,ai'P-  i-  '-'^i  "•  •'■'-'J.  •-"  '"^. 
I'.assini ;  'JdO-.'ilS,  jx-issini ;  iii.  (M- 100,  app.  D-ll;  Jiiai'iuoiit,  Ci-oii.  Midi.,  ii, 
47!>-!>0:  iii,  lilS-.V),'!,  jvissim;  iv,  l-(iO-.',  piissim ;  v.  'JiiS-U;  Jd.,  JhS.,  \.2, 
1)L',">;  Al'iiixiii,  in  l'n'srotl\i  Mi.i:,  i.  (iO;  Ikrrcini  TiHico,  i'c'ir.  M<.v.,  l^Hii; 
i'ollci/^o■^  /'/v-r.,  1  ,V>,V().">,  "J  1  ;{-,';,'>.";;  Cnvo,  TriS  SIij/hk,  i.  71-h"d  ;''«//<•' cr, 
I'snido  dc  ,lc))(«.f,  li-47."«,  l)assin);  }"ii]iitri'i',  Vhidirian,  M.S.,  l(J(j-!),  IIJ; 
FhiiKr^'H.  Ih'Cd-rn.  MS.,  ;{,">,  41;  Pap.  J'nniris.,  M.S.,  i.  ser.  i.  Xo.  1;  /'<•/'/. 
Pmr.  SaidUiqo,  M.S.,  'JO;  J'irjialnta,  Col.Doc,  i.  147,  171?— t;  ii.  41-lil, 
l!MK7,  iV.-J;  iM.tuiimni.  Dow.  L'sp.,  MS.,  01,  (iO,  7<i-!»,  No.  ii.  '2A{)-];  No.  v. 
7  8;  No.  vi.  .120-1.  X>2  4:  Mi<i-m,  F,(i<jmnd.  d<-  Qnh-oun,  l-'J(/2;  Jfnlh.a, 
Cliroii.  S.  l)i>'ijn  .)/(.,:,  I'J-J  .S,  "Ji^MO;"  J'izarro,  Wiruius  Jlnstrm,  I'Jd  I; 
]!innir(-.,  Doc,  Ml^.,  5  (i,  'ii(i  (i;);  Itomfro,  A'o^  Mirh.,  !)-2.'>;  Jtiiiicnid,  y/'^^ 
Ch;i<tp<i,  "Mi-S,  lOd-.VJ,  4.")S,  4(1."),  .'")"_V>-;!8;  Jiinni,  Jlln/.  J(d.,  i.  M-V;  ('<!■' ro 
Aii'irint,  Krini'iiin  Sllli!o.^,  MS.,  22;  Sahiznt;  Mix.  in  I'id.'i,  W,\-A,  1(14  ."; 
Siijiuiiza  y  Vdiiijord,  Aiiol.  I'rit.,  MS,,  2-0,  2S-.V);  Tiriiiiii.r-<.'o)iij.aii'<,  1';'/., 
si'i'ie  i.  torn.  x.  2S7-S;  sc'iie  ii.  ton),  v.  l.V>-278,  passim;  Scdoznr,  Coiiij.  J/i.<'., 
411-07;  iy<,riitfi.  Col.  Doc,  llD-iJ'J;  Vi'.rm,  Liiiinj,;  MS.,  3-2(1;  Doc  Jj-,^. 
ill  Mr.i:,  MS.,  i.  No.  v.;  Ari'rnlo,  <'ompivd.,  lKS-100,  2.")1;  Arroiiiz,  Diy/.  ;/ 
I'roii.,  ,'"»7-(i2;  Aiiliiicz,  Mini.  Hist.  132-4;  liarUilnrhf,  Mniiif.  (,'iind.,  .'J-I(i."i, 
and  app.;  JtuKtamnnle,  ^,poric  O'und.,  !>-''>;  lil.,  Mtmifcxt.,  10,  22;  hi, 
Ini'orm.,  1-20;  O'lnidr.iiijw,  Col.  Oh.  y  Opimc,  l-Slfl,  pas.sim;  J/<  r(iHa,Si  nn. 
y  I'tsril.,  (iiiiid.,  iii,  1-20;  iv,  l-.V);  v.  1-201;  Il< rnuniliz,  Cuuip.  6"' ■ ;/. 
Mli/i.,  S;  J<;!r.<!nsy  CoiiiciifuM,  2.'i()-3,  2()S-7.'l;  Lori  ir.  nid,  /111.  A'.  7.'-y., 
!.'!  !4.  3.)-0;  Luntnza,  ])i-vuri>.  Di^t.,  4.1S,  4(10-2;  Ldiniii,  Apoloi/.  Jii.kI., 
1  124;  Dnptlen  m  Dinilio,  pt.  iv.;  .Uoiil<  iiiayir,  f^n)i(ir:oi,  4'.),  l.".(!-'.'; 
Mordli,  I'iisti  Xvri  Orbin,  103-14;  Aotui'litD  An.  Uts  Vuy.,  xtix.  102;  exxxi. 


AUTIIOKITIES. 


427 


'24':  .Vrirron,  Kolr.t,  5;  .1/;.'//.  Pmv.  S.  X!r.,  32-.',  101-2;  S.  ■if'^jnet,  ilAr., 
ii.  :\  A,  i:!,  (18-81 ;  Ma:  Nnt.  Chnl.  Mix.,  400-.");  P<ra//(i,  Xof.  I'/i^f.,  140-3, 
IdJ-ll,  27!*-8();  ('oiifjfir'y,  Mamril.  Aji'iric,  1-214;  Cuafro  Inuhjnicx,  Mi/a'j., 
MS.,  1-4.'?;  JJof.  K'-l<'».  Mix.,  MS.,  i.  Xo.  v.;  i'mulf  ij  (Jquemlo,  JJinrrt.  A/i. 
(I'liiiil.,  i.-ii.;  Giiridi,  Ajictiir,  O'licul.,  1-210;  Oowant,  Jii4.  M(x.,  ii.  87, 
|(');t-7.">;  Jlillraini,  Mc.'\,  ii.  219-29;  Crijm,  Mem.  Aiu^.,  o-O;  ('itrrin/r,, 
K^ii'l.  III^.,  i.  104-.''),  112-1.1;  KpUrojiado  Mix.,  7;  Frij<»,  J/!st.  Ih-eir,  20;!; 
(lii<ii'i(hij,(>.  Inform.,  l-2();  Michiiacaii,  Ana/.  L'.'ilad.,  o;  j\'.  /,',«/*.  IJn'r.  I!i.<., 
i.  120  :V.);  Muii'r\  Mi.,:  Aulir.,  i.  i:j',)-42;  Hibiru,  (lih.  dr  Mix.,  i.  2:1,  r)7-<iO; 
J'<  jii  linrio  (U'li.,  3.">-7;  Id.,  Liternt.,  i.  241 -.S;  I'roi:  df  Siinio  KniDijclio,  No. 
iii.;  Silic',0,  Fumrnl.  Col.  Ind.,  ix.  .S2-47;  Sardo.  /'i-lftr.  dc  i'hahiia.  1-142; 
I'll  mis,  Coil'/.  Jid.,  MS.,  81  5,  222-0.");  Jali-ro,  Mnn.  HiM.,  17.")-();  V'utijiro, 
I'liir..  xxvii.  87;  Touron,  Hist.  Ge».  Am.,  vi.  ;>4-G;  Zuinafoix,  Hist.  Mij., 
iv.  170-71."i;  V.  19-20,  10.">-2(!;  liihndciici/r/i.  JIxd.  I'((triiiia/o,  •lVi\yS;  Frici'ii-s 
Iiidimiisrhi  r  I'ilii/.,'2'2-44;  Corral,  >''(rm.  ///.^Y. ,  pp.  vii.  24;  Cartas  df  India!*, 
;")(■)  (11,  (iS4-870,  passim;  Aim.  Calcnd.,  IS-'f!,  Mo.  vi.  .")(!;  JJras.irnr  dc  Hour- 
liourij,  Ili'it.  .iVa/.  Cir.,  iv.  7.'!2-;5,  7()2-87;  Btisxicn,  L'Kw/iire  Mrx,,  \\'>'>-HV>; 
ISnrros,  Strm.,  14-19;  Car/rx,  Diario,  IS^O,  iii.  1."),");  I)!!".  Unir.,  passim; 
LI  Licco  Mcx.,  i.  lG.1-73;  Cranadox,  Tardes  Am.,'X\'l-{);  Vordon\f  IHkI.  Gioi/, 
Mini.,  20;  La  Crnr.,  i.  201-8;  La  Ls'rdla  de  <l  Aorti',  3-'2<.)i  Musio  Mex.,'\. 
10.")  107,  passim,  447-51;  Mumico  Mcx.,  ii.  342,  401;  I!olit'rtson.-t  Hist.  Am., 
ii.  141  o;  ]' ilia  lii: nor.  Teat ro  Am.,  i.  14-10,  28;  Soc.  Mcx.  Gctj.,  Uolctiii,  i. 
i:.:}-2:i0;  vii.  102-2;i7;  viii.  1G7-G10;  ix.  1-82,  2a  ip.  iv.  G39-42;  I'ap.  Var., 
V.  Xo.  ii.  58-G;  cxliii.  No.  xi. 


■  -!  a 


I  m 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


CONQUEST  OF   YUCATAX. 


i: 


-1549. 


Ar.oniniNAL  YroATAN— Fhancisoo  de  Mo.vtf.jo  Appointed  Go^T.K^'on— 
IJattli:  of  Akk— TiiL  .Si'AXi.uaw  Maucii  on  CiiicniiN  Itza — Alonso  m: 
AviLA  AMI  HIS  Hand  i.n  Qukst  of  Gold — IIi.s  Message  to  the  Lokk  or 
Ciii;Tr.MAL— The  Ciiir.rTAiN'.s  Kkplv — .\vila'.s  Commani>  IjK.^ir.cr.n— 
Tiir.iu  IvscAi'E  AND  Dia'AUTruE  Foil  IIoNDur.AS — Moxi'EJO  Di;fkati;i>  — 
The  Canine  BELi.-iiiNiiEu— Flioht  of  the  Spaniards — Tin:  Auki.an- 

TAIio'sNAnilOwlvsCAri;— (!  \I.LANTHYOFr.I.AS(iONZAI,K/,— ThkGoVI  i:NMU 

l)i;rAUTSF(iii1\\i!.\s<()— Thf,Si'aniai:ii.-;  Duivfn  intothf. Sf.a — Monti.io 
'J'i;ANsFi;r.s  ins  Itnnrrs  Tf)  ins  Son— The  Spantauds  Again  1jEsii;i;f.i>— 
TiiKTruK  OF  DiKco  AND  JfAN  Cansino— Santillan  Takes  Monti'.ii 's 
lvi;siDENciA — Mission AKY  Labous. 


NownKKE  on  the  continent  of  North  America  aro 
tlic  traces  of  a  l)y-!L;()ne  civihzation  more  distinctly 
niai'ked  than  in  the  j)eninsnki  of  Yucatan.  Here  are 
found  ]»yraniids  reseinhhiijj;'  in  nuithenuitical  outhne  the 
vast  structures  in  which  tlio  Pliaraohs  ho  cntonihcd. 
]£ero  also  the  traditions  of  the  early  inhabitants  carry 
the  mind  hack  to  the  days  when  the  Israelites  ilcil 
from  their  pursuers  through  the  sundered  waters  dt' 
the  lied  Sea,*  and  when  the  oivat  law-giver  lilted  u[) 
the  hraze'U  sei-pent  in  the  wilderness.'* 

Into  the  Antillean  sea  the  peninsula  juts  out  a  vast 
and  arid  ])i<)inontoi'v,  lisen  from  the  ocean  peiha]'S 
when  Atlantis  sank.  Ih'oki'U  hy  undulating  hills  and 
lt)\v  ranges,  it  extends  in  a  series  of  irregular  plains, 

'  .Ah  rcliiti'il  in  tlicif  tvnilitioim,  a  pntli  lliroiiixli  tlio  soa  was  opened  fi)r  t!io 
first  iiili.ilitiintH  of  ^'^l(■;ltall,  us  tli<'y  lli'il  from  tluir  oni'iiiics.  J/ii  i<  ni,  dvc. 
iv.  lili.  X.  (Ill),  ii.;   /.iiiii/ti,  l!i  hicii'ii,  'JS. 

'  'I'ln'  woisliiii  of  the  u'dd  Cukiili'an.  .'■ocniint.'Iy  iflcntical  with  Qtietziik'oiitl, 
a  name  t-i^^nifying  fiatln-nd  siT^iciit,  was  common  among  the  It/as  Cotonics. 


ADOniGIN.VL  HISTORY. 


429 


fi'oni  wliich  comes  a  heated,  pcrfuiuefl  air,  springing 
iVoui  the  borders  of  rivers  \vhich  hu^htlv  water  a  nar- 
low  I'ringc  of  coast,  now  of  treeless  hinds  and  languid 
\('"ctation  clustering  in  oases  round  the  ftenote  reser- 
vdirs  formed  at  intervals  by  commiserating  nature. 

( 'linging  to  hall-forgotten  names  that  were  onco 
ii|>].hcd  to  the  peninsula,^  tradition  itself  seems  to 
t-tani})  it  as  risen  from  the  sea,  with  an  inilux  of  set- 
tlers i'rom  the  orient,  and  a  reflux  from  tlio  Occident, 
(•(insequent  upon  the  overthrow  of  some  pre-Toltec 
iii\asion.     With  the  first   inwonderers  is  associated 
Zaumd,   the   culture-hero  and  earliest  ruler   of  the 
country,  the  founder  of  its  provinces,  its  institutions, 
its  hieroglyphics,  and  the  builder  of  ]\[ayapan.     Alter 
liis  time  Chichcn  Itza  rises  into  notice,  as  the  seat  of 
a  triumvirate,  with  which  is  connected  Cuhulcan,  who 
is  idcntiiied  with  the  mysterious  Quctzalcoatl,  and 
V,  1,0   leads    the   western    inunii^ration    ol'   disiieisiuLC 
Xaliuas.     His  followers,  the  Cocomes,  rule  supreme 
at  ^Inyapati,  and  under  their  v.ing  the  Tutul  Xius 
viiicv  iVom  the  south  to  found  a  third  state,  with  capi- 
l.il  at  Uxmal.     During  the  civil  wars  whicli  ensue, 
the  latter  rise  to  the  lirst  I'ank,  and  inau'juiate  the 
ludst   glorious   period    of  IMaya   history.      The    last 
century  of  aboriginal  rule  presents  a  confused  record 
ol'  strife,  pestilence,  and   disasters,  which   leave  the 
tiuiitry  at  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards  divided  into 
eiii"ixl;led  and  hostile  factions,  to  offer  an  easiei-  l)rey 
(o  invaders.      Yet  they  are  still  strong  enough  in 
iiniiii)cr  and  spirit  to  repel  both  Cordoba  and  (Jrijalva, 
V.  liile   ix'ports   ol"  thoir  meagre   possessions  serve  to 
s[ii('d  (.'ortes  onward  to  the  riclier  Tiiiochtillan.    And 
so  Yucatan  lies  neglected,  while  the  ocean  })atl)S  on 
(illicr  side  teem  with  eager  I'ortune-seekers."' 

I'he  remnant  of  a  shi[)wi'ecked  crew  are  tlie  j)io- 
nccrs  of  Yucatan.     It  has  already  been  related  that 


'  W'V  wliicli  SCO  XiViir  /!(ins.  v.  OM-l,',  this  scries. 

Mill-  a  lull  accuuut  of  tlicir  histury  uml  institutions  Bco  Id.,  ii.  ill.  v. 


ImK.-uii, 


«80 


CONQUEST  OF  YUCATAN. 


in  1512  Vaklivia  and  twenty  of  liis  men  were  tlirowu 
upon  the  ]\Iaya  shore,  where,  beinj^  seized  by  tho 
natives,  several  of  thcni  were  offered  in  sacrifice,  and 
their  roasted  limbs  devoured  by  the  natives.**  Men- 
tion has  also  been  made  of  Cordoba's  disastrous  ex- 
pedition in  1517,  when,  landin;:^  at  Catoche,  and  altei- 
ward  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Champoton,  he  was 
defeated  with  heavy  loss  and  glad  to  escape  to  Cul)a, 
where  a  few  days  after  his  arrival  he  died  of  his 
wounds."  More  fortunate  was  Grijalva,  who,  discni- 
barkiuLT  in  the  followinij  year  on  the  island  of  Cozu- 
Kiel,  was  astonished  to  find  there  a  town  with  pavetl 
streets  and  structures  of  stone,  but  passing  thence  to 
the  mainland,  failed  to  establish  any  permanent  set- 
tlement. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  on  his  way  to  Mexico 
Cortes  also  touched  at  Cozumel,  and  skirting  the  coast 
of  the  peninsula,  landed  at  the  Rio  de  Tabasco,  where 
ho  gave  battle  to  the  assembled  warriors.^ 

Among  those  wlio  accompanied  the  expeditions  of 
Grijalva  and  Cortc's  was  Francisco  de  ^lonti-jo,  whom 
Bernal  Diaz  describes*  as  of  medium  stature  and 
pleasing  aspect,  lavish  of  expense,  fond  of  pleasure, 
and  fitted  rather  ft)r  a  business  life  than  ibr  that  of  a 
soldier.  Soon  after  the  conquest  IMontejo  set  out  \\>v 
Spain  as  the  envoy  of  Cortes,  and  under  a  capitula- 
cion  with  the  emperor,  dated  November  17,  15i2(),  was 
appointed  governor  and  captain  general  of  Yucatan 
and  Co/Aunel,  witli  a  salary  of  two  hundred  and  liliy 
tlujusand  maravedis  a  year. 

By  the  terms  of  this  agreement  he  was  required  to 

^  If  inf.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  .^.'O,  this  scries. 

^  lli.-it.  Ml. v.,  i.  S-ll,  this  scries.  For  the  origin  of  the  name  Yiicntmi 
Bce  III. 

'•III.,  i.  7S  ct  pci|.  Purin;:;  his  cxpcilition  to  IToiiduras  in  l.'i'.',  ('(irtr", 
while  !'.t  Trujillo,  despatched  a  vessel  to  Mexico,  willi  instructions  \o  cv.W  at 
Co/.uniel  ami  taho  (^n  hoard  n,  parly  o'  Spaniards  left  there  l)y  \'aUn:a;(!.i. 
//(■-/.  ('till.  Am.,  i.  ."71--.  tliia  series.  It  was  the  intention  of  thi'  Sjaiiiar'N 
to  e-tahli-li  at  this  iahmd  a  calliiiy-pUicc  for  vessels  en  route  between  Mexico 
und  HondiiraH. 

^Ilid.  Vcnlad.,  243. 


FRANCISCO  DE  MONTEJO. 


431 


l)ui](l  two  forts  at  liis  own  expense,  wherever  in  the 
li'iiitory  lie  might  deem  best.  lie  was  allowed  to 
select  as  his  own  property  ten  sqnare  leagues  of  land. 
He  was  to  be  entitled  to  four  per  eent  of  any  royal 
income  that  might  be  derived  from  his  discoveries 
and  conquests,  the  amount  to  be  pa3'able  to  himself 
and  heirs  after  deducting  the  expenses  of  administra- 
llon.  Lands  allotted  to  settlers  were  to  be  deeded  to 
tlieui  after  they  had  been  occupied  and  improved  Ibr 
luur  years.  One  half  of  the  roval  lines  was  to  be 
devoted,  during  the  fii'st  five  years,  to  ])ublic  works 
and  to  the  building  of  hospitals.  The  enslavement  of 
Indinn  rebels  and  their  purchase  and  sale  were  to  bo 
peiniittcd  only  where  peaeeful  measures  had  proved 
iiieri'ectual.  Montejo  was  specially  enjoined  to  prohibit 
the  excesses  which  had  attended  previous  discoveries 
and  conquests,  and  especially  to  f  )rbid  cruelty  toward 
lh<'  natives,  all  cases  regarding  their  treatment  to  be 
ii  tarred  to  the'  ecclesiastics,  a  nund)er  of  whom  were 
til  accompany  the  expedition;  but  this  latter  clause  of 
his  contract  the  a<lelantado  failed  to  observe." 

A  suthcient  I'orco  was  levietl,  and  eai'ly  in  1')'27 
^tontejo's  armament  left  the  shores  of  Sjjain,  the 
ceniador  Alonso  de  Avila  be'iiig  second  in  connnand. 
Touching  at  lCspahi»la  for  sup[)lies,  the  expedition  was 
itL'uforeed  by  many  recruits,  and  a  nund)er  of  horses 
v\ere  taken  on  board  the  vessels.  On  reaching  Cozu- 
i.iej,  the  Spaniards,  whose  forces  mustered  alioid^  four 
humh'ed,  apart  iVom  the  sailors,  who  maimed  tlu'ir 
llililla  of  four  ships,^"  wer«j  received  with  all  outward 
show  of  friendship.     Arriving  at  the  mainland  they 

"Till'  full  text  i)f  Mi)iitc'i(i\s  c.ijiituliu'ioii  with  the  cinwii  is  yiv<ii  in  ('<>■ 
ijnllfil  I,  Hist.  Yiirathtui,  (i'J  7.'!.  iilid  iiuluik's  ii  i'i'ihil;i,  iliittcl  Novi  iiiIht  17, 
I"i2t),  l)c;iring  upon  tlio  j^'i'iu'ial  (n;.';iiii/;ilii>ii  of  oxinilitioiis  of  ilisiovLry  ami 
ciini|Ue.st. 

■''' 'r) /(y//(v/o,  ///>7.  Yiii'iitliiiii.  74.  Tliis  author  states  that  only  tlio  sailoisj 
ririivi  il  ]'.ay.  Xotwithstaiuliiii;  tin-  tcniis  of  Iho  i'a]iitulatioii  no  fiiars  no- 
i'niiiji:uii('(l  tlic  I'xpcilition.  nor  couM  Co.'olhulo  discover  the  name  of  any 
crcli  siastie  eoiiiieete<l  with  it.  exeept  thiit  of  I'raneisco  Jlernnmlez.  llerrer.-i 
a-ii),s  that  Moiiti'jo  ei|iiip]ie'l  three  vessels  in  which  ovi  r  .")(•()  nicii  eluliarUed, 
ill  .■.  iv.  lil).  ii.  eaj).  iii.  In  ('iir''i'<  </'■  liil'n.i.  S()(!,  the  same  st.itemvnt  is 
iu;;de.     Uviedo,  iii.  '2'St,  allimis  that  he  had  two  large  vcsbcU  and  ',)S{\  men. 


'ill 


ii^ 


ifll 


432 


coxQUi:sT  or  yitatan. 


^1 
HI 

]• 

\\\ 


la 


111'. 


YlCATAN. 


INVASION  OF  THE  PENINSULA. 


'm: 


wcro  allowed  to  cliscnibark  without  opposition,  and 
unl'urlinL,^  the  royal  banner  of  Spain  cried  Espana! 
]]s;)ana!  Viva  Espanal  while  the  n..tives  looked  on 
with  sceniin<x  indilierencc,  but  indifference  feiu'ned  for 
the  purpose  of  luring  them  inland,  wliere  they  might 
be  cut  off  from  all  hope  of  retreat  to  their  ships. 

Tiie  country  seemed  thickly  peo[)led  as  the  Span- 
iards passed  from  village  to  village,  and  everywhere 
•  luii't  prevailed."  Before  they  had  i)enetrated  far  an 
incident  occurred  Avhich  betrayed  the  real  ten)per  of 
the  inhabitants.  Thrown  off'  their  guard  by  the  ap- 
jKUvnt  friendliness  of  the  people,  the  invaders  held 
i'ric  intercourse  with  them,  and  this  heedlessness  well- 
iiigli  cost  their  connnander  his  life.  Snatching  ii 
hanger  from  an  attendant  slave,  one  of  the  natives 
aimed  at  him  a  sudden  blow,  M'hich,  but  for  a  del't 
motion  on  the  part  of  the  adelantado,  had  been  flital. 
As  it  was,  the  savage  paid  for  his  temerity  with  his 
lil'e. 

(Continuing  their  march  across  the  peninsula,  ISIon- 
tcjo  and  his  connnand  cncovnitered  many  hardships. 
The  country  was  rugged,  difficult,  and  all  but  unknown 
to  the  S[)aniards;  water  was  scarce;  of  rivers  there 
wvn)  none;  and  provisions  began  to  fall  short.  On 
rcacliing  the  village  of  Choaco,  where  it  was  expected 
supplies  would  be  obtained,  the  place  was  found  to  bo 
tlrserted,  and  no  morsel  of  food  had  been  left  behind. 
Ifere  the  men  rested  for  a  time,  and  then  worn  and 
s[)iritless  resumed  their  journey,  now  advancing  with- 
out fear  of  opjiosition  on  the  town  of  Ake  in  the 
ntjitliern  part  of  the  [)eninsula. 

"  Oviodo's  .account,  iii.  2'2'  f't  scq.,  difTiTS  materially  fioin  tliat  of  Cocrn- 
lliii]ii  ami  other  autlioritios.  lie  statea  tliat  Montcjo.  aftei- reiiiainiii',' tlireo 
tl;i.\>i  at  Cnzuniel,  crossed  to  Vucataii,  w'lere  lie  laiuldl  halt'  a  IcaLTue  liMin  tlio 
villa::e  of  Xala,  ami  there  eiieainpin^,  built  .a  town  uliiih  he  iiaiiic(l  Sala- 
uianca.  Want  of  jirovisions,  says  the  ehronicler,  hail  water,  ami  an  luiu  Imh  - 
soiiio  elhnato  rapidly  thinned  the  ranks,  and  caused  desertion;  t(j  inivcnt 
vlij.li  he  sti'anded  liis  vessels  and  landed  the  cargoes.  I'lie  diserepanc  ii-^ 
hctwcen  Oviedo's  version  and  that  of  uther  historians  arc  elsewhere  sk  esseii- 
ti;d  that  he  appears  to  be  describing  entirely  dillerent  expeditiims.  Several 
native  villa;:es  which,  according  to  the  former,  the  ttdtluutudo  visited,  uro 
Hot  Lvcu  mentioned  in  C'ogoUudo. 
Uiai.  Ue\.,  Vol.  II.    ii 


^11 

It; 


■M 


M 


434 


CONQUEST  OF  YUCATAX. 


T>ui  as  yet  the}' know  little  of  the  clifiraeter  of  tli.  ir 
foe.  TluTu  were  amonji^  Montejo's  connnand  vc^teraii-; 
wlio  had  Ixn-no  the  hriuit  of  the  liiiht  (luriivj^  thu 
(larkoj^t  hours  of  the  Noeho  Triste,  ')iit  even  th^y 
had  lilt  Hcen  a  more  ap})al]ing  sight  tliaii  tliat  Avliich 
greeted  them,  when,  on  tlio  early  dawn  of  a  \viiit(  r 
•'aiy,  toAvard  the  elose  of  1527,^"  they  approached  tlii.s 
town.  '*  lloi'des  of  Indians,  hideous  in  their  w.ii'- 
paint,  ct'.me  foj'th,"  says  Oviudo,  **  like  fiercest  dfvils 
from  their  lurkini^-place;"  and  so  vast  was  their  num- 
ber that  it  seemed  as  if  all  the  rulers  of  Yucatan  li.i  I 
massed  their  forces  for  the  comini;  strus^crle.  Xi  r 
could  tluy  have  selected  a  spot  more  favorable  lor  ,i 
hattle-field.  The  jLj^round  was  narrow,  unfavorahlc  inr 
the  action  of  cavahy,  and  such  that  the  Spanian!-; 
IxMiii^  unable  to  de[)loy  their  ranks  could  mak(^  hut 
little  use  of  their  fire-arms,  and  were  in  dani^'cr  of  bciiii,' 
cruslied  bv  the  mere  wein'ht  of  the  enemv's  coluiiiiis. 

While  .^^ont(J()  was  speakiiiGf  Avords  of  cheer  to  Ins 
men  aiul  biddiiii^  them  stand  firm  before  the  shock, 
his  voice  was  drowned  by  the  u})roar  of  the  oncoiii- 
iiiL!,'  masses,  as  they  min_i]fled  with  their  war-crifs  tho 
slirill  bliists  of  their  conch-shell  trumpets.  FliL;lits()t' 
arrows  were  aimed  at  the  S{)aniards  at  short  I'an^c  and 
the  next  moment,  their  lanc(>s  pointed  with  shariMiitil 
IHnt,  and  wieldinj^  doubled-handed  swords  of  hardest 
wood,  the  Indians  grappled  with  their  foe.  Never- 
theless the  adelantado  held  his  ground,  and  beatiii;^' 
back  the  assailants  a  sliort  distance  let  loose  at  them 
his  cavalry  and  blood-hounds.  The  horsemen  woe 
in  turn  ))ushed  back  by  sheer  weight  of  numbers,  and 
again  the  natives  advanced  to  the  attack. 

Thus  till  dark  the  combat  lasted,  neither  side  gain- 
ing decisive^  advantage.  The  night  was  spent  by  tlie 
Spaniards  in  tlressing  their  wounds  and  obtaining  what 
little  rest  they  coukl,  the  natives  meanwhile  l)iinging 
up   fresh   rceiiforccments.      With    the    morning  the 

"  The  exact  tlatc  of  this  battle  cannot  be  ascertained,  but  it  was  certainly 
near  the  elose  of  tiiis  year.  CcjoUrdo,  Hist,  yucatiiuii,  77-b. 


SEVERK  ri(;iiTixa. 


43;] 


connict  was  ronoweJ,  aiul  until  luiJ-tliiy  tlio  scaL"  of 
victory  hung  in  tho  bulanco,  w  lion,  the  natives  falling 
|i;u'k  in  some  disorder,  ^L)ntt;jo  ordered  a  llnal  cliari^u 
on  their  waverinj^  ranks.  Tliis  put  tlu  in  to  lli.uht, 
and  the  Spaniards,  tc^o  exhausted  ft)r  pursuit,  Hung 
t!  iinsclves  on  the  ground  amid  the  eor}>st'S  of  twilvo 
hundred  of  the  foe,  having  lost  one  third  of  their  own 
iiuniher  during  the  battle. 

No  further  resistance  was  made,  and  the  adelantado 
taking  possession  of  the  town  of  Ake  I'cniainod  there 
(luiiiig  the  winter.  Breaking  camp  early  in  15:28,  ho 
put  his  troops  in  motion  toward  Chichen  Itza.'^  J  lire 
lie  impressed  into  his  service  a  numher  of  natives, 
and  erecting  a  fort  and  dwellings  of  timber,  gave  to 
tho  settlement  the  name  of  Salamanca.  Xo  outwai'd 
signs  of  dissatisfaction  were  shown,  and  after  this 
battle  the  inliabitants  submitted  patiently  to  the  yoke, 
which  for  the  time  they  felt  themselves  unable  to 
i>liake  oft",  !^[ontejo  then  distributed  the  surrounding 
tt'iiitory  and  its  inhabitants  among  his  followers,  tlio 
natives  apparently  accepting  their  lot  without  a  nuu- 
inur. 

][ad  this  cxjicdition  been  in  charge  of  an  able 
leader  it  would  probably  have  been  succe>-ful  ;  but 
^lontcjo  was  unfitted  for  command.  Already  ho  liad 
allowed  himself  to  be  sur})rised,  and  now,  surrouncUd 
as  ho  was  by  bands  of  Indians  whom  he  imagined  to 
be  subdued,  he  committed  the  fatal  blunder  of  dividing 
liis  fences.  A  rumor  was  current  throughout  his 
camp — one  raised  doubtless  by  the  natives  i'or  the 
]iur[)ose  of  hastening  the  overthrow  of  the  invaders — 
that  in  the  district  of  IJacalar"  rich  gokl-mines  wei'O 
to  be  found.  Yielding  to  the  clamor  of  his  men  he 
despatched  in  that  tlirection  Alonso  de  Avila  with  a 

"  An  Indiiin  phrase  meaning  montlis  of  tlio  wiUm  (Ixioa.s  df  poznsl,  tho 
Wdids  I'lferriuj;  to  two  large  water-tanks  Imilt  there.  CuslUlo,  Jiir.  lliM.  Yiic., 
i.  '.M7. 

"  Called  Bakhalial  by  pome  old  chroniclers.  At  tlie  montli  of  the  Baealar 
Jiivcr.  On  lliu  e.ist  coast  is  a  town  talhil  by  Jeli'ciys.  IT'li.  and  Kiepcrt, 
IVis,  Ilfinildi:  Oijilhi/,  1071,  Dumpier,  lUTDi  LaH,  1033,  iSidiimuiu-a.  CailO'j. 
I'uc.  VmsI,  MS.,  i.  33;i. 


< 


•'   :  1 


4:i0 


CONQUEST  OF  YUCATAN. 


liand  of  fifty  r<M»t  juid  seventeen  liorsc,  the  clinico>t 
tro()j)s  of  liis  coininand.     .Viri\in<^  at   the    town  of 
('liiil)lt',  ii  iila<'((  distant  more  than  forty  leaLjues  from 
^lontejo's  head-quart t'l's,  and  one  wlicre  ;jfold  was  «ui>- 
jiosed  to  exist,  the  Spaniards  connnencod  their  soaieh, 
liut  found  no  tracu   of  the  j)reeious  metal.     ^leetiiiL;- 
liere  Avitli  an  outward  sliow  of  friendslii[)  and  even 
^\  ith  friendly  serviees,  the  contador  sent  to  the  lord 
of  Chetunial,'' a  neiyhhoring  region  and  one  nlso  sup- 
jiosed  to  be  auriferous,  asking  for  iid'ormatitju  as  to  tlie 
mines  and  for  asu{)ply  of  pnnislons.     The  rejily  was 
stern    and  severely  laconic.     "  Of  gold,"  said  he  of 
Chetumal,  "I  scorn  to  speak  ;  of  fowls  you  shall  have 
all  that  you  can  take  from  the  points  of  our  lances,  and 
^vewill  sendyou  maize  in  the  sha[)e  of  llights  of  arrows."' 
Avila  was  an  otlicer  whose  courage  none  dispute;!, 
hut  one  soivly  lacking  in  tlie  fpiality  v»hich  is  deemed 
Aalor's  counterpart.     Although  under  strict  injunc- 
tions from  ]\rontejo  to  use  only  })eaceful  measures,  lie 
set  forth  at  once  with  half  his  force  to  punish  the  iii- 
^..'lence  of  tliis  Indian  noljle,  taking  with  him  some  .  •' 
the  IVicndly  caci(pies^''  to  assist  in  the  discovery  of 
tli(>  mines.     But   again    the  Spaniards  were    disap- 
jxiinted,  and   after  a  long  and  useless   search   tiny 
marched  against  the  proud  chieftain  of  Chetumal,'' 
v/ho  dai'ed  thus  to  liui'l  scorn  on  Christian  soldiers. 
Aji[)roaching  his  town'^  the}'  found  their  path  stopi)ed 
l)y  iar-sj)rea(Ung  swamps  and  lagoons,  across  which, 
with  much  ditii(;ulty,  they  made  their  way  in  canoes. 
Soon  they  came  in  sight  of  ripening  fields  of  maize 
autl  fruit  and  cacao/"  and  halting  hero  for  a  brief 

'•'Situntcil  a  little  to  the  cist  of  Aniatique  Bay,  on  a  largo  river  wliiili 
rises  in  ii  l.iko  in  (iuatciimla,  or  periiaii.s  in  Lake  Xicura^'na,  and  llmv.s  into 
tlie  (iolt'o  Dnk'e.  Mcrcator,  ]MU,  C/tdcmal;  IViiit-Ind.  tljiicjhil,  Hi-2i,  (l'.<l' • 
iiiiil.  i'lii-l.iiij.  /'«■■   ('oust,  MS.,  i.  "JOG. 

^'•(■,„i„lir(lo,  J/lst.  Yi'.oaUuni,  W). 

''  Ainoiij^  others  the  thiel'a  of  the  province  of  Guatnil.  I'achcro  aii'l 
i'tifiliniis,  ('ill.  ]>ni\,  xiv.   1(>0. 

'•'  'J'heir  line  of  niaroh  is  iltscrihed  in  Oriedo,  iii.  245,  but  as  already  stattil, 
Oviedo  diU'i.rs  from  other  cln-o.-iiclers  in  his  narrative  of  the  conquest  of  Vu- 
lalan. 

''•*  Hero  was  nhso  ahunilance  of  honey  as  pood  as  any  found  in  Spaui;  hut 
the  \\ux  was  as  black  as  jet.    Uckdo,  iii.  24^-U. 


■^1 


TACTICS  OF  CIIETUMAL. 


437 


Kpat'i'  to  i\Trcsh  lla'Ui.solves,  advaiicoil  to  ^Ivo  Lattlc 
Hut  ill  tluir  ivvouge,  us  in  tlifir  lust  I'oi-  ;^ol(l,  tlio 
Spaiiiiirds  were  dooiiKcl  once  more  to  di.sap[ioiutuieMt. 
Clictmiial  liad  ilcd.-' 

A\  ila  tool;  up  Ids  quarters  in  tlic  cliicftaiu's  town. 
".V  jilaco  ilivn  cojitaining  two  thousand  liousi-s,"  says 
Ovit'do,  "and  distant  but  two  leagues  ri't)ni  tin;  sea." 
Seiiiliiii;  to  C.'lial>lj  for  the  n-niainder  of  liis  foi'ce  ln! 
(1(  terniined  to  estahUsh  here  a  S[)anish  settlement,  and 
^•i\u  to  it  the  name  of  A'illa  Iteal.-'  What  fairer  or 
Niferspot  could  ho  found  for  the  site  of  a  new  colony.' 
The  lord  of  Chetumal  had  every  chance  of  making- 
Uniid  his  l)oast,  when  the  Spimiards,  crossinjj,'  the 
l;i-(ions  in  their  frail  canoes,  could  make  little  use  of 
tluir  weapons, and  u[)  to  this  time  he  had  heen  sknlk- 
in^'  a  fug'itivo  from  his  capital  without  .striking  a  blow 
I'oi'  its  defence. 

]>ut  the  contador  was  now  to  learn  that  Chetumal 
was  no  mere  braggart.  From  certain  natives  cap- 
tiu'eil  dui'ing  a  scouting  expedition,  ho  ascertained 
tliat  tho  chieftain  occu[)ied  an  intrenched  camp  a  few 
leagues  from  tho  town,  and  was  about  to  join  his  men 
with  tlioso  of  the  neighbori'tg  caciipies.  A\  ila  at  once 
iiiarrlied  against  him,  and  taking  him  by  sui'prise  de- 
I'eated  his  forces.  Nevertheless  he  felt  somewhat  ill  at 
t  a>(\  and  resolving  to  open  comnumications  with  the 
adclantado,  despatched  six  messengers  to  his  camp, 
ti'llingthem  that  their  i-eturn  would  bcex[)ecttMl  v.ithin 
^ixtv  day.s.  ^Meanwhile  Chetumal  was  not  idle.  Ally- 
ing himself  with  the  caci(]ues  of  tho  surrounding  dis- 
trict, ho  assembled  his  forces  for  a  purpose  which  the' 
Spaniards  could  not  fathom,  for  ho  ventured  on  no 
attack. 

^[any  months  elapsed,  weary  months  of  waiting. 


'I 


-T.old  w;is  pceurod  to  tli<'  Viihio  of  000  pesos,  nccorcting  to  Purlicru  iuul 
Vin'ih-.iu-'*,  i\l.  l)oi\,  xiv.  l()l-'2;   1,(^00.  iicfDidiii;,' t<>  ()\  it'clo. 

•''J'lio  ].liico  \v;is  40  k;!;;!!^'.'!  tliUaiit  IVmii  S;i1;iiii:iili';i.  <'in-.<J(i,  Cari'i.  iu 
S'i''icr\s  MSS.,  XX.  ."lO,  iunl  vas  iiaiiK'ct  afttr  Avila'.-i  liirtlii'larc.  Orlnln,  ill. 
■JU  (J.  I'ri^iiu  <'ha1)K''  to  ('lii'tiUM;,!  wa.s  a  joiniiiy  of  bcvlu  ka^Ufs.  Vucda, 
Ii'L,  iu  I'ac/iLCo  ;'uJ  Cu'/y/c/uo',  Col.  Doc,  xiv.  103. 


' 


438 


CONQUEST  OF  YUCATAN. 


nnd  tlio  contador  l)cj^an  to  realize  that  the  ansM'or  of 
the  lord  of  Chetunial  was  not  an  idle  boast.  His  little 
band  was  surrounded  by  countless  liordes,  who  began 
to  liarass  liiin  in  ceaseless  jx-'tty  encounter;  but  yet 
for  many  weeks  Montejo  remained  in  Villa  lleal,-'^ 
daily  lookiiij^  for  aid  I'rom  the  adelantatU).  Nuiu; 
came;  nor  any  tidings^  from  Chichen  Itza.  Ammu- 
nition Avas  nearly  exhausted  and  the  belc-tgueii d 
Sjianiards  began  to  look  upon  themselves  us  doomed, 
for  the  foe  attacked  them  almost  tiailv,  showing  no 
sign  of  fear.  Their  oidy  hope  was  to  cut  their  way 
out  of  the  place  without  further  delay. 

In  sorr}'  plight  Avila's  band  set  forth  to  traverse 
the  sixty  leagues  that  separated  them  from  their  coiii- 
rndes.  All  along  their  route  were  evidences  of  a 
wide-spread  plan  to  exterminate  them.  Some  towns 
were  abandoned;  others  were  secretly  foi'tified  to  serve 
as  man-traps;  no  provisions  could  be  found;  and  as 
iliey  advanced  hostilities  b'-came  more  active,  ualil 
at  length  being  di'iven  back  on  one  {,>f  the  deserted 
towns  and  hennricd  in  on  all  sides,  they  sat  down  in 
despair.  An  Indian  whose  life  the  contador  had  savcil 
attempted  to  lead  them,  in  the  silence  of  the  nighr, 
l>y  an  unfrequented  path  through  the  woods.  Still 
they  wore  pursued  and  their  progress  disputed  at 
every  st(>p.  All  h()j)e  of  escape  by  land  lieiiig  aban- 
doned, they  fought  their  way  to  the  coast,  all  that 
were  left  of  them,  where  finding  some  canoes  they 
jircv'jeded  along  the  shore,  living  on  berrii's  ai;  1 
sh<ll-tish,  until  they  came  to  Trujillo,  in  llon- 
•  luras.-* 

"•  Ovip<lo  Pfiya  tlmt  .'lO  occnpic<l  the  jilnoo  for  mnrc  tlian  n  ycnr.  iii.  -tf!. 

■^'('o'^olliidi)  .say.-i  til'  iiU'sa>'iii,'ci.i  w.Tc  kilU'il  1,'t  It  :ij^U(.'.s  fnmi  \'iil:i  lii'al. 
/Ii<f.  yiiidf/inn,  SI.  O  icilo  iifUnna  tluit  th'y  wcro  mussucrcil  wliilu  j:^  sjuii- 
|K'r  in  fiuicii'il  security,   iii.  '24(i. 

'•'  Aixiililiii;.;  Ilia  sti  I'lin'iit  liiiult'  l.y  .\\il.i  .'Hid  lii-^nflircr.^toCc'n^zrilil,  t'.nii 
fjovcM'ilor  of  lIoiiiliii';i.s,  iiul  iiiirnitt'il  in  l'(r/i<  !•■>  and  f  '<inlf  mt.i.  Col.  J>or.,  \\\ . 
VS  \\;\,  (ho  survivals  ■  -iv.  in  'iiujiilu  on  tiio  Istli  ui  Miinh  loiiit.  In  Ocn/", 
iii.  '2'i4,  it  in  Btatid  tliil  the  jduimy  fi'nm  A'iilii  lU-A  V.t  'I'rnjillo  occiiiiiul 
hivcii  nmntlis,  iiml  in  lltinvd.  (iiat  tlicy  tiiivrd  thi'ir  hor;*!^  hy  ialtiii;| 
tug'tiiei-  tluir  taniM  m.  As  the  cuast  wast  Idw,  and  in  |>u»t.s  uvi  illuwctl,  liny 
ctjuhl  nut  lind  ii  ,suitul>lo  spot  for  landing,  dec,  v.  lib.  i.  ea|i.  ix. 


P 


CRITICAL  SITUATION. 


439 


]\rca!nvirile  iiotliiiiij  was  known  l>v  Moiitclo  of  tlio 

i'ati!    vi'  Avila's    coininaud.      Su.Ti>uu(lcd    l»y   llo^stilo 

Iu'rIcs  ho  was  cut  oil'  IVoiii  liis  base  of  su|»j>lics.     His 

ioia^iny  [)artios  were  captured  or  driven  baek,  an<l  the 

natives  became  so  fearless  that  his  men  were  seldom 

jill'iwed  to  devour  their  meal  t)f  roots  and  horse-llesh 

without  liavini,'  to  exchange  shots  with  (he  enemy. 

Xo  ^Icep  could  be  had  unlt.'ss  strong  jiiekct-guarils 

v.ere  pi)sted.     In  this  intermittent  warfare  occurred 

many  single  acts  of  bravery  and  skill  on  both  sides. 

''One  of  the  S})ai'ish  anthers,"  says  Cogolhulo,  "in- 

ficted  great  inji.'W's  upon  the  natives,  ski|fully  diri'ct- 

ing  liis  aim  at  the  leaders.   An  Indian  e(|UaIl\(k\terous 

in  the  use  of  the  bow  resolved   on   his  death.     The 

Indian  sinuilated  carelessness,  and  the  arclu-r  shot  a 

dart  from  his  cross-bow  which  apparently  took  elfect; 

hi;t  as  the  Indian  was  jirt-jjared  the  Spaniard  leceived 

almost    sir.'ultaneously   an   ai'i'ow    in   the   ai'm.     The 

Indian  l">eint>'  indeetl  severelv  wounded  in  the  breast, 

lallier  than  it  should  be  said  he  had  dieil  at  the  hands 

cl'tlie  Spaniard,  withdiew  and  lianged  himst  H'."    Such 

was  the  (piality  oi'lhen  jatritjtism;  and  yet  C^)golludt^ 

i-  at  a  l(jss  to   understand  why  tlie   natives  were   so 

relentless  in  their  war  U[)on  the  Spaniards! 

At  length  a  decisive  battle  was  I'ought,  one  of  the 
severei^t  known  in  the  annals  of  Imhan  warfare.  Tho 
Si  aiiiards  had  no  alternative  but  to  nuit  the  ft)e  on 


tl 


U'  o 


pen  1 


ilain.l 


o 


ran  imnaiioc  nmliitude  hadas.seuil 


')  cni. 


•h  tl 


lem. 


Tl 


It 


le  result  was  « 


disjist 


rou 


.hd 
Jor  v/heu 


the  Si)aniards  returned  tocanii)one  luuuh'ed  and  lifty 
<'f  their  number  lay  dead  upon  tho  field,  and  fuw  v.-f 
the  MU'vivoi's  escaix  d  unwounded. 

After  this  engagement  ?doiiti  jo's  only  thought,  was 
to  sa\e  himsell'and  the  rcumant  «'f  his  force;  but  how, 
vhcn  so  beset,  were  his  woumled  lutn  to  escape  across 
tile  nianv  Ica'-iics  of  ruu'ged  counti-y  that  scjiai-ated 
lli'Mi  from  their  shii)s?  Indeed  tluy  had  v.»ll-nigh 
yi\«'n  tliems<'l\es  u^)  for  lost  wlien  a  ruse  w;is  bit  upon 
which  is  connnonly  attributeil  to  tlie  adelantado,  but 


!|i 


iHyi 


440 


CONQUEST  OF  YUCATAN. 


^\^as  prol)al)ly  the  invention  of  some  more  ing'cnions 
brain.  Tyin<jf  a  hun<4ry  do<x  to  the  tiMiirue  of  a  lai"' 
l)C'll  suspended  from  tiio  limb  of  a  tree,  they  placid 
food  above  the  animal,  but  out  of  rcaeli.  Then  tin  v 
made  a  sally,  whieh  was  but  a  feint,  in  order  tt) 
reconnoitre  the  enemy's  camp,  and  draw  them  off  from 
tlicir  pathway  of  escape.  All  being  ready  they  crept 
stealthilv  forth  under  cover  of  the  ni'dit,  leavin"-  the 
(loi^  to  ring  deception  regarding  their  watchful  jtivs- 
cnce.  Thus  some  hours  were  gained,  and  when  the 
enemy  discovered  the  trick  and  a  number  pursue.l 
they  dared  not  openly  attack. 

Keaching  the  town  of  Silan"''  in  the  territory  ef 
the  Cheles,  a  friendly  people,  they  remained  in  that 
iieighboi'hood  for  several  months,  and  thence  made 
their  way  to  Salamanca,""  where  they  arrived  sctne- 
timo  in  1502,  and  were  soon  afterward  rejoined  by 
Avila  and  all  that  was  left  of  his  connnand.'''' 

Once  more  ]\Iontijo  displays  his  unlitness  for  coiii- 

'•'•'' A  harbor  and  town  on  tlic  north  co.ist,  some  21  k'a<,'u  -i  cis;  by  iioitli 
from  Mciichi.  In  (/'///////,  lOTl,  is  ,uivcn  Moirax  tir  Silati;  j,u,„j>hi;  lOtt'.l, 
li'i'dm;  l\.ic]wrt,  V'ljia  tic  Silitn.   Curloij.  Par,  I'uict,  MS.,  i.  .S74. 

'•'"Jn  IkiTi'ra'.s  iiarnitivo  aru  many  jjiritk'xitii's  and  contradictions  as  to 
lMont('jo"s  cx]n'dition.  In  dee.  iv.  lilt.  x.  c;iii.  i.,  ho  says:  'Tlio  a(U!ant;iil  i 
aliaudoned  C'idciifu  Itza  in  IJIM,  went  to  Ouni]ieclio  for  a  few  months,  iiiid 
thi'ii  jirocicdcd  witli  his  men  to  New  S})aiii,  wiierc  ho  lived  some  ytars  iiii- 
jiortiniin;.;  a.s^istanee  to  renew  his  attempt.'  In  dee.  v.  lilt.  i.  ea]i.  ix.  Iio 
aliirma  'tliat  in  l.";li'2  iMontejo  was  settled  in  Salamanea,  v  here  Avila  on  liis 
return  from  A" ilia  Ileal  and  'Irujillo  found  liim.'  Again,  in  dee.  v.  lili.  ix. 
eap.  viii.,  he  state.s  'that  in  lo.'!.")  the  adelantado,  tiio  conta<lor,  and  thiir 
men  were  at  Salamanea,  and  that  at  this  time  Montcjttleft  Vueatan  and  \\i  nt 
t<t  Mexieo  to  ask  aid  from  tho  newly  arrived  vieeroy.'  SiieaKiu;.;  of  tiiu 
liativi's  ho  8ti;,'matize3  them  as  'mendaeious  and  Iturlidious  ereatiins,  who 
never  kided  ii  S[taniard  exeejit  liy  treaeheiy;'  iitteily  olilivions  of  tho  nunirr- 
(iiis  eneountei:'.  in  whieli,  I'y  reason  of  native  C(jnrage  and  eiiduranee,  it  nl'i'  u 
went  hanl  with  their  hate<l  destroyers.  lIciTera  may  bo  used  but  cannot  he 
wliiilly  truste<l  wlun  writing  on  Yucatan. 

'■'■  WIhmi  .\vila  and  Ids  men  arrived  af.  T"uiillo,  lie  wr's  .supplied  with  nrim 
and  JKtrses  by  the  colonists,  ami  wiih  hueli  articles  of  clothing  as  they  could 
spare,  although,  net  vissi  1  fron'  Spain  having  reached  there  for  three  years, 
tliiy  Were  tliemsehes  in  mid  tf  lainient.  S(c  //^^  ('cut.  Am.,  ii.  thisKcrii>. 
Soon  afterwaid  twtt  !<hip.s  arriviiig  from  Cuba,  tiie  contador  put  his  men  iw 
board,  r.nd  tlius  rejoineil  Montejo.  l^'iom  Avila's  own  narrative  to  tiic 
king,  d;it((l  from  Salamanca,  .Tune  'l'^,  \','.V^,  we  learn  that  he  had  been  .'t 
days  at  Trnj'lht,  and  was  forced  to  leave  1(1  of  his  men  behind.  He  refers  to 
another  rc]iort  by  N'al'iicia.  an  olheer  of  Montej'i,  also  adilrcssed  to  the  \mvj.. 
Jhiril't,  /'c'ocioii,  in  I'liclicco  and  Ci'irdci.a.'i,  l,J.  J)iic.,  xi\.  DT-l-S.  'Avil.i, 
after  two  years'  abstMice,  returni'd  tit  Monti  jo'.s  camp,  by  way  o"  Trujillo,' 
MuiiUjo,  L'aiiu,  ill  ,S'2uia-'s  M,SS.,  xxii.  I'JD. 


MOXTFJO'S  INXOM PETFINCY. 


M 


maiid.    Xo  sooner  has  tliis  rocnforoonicnt  arrived  than 
]u'  (li'spatches  the  coiitador  with  lil'ty  incii  into  the  in- 
terior, reinainin;^  hiniseU'  in  an  intrenched  eain[)  willi 
the  same  nund>er.     And  untauglit  by  [)i'evious  disas- 
ters, no  sooner  does  lie  thus  a_L;ain  divide  his  forces 
tlian  hostile  natives  appear.    "^More  than  twenty  thou- 
s.iiid  of  them  were  soon  in  the  field,"  says  Cc'i'lhido. 
While  attempting  to   conciliate  them  tiie  governor 
narrowly  cseapes  capture  and  sacrifice  to  tlieir  idttls. 
"On  liearing  a  tumult  outside  his  cam}),"  the  chronicler 
writes,  "the  adelantado  went  out  on  horsehack  to  see 
if  he  could  pacify  the  natives.     They  were  dividi'd 
into  several  groups,  and  ap[)roaching  one  of  them 
which  was  posted  on  a  small  eminence,  he  asked  them 
A\liether  they  v.'Tc  angry,  saying  that  as  no  harm  had 
hoen  done  to  them  iliere  was  no  cause  for  the  revolt. 
Th(>  Indians,   who  had    resolved  to  nnnder  all   iho 
Spaniards,  approached  him  as  soon  as  they  heard  his 
Voice,  and    having  surroumled   him,   some   of  them 
seized  his  lance,  while  others  held  his  horse  by  the 
reins.    They  v/ere  in  the  act  of  draL;L:in<jf  him  from  his 
saddle,  when  Bias  Gonzalez,  se(>ing  his  jieril,  cliargcd 
at  tlie  enemv,  a!id  fou'dit  with  sucli  de:  nerrdc  courau'O 
tliat  he  ]ii'evented   his   connnaiKkr   from   being  caj)- 
tuivd,  until  others  coming  to  their  help  the}'  were  res- 
nied,  though  both  were  wounded,  and  the  hor^e  nf 
(Joiizalez  was  fatally  injured." 

Wai'fare,hardshii),  and  desert  ion'-'Miad  now  so  greatly 
tliimied  Montejo's  ranks,  that  he  i-esolvcl  to  proceed 
ti>  Ncnv  Spain  for  recruits  and  supplies,  for  the  ( m- 
perer  had  given  orders'-"  that  he  should  there  r<  'hino 
all  needlul  assistance.  Ife  soon  levied  a. suUkleul  iorce; 
liut  when  on  the  point  of  de[)arture  he  heard  that  the 

■•'"111  a  letter  to  till!  kiii'_',  datid  (Inici.n  i\  Dio.s,  lice.  'Jli,  l.'i-l.',  MMiitcji) 
f.'iVM  tliat  Ills  ]ipiiiil('  (k'scrti  il  liiiii  in  ^  iiriil;iii  ln-caiiso  ilni'c  was  iiiitlicr  (.nlil 
imi'xilvi  )■  tlicii',  (inil  iiiiiili'  iiiv  Wvw,  aii'l  tliat  iiflcr  occupy  iiij,' the  tniitDy  tor 
iiiiK'  ycai'M  lio  was  (■(niijiillcil  t'»  (.Iviinlon  it.  ('(irlii,  S'/iiicr'.^  M.'<S.,  x.\ii.  I'JS, 
It  is  sonii'wliat  niii;;uliir  that  in  a  li  ttrr  to  the  Kin,:.',  iii'  iiiioiicd  in  i'(i'-hi<  u  and 
<''irili'iiii>:,  CoK  J)<H\,  i.  •Wi',\.  <  liii'inali  (.IkiiiM  Iiavi'  )h  litiimt  •{  tli:it  thii  ^oiil  huU 
bilM  !•  ini.^lit  li"  coiiK'il  at  INiiMMo!,'!,  «liri('  t!i(  y  hail  hihtr  from  Viu.iuiu. 

•''  111  u  tuduhi  isbUfil  fiuin  Ocufia,  Aiuil  -1,  L.U. 


442 


CONQUEST  OF  YUCATAN. 


in]ial)ltant.s  of  Tabasco,  a  cllstrii't  that  lay  within  liis 
territory,  had  ri.seii  in  i-cjvolt,  and  taking?  with  liim 
sixty  men  ho  started  thither,  directing  his  son  Fran- 
cisco to  proceed  with  the  remainder  to  Sal'unanca. 

]Iere  aLjain  this  cfleminate  connnander  makes  a 
mistalio  in  applying  to  his  purpose  means  just  ton 
weak  for  its  acconjplishment.  The  Tabascans  could 
not  be  pacified  by  so  slender  a  ft)rce;  so  he  sent  Gon- 
zalez Xieto  with  two  vessels  to  Salamanca,  ordeiiii;4 
every  Spaniard  there  to  come  to  his  aid.  And  well 
was  it  for  his  people  at  Salamanca  that  their  help  was 
needed,  for  they  were  besieged  antl  in  a  pitiable  con- 
dition, hennned  in,  as  Cogolludo  tells  it,  on  the  spnt 
where  they  had  landed;  they  had  been  com}K'lled  t) 
make  con.stant  soities  for  food,  and  obtained  so  lit  lie 
that  their  connnnnder  himself  and  live  others  weie 
all  who  had  strength  left  to  watch  over  the  liviuL' 
bkeletons  of  Francisco's  connnand. 

Ijcfore  the  end  of  1535  not  a  single  Spaniard  w;i> 
left  in  Yucatan.  Xor  was  ]\rontejo  more  successful 
in  Taliasco,  until  being  joined  by  Diego  de  Contreras 
with  a  small  band  of  veterans,  and  receiving  other 
]'i  enforcements,  ho  succeeded  in  subjugating  this  por- 
tion of  his  territory,  lie  then  resolved  once  more  (> 
attempt  the  conquest  of  the  peninsula.  In  1507  nicii 
and  su[>plies  were  obtained  in  New  Sp-ain,  v.'heno' 
]\[ontrj()  sailed  for  the  Tiio  Champoton,  wlience  lie 
})roceetled  at  the  head  of  one  hundixul  men  touail 
Acalan,  a  town  which  Cortes  had  told  him  held  coni- 
merclal  intercourse  v»ith  the  farthest  limits  of  C*  ii- 
tral  America.     Falling  sick  by  the  wav,  he  intrusli  ,1 

vila,  who  on  a[)proaeiiing  the  town 
sent  messages  of  peace  by  C(.>rtam  of  his  captives. 
IJut  the  recollection  of  the  visit  of  Corte's  was  yd 
fresh  in  the  minds  of  the  natives,'""'  and  on  his  arriv,:l 
the  conlador  found  the  place  diserted.  'J'he  following- 
day  many  t)f  the  natives  returned,  whereupon  tin  Ir 
caci(pu^s  were  placeil  in  irons,  in  the  hope  of  extorting 

""ijt'u  iliat.  C(.iU.  Am.,  i.  54U-7,  thiasciica. 


THE  ADELAXTADOS  SON". 


443 


iiifiinnation  of  gold  suppoi-!cil  tv^  bo  tlicrcabout.  Avila 
] imposed  to  establish  a  settlciueut  there,  giN'ing  to  it 
thi'  Ibi'iiier  name  of  Salamanca;  but  aftei'  I'ailuro  to 
iiiid  gold  they  returned  to  Champotoii,  that  is  those 
t/t'  them  remaining  alive. 

^[eanwhile  the  adelantado,  leaving  his  son  Franeisoo 
again  in  command,  had  returned  to  Tabasco,  ^vhen<•e 
li;  jiurposcd  to  send  recruits  and  sup[)lies.  The  troo[»s 
had  been  allowed  to  disenjbark  without  o|i|i()sItion,  and 
I'll"  a  time  were  not  molestcxl;  but  at  nddnight,  a  I'cw 
(lays  after  their  landing,  the  ap])roachcs  to  their  cainj) 
were  crowded  with  stealthii}'  gh.Hng  figuns;  and  the 
Si'aniards,  roused  I'roni  shunber  by  the  cry  of  a  senti- 
url  as  he  i'ell  pierced  to  tl: '  heart,  hail  barely  time  to 
grasp  their  weajions  when  the  foe  was  U[K>n  them. 
\\>v  hours  tlio  stillness  of  the  ni^ht  was  broken  bv 
tlir  veils  of  tho  wounded  and  the  <rroans  of  the  dvin^', 
as  ;i  di'sperate  hand-to-hand  struggle?  was  maintained 
ill  wliii-li  the  Indians  would  not  yield  and  their  eiie- 
mies  had  no  alternative  but  to  liLiht  or  die.     At  lenu'lh 


the   assai 


hints 


were  repu 


Ised: 


an 


]  f( 


or  a 


bi'ief 


tace 


l;(i.-tilities  were  suspended,  the  natives  taking  advan- 
tage of  the  opportunity  to  se/id  ileet  messengers  over 
the  (ountry  sunnnoning  the  eac-iijues  to  arms.  Soon 
the  Spaniards  were  again  in  a  state  of  si(>ge.  All 
proN  isions  l)eing  lenjoNf  d,  tluy  were  com])elied  to  live 
I'.aiiilv  on  iish,  and  two  of  their  number  strayiui!: 
ni  camp  were  captured  by  the  Indians,  who  saeii- 


liicd  and  ate  them. 

The  caci(]Ues  wei'c  now  ready  to  attack,  anil  the 
assault  was  made  in  sueh  oAcrwh'lming  W-rrc  that 
iil'tef  a  stubborn  resistance  the  Siuuiianls  A\e)'e  coni- 
iK'lled  to  retreat  to  tlieir  boats,  v.hither  the  natives 
pursued  them.  Arraying  theuisrlves  in  thegai-ments 
thi'  Spaniards  had  left,  the  natives  pointed  the  lingt  r 


t  tliem  with  scorn  iwu 


I  ml 


)e 


ii'iini    si  lore 


IS  tne   mvaders  pi 


dk'd 


Wheie   now   is    tlu'  couraije   of   mui 


Sj'aniaj-ds  r'  they  crit'd.      Gladdened  by  these  taunts, 
]  lancisiK  and  his  men  resoKed  to  die  rather  than  suf- 


ij 


Ml 


!!(i 


444 


COXQUKST  OF  YUCATAN. 


fur  such  disgrace,  rutting  back,  tlicy  gave  battle, 
and  al'tcr  a  desperate  struggle  won  the  day,  forcing 
the  natives  back,  step  by  step,  till  they  regained  pos- 
session of  tlieir  camp. 

The  result  of  it  all  was  cessation  from  hostilities  and 
a  truce;  but  every  efiort  to  penetrate  the  interior  ended 
in  I'ailuro,  and  the  Spaniards  were  compelled  to  remain 
in  the  neighborhood  of  their  camp.  Here  disease  and 
famine  rapidly  thinned  their  I'anks,  and  before  leiig 
riineteen  oaunt  and  sickly  fiijures  were  all  that  sur- 
vived  of  Francisco's  band.^*  Still  they  remained  at 
their  post,  their  wants  being  occasionally  relieved  l>y 
passing  vessels, but  neither  sup[)lles  nor  reenforcemiiits 
reached  them  from  Tabasco,  thouijh  a  few  men  and  a 
small  store  of  provisions  had  previously-  been  sent,  proli- 
ably  from  Honduras,  of  which  pnnince,  in  answer  to 
his  own  petition  and  that  of  the  settlers  at  Trujillo, 
jSFontejo  had  been  appointed  governor.^"  But  this  ivlief 
was  insufiicient;  nor  was  it  an  easy  matter  to  enli-t 
recruits,  f  )r  throughout  the  Xew  World  the  fame  *>( 
IMz.irro's  conquest  was  on  every  tongue,  while  tlie 
])overty  of  Yucatan  was  almost  as  widely  known.  At 
lengtli,  being  no  longer  able  to  endure  their  hardships, 
tiie  commander  set  ibrth  to  ask  aid  fi'om  the  adelaii- 
tado,  leavin<^  his  cousin  aiul  namesake  in  charii'e  ot' 
the  camp.^^ 

l]ut  hel[)  was  long  delayed,  and  matters  in  t!ie 
mean  time  became  worse.  Some  of  the  Spaniards 
tiireatened  to  desert,  whereujion  their  captain,  bring- 
ing them  in  the  jtresenee  c)f  their  comrades,  hade 
them  depart  at  on<«',  'J'he  men  hung  tlu^ir  lieads 
and  l;egged  leave  to  r<  njain.     Finally  the  question  <'i' 

"The  n.Tmcs  of  f'x  of  them  arc  i'1i''-n  fn  f^oqoUvilo,  lli-l.  Yucatl^an,  1  IT. 
'■' Miiiilijii'fi  iip|i()iiitiiu'iif  ((<  j^iivi  i  ii"i  <>f  11(111(1  ir/is  w;i«  ilutid  l.'ioJ),  l>i.'.  lie 
;li(l  iidt  it(j<ivo  it  till  tli'  f<p||"*  iin»  yciir.  (Irinlo.  iii.  ;>I4. 


FOUNDING  OF  CAMPECIIE. 


4»j 


alinnddiiinijf  ilie  settlement  was  openly  dlscussetl,  and 
only  tlirouj^'h  tlie  ])ersiiasi(>ns  of  Franeiseo  wei'o  tlu'y 
iiidnced  to  remain  till  relief  mi<;ht  come  i'rom  Tahaseo. 
IJnt  that  relief  was  lonu"  delayed."*  ])urin<j:  the 
yviw  1530  vessels  despatched  by  the  adelantado  ar- 
rived at  the  settlement,  with  men  l>rini;ing  provisions, 
arms,  clothin*^,  and  a  nund)er  of  recruits,  and  shortly 
afterward  the  adelantado's  son  returned  hy  way  of 
Xew  Spain  in  connnand  of  twenty  hoise.  Ahout 
tliis  time  Montejo,  haviiiL,''  resij^-ned  in  favor  of  Pedro 
Alvarado  his  claim  to  Honduras,  and  i-cceived  in 


(If 


tx(lian<:^o  certain  territory  in  C'hiai)as,  set  forth  for 
tlie  latter  province  ahout  the  middle  of  Decemher. 
Tlience  he  sent  for  his  son  and  formally  transferred  to 
liini,  Mith  certain  reservations,^'  his  rij^hts  and  powers 
(ivrr  Yucatan.  A  month  later  ]''rancisco  returned 
with  a  _!L!;ood  store  of  supplies,  and  in  u<'cordance  witli 
liis  instructions,  at  once  hegan  the  removal  of  his 
]ir;i(l-(juarters  to  Campeche. 

He  had  proceeded  hut  a  short  distance  when  his 
liarty  was  assailed  hv  a  large  hand  of  natives.  11ie 
latter  were  inmted,  hut  along  the  8[)aniards'  i)athway 
tit  iiches  had  lH>en  dug  and  emhankments  thrown  u[» 
at  each  fav(,)rable  point;  and  they  weiv  compelled  to 
ti^lit  at  every  step.  So  great  was  the  slaughter  of 
the  Indians  that  they  oi'ten  fought  behind  a  wall 
of  their  own  dead.  At  leiiLith  the  ji-oal  was  reached; 
and  in  1J40  was  fountled  there  a  settlem<"..t  named 


San  1' 


rancisco  < 


le( 


nnpeclu 


No    soom-r   had   this   colonv  bee 


n  organized  than 


I'ljiueisco  despatched  his  cousin  Nvith  a  jiarty  of  fifty 
seven  men  to  th(>  disti'ict  of  (^ueiteeh  and   the  town 
of  Tihoo.     ],)uring  this  expedition  also  great  hard- 
sliips    were    encountere<l.       J''ia-i  itieatinns    constantly 


Sii  lung  tliiit  I 


'"i"  vmrty,  Jiiiiii  «]«'  ('(.iitn'ras,  vas  stnt  to  appiisu 


t!i''  iwlcliiiitiHlii  of   tlu'ir   (Icsjiiiiu      "trait.     Wlutlicr   Alonttju   Miusilt    ic- 


tur 


■'I  t"  Viii-,('>jM>  at  tliiH  tiiiii'  is  .!()>.     tut.   /</.,  I'jl   "2. 
^iii  a  ill  I'uiiK'iit  (latcil  (iiiilaii   l;»al,    iri4(>,   tlie  a<Ii'l;;iitatlo  ri'scivts  to 
liim.x'lf  tin-  district  <<f  'I'litiil    Xiii  ami  tin    tdWiin  of  'I'lcliaiiuc,   ( 'ani|ifi  lie, 
iiiiil   Ciiulad    liial,    tlic    Spaiiianls    1  t-'iiiy  urdiriAl  to  rciuovc  to  Caiiii)c'(.ln,-. 
I'u'jollvdo,  JJi.^t.  i'lu'Uthaii,  1-3-0. 


i'" 


CONQUEST  OF  YUCATAN. 


obstructed  tlit-ir  proixrcss;  tlio  country  \vas  ck-arcd 
of  provisions;  ci-oj)s  were  tlostroyed;  tliorc  wcic  no 
streams  ou  tlicir  line  of  luarcli,  and  tlic  wells  jmd 
l)een  lilled  with  rocks.  Tlieir  road,  a  narrow  jiatli 
cut  through  the  forest,  was  oncund)ered  with  putres- 
cent carcasses.  One  night,  while  in  camp,  their  tents 
and  haixgagt;  were  set  on  fire,  and  thus  they  l(»t 
nearly  all  their  effects.  Nevertheless  they  continued 
tlu!  march,  sending  word  of  their  disaster  to  tlic 
connnander,  and  at  length  reached  their  destinalinn. 
Hero  they  were  joined  by  forty  others  bringing  sup- 
])lies  from  Campechc.     Taking  up  their  quarters  ;it 


Tihoo,  they  were  visited  by  a  nund>i'r  of  nativ 
who  asked,  "what  do  ye  here,  you  Spaniards?  Tlio.-c 
c(jmiii<j|'  aijjainst  you  are  more  numerous  than  the  halis 
on  the  deer."    The  reply  was  that  the  Spaniards  would 


^^' 


)    foith   to  meet  them.      True  to   the 


\v  wor( 


1   il 


K 


y 


w<'nt,  ;ind  coming  up  with  thenj  a  few  leagues  fiuui 
the  titwn,  put  (hem  to  I'out. 

J''i;Micisco  himself  soon  arrived  at  Tihoo  with  ;ill 


his    f. 


d 


tl 


.f 


d 


oi'ce,  and  i-eceiving  inc  suumission  oi  seveia 
I'aciipies  resolved  to  found  there  a  city,  his  command 
bi'ing  united  and  mustering  about  two  hundred  nun. 
Ihit  on(>  mor(!  batih;  had  yet  to  be  fought.  On  a  cer- 
tain evening  in  .lune  1541,  while  celebrating  the  tlast 
of  Saint  JJarnabas,  the  Spaniards  beheld,  i'rom  llu! 
hillock  on  which  their  camp  was  i)itched,  a  hostile 
host  swarming  into  the  surrounding  }>lain.  At  tlay- 
bi'eak  they  found  themsehes  surrounded,  the  numher 
of  their  foes  being  estimated  at  from  forty  to  seventy 
tliousand.  Without  waiting  to  be  attacked,  thi; 
Sjianiards  descended  to  the  level  ground,  and  de[)l( ty- 
ing their  forces  gave  battle.  After  fiijfhtinuf  till  neailv 
sunset  the  natives  were  drivcMi  from  the  field,  and  >-o 
gi-eat  was  the  carnage  that  the  Spaniards  were  often 
conn)elle(l  to  clitnb  over  heaps  of  the  dead  in  pursuit 
of  till!  living.     This  battle  decided   ihe  fate  of  tlio 


()S(! 


natives  of  Yucatai;.     Although  they  frequently  r 
again  in  rebellion,  and  their  final  subjugation  was  not 


AN'ornrR  salamanca. 


417 


rd'c'tcd  until  several  yonrs  later,  tliey  never  unittd 
their  forces  lor  a  (jencral  enirai^enient. 

On  .Innnary  0,  ir)l'J,  the  Spaniards  founded  on  the 
site  of  Tihoo  a  eity  to  which  they  ^ave  the  name  of 
Mcrida."'^  Thence  youni^  ^[ontcjo  extended  liis  con- 
(juest  eastward  to  tlie  (hstricts  of  Conil  and  Choaca. 
On  the  28tli  of  ISfay  15-l;3  he  fonnde-d,  in  the  latter 
territory,  tlio  city  of  Valladolid,  but  afterward  cliangi-d 
its  site  to  a  more  favorahle  location." 

Zatuta,  a  region  occupied  hy  tlie  Coconies,  and 
llacalarwcrc  also  brought  under  subjection,  the  latter 
liy  ( Jaspar  Paelieco,  who  with  a  .sutlicient  force  acconi- 
jihslied  liis  task  l)y  inllicting  on  the  hajiless  natix'es 
sueh  (habolic  atrocities  as  can  liardly  Ije  l)eiieved.  lie 
used  to  amuse  liimself  by  chibl»ing  men  to  death  or 
by  eliopping  offtlieir  hands,  ears,  and  noses;  and  cut- 
ting olf  the  more  tender  parts  from  the  bodies  of  his 
f  niale  captiv(\s,  ordered  them  to  be  thrown  into  a  ]al<e, 
with  cahd)aslies  tied  to  their  feet,  and  there  left  to 
(hiiwn.  In  liaealar  was  foundi-d,  (hu'ing  la-It,  the 
<ity  of  Salamanca,^'*  the  second  of  that  name  in  Yu- 
catan. 

Two  years  later  the  last  organi/.i^d  revolt  oc- 
ru)i-ed  among  tlu;  natives.  Of  ail  nations  bi'ought 
uiiiler  Spanish  domination,  the  Ah  Kuimles  in  east- 
t  111  ^'ucatan  were  the  stubldu-nest.  Leaguing  with 
tlie  neighboring  caciques,  tiny  rose  in  revolt,  attack- 
in;';  tlie  setth'ment  of  Valladolid,  after  ]>utting  to 
<!'  atli  all  tlu^  colonists  at  their  eneomiendas  through- 
out the  adjacent  districts.  It  was  on  tlu'  Dth  of 
XovcMnber  151()  that  the  insurrection  broke  out. 
1  will  cite  a  few  incidents.     The  lirst  victims  were 

'''  Till!  iinincs  of  the  orijjinal  vecinos  arc  given  in  Coi/olhilo,  I/isf.  Viictithan, 
K'" /<.  Km-T. 

■'■  Tci  ZiKjui,  a  site  six  Icfi^uos  (list.int  from  tlic  oconii.  ami  <iiic'  iilVincIiiig 
lii'-y  iU'ii's.s  ti)  tiio  port  known  l)y  liio  Spaiiianln  as  '  111  Cuyn.'  It  was  a;.'aiu 
rliiiniji'il  to  a  spot  furtlH'i' inland.  i'minUriln,  ll'isl.  Y  itrtiiliiui,\7\',\  i.\:\.  S»u  also 
A'/'rs  Toe.  (;,o(irni'.,  in  Cmldx  dr  liidin.t,  (ilMi. 

"i'or  an  acconnt  of  I'acliroo's  fXiu'dition  and  of  tlio  founlin;,'  <if  Sala- 
>ii;inc:i  soo  Uicnvenida'.s  Ittti'r  iiW«/7i(v  ilr  liidiaii,  7--7  ;  Yucutnn,  Siniiiiiru.i, 
t<'l'ii' r'.t  .!/»'.,  x\ii.  .'i.'S-T;  Jikin'tnkUt,  Letlre,  in  '/tr/(ttiu-t'u'/(;'U/i.f,  Yvi/., 
Btiio  i.  toni.  .'v.  a07-43. 


If 


CONQUEST  OF  VUCATAX. 


i 
[III  li 


two  l)rotli('rs  iiaiM(>(l  Diccjo  and  JuaJi  Cansiiio,  tlio 
sons  ol'  one  of  th»3  coiniucroi's  of  New  Spain.  Un- 
fonscions  c»{*  tlieir  (lan;^er,  tlioy  were  living  at  the 
Indian  town  of  Clunnax,  granted  to  thcni  in  cnconii- 
tiida,  jind  being  aitadccxl,  while  unarmed,  by  a  mul- 
titude, were  ovei'ijowered  and  ca|ttur(Ml.  Fastening; 
tliein  to  crosses,  and  retiring  to  sueli  a  distance  that 
tlieir  weapons  would  not  prove  innnediately  fatal, 
they  fired  arrows  at  theui,  uttering  all  th(>  iinpnca- 
tions  contained  in  tlieir  veriuii-ular  against  the  r*  ligidii 
of  their  victims.  For  many  hours  these  youii<^  iiicii 
Avere  forced  to  endure  this  torture.  At  sunset,  tlirir 
hodies  riddled  with  darts,  they  expired,  chanting  the 
salve  i'(>gina  with  tlieir  dying  hreatli.  Tlieir  heads 
Were  then  clio[)p(.'d  oil'  and  home  as  trophies  hy  tlie 
leaders  of  the  revolt,  and  their  hodii's  cut  into  small 
jiieces  and  sent  all  over  the  districts  in  token  of  the 
U[>rising. 

Other  encomiendas  were  attacked,  and  theii-  owners 
treated  with  similar  atrocity,  or  offered  in  sacrilice. 
Two  only  escaped.  ])ieg()  (lonzalez  <le  Ayala,  with 
the  aid  <jf  a  negro  slave,  forced  his  way  through  a 
hand  of  natives  which  had  surrounded  his  dwelling, 
and  gallo])etl  oil*  toward  Valladolid,  eight  leagues  dis- 
tant, hotly  pursued.  Their  horses  were  soon  ex- 
hausted, and  tluy  knc^w  that  o'.:  foot  they  would  soon 
be  overtaken.  Tliereu})on  they  turned  and  dismounted, 
liolding  their  pursuers  at  bay  until  their  horsi's  weiv 
rested;  and  thus  the  two  reached  the  settleiiu'iit  in 
saiety.  "  On  the  roadside,"  says  Cogolludo,  "is  a  fruit- 
tree  which  is  n(»w  called  the  tree  of  the  hook,  because 
here  Ayala,  riding  up  sorely  fatigued,  and  feeling 
that  his  only  refuii'e  was  in  flieht,  unbuckled  his  sliiild 
and  Inmg  it  on  one  of  the  branches." 

After  sixteen  Spaniards  had  thus  been  slaughtei'ed 
at  the  encomiendas  in  the  neighborhood  of  A^illadolid, 
the  Indians  united  their  forces  to  attack  the  town. 
At  this  time  its  garrison  mustered  only  twenty  men; 
but  sending  for  assistance  to   Meriila,   they  sallied 


DEATH  OF  MOXTFJO. 


449 


foitli  to  meet  the  onoiny,  loaviuuf  tliroo  or  four  <»f 
tln'ir  uuinl)or  in  tlic  lortitications,  with  onk>r.s  to  lu'at 
(liiiiiis  and  niako  all  the  u|)roar  ]><>.ssiltlt>,  and  thus 
iini>rt's.s  tho  f'oo  with  the  helict'  that  a  stront^  <^uard 
was  .stationed  there.  Astonifshod  at  their  holdnoss, 
the  natives  I'orehoro  to  advance,  and  by  niakiiij^  I'lv- 
(|Uriit  sorties  the  besiej^ed  held  them  in  cheek  until 
yiiuiii,'  Montejo  with  a  considerable  force  canie  to 
their  relief.  Soon  after  his  arrival  the  8i)aiiiiir(Is 
inaiched  forth  to  j^ive  battle,  and  afti-r  a  stubborn 
tinlit  put  tho  enemy  to  rout,  thoui^h  with  the  loss  of 
twenty  of  their  own  number  and  five  hundred  of  their 
native  allies. 

V)y  adoptinc^  peaceful  measures  after  the  victor}', 
the  adelantado'a  son  succecde«l  in  ])acifyin<;  the  dis- 
tuilxMl  districts,  and  thouyfh  in  1547  the  territorv  of 
tliti  Chetumals  was  the  scene  of  a  sll»;ht  outbreak, 
MJiich  was  suppressed  without  bloodshed  by  the  politic 
measures  of  Juan  de  Aj^uihu",  it  may  be  said  that  all 
(•unci  rted  resistance  was  at  an  end.  Thus  at  leiii^th 
tlicre  was  peace  in  Yucatan;  but  the  con(}ucst  of  this 
steiil(>  peninsula  had  cost  the  lives  of  more  S|)aniar(ls 
than  had  been  expended  in  wrestinj^  from  the  Ineas 
and  the  Montozumas  the  wealthiest  empires  of  tho 
Western  world.^ 

Altliouoh  Francisco  de  IMonteio  had  been  allowed 

to  remain  nominally  at  the  head  of  alfaws  in  Yucatan, 

the  ciicumstances  under  which   its  subiuixation  had 

lie<n  etfected  precluded  him  from  any  real  claim  to 

{^^thorit3^     One  of  the  first  measures  of  the  audien- 

cia  (le  los  contincs  had  been  an  attem{>t  to  enlnree  a 

royal  decree,  by  which  he  was  to  be  de|)rived  of  otli<'e. 

In  151;")  the  oidor  lloufi'l  \\as  ordered  to  take  his  resi- 

dencia;  but  Montejo  was  son-in-law  to  the  president, 

and  it  was  arranovtl  that  the  investi<fation  should  be 
111.  • 

liekl   ,>t  Chiapas.     Hero  none  came  to  accuse  hnn, 


coo, 


"*  Co^'olliulo  estimates  the  luss  of  tlio  Spauiaida  in  Yucatun  up  to  1547  at 
Huz.  Mix..  Voi..  II.    29 


m 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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m  i  2.0 


12.2 


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1.4 

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1.6 

^ 6"   — 

► 

Hiotograpliic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBST«R,N.Y.  14SB0 

(716)  872-4503 


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400 


CONQUEST  OF  YUCATAN". 


and  the  proceedings  amounted  to  nothing.  Of  course 
the  governor  was  allowed  to  retain  his  title.  Again 
in  1548,  during  which  year  the  province  was  nuulo 
subject  to  the  audicncia  of  Mexico,*"  the  licentiate 
Diego  do  Herrera  was  ordered  to  proceed  to  IMcrida 
and  take  the  rosidencias  of  the  adelantado,  his  son 
and  nephew.  The  principal  charges  brought  against 
ISIontejo*^  are  those  of  unlawfully  abstracting  funds 
from  the  royal  treasury,  and  of  refusing  to  liberate 
his  slaves  in  the  face  of  repeated  orders  from  tlio 
government. 

In  spite  of  all  prohibitions  slave  labor  was  com- 
mon throughout  the  province,  and  in  1549  the  India 
Council,  learning  from  the  reports  of  missionaries 
that  no  heed  was  given  to  their  injunctions,  caused 
a  real  iwovision  to  be  sent  to  the  province,  whori'in 
all  the  settlers  were  ordered  at  once  to  release  their 
bcmdsmen,  and  were  promised  in  return  a  compensa- 
tion for  the  loss  of  their  services.*'^  DurincT  the  voar 
the  oidor  Santillan  arrived  at  IMerida  with  full  power 
to  correct  abuses;  and  once  more  the  governor  was 
subjected  to  residencia.^''  Before  the  investigation 
was  completed  Francisco  de  Montejo  bid  farewell  to 
the  scene  of  hi  ay  disasters  and  his  bitter  humili- 

ations, lietn,  g  to  his  native  land,  advanced  in 
years,  despoiled  of  office,  and  shattered  in  health  and 
fortune,  he  sought  redress  at  the  court  of  Spain,  bi't 


*"  In  1547  the  cabildo  of  Mdrida  petitioned  for  this  change,  because  Ora- 
cias  a  JJios,  then  the  seat  of  the  audicncia  de  los  confines,  was  far  distant 
from  Y\icatan,  and  the  journey  was  attended  with  great  danger,  whereas  miu 
couUl  reach  Vera  Cruz  by  sea  witliin  eight  days.  Squler^a  JUiSS.,  xxii.  11,  1."); 
103. 

■"  They  are  given  in  full  in  Bienvenida,  Lettre,  in  Tcrnaux-Compans,  Vvi/., 
fiL^rici.  torn.  X.  :i'J0-.33. 

■'-It  docs  not  appear  that  either  Montejo  or  his  heirs  received  any  inniic- 
<liato  benefit  from  tlie  promised  compensatiim;  for  in  CorjoUiulo,  Uift.  Yii'-'i- 
tkiin,  '277-85,  we  learn  tliat  the  matter  was  in  litigation  between  l.")(il  and 
1018.  In  the  latter  year  a  decision  was  rendered  in  favor  of  Dona  CiilaHua, 
Montejo's  daughter. 

*'■'  Santillan's  instnictions  were  not  to  investigate  matters  which  had  pre- 
vionaly  liecn  sifted  by  Herrera.  Pii'ja,  Cfdiilarh),  10(i.  Cogolludo  mentidiis 
that  this  third  resickuicia  was  generally  regretted  by  the  settlers,  find  in  Mmi- 
t/'jo.  Carlo,  Sfjiiiir's  MiSH,,  xxii.  104-5, 1U7  30,  ia  related  the  adelantado 'b  pica 
fur  (^uick  justice.  | 


MISSIONARIES  OX  THE  PENINSULA. 


451 


v.hilc  there  pleading  his  cause  was  sumrnoned  to  re- 
ceive his  sentence  before  the  great  tribunal  where  all 
must  one  day  render  an  account." 

In  the  agreement  M'hich  Montejo  made  with  the 
crown  before  proceeding  to  Yucatan  it  was  expressly 
stipulated  that  missionaries  should  accompany  all  his 
expeditions,  and  to  his  failure  to  fuliil  this  part  t)f 
Ills  agreement  may  be  attributed  many  of  his  disasters. 
In  1530  a  cedula  was  forwarded  to  the  audicncia  of 
^Mexico,  ordering  that  special  efforts  be  made  to  supi)ly 
tliis  omission,  and  soon  afterward  Father  Jacobo  de 
Tcstera,  with  four  others,  arrived  at  the  Spanish  en- 
campment on  the  Champoton,^^  They  met  with  a 
friendly  reception  from  the  natives,  says  Cogolludo, 
"who  brouglit  to  them  their  idols  to  be  cast  to  the 
flames,  and  their  children  to  be  instructed  in  the 
laith."  Many  of  the  caciques  tendered  their  allo- 
oiance:  and  but  for  the  misconduct  of  a  band  of  fui>i- 
tivc  criminals,  who,  passing  through  the  territory 
laden  with  idolatrous  spoils,  attempted  to  barter  thoni 
for  slaves,  thus  rousing  the  anger  of  the  natives,  the 
conquest  of  Yucatan  might  have  been  peaceably  ef- 
fected. Seeing  that  their  lives  were  in  danger  tlie 
friars  mad^  their  escape  by  night,  setting  their  faces 
toward  Mexico;  but  after  proceeding  some  fifty  leagues 

**  Bcrnal  Diaz,  Tlht.  Ver<l(u1.,  24."),  .ifTirms  that  Montejo  died  in  Spain.  Tho 
author  of  Datos  Bio;/.,  in  Curtns  de  India-',  807,  alludes  to  ii  mistake  made  by 
(111  (Jonzalcz  Davila  who  states  that  his  death  occurred  at  MOrida.  The  latter 
autlioi  ity  probably  confuses  tho  governof'.s  decease  with  that  of  his  sou.  In 
Aii'-oi.n,  Hint.  Yiic,  ii.  .'»!)-()0,  a  work  sliowini,'  great  research,  it  is  stated  tliat 
the  former  died  in  Spain.  The  adelantado  mari'ied  Dona  IJcatriz  dc  Hcrrera, 
a  l.idy  of  gentle  birtli.  Their  dauglitcr  Dona  Catalina  who  was  his  heiress, 
iiuuiicd  tlic  licentiate  Alonso  do  Maldonado,  tho  lirst  president  of  the  au- 
dicncia dc  lo9  coniines.  His  lieutenant  Franci.-co  was  a  natural  son;  but  tho 
filaiu  on  his  birth  was  removed  l)y  an  imperial  rescript,  dated  April  (i,  Iti'JT. 
liy  a  royal  order  dated  October  'J(i,  1017,  a  yearly  pension  of  H,00()  ducados, 
ei|Unl  then  to  about  .S4, 1'J.",  was  granted  to  his  heir  Don  Cristc'ibal  Snarez 
Maldonadi)  y  Montejo,  payable  from  the  royal  treasury  of  !Merida  to  himself 
and  to  those  to  whom  he  mi^dit  luMpieath  it  in  perpetuity.  In  l7."iS  the  duko 
of  Montcllano  was  the  successor  and  to  him  was  paid  the  pension  in  Mexico, 
Ccrtdimcion  de  Ian  McrciIcK,  M.S.,  17!)-S0. 

*•' Fray  Loi'onzo  do  Ijienvenida  was  one  of  tho  party.  Tho  names  of  tho 
otliors  are  not  known.  The  date  of  their  arrival  is  uncertain.  Cogolludo  states 
that  they  came  iu  lu31,  Jliet.  Yucathan,  102-3,  Torquemada  iu  1534,  iii.  335. 


1  .'I 


m 


CONQUEST  OF  YUCATAN. 


thoy  were  overtaken  by  messengers  who  prevailed  on 
them  to  return.  The  gang  of  miscreants  refused,  how- 
ever, to  leave  the  country ;  and  as  they  did  not  cease 
to  oppress  the  natives  and  vex  the  souls  of  the  eccle- 
.siastics,  Testera''*'  and  his  colleagues  were  compelled, 
after  a  few  months,  to  abandon  this  field  of  labor. 

In  1537  a  second  mission,  consisting  of  five  friars, 
was  despatched  to  Yucatan,  and  though  they  found 
the  natives  tractable  and  willing  to  receive  the  faith, 
the}^  remained  but  two  years.*'  Not  until  about  1545, 
when  an  evangelical  crusade  was  undertaken  in  the 
New  World  by  one  hundred  and  fifty  ecclesiastics 
from  Spain,  was  any  permanent  mission  established  on 
the  peninsula.  Of  this  number  several*^  of  those  sent 
out  to  Guatemala  were  detailed  for  duty  in  Yucatan. 
Arriving  at  San  Francisco  de  Campeche  in  charge  of 
Father  Luis  de  Villapando,  they  were  warmly  wel- 
comed by  the  adelantado,  who  had  now  returned  to 
the  province,  and  the  principal  caciques  being  sum- 
moned into  his  presence,  Montejo  explained  to  them 
the  purpose  for  which  they  had  come.  A  convent, 
dedicated  to  Saint  Francis,  was  founded  at  this  settle- 
ment on  a  site  which  it  occupies  at  the  present  day, 
and  the  doctrines  of  the  faith  were  translated  into 
the  native  dialect.  The  first  to  be  baptized  was  the 
cacique  of  Campeche,  to  whom  was  given  the  name  of 
Diego  Nil,  with  the  title  of  Don.  This  convert  soon 
acquired  the  Spanish  language,  and  henceforth  acted 
as  the  interpreter  of  the  ecclesiastics. 

*"  Tcstcra,  a  native  of  Bayonnc  in  France,  was  a  man  of  princely  fortune, 
find  though  advanced  in  years  was  young  in  enthusiasm.  }[o  came  to  New 
Spain  in  1529  or  1580,  and  was  appointed  prelate  of  the  province  of  the  Santo 
I^-angclio.  This  position  he  resigned  in  order  to  engage  in  missionary  hil)or,s  ia 
Yucatan.  Returning  thence  iu  1533  he  was  appointed  custodian  hy  tlio 
cliaptcr  general  of  Mantua  held  iu  1541,  and  afterward  comisario  general  of 
11,1  t!ic  Indies.  Mendida,  Hist.  Ecle-f.,  GG5-G. 

^'  The  little  that  is  known  about  this  mission  is  related  in  Torqucmadn, 
iii.  .^37-8. 

*^  According  to  Torquemada,  iii.  337,  where  their  names  are  given.  Iu 
nu  extract  from  a  letter  addressed  by  Bishop  Marroquin  to  the  emperor  from 
( iiacias  i'l  Dios,  Dec.  1, 1545,  mention  is  made  of  'Fray  Luis  de  Villapando  and 
c;,:;lit  religious,  who  went  from  Guatemala  and  are  now  iu  Yucatan.'  Hquki'i 
jUa.'^.,  xx'ii.  140. 


.51 


THREATENED  IXSJRRECTIOX. 


453 


During  the  year  1545,  Bartolomu  do  las  Casas 
arrived  at  San  Francisco  de  Campcclic,  and  claim irifjf 
that  Yucatan  was  included  in  his  diocese,  exhorted 
the  Spaniards  to  liberate  their  slaves.  "Providence," 
exclaimed  the  apostle  of  the  Indies,  "only  desires  to 
Avork  on  misguided  souls  throujjh  the  teachinirs  of  the 
(^••(ispel;  it  has  a  horror  of  unjust  wars  undertaken  in 
it.s  name;  it  wishes  neither  captives  nor  slaves  to  bow 
before  its  altars.  Persuasion  and  gentle  treatment 
arc  enough  to  win  the  hearts  of  the  most  obdurate 
to  the  shrine  of  God."  The  colonists  answered  this 
appeal  with  slights  and  threats.  They  subjected  the 
bishop  to  incessant  annoyances;  they  denied  his  claim 
to  the  diocese;  they  refused  him  the  means  of  sup- 
poit;  and  being  left  to  find  his  way  back  to  Cliia})as 
as  best  he  could,  he  was  compelled  to  borrow  one 
hundred  castellanos  from  one  of  the  friars  to  defray 
expenses.  Before  his  departure,  however,  many  of 
tlie  vecinos,  ashamed  of  their  conduct,  besought  his 
forgiveness,  and  testified  their  sincerity  by  presents. 

Soon  after  the  pacification  of  Yucatan,  Villapando 
is  invited  by  the  adelantado  to  settle  at  Merida,  then 
the  capital  of  the  province.  H^re  he  founds  a  con- 
vent, and  so  successful  are  his  efforts  that  his  prose- 
lytes soon  number  more  than  one  thousand,  among 
tlieni  being  many  of  the  leading  caciques.  In  com- 
])any  with  Father  Melchor  de  Benavente  he  then  sets 
out  for  the  region  south  of  Merida,  travelling  bare- 
footed and  staff  in  hand  toward  IVIani  in  the  fastnesses 
of  the  sierra.  Here  the  missionaries  meet  with  marked 
success,  and  soon  two  thousand  of  their  converts  are 
engaged  in  building  for  them  a  church  and  a  dwelling. 

For  a  time  they  are  not  molested  in  their  labors; 
but  when  they  endeavor  to  procure  the  release  of  thu 
natives  from  the  bondage  in  which  they  are  held  by 
their  caciques,  the  latter  resolve  to  burn  them  alive, 
wliilc  celebrating  worship  in  the  sanctuary.  On  the 
-bth  of  September  1548,  the  eve  of  Saint  Michael's 


w$ 


CONQUEST  OF  YUCATAN. 


day,  Villapando  is  visited  by  a  boy  who,  as  Cogolludo 
relates,  cainc  to  liiin  to  be  catechised.  "Father," said 
the  child,  *'inay  I  ask  you  a  question?"  "Ask  it,  my 
son,"  answered  the  padre.  "Tell  nic  then,  whether 
it  is  better  to  live  or  to  die?"  "To  live,"  responded 
tlie  priest,  "for  life  is  our  natural  state,  while  death  is 
inherited  by  sin."  "Then,  if  you  want  to  live,  father," 
said  the  bo}^  "you  had  better  go  hcnoc,  for  this  very 
night  our  caciques  have  determined  to  burn  you  in 
the  church  if  3-ou  remain  there."  "Our  lives  are  iii 
God's  hands,"  calmly  rejoins  the  padre,  and  dismiss- 
ing him  with  his  blessing  bids  him  return  the  follow- 
ing day.  Villapando  then  informs  his  colleague  of 
the  danger.  There  is  no  escape  for  them,  and  they 
can  only  resolve  to  stand  firm  in  the  hour  of  trinl. 
In  this  mood  they  repair  to  the  shrine  and  there 
spend  the  evening  in  praj^cr. 

Toward  midnight  the  distant  roar  of  an  approaching 
multitude  is  heard.  Looking  from  one  of  the  windows 
the  padres  see  the  Indians  coming  with  lighted  torches. 
They  cling  to  the  foot  of  the  cross  and  pray  for  strength. 
Soon  the  church  is  surrounded,  and  yells  and  foul  im- 
precations are  heard,  with  threats  to  burn  the  build- 
ing. Their  flaming  brands  light  up  the  structure,  and 
they  behold  the  two  figures,  bowed  before  the  cross 
in  supplication.  An  hour  passes  by;  and  o.s  though 
held  back  by  some  unseen  influence,  the  natives 
forbear  to  harm  the  missionaries.  At  length  they 
w^ithdraw,  purposing  to  return  the  following  day  and 
fulfil  their  menace.  The  priests  remain  all  night  at 
their  devotions,  and  wdien  at  dawn  a  streak  of  pale 
light  glances  athwart  the  sacred  effigy  on  the  cross, 
they  are  still  kneeling  in  prayer  to  Saint  Michael. 

But  wdiat  noise  is  that  wddch  breaks  on  the  still 
morning  air,  as  the  two  fathers  are  repeating  their 
matins,  expecting  every  moment  the  call  of  niar- 
tvrdom?  Now  their  time  has  come,  and  clinging  vrt 
closer  to  the  crucifix,  they  offer  up  one  last  suppli- 
cation to  the  virgin,  and  exhort  each  other  to  bear 


ESCArE  FROM  DANGER. 


455 


the  dread  ordeal  with  Christian  fortitude.  Tlie  sound 
yiows  clearer;  but  surely  it  is  not  like  that  of  the 
iiinht  before.  Presently  the  trampling  of  hoofs  is 
lu-ard,  and  now  the  clang  of  swords.  The  padres  are 
rescued!  A  band  of  their  countrymen,  despatched 
by  the  adelantado  to  a  point  some  leagues  distant/^ 
chanced  to  pass  that  way,  and  Yillapando  and  Ids  col- 
Iriigue,  inviting  them  into  the  sanctuary,  chant  a  to 
(K'uni  of  praise  and  thankfulness  for  their  deliverance. 
The  church-bell  was  rung  at  the  usual  hour,  but  there 
were  none  to  answer  save  the  child  who  had  given 
llic  warning.  The  natives  had  fled  to  the  mountains. 
Tw  cnty-seven  of  the  leading  conspirators  were  ai'tcr- 
A\iuds  captured  and  taken  to  ]\Ierida.  After  confess- 
ing their  intended  crime  they  were  condemned  to  bo 
burned  alive.  Bound  to  the  stake,  the  fire  was 
aheady  kindled  when  Villapando  threw  himself  on 
Lis  knees  before  the  governor,  and  by  his  entreaties 
jtcrsuaded  him  to  spare  their  lives  and  allow  them  to 
be  committed  to  the  care  of  the  ecclesiastics. 

During  the  years  1548-9  an  additional  band  of 
missionaries  arrived  from  Spain  and  Mexico;'^  and  in 
ISeptomber  1549  the  first  custodial  chapter  was  held 
at  Florida,  under  charge  of  the  comisario  general  of 
j\rcxico.  Father  Juan  tie  la  Puerta.  On  Villapando 
w;is  bestowed  the  office  of  custodian  of  the  province, 
and  mainly  through  the  efforts  of  this  zealous  evangel- 
ist a  convent  was  erected  near  the  scene  of  his  advent- 
ure at  Mani.'*^ 


^'  Tlioy  were  boninl  for  a  place  called  Pctu  and  appear  to  Iinvo  missed 
tlnir  way,  for  tlicy  were  now  some  14  Ica^jjiU's  to  the  westward  of  tluir  j,'oal. 

-'"  111  August  1.141)  six  came  from  Spain  iu  charge  of  Fray  Juou  de  Abalato. 
I'o'jiillrdo,  Hint.  Yucathan,  '2(i7-8. 

^'  The  priucip.al  authorities  consiiltcd  on  the  conquest  of  Yucatan  aro 
('<iijol/r(lo,  Jlint.  Yucathan;  licrind  iJitr.,  Jlisl.Vo-ildd.;  Ovkdo;  Ilirnni;  and 
J.diida,  Ji'cl.  Yric.  Cogolludo  takes  tiie  lead  hoth  as  the  special  elironider  of 
the  peninsula  and  as  one  who  has  consulted  most  of  the  material  extant  iu 
his  time  concerning  it,  both  in  print  and  manuscript;  hut  he  hardly  exercises 
sulliiiint  judgnient  in  sifting  and  presenting  his  verbose  narrations.  The 
ati'dunt  of  Bernal  Diaz  is  doubtless  worthy  of  credit  in  many  matters  of 
tlitiiil,  as  it  is  derived  from  eye-witnesses  of  tlic  incidents  which  he  de.sc  libes. 
0\ii.(h)"s  version  has  already  been  mentioned,  and  <in  his  awthoiity  alone  rists 
tlie  story  of  the  expedition  to  Acalau  under  couunand  of  Axila,  from  whoso 


m 


CONQUEST  OF  YUCATAN. 


statement  this  chronicler  compiles  his  narrative.  Wliilo  Ics?  Bntiafactorj-, 
Landa  presents  several  points  of  value.  Hcrreni's  chapters  on  Yucatan  nro 
brief,  and  ia  relating  the  usages  and  modes  of  life  i)rcvalcnt  nnioiig  tlio 
Mayas  during  the  period  preceding  the  conquest  ho  furnishes  sonic  very 
interesting  material.  The  most  complete  of  modem  accounts  is  Aucona's, 
J /int.  Ytic,  i.,  but  it  lacks  in  critique.  More  interesting,  if  loss  cxliaustive,  is 
that  of  Fancourt,  Hint.  Yiic,  who  accuses  Stepiiens,  Travels  in  Yiic,  i.,  of 
foUowing  too  closely  the  text  of  Cogolludo,  wliilo  he  himself  reveals  sovcr;d 
shortcomings.  The  additional  authorities  which  have  been  consulted  iu  tlii-t 
chajitcr  are  the  following:  Calle,  Mem.y  Not.,H4,SH;  Meiuliita,  Ili.it.  Kclin., 
37!*-82, 398,  GG5-G;  Squier's  MSS. ,  xx.  50-1 ,  xxii. ,  passim ;  Motolinia,  Hint.  I  ml., 
171;  Piifja,  Cedulario,  48-l(iC;  Fiijucroa,  JJecerro,  'AG,  37,  41,  iu  I'ap.  /•';•«»<■(>., 
MS.,  i.  Bcr.  1.  No.  i. ;  Remesal,  Hist.  C'hi/aiia,  151,  200,  244-50;  d'owtim. 
Hint.  Ind.,  G2et8eq.;  Gonzalez  Diii'ila,  Teat.  Ecles.,  1.  20G-7,  245;  llciiznni, 
Moiido  Nttovo,  98-9;  Alc'/re,  Hid.  Coiiip.  Jcsns,  ii.  111-12;  Pwhivo  and  Car- 
dvnan,  Col.  Doc,  i.  403;  i'i.  19;>-G;  xiii.  85;  xiv.  97-128;  xxii.  201-23;  Oomani, 
Jfixt.  Mex.,  209;  Archivo  Mex.,  Doc,  ii.  178-83;  Cartas  de  Indias,  O'.Hi, 
800-7;  Torquemada,  iii.  335-0,  488-90;  Ternaux-Compann,  Voy.,  srrio  i. 
torn.  x.  300-18;  8(5rio  ii.  tom.  v.  193-4,  202,  253-4;  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich., 
iii.  233-4;  Id.,  MS.,  118-19;  Florida,  Col.  Doc,  129;  Ca.ttilla,  Die  Hid.  Yiic, 
i.  247;  Concilios,  Prov. ,  155o-G5, 235-0;  liegintro  Yuc ,  ii.  34-9,  52-9;  .S".  Miijwl, 
Mex.,  ii.  10;  Soc  Mex.  O'eor/.,  Bohtin,  iii.  347;  /'/.,  2da  C'p.  iv.  14.V50; 
Jiolicrtiioii's  Mex.,i.  144;  Gordon'n  An.  Mex.,  ii.  250-1;  March  y  Laln'ren, 
Hid.  Marina,  Enp.,  ii.  109-74;  Malte-Brun,  Yuc,  25-30;  Morelet,  Voy.  A)ii. 
Cent.,  i.  I8;j-9;  Die  Univ.,  passim;  Dexcrip.  Am.,  121;  Blazqitez,  Cazndur, 
303;  Baquriro,  Enmyo  Ync,  ii.  438-43;  Wtlina,  Hid,  de  Yuc,  ijassim; 
Barbachauo,  Mejoran,  i.  9-10,  37-40. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHOACAN". 

153a-ir.42. 

Torre  ArroiNTED  Jcez  de  Residencia — An  IJNrtEASANT  Meetiko — Tne 
vultttre  e.vcaoed — gnzman's  release  and  departure  to  spain — 
Clipped  Wings — Guzman's  Death  and  Character — Torre's  Official 
Investigations — His  Wise  Administration — Indian  Revolt — A  Ca- 
tastrophe— Torre's  L.\st  Hours — His  CiiAHiVCTER — Coroxado  Suc- 
ceeds Him  as  Governor — His  Incompetency — Delusive  Hopes — A 
Profitless  Expedition — Niza  Revives  Entih;siasm — Visions  of  Con- 
quest AND  Wealth — Troubles  Foreshadowed— Cokonado's'  Expedi- 
tion Northward — His  Disappointment  and  Return — Contemporary 

PliOGRESS  IN  MiCHOACAN — A  UsEFUL  ViSITADOR — REFORMS  AND  PROS- 
PERITY— QuiKOQA  Made  Bishop  of  Michoacan — His  Beneficent 
Rule. 


Every  one  raised  to  high  estate  must  fall;  and  little 
pulling  down  was  left  for  death  to  do  while  Charles 
ruled  the  Indies.  We  have  seen  the  fall  of  Ilernan 
Cortes  and  deem  it  dastardly  even  though  not  unde- 
served; we  have  seen  the  fall  of  Nuno  de  Guzman, 
and  have  shed  no  tears  over  it.  There  is  yet  even 
deeper  abasement  in  store  for  him. 

Aroused  by  tales  of  Guzman's  atrocities,  the  k'uh^ 
by  cedula  dated  the  I7th  of  March  153G,  appointed 
the  licentiate  Diego  Perez  de  la  Torre  his  juez  do 
residencia  and  successor  of  Guzman  as  governor  of 
Nueva  Galicia,*  with  instructions  that  his  examination 
should  be  rigid. 

Nor  was  Guzman  the  only  one  to  be  subjected  to  a 

'  Torre  M'aa  a  native  of  Almendralejo  in  the  province  of  Estreninilura,  of 
nnlilo  parents,  learned,  virtuous,  and  upriglit  in  tlie  administration  of  justice. 
He  occupied  the  position  of  judge  in  his  native  province  at  tlie  time  of  his 
appoiutuieut.  Molu  PudiUa,  (Jviui.  N.  Clal.,  104,  109. 

(«7)      * 


f; 


45S 


NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHCACAX. 


rcsitlciu'ia ;  all  public  ofllccrs  in  Now  Galicia  were  to 
bo  callod  to  account:  tlio  nianai^onicnt  of  the  roval 
rcvciuies,  public  funds,  and  rcj)ai'tiniiontos  was  to  bo 
closely  invostiijatcd.  The  examinations  were  to  be  con- 
ducted  with  brevity,  and  nothing  reduced  to  writin^^ 
except  what  was  essential.  The  juez  dc  res'dencia 
was  required  in  his  reports  of  the  proceedings  to 
give  an  account  of  the  character  of  tlio  witnessis 
and  the  i)robable  motives  which  might  influence  their 
testimony.^  Explicit  instructions  were  also  given  liim 
for  his  guidance  in  the  treatment  and  government  of 
the  natives. 

Hastily  arranging  his  affairs  in  Spain,  Torre  sailed 
with  his  family,  and  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  toward  the 
end  of  the  year.  Here  he  learned  that  Guzman — 
who,  as  the  reader  is  aware,  had  arrived  at  the  ca[)i- 
tal — was  making  preparations  to  escape,  having  or- 
dered a  Vessel  for  his  departure.  No  time  was  to  bo 
lost,  and  Torre,  leaving  his  family  in  Vera  Cruz,  set 
out  secretly  for  the  city  with  a  single  attendant. 

There  was  a  bond  between  Guzman  and  Mendoza, 
dissimilar  as  they  were  in  many  respects;  they  both 
hated  Cortes,  and  there  could  be  little  rivalry  betwcou 
them,  for  Mendoza  stood  high  while  Guzman  had 
fallen  low.  And  so  the  viceroy  received  the  New  Gali- 
cia governor  kindly  when  he  came  to  Mexico,^  confident 
in  the  measures  ho  had  taken  for  escape  both  from  the 
country,  and  from  the  unpleasantness  of  a  residcncia. 

But  the  inexorable  iudij^e  was  nigh.  Entering  the 
viceroy's  hall  of  reception  one  morning  Guzman  met 
Torre  coming  from  an  audience  with  Mendoza.  Tiie 
recognition  was  mutual,  and  the  new  governor  ot 
the  north  politely  informed  Guzman  that  he  was  his 
prisoner.  Resistance  was  useless;  escape  impossible. 
The  toils  were  around  the  wild  beast  that  had  so  long 

^  Pii;ia,  Cedulirio,  KiS. 

^  Atoording  to  Bernal  Diaz,  Mendoza,  having  heard  of  the  king's  intention 
to  scud  out  a  jucz  de  residcncia,  wrote  to  Guzman  and  induced  him  to  cuiuc 
to  Mexico — ' y  le  sefiak>  por  posada  sua  Palacios. .  .y  el  Virrey  Ic  hazia  nuuli;v 
houra,  y  le  fuuorecia,  y  uomia  eou  el.'  JJint.  Vcnlad.,  '231. 


»      I 


DIEGO  PEREZ  DE  LA  TORRE. 


450 


roamed  defiantly.  Under  conduct  of  Mendoza's  guard, 
^\  hich  had  oi'ten  witnessed  his  honorable  entrance,  he 
was  niarclied  out  of  the  vlceren-al  palace  and  loduvd 
ill  the  eoiiinion  prison.*  Fortune  had  bestowed  upon 
liiin  her  last  smile. 

His  a^ipointed  judge  lost  no  time  in  beginning  pro- 
cot'dings,  and  that  there  might  be  no  unnecessary  pro- 
traction of  the  trial  he  listened  only  to  the  most 
serious  charges.  The  accusations  wcic  the  o-ravcst 
that  could  be  made.  The  murder  cf  Caltzontzin,  the 
ilivastations  of  towns,  and  the  enslavement  of  natives 
alike  in  time  of  war  and  peace,  were  suflicicnt  to  con- 
di'iiin  a  far  more  popular  man.  The  districts  of  IM- 
iiuco  and  Nueva  Galicia  were  visited  by  Torre,  and 
the  testimony  of  witnesses  taken  relative  to  Guzman's 
acts  in  these  regions.  Thus  time  passed  by,  making 
the  trial  long,  although  it  had  been  so  promptly 
begun. '^     Nor  was  his  life  in  prison  cheered  by  much 


I 


*.Vofa  PaillUa,  Cnnq.  X.  Gal.,  104.  Neither  the  date  of  Torre's  arrival 
at  Veni  (.'ruz  nor  thiit  of  Cluznian's  arrest  ean  be  c.victly  dcciiled.  Herrera, 
dvv.  vi.  lib.  i.  cap.  ix.,  states  th;it  Torre  anived  at  M  >icva  tialicia  in  l.").'!7,  but 
theio  is  reason  to  eoncliulo  that  he  reached  New  Spain  near  the  end  of  l,");!(i. 
(.luzman  while  in  prison  addressed  a  letter  to  tlio  India  Conned,  ilatiil  I'Vbrn- 
v.vy  l;',  1,";)7,  in  whioli  he  uses  these  \vi.r<ls:  'y  avernio  tenido  en  esta  e;ireel 
veinte  y  einco  dias. .  .antes  que  connenee  la  resideneia.'  And  further  on:  '  J''u 
link'  la  resideneia  que  aqui  so  me  tonio.'  Carta,  in  I'acficco  and  C'dri/eiias,  ( 'ul. 
JKi'\,  \\\i.  AZ)'l-'i.  As  about  a  month  was  usually  occupied  in  the  preparation 
iif  thi^  charge,  and  three  more  in  conducting  it,  \  am  inclined  to  the  opinion 
thr.t  Tone  landed  at  the  bej;inning  of  November  and  that  Guzman  was  im- 
piisj'.icd  a  few  days  later.  Bernal  Diaz  implies  that  Mendoza  did  not  display 
much  inclination  to  assist  Torre  in  the  matter,  'y  parece  ser  no  hallo' — i.  e., 
Tiui'c — 'tanta  voluutad  para  cllo  eomo  quisicra.'  JUsf.  Vvnhid.,  'J.'M. 

■'  Mota  Padilla  states  that  he  was  conlined  'en  las  ntarazanas  del  rey.*  Covq, 
N.  (iai.,  104.  From  Guzman's  letter,  however,  already  quoted,  and  from  the 
Aii!o  de  So!/iira,  in  Hdviiirz,  Proccfo,  '2~?>,  -To,  it  aj^pears  that  it  was  the 
'carcel  publica'  in  ^vhich  ho  was  imprisoned.  Iknnal  Diaz  saj's  that  Torro 
'le  IK  iii)  a  la  carcel  publica  de  aquella  Ciudad,  y  estnvo  prcso  ciertos  dias, 
lia:  t,i  querogo  por  el  el  Uirrey,  que  le  sacaronde  la  carcel.'  J  list.  VcnlaiL,  '21)1. 
This  same  author  tells  of  a  practical  joke  jilaycd  on  Torre.  Tlie  new  gov- 
eiiHU-  was  addicted  to  gambling,  and  in  order  to  bring  him  into  bad  repute, 
(iu;'inan's  late  supporters  contrived  to  place  a  pack  of  cards  in  the  long 
bU'cvcs  of  his  tabard.  As  the  juez  de  resideneia  was  crossing  the  jilaza  in 
c(ii!i|  any  with  persons  of  high  rank,  the  cards  kept  dropping  out  unperccived 
by  him  mitil  his  attention  was  called  to  tlie  contents  of  his  sleeve.  Torre  was 
iiuite  angry  and  said:  'They  do  not  wish  mc  to  do  upright  justice;  but  if  I 
die  liot,  it  will  be  done  in  such  a  manner  that  his  Majesty  shall  hear  of  tins 
Outrage.'  The  lustorian  adds:  'y  dende  a  poeos  dias  cayo  malo,  y  do  pen- 
taniieuto  dello,  o  <le  otras  cosas  de  calenturas  que  Ic  oenrritron,  murio.'  /</. 
Tulle  was  alive  when  Guzman  went  to  S^ain  in  lo3S.  liumirtz,  Proccso,  27j. 


4G0 


NUEVA  OALICIA  AND  MICHOACAN. 


sympathy;  lils  enemies  were  many  and  liIs  friends 
few.  According  to  Mota  Padilla  tiic  latter  took  lu.s.s 
interest  in  him  than  the  former,  who  did  not  leave 
him  in  ignorance  of  the  joy  with  which  his  imprisou- 
liient  was  generally  regarded. 

An  appeal  to  the  India  CounciP  brought  him  a 
temporary  relief.  On  the  4th  of  October  1537  a 
royal  ccjdula  was  issued,  crdering  him  to  surrender 
himself  to  the  officers  of  the  Casa  do  Contratacioii 
at  Seville/  by  which  body  he  would  be  transferred  to 
the  India  Council.  Hence,  on  the  30th  of  June 
1538,  after  an  incarceration  of  nearly  a  year  and 
three  quarters,  Guzman  walked  out  of  his  prison  anil 
made  preparations  to  return  to  Spain. 

Neither  the  date  of  his  departure  nor  that  of  liis 
arrival  in  the  peninsula  is  known.  Indeed,  the  last 
years  of  Ids  life  were  passed  in  obscurity  and  misei y. 
The  king,  whoso  indignation  was  roused  by  the  report 
from   the  audiencia,**  would   have    inflicted  extreino 

5 punishment''  but  for  the  influence  of  powerful  friend 
But  the  monarch  refused  to  see  him,  and  assigned 
Torrejou  de  Velasco  as  his  future  abiding-place,  wliere, 


10 


'Guzman,  in  this  appeal,  attempts  an  explanation  in  brief  of  his  acts  in 
Pdnuco  and  Nueva  Galicia.  He  charges  Cort(^'8  with  being  the  promptor  of 
accusations  made  against  him,  and  complains  of  uufairness  in  the  nianiu'r  <if 
conducting  the  proceedings.  'Jarla,  in  I'acheco  and  Curdcnas,  Col.  Doc,  xiii. 
450-5. 

'  In  this  auto  de  sollura  instructions  were  also  given  that  he  should  be  pro- 
vided with  4,000  pesos  out  of  liis  property  which  liad  been  sequcstralcl. 
Guzman,  by  this  act,  was  released  on  his  own  recognizance,  llamircz,  I'lV- 


ceso. 


l-e. 


^Guzman  was  himself  the  bearer  of  this  report.  The  instractions  to  tlio 
audieucia  were  ;  'c  vos  proseguireys  la  diclia  residencia. .  .para  que  la  putnlu, 
traer  consigo.'  JiL,  274. 

'Zamacois  assumes  that  the  king  had  determined  to  have  him  exccutcil 
on  his  arrival.  Jliat.  Mvj.,  iv.  631-2.  Lut  I  Cud  no  authority  to  waiiiiut 
Bucli  an  assertion. 

1"  ♦  Y  cojno  en  la  Corto  no  falti  podcrosas  intercessiones,  no  pagfi  sus  cul pas 
como  merccian.'  Jlerrera,  dec.  vi.  lib.  i.  cap.  ix.  This  author,  dec.  vii.  lili. 
ii.  cap.  X.,  intimates  that  Cortt'S  interested  himself  in  bringing  Guziimirs 
trial  to  a  termination.  But  the  expression  used  by  Herrera  is  of  doulitt'ul 
interpretation.  Mota  Padilla,  however,  accepts  it  as  evidence  of  a  uh'mIo 
generosity  extended  by  Cortt5s  to  his  former  foe,  besides  stating  th;it  iio 
lil)erally  aided  him  in  his  poverty.  Beaumont  also  takes  this  view.  ('/(//(. 
Mich. ,  iv.  98-9.  Ramirez  reasonably  concludes  that  thei-e  is  no  ground  lor 
belief  in  such  a  story.  Proceso,  "232-3. 


DEATH  OF  GUZMAX. 


m 


nogloctod  and  dospiscd,  he  passed  the  remaining  nix 
years  of  Ids  llf'e.'^ 

Tlic  record  of  Xuno  do  Guzman  is  before  tlie  reader, 
Avlio  will  see  in  him  an  able,  scheming,  and  unscrupu- 
Idus  lawyer;  a  fearless  soldier  and  a  skilful  though 
iiiil)()pular  leader:  an  unfeeling,  tyrannical  ruler;  a 
giasping  misei,  ^ni\  a  hypocritical  adherent  of  royalty 
iind  Christianity.  True,  as  certain  writers  claim  iu 
his  behalf,  his  faults  were  those  of  his  time;  but  in 
his  character  these  faults  arc  shown  by  the  chroniclers 
at  their  worst,  unrelieved  by  a  single  one  of  the  gen- 
oi'ons  impulses  or  noble  traits  which,  rt  withstanding 
their  deeds  of  blood,  have  given  las:i;ig  fame  and 
respect  to  the  memory  of  many  of  fh*)  conquerors. 
Tow  of  the  old  chroniclers  have  an)  'hing  good  to  say 
of  him.  Ho  had  great  opportunities,  and  abi;.sed  them 
all.  Had  he  found  a  Mexico  or  a  Peru  in  the  north- 
v«.  I.,  Ids  name  would  not  have  becu  so  utterly  for- 
gotten; his  sovereign  world  not  have  so  abhorred 
him,  and  his  historians  might  perhaps  have  foriiul 
some  one  redeeming  quality  in  his  character.  But  he 
would  have  been  remembered  as  a  Pizarro,  not  as  a 
Cortes." 

As  soon  as  Torre  had  concluded  so  much  of  tlio 
rcsidencia  of  Guzman  as  pertained  to  his  administra- 
tion in  the  capital,  and  provided  for  the  safe  custody 
of  liis  prisoner,  he  proceeded  to  Panuco,  as  before 
mentioned,  there  to  continue  his  investigations.^^ 
Having  completed  his  labors  in  that  province  ho 
removed  with  his  family  in   1537   to  Guadalajara.^* 

"lie  (lied  there  in  1544  according  to  Mota  Pad  ilia,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  1C.">; 
but  Aiaman,  DUert.,  i.  app.  28,  stivtcs  that  lie  died  at  his  native  place, 
Guailuhijara,  in  Spain,  poor  and  abhon-ed  by  evcryl)ody. 

'■'  Kaniircz  justly  remarks:  ' El  poderoso  valimiento  de  bus  encmigos  no  nos 
pcniiito  hoy  fijarlcs' — that  ia  to  say  his  actions — 'cuota  ni  medida,  pon[ue, 
coiiif)  ya  dije,  de  61  unicanicute  conocemos  todo  el  mal  quo  hizo.'  I'roceio, 

"  I'joaumont  erroneously  says  after  he  had  sent  NuCo  de  Guzman  to  Spain. 
Vrot.  Mich.,  iv.  111-12. 

"Ho  was  accompanied  by  six  FranciscL  ■  friars — one  of  whom  was  his  own 
sill  J'lay  Diego  i'erez — brought  by  him  from  Spain.  Mota  Pudilkt,  Conq.  X. 
Oul.,  105, 


r 


m 


NUEVA  GALICIA  AXD  3SIICH0ACAX. 


At  Tonald  he  was  received  by  the  provisional  governor 
Crist6bal  do  Onate,  who  recognized  his  authority  and 
dehvered  the  administration  into  his  hands." 

Torre  proceeded  at  once  to  make  his  official  in- 
vestigations. A  general  residencia  was  proclaimed  in 
the  towns  of  Guadalajara,  Compostela,  Culiacan,  and 
Purificacion,  and  the  proceedings  conducted  witli 
energy  and  prudence.  Such  cases  as  he  was  unahlo 
to  decide  himself  were  remitted  to  the  India  Council. 
By  the  close  of  the  year  the  investigations  were  so 
far  concluded  that  the  governor  was  permitted  to  turn 
his  attention  to  affairs  of  state. 

The  condition  in  which  Guzman  had  left  Nucva 
Galicia  was  indeed  a  deplorable  one.  His  system  of 
enslavement  had  driven  most  of  the  natives  to  tlio 
mountains,  thus  bringing  distress  on  all  who  remained, 
whether  Spaniards  or  Indians.  Numbers  of  scttlci-s 
were  preparing  to  go  to  Peru,  while  others  made  raids 
upon  the  Indians  and  reduced  all  they  could  catch  to 
slavery.^" 

The  prudent  measures  of  Torre"  restored  confi- 
dence. He  was  well  supported  by  the  viceroy,  and 
the  colonists  after  their  long  and  ineffectual  com- 
plaints^^ settled  down  with  some  degree  of  content. 


I*- 


Ik  r,i:: 


fl   ■■'■'  f 


.-tiL. 


"  Ofiate's  brother,  Juan,  was  one  of  the  stanchest  partisans  of  Guzmiiii. 
When  the  news  arrived  in  Nucva  Galicia,  where  Juan  tic  Ofiatc  had  remaincil, 
of  Guzman's  imprisonment,  and  that  Torre  was  empowered  to  take  tlio 
residencia  of  all  subordinate  olficials,  he  was  advised  by  Cristobal  to  ellVct 
his  escape.  He  accordingly  lied  to  Peru,  where  some  assert  that  he  died 
poor  and  blind.  Id. 

'"Mendoza,  on  the  10th  of  December  1537,  reported  to  the  king  that 
although  this  province  was  rich  in  resources,  it  would  be  lost  unless  his 
Majesty  applied  some  remedy.  The  Spaniards  maintained  that  without  slaves 
they  could  not  subsist,  and  the  settlers  in  Culiacan  had  represented  to  tlio 
viceroy  that  under  the  prohibition  of  slavery  they  would  be  compelh'd  to 
abandon  the  town.  Mcntloza  temporarily  assisted  them  by  supplying  in'ii- 
•ware  and  other  necessaries  to  the  value  of  1,000  pesos  de  tepuztpie.  t'aria, 
in  Pacheco  and  Ctirdcnas,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  11)0-7,  209-10. 

''  'El  liccnciado  de  la  Torre  so  cntretienc  bien  harto  mejorde  lo  que  toilns 

Scnsamos,'  is  the  compliment  which  the  viceroy  jiaya  the  new  governor  uf 
:ucva  Galicia.  Id.,  209. 
'^  Tiie  viceroy  had  proclaimed  that  no  slaves  should  be  made  in  Nui  \  a 
Galicia  except  in  accordance  with  the  order  issued  by  the  king.  He  li:iil, 
moreover,  forwarded  to  his  Majesty  a  copy  of  the  trials  of  those  persons  w  In) 
had  committed  excesses  in  branding  slaves  during  (Guzman's  adniinistrati'ii. 
/(/.,  ISO,  190.    By  cOdulaof  February  3,  1537,  the  governor  aud  all  authorities 


WAR  IN  THE  NORTH-WEST. 


463 


and 


lake   tlio 

|to  ciVoet 

I  he  lUoil 

kng  tliiit 

lit  sliivci 
Id  to  the 

lieiua  t" 

Ing  ii"i>- 
Cai-i'i, 

ivic  to.lns 
Icniov  uf 

Li  Niuva 
[Ho  li:i'l. 
Ions  w  li" 
istrati^'ii. 
ItUoi-ita'S 


Nor  did  the  efforts  of  Torre  in  his  dealings  with 
the  natives  meet  with  loss  encouragement.  He  soon 
saw  that  if  treated  well  the  natives  would  gladly 
return  to  their  homes/"  and  with  the  aid  of  the  friars 
tliis  was  in  a  measure  accomplished.'"^"  But  the  bad 
practices  of  encomenderos  could  not  immediately  be 
stopped.  Excesses  in  the  outlying  districts  were  still 
f'omuiitted,  and  in  1538  in  the  northern  portion  of 
the  province  the  people  of  Jocolotlan,  Guajacatlan, 
and  Ostoticpaquillo,  under  the  leadership  of  their 
cacique  Guajicar,  rose  in  arms.^^ 

The  suppression  of  this  revolt  was  attended  with  a 
catastrophe  which  closed  the  career  of  the  unfortunate 
Torre.  As  soon  as  news  of  the  outbreak  reached 
•duadalajara,  a  council  was  held  at  which  it  was  decided 
t;)  send  a  force  under  the  command  of  captains  Alonso 
Alvarez,  Diego  Sigler,  and  Cristobal  Romero  against 
the  disaffected  district.^^  The  governor,  however,  in 
tlio  hope,  probably,  of  effecting  a  reconciliation  with- 
out the  necessity  of  bloodshed,  resolved  to  accompany 
the  expedition  in  person.  When  the  Spaniards  ariived 
ill  the  hostile  territory  they  found  the  Indians  strongly 
intrenched  on  a  rocky  eminence,  and  though  Torre 
made  every  endeavor  to  induce  them  to  submit  on 
gvneral  terms,'^^  they  refused.  *'  Let  death  come  to 
y(tu  or  us,"  they  replied. 

An  appeal  to  arms  was  therefore  unavoidable. 
The  heights  were  invested  and  assailed  at  different 
points,  and  the  Indians  so  harassed    that   they  de- 

of  Xew  ("Inlieia,  judicial,  civil,  or  military,  were  placed  under  the  jurisdiction 
01  till!  audieucia  of  New  Spain.  Pwja,  C'ld itlario,  11 '2. 

'■' '  JJscnljeme ' — i.  c.,  Torre  to  ^leiidoza — '<jue  con  no  liaccr  gucrra  it  I09 
iKitiiralc'i,  se  viencn  muchoa  A,  sus  casas,  aunque  en  dos  6  tros  ])artes  luin  Hulido 
ii  ii'.oitalio  (para  liacer)  csclavo.s.'  Parhcvu  and  Curdenux,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  "20!). 

■'''  Mrta  PmUUa,  Comi.  N.  Hal.,  107. 

-'  Py  uimoiif,  Cruii.  iVkh.,  iv.  1 14.  Motn  Padilla  assijjns  the  cause  of  this 
oiitlircn'i;  to  the  easy  and  indolent  life  wliich  they  were  leading  under  tlio 
ai;ielii)r;ition  of  their  condition!  C'oiiq.  iV.  Gal.,  107. 

--It  dccupiod  tlie  borders  of  the  present  territoriea  of  Jalisco  and  Zacatccas 
in  till'  neighborhood  of  Jocotlan.  The  captains  named  were  re^jiduns  of  tiio 
cabildo.   m/o,  Hid.  N.  Gal.,  .1(i(). 

-MIe  Hummoncd  tlicm  to  come  to  a  peaceable  arrangement,  offering  iu  that 
case  to  graut  them  a  free  pardon  for  all  past  olieuces.  Id.,  307. 


II 


'la 


401 


NIJEVA  GALICTA  AND  MICHOACAN. 


lf« 


MU 


scended  to  the  plain,  determined  to  try  a  pitched  bat- 
tle, in  which  of  course  they  were  overthrown.  Great 
numbers  were  slain,  and  the  remainder,  among  whom 
was  the  cacique  Guajicar,  fled  into  the  neighboring 
glens  for  refuge. 

Torre,  who  during  the  engagement  had  displayed 
the  usual  soldierly  qualities  of  a  Spaniard,  nowrode  with 
his  pursuing  troops,  encouraging  them  as  they  toiled 
over  the  difficult  ground.  While  so  occupied  he  was 
thrown  from  his  horse,  which  falling  upon  him  inflicted 
a  mortal  injury.^*  He  was  carried  back  to  Tonolil,^' 
where  were  his  family,  and  they  laid  him  on  his 
death-bed. 

After  several  days  of  suffering,  and  conscious  that 
his  end  was  near,  Torre  formally  appointed  Christo- 
bal  de  Onate  his  successor  pending  instructions  from 
the  viceroy,^®  and  having  given  him  advice  regarding 
the  administration,  and  commended  to  liis  care  his 
bereaved  family,  he  yielded  up  his  spirit  and  was 
buried  in  the  convent  of  San  Francisco  at  Tetlan.'^^ 

Torre  is  described  as  possessing  a  robust  frame,  with 

"  '  Tenia  lastimadas  las  entrafias  de  lacaida,'  according  to  Tello,  who  docs 
not  mention  that  the  horae  fell  upon  Torre.  Id.  Mota  Padilla  says,  'cayo  del 
caballo,  el  que  so  cch6  cncima  ylc  lastimu.'  Vow/.  N.  Oal.,  108.  Parra  states 
that  Torre,  riding  at  random  over  the  plain,  plunged  into  a  swamp,  and  in  his 
endeavors  to  get  out  of  it  his  horse  fell  upon  him,  breaking  u  rib  and  injuring 
his  spine.  Conq.  Xal.,  230-1. 

**  Mota  Padilla  says  to  Tetlan,  situated  four  leagues  from  the  site  occupied 
by  Guadalajara  in  that  author's  time.  TcUo,  writing  in  the  middle  of  tlio 
17th  century,  places  this  town  one  league  from  the  Guadalajara  of  his  time. 
Jlist.  JV.  Oal. ,  3G9.     The  site  of  Guadalajara  was  changed  several  times. 

'"  According  to  orders  received  from  the  king  providing  for  such  emergency 
the  cabildo  was  consulted  with  regard  to  the  appointment  of  a  successor,  lorre, 
however,  excepted  his  son,  Melchor  Perez  de  la  Torre,  on  tlio  ground  of  liis 
youth  and  iucxperienco,  from  the  number  of  those  whom  he  coosidered  fit  to 
occupy  the  position.  Id.,  308. 

^' Torre  was  56  years  of  age  when  he  died.  His  remains  were  afterward 
removed  to  Guadalajara  when  the  convent  was  transfeiTcd  thither.  The  date 
of  his  death  is  not  known;  but  it  was  probably  during  the  latter  part  of  loIiS, 
inferred  from  an  expression  of  the  escribano  of  the  audiencia,  that  as  late  as 
July  30th  of  that  year  no  news  of  his  death  had  reached  the  capital:  '  visto 
quo  el  lisenciado  de  la  Torre  juez  de  residencia  de  la  Nueva  Galicia  no  cstali.i 
en  esta  dicha  cibdad. '  Ramirez,  Proceso,  275.  Two  marriageable  daughters 
were  especially  intrusted  to  the  protection  of  Oflate,  who  did  not  fail  in  the 
discharge  of  his  trust.     One  was  mi'.ried  to  Jacinto  de  Pineda  y  Ledesma,  a 

!)erson  of  good  birth,  and  the  other  to  the  alft^rez  mayor,  Fernando  Flores, 
rom  whom  Mota  Padilla  claims  to  be  descended.  Conq.  A\  Gal.,  100. 


DEATH  OF  TORRE. 


4G5 


a  dark  sallow  complexion.  Brave  and  Industrious, 
l^rouipt  and  cautious,  he  was  strict,  perhaps  stern,  in 
tlic  administration  of  justice.  Possessed  of  a  genial 
and  generous  disposition,  the  absence  of  arrogance 
won  for  him  much  good-will;  and  though  the  kind- 
ness of  his  heart  ever  prompted  him  to  friendly  acts, 
ho  was  guided  by  discrimination  in  his  benevolence. 
The  satisfactory  manner  in  which  he  performed  his 
duties  in  the  matter  of  residencias  in  Nueva  Galicia, 
and  the  successful  commencement  which  he  made  for 
the  establishment  of  a  healthy  government,  speak 
loudly  in  his  praise. 

AMien  the  news  of  Torre's  death  reached  IMendoza 
ho  appointed  Luis  Galindo  chief  justice  of  Xueva 
Galicia,"^  and  shortly  afterward  Francisco  Vazquez  de 
Coronado  provisional  governor,  this  latter  a[)point- 
nicnt  being  confirmed  by  royal  cedula  of  A^jril  18, 
1509.-^ 

Vasqucz  de  Coronado  was  a  native  of  Salamanca, 
and  had  married  a  daughter  of  Alonso  de  Estrada, 
the  royal  treasurer  of  New  SjDain.''"  Mendoza  held 
liim  in  high  esteem,  but  his  eyes  were  perhaps  a  little 
Minded  by  friendship.  The  viceroy  regarded  him  as  a 
prudent  and  able  man,  and  gifted  with  talents  above 

"'  ITc  aiso  ordered  Galindo  to  remove  tlic  Spanish  settlers  from  Tonal.1,  to 
Ouadalajura,  ■vvliifh  wfis  douc  and  lots  assigned  to  tlieni.  Tillo,  lUft.  A'.  Gdl., 
3G!,i-70.  Mota  I'adilla  says  tlie  building  of  (iuadalajara  was  nrrusted,  anil 
Memioza  ordered  the  Spaniards  at  Tcutlan  (Tetlan?)  and  Tonala  to  lie  removed 
to  that  town.  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  109. 

-'■'  The  same  eediila  ordered  C'oronn.doto  take  the  rcsidencia  of  the  deceased 
pnyci'iior.  Coronado 's  salary  was  lixed  at  1,000  ducats,  with  an  additional 
sum  of  uW  dueats,  to  bo  paid  him  out  of  tiio  government  revenue.!  of  liis 
pivivince.  Id.,  110.  Ilerrera,  dee.  vi.  lib.  v.  eap.  ix.,  has  here  eonfusevl 
iviiits.  Ho  leaves  it  to  be  inferred  that  the  death  of  Torre  was  not  known  in 
^hxico  at  the  time  of  Coronado's  appohitment  by  the  king:  'y  Uegado  a 
tiiiadulajara,  hallo  que  era  mutito.' 

^^  He  iiad  received  as  his  wife's  dowry  one  half  of  Tlapan,  which  town  had 
been  obtained  from  tho  crown  by  his  mothor-indaw  in  compensation  fur 
I'l-peaca  of  which  thcaudiencia  had  deprived  lier.  2Icndozit ,  Ldtri'  ,\n  Tirnttiu- 
('"iii)i(tiis,  Voy.,  serio  ii,  torn.  v.  'J.Vi.  fortes  states  that  Coi'onado  received 
Jiilaivi,  tlie  triljutc  from  whieli  was  over  3,000  ducats,  and  accuses  Men(h)/a>  f 
t.nlviiiL,'  tliat  source  of  revenue  from  the  crown  and  Kranting  it  to  the  wife  of 
Kstiada  with  the  understanding  that  it  bho;.ld  bo  |^ivcu  to  Ooronudo.  t'orlcc-, 

Uig-c.  lilKX.,  Vol.  II.    30 


!*    f   ' 


4CG 


NUEVA  GALICIA  AKD  IMICTIOACAX. 


the  ordiiifivy.^^  But  Coronado's  ability,  citlior  as 
ruler  or  military  commander,  was  not  of  an  order  that 
made  him  fit  for  the  position."^  This  is  clearly  shown 
in  his  Cibola  expedition,  wherein  he  pushed  north- 
ward witli  great  perseverance;  but  his  want  of  c(.ntiol 
over  his  followers  was  lamentably  evident;  and  the 
dissension  araonu:  them,  and  the  disorderly  manner  of 
his  return,  display  weakness  as  a  leader.  -Of  his  abil- 
ity as  a  ruler,  his  administration  and  its  results  will 
enable  the  reader  to  judge.'*'' 

At  the  time  of  his  appointment  Coronado  held  the 
office  of  visitador  in  New  Spain.  The  arrival  of  Cabe-za 
de  A'^aca  and  his  report  of  what  the  natives  had  told 
him  of  wealthy  cities  toward  the  north,  hastened  liis 
departure  to  Nueva  Galicia.  The  viceroy  was  infected 
with  the  general  excitement,  as  we  have  seen,  and 
ordered  Coronado  to  proceed  at  once  to  his  province. 
It  was  arranixed  that  Father  Marcos  de  Niza  should 
accont[)any  him  and  make  a  pi'eliminary  exploration 
northward  for  the  purpose  of  verifying  Vaca's  state- 
ments. Should  he  be  successful  in  discovering  the 
wonderful  cities,  it  was  determined  that  an  expedition 
on  a  largo  scale  should  be  sent  to  take  possession  of 
them. 

Coronado  departed  from  the  capital  during  tlio 
latter  i)art  of  15o8,  and  on  the  lOtli  of  November,  liis 
connnission  having  been  recognized,  he  appointed  the 
alcaldes  and  regidorcs  of  Guadalajara  for  the  ensuing 
year.'*  lie  then  proceeded  to  visit  various  disti'ieis 
of  his  {)rovincc,  portions  of  which  were  in  a  disturbed 

''  Altliouf^'h  iiotliin;^  is  known  of  Coronado's  previous  services  to  tlio  crown, 
!Men(lo;a,  in  Dccinilwi'  I."),'!?,  mentions  luiving  tirouglit  them  to  the  imtiii'  nf 
tlie  Iciii;,',  !is  also  'las  ealithules  ijue  en  el  hay  para  poder  servirse  del  eii  tmlo 
lo  denii'i.s  (|Uc  en  estas  partes  sc  ofrccicrc.'  I'lulncu  and  Cdrili'iniK,  Col.  ]kn\, 
ii.  l!)t-r>. 

^- CaMtafieda,  speaking  of  Coronado,  says;  'Ce  chef  no  sut  conscrvrr  ni 
son  eoininandcment  ui  sou  gouveruonicnt.'  Tcnuiux-Compans,  Vvy.,  -serie  i. 
torn.  ix.  IS. 

^•'Says  Oviedo,  'el  qual  ni  los  doa  cnamorados  qnc  se  dixo  de  susso  no  lii- 
^icron  i\:\\\'i  notahle  en  los  indios  ni  en  la  tierra,  sinojl  si  niesnios.'  iii.  iiiS. 

^H)n  the  following  day  ho  delivered  to  Xiza  at  Tonalil  the  viecrny's 
instrnclions  relative  to  his  projected  cxplorutious,  Mtndoza,  Carta,  Ui  i'a- 
checo  and  VdnlKiiM,  Vol.  Doc,  iii.  328. 


FRANCISCO  VASQUEZ  DE  COROXADO. 


condition,  and  liaving  arrived  at  his  border  town  of 
San  Miguel  de  Culiacan,  he  despatched  Niza  from  that 
jilaee,  careful  provision  havhig  been  made  for  his  safe 
rc;turn  by  procuring  native  guides  and  taking  other 
precautions. 

On  the  7tli  of  !March  1539  Niza  set  out  on  liis 
search,  accompanied  by  Father  Honorato,  a  nogi-o 
named  Estcvanico,  and  a  band  of  friendly  Indians. 
Coronado  a  month  later  invaded  a  northern  territory 
]<no\vn  by  the  name  of  Topiza,^^  of  the  wealth  of 
wliich  he  had  received  reports.  But  the  expedition 
met  with  little  success.  He  failed  to  discover  tlie 
]tcoj)le,  who  decked  tlieir  persons,  as  he  had  been  told, 
MJth  ornaments  of  gold  and  precious  gems,  and  who 
faced  the  walls  of  their  houses  with  silver.^"  After  a 
long  and  wearisome  march  over  mountains  he  reached 
a  barren  land  in  which  he  could  obtain  neither  gold 
nor  food;  hence  he  retraced  his  stops  to  San  Miguel. 

Not  long  afterward  Niza  returned  and  brouixht  to 
Coronado  the  welcome  news  of  the  existence  and 
gi'andeur  of  the  reported  cities,  whereupon  the  gov- 
rnior  determined  to  go  with  him  to  Mexico,  and  with 
tlie  assistance  of  the  viceroy  prepare  an  ex})edition  for 
the  anticipated  conquest  of  Cibola.  They  arrived  at 
the  capital  at  the  end  of  August,"''^  and  so  gi-eat  was 
the  excitement  over  the  ulowinu:  account  of  Niza  tliat 
ill  a  few  days  he  had  raised  a  force  of  three  hundred 
8] laniards  with  eight  hundred  native  auxiliaries,  eager 
to  join  in  reaping  the  golden  liarvest.  A  reconnoitring 
party  of  fifteen  men  was  sent  forward  under  Melchor 

""'  l'i'o1)al)ly  identical  witli  tlio  latter  Tnpia.  In  a  letter  adilressed  to  Men- 
(loza  afic'i'  tlio.  departure  of  Xi/a,  Coronj.du  .stateil  that  lie  would  be  ready  to 
st.nt  <in  tills  expedition  tlu^  lOtli  of  Ai)ril  f'olldwiny.  His  force  would  consist 
(it  i."i()  horsemen,  with  I'J  Hpare  animals,  '2V.0  tV)ot-soldiirs,  cross-Iiowmen,  ami 
iiri|ii(ln;siers,  and  ))0  provided  with  ho,L:s  and  sheep.  The  d  stance  to  'J'opiza, 
or  Topira  as  it  is  written  in  this  letter,  lu^  considers  to  l)e  6U  leagues  from  Sail 
Jliuncl.    'J'<  riiriiix-t'cDiijKni.i,  I'oi/.,  tu'rio  i.  toui.  ix.  ,')r)2-4. 

'■''^  '].cs  liuliitants  portent  des  )-arurcs  en  or,  des  I'uieraudcs  etnntros  pierrea 
jii'tVieuses;  ils  emjiloient  Tor  et  Tarjient  a  des  usages  connnuus;  lis  couvrent 
Icins  maisons  avec  ee  dei-;iier  metal.'  Iil.,  Ilo.'l. 

''He  was  in  the  city  of  Mexico  on  the  2d  of  September,  since  lie  was 
inc-eut  on  the  occasion  of  >>i;ca  prisenting  to  the  viceroy  u  written  iiurrativo 
el  Ilia  exploruiion.  A'(';.a,  Jht.,  in  Jd.,  'JS2-3. 


•inf 


4CA 


NUEVA  OALICIA  AND  MICITOACAX. 


D1.1Z  and  Juan  tic  Saldivar,''^  for  tlic  purpose  of  vorl- 
i'y'nvj;  Xiza's  account.  Tliis  party  left  San  Miguel  on 
the  17th  of  November,  and  proceeded  one  hundred 
leagues  northward.  The  time  of  tlie  year  M'as,  how  - 
evrr,  unfavorable,  and  the  excessive  cold  prevented 
fui'thcr  advance. ^'^ 

In  the  mean  time  preparations  in  the  capital  were 
])nshed  forward  as  rapidly  as  possible.  Composttla 
Avas  named  as  the  rendezvous,  and  so  important  was 
the  expedition  deemed  by  the  viceroy  that  ho  pro- 
ceeded thither  to  give  encouragement  by  his  presence 
and  to  superintend  final  preparations.  But  the  enter- 
prise was  not  without  its  op])onents,  whose  principal 
arguments  were  that  it  would  deprive  Spanish  towns 
of  men  needful  for  their  protection.  Hearing  which 
Coronado  took  sworn  dispositions  as  to  the  actual 
nund)er  of  citizens  enrolled.  On  the  22d  of  February 
a  I'cview  was  held,  and  from  the  declarations  maoe  it 
appeared  that  the  ranhs  were  maiidy  composed  ot" 
])oor  but  well  born  adventurers,  who  had  not  been 
lonix  in  the  country  and  were  resjfardcd  as  dissolute 

r>  *'  try       ^ 

idlers  and  burdens  upon  the  community.*" 

It  was,  ])erhaps,  not  without  some  ground  that  tlic 
settlers  of  Xueva  Galicia  objected  to  the  departure  of 
tlielr  g'overnor  with  so  fine  a  band  of  troops.  Just 
aj>[>rehensions  of  a  general  uprising  of  the  natives 
wei-e  entertained;  indeed,  in  some  portions  of  the 
]>rovincc  the  natives  were  in  open  revolt.  Indian 
tt)wns  belonging  to  the  Spaniards  were  attacked,  cat- 
tle driven  oif,  and  converts  and  negroes  massacred. 
Coronado  had  been  so  occupied  with  schemes  of  con- 
quest and  too  frequently  absent  to  attend  properly  to 

^^Done  l)j^  the  viceroy's  special  order. 

'^^  '  Qiu'hjues  Iiulieiis  qu'il  emmciiait  nvcc  liii  furent  pclcs,  ct  ilcux  Ks- 
pn^ninls  soiillVirent  beaucoup.'  On  the  'JOth  of  March  liJ-iO  l)iaz  wrote  aii 
nceomit  (if  liis  pioceciliii^a  to  the  viceroy. 

^"Oiily  two  citizens  of  tli"  city  of  ilcxico,  ami  two  of  Ctuadahijara,  wore 
found  among  tlic  troops.  Fi-oni  Comiiostela  not  eno  v'as  goint;.  Anion;,' 
tlinsc  mIio  examined  the  men  and  gave  deimsitions  may  lie  mentioned  tiou- 
i:alo  do  Sahizar,  the  royal  factor,  ami  Pero  Almidez  Chirinos,  the  veedor;  aNo 
t'listiilial  (K'Onato.  Iii/i.nn.,  in  J'ci.rh(Co  and  Curdoian,  Col.  Doc,  xiv.  o7i5-ti. 
A  ccrtilicd  copy  of  these  depositions  was  forwarded  to  the  crowu. 


COnONADO'S  EXPEDITIOX. 


4C9 


llio  affairs  of  his  province,  aiul  this  no'j^lcct  sowed  tho 
st'ctls  of  a  revolt  wliich  was  only  su[)])rcssetl  after 
three  years  of  warfare.  Before  his  cit'partuiv,  so 
iilarniing  had  matters  lieconie,  that  on  the  2r)tli  of 
December  preceding,  tho  colonists  of  Guadalajara 
addi'essed  a  petition  expressing  fear  that  unless  he 
extended  aid  the  country  would  be  lost."*^ 

But  the  governor  was  not  to  be  tui-ned  from  his 
adventure  l)y  trilles.  Here  was  a  land  where  gold 
was  as  common  as  was  earthen-ware  in  Spain,  and 
])recious  gems  could  be  collected  in  heaps;  time  enough 
to  attend  to  his  people  alter  he  had  gathered  wealth. 
At  the  end  of  February,'*-  Oiuite  having  been  a])[)oint(-Ml 
lieutenant-governor,  the  army  marched  out  of  Com- 
postela  with  banners  flying,  every  man  of  them  luaitig 
taken  an  oath,  required  l)y  the  viceroy,  to  obey  tho 
orders  of  their  general  and  never  abandon  him. 

Day  after  day  and  month  after  month  they  j'>ur- 
noved  northward,  robbin<j:  and  murderin<jf  as  occai^ioii 
ellered,  their  eyes  like  those  of  hawks  ever  eager 
fir  prey.  But  gold  and  jewels  were  not  jjlentit'nl 
there.  The  seven  cities  of  Cibola  proved  but  so  many 
empty  crocks,  and  the  disappointed  booty-hunters 
cursed  the  reverend  Niza.  But  there  was  gold  eiiougli 
hevond,  accordin<Tj  to  the  statements  of  the  natives, 
over  toward  the  north-east,  and  the  Spaniards  still 
pursued.    Across  rapid  rivers  and  over  trackless  des- 

■"  'J'lio  colonists  requested  that  the  refractory  natives  filiould  l)u  ivduoid 
ti)  .^Iiivory.  TIic  result  of  tho  iip]i('Ml  is  not  known.  Ti  flo,  Hi.tf.  X.  d'nl., 
."■■Tl-.").  Alota  I'adilhi  states  that  e'oroniido  sent  tiic  letttr  to  tiie  viceroy, 
'|i:iri\  que  providenciasc,  espctiulmentu  sobre  lo.s  <los  innuos  dc  hi  e.-chn  itiut 
di'  liirt  i-ehcidcR,  y  del  socorro  iiuo  se  jicdia  de  j^;ente.'  On  tlio  Sth  of  .raiiuaiy 
l.'ilc,  (,'oron:ulo  set  apart  lands  for  tho  connr.iius  of  tlie  city  of  tJuailala  jiu:i, 
iir.il  oil  tho  foUowinj;  day  procl;iinu(l  tlio  royal  cOdula  of  Dcccndier  "Jii,  l."i."S, 
I'l'iiuiiiindinjT  houses  in  the  Indies  to  ho  coustnioted  of  stone,  brick,  or  adobe, 
to  iiisiue  their  permanency.  Coii'/.  X.  (lal.,  110. 

'■'  'J'lio  date  of  departure  nnist  have  been  sonic  day  between  tho  rc\icw  licM 
on  the  'J'Jd  of  February  and  the  last  day  of  that  month,  since  !Mendoza,  writiir^ 
tn  tlic  kin;j;  on  the   I7th  of  April  following  eor.inienees  hisi  letter  tlai.'^:   '  Lo 


ili-r' 


uivr  do  fevrier  passi?,  j'ai  OcU'lt  do  (,'anipostello  ;i  votre  majcsti'',  ])our  lui 
niiilie  comptc  de  nion  arrivco  dans  cette  vilie  et  du  di''part  dc  Francisco 
^  ::-i|Ucx,  avec  Fcviicdition,'  etc.  Ti  rnitux-(\.iitiiaiiK,  IC//.,  sirie  i.  turn.  ix. 
'iiil.  'I'lu're  is  an  error  in  the  account  of  ('astaueda  in  /(/.,  '_'!,  wluri^  it  is 
.'•'.iiid  that  the  forces  arrived  at  Conipostela  from  Mexico  on  Sluovc-Tuesday, 
l.il. 


1 

i     i 

1     1 

1    1  < 

i  1  i-  'j 

' , 

i          i       i'  ■' 

1      '  i  - ' 

^  1 

ir 

470 


NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHOACAN. 


iliU     :« 


erts  Coronado  pushed  westward  to  the  later  Xew 
jMcxico,  and  with  a  portion  of*  his  followers  penetrated 
perhaps  to  the  territory  of  Kansas,  while  detachnicnts 
of  his  forces  prosecuted  explorations  in  other  direc- 
tions. Still  gloomy  disappointment  was  ever  at  his 
side,  and  at  last  ho  rode  hack  to  Tiguex  in  the  Ilio 
Grande  Valley.  His  soldiers  were  heart-siclc  and  im- 
pudent. Coronado's  control  over  thcni  was  lost,  and 
in  April  1542  he  commenced  the  homeward  niarcli. 
On  the  way  his  authority  was  little  heeded.  Sick  in 
mind  and  body,^^  he  proceeded  to  Mexico,  where  ho 
arrived  with  a  rcnmant  of  his  force,  shortly  after  tlic 
middle  of  the  year,  tlu^re  to  be  greeted  by  the  frigid 
features  of  his  friend  the  viceroy. 

While  the  progress  of  affairs  in  New  Galicia  was 
thus  retarded  by  the  loss  of  the  able  Torre  and  the 
weak  administration  of  Coronado,  the  adjacent  prov- 
ince of  Michoacan  was  gradually  advancing  under  the 
benignant  rule  of  Quiroga.  After  the  march  of  Guz- 
man through  the  district,  it  seemed  to  have  been 
struck  by  the  iiail  of  the  evil  one.  The  treatment  of 
the  natives  by  their  oppressors  became  more  brutal; 
the  outrages  perpetrated  by  the  encomenderos  becauio 
more  violent,  and  the  scourges  in  their  hands  foil 
heavier,  as  more  labor  and  still  more  tribute  was  ex- 
acted from  the  hapless  Tarascans.  The  missionaries 
labored  hard  to  mitigate  their  wrongs,  and  preached 
to  them  the  patience  and  sufferings  of  the  saviour; 
but  even  their  sympathy  and  kindly  teachings  had 
lost  half  their  power.  Horrified  at  the  cruel  murclr 
of  their  much  loved  kino'  the  Tarascans  rcixarded 
Christianity  as  a  mockery.  Those  who,  with  the  un- 
fortunate Caltzontzin,  had  embraced  the  religion,  lo.^t 
their  faith  in  it,  and  all  who  could  betook  themselves 
to  the  mountains,  or  to  the  depths  and  twilight  shelter 
of  the  forests  on  the  western  lowlands. 

"  He  Imd  received  a  severe  injury  on  the  head  from  the  kick  of  a  hoi-so, 
while  engaged  in  e(|uestriau  games  at  Tiguux.  For  ii  dotiiiled  account  of  his  ex- 
peditiou  >iwIJitit.  Aorthllcx,  UluU^,  i.,  and  Hist.  XewMcx.  uaUAriz. ,  thid  isciics. 


CHANGE  FOR  THE  BETTER. 


471 


In  1532  tlio  audioncia,  in  accordance  with  general 
instructions  issued  by  the  king,  sent  Juan  do  Villa- 
sonor  to  !Miclioacan"  in  the  capacity  of  visitador. 
Having  made  official  visits  to  various  districts  he  sent 
Ills  report  of  the  condition  in  which  he  found  it;  but 
Ills  j)resence  there  does  not  seem  to  have  amehorated 
matters,  since  in  October  of  the  same  year  delegates 
of  the  native  lords  went  to  Mexico  and  formally 
cdiiiplained  of  the  intolerable  proceedings  of  the  en- 
comenderos.  To  remedy  the  lamental)le  state  of 
aliairs  the  audiencia  in  1533'"'  sent  the  oidor  Quiroga 
as  visitador  into  that  region,  in  the  hope  that  a  man 
(if  his  ability,  high  character,  and  well  known  zeal  for 
tlio  welfare  of  the  Indians  would  be  able  to  effect 
sumo  beneficial  chanixo. 

Quiroga  well  responded  to  the  expectations  of  the 
audiencia.  With  untiring  ardor,  supported  by  pru- 
dence, good  judgment,  and  kindness  of  temper,  ho 
carried  on  the  work  of  reformation.  The  Tarascans, 
(■xasperated  as  they  were,  listened  to  his  words  and 
recognized  in  him  a  friend,  while  he  sternl}^  im])osed 
icstiictions  upon  the  encomenderos  by  reorganizing 
tlio  repartimientos  in  a  manner  advantageous  to  the 
natives.  Thus  both  the  ecclesiastical  and  secular 
condition  of  afiairs  was  improved.  The  natives  were 
gi'.'ulually  induced  to  abandon  their  idolatrous  and 
I'olygamous  practices'"^  and  the   Spaniards  made  to 


"  Villascfior  was  one  of  the  conquerors  and  a  citizen  of  ^Fcxico.  lie  ■was 
c:n]io\vcrc(l  to  investigate  niuttcr.s  cmuicctcd  with  the  iiiqui.sitiou  ami  ]iroceeil 
Piiiiiist  j-'uilty  persona  of  wliatcvcr  cla^s  or  eondition.  A  few  years  later,  by 
eidrr  cf  Mendoza,  ho  established  himself  at  (Quango  to  o])]iose  the  inniads  of 
till'  CLichinices,  and  had  assi;_'ncd  to  liiin  and  hioi  fannly  for  fonr  lives  that 
ti'wa  iuid  those  of  Numari'in,  renjamillo,  Con;,'urip<j,  I'uruandiro,  and  sonio 
otliei's,  as  encomicndaa.  His  deseeiulants  fi_i,'ure  among  the  must  prumiueut 
el  the  country.   Ucaiitiwnf,  Vruii.  Midi.,  iii.  41;>-1!). 

'•■Jlotli  Hcrrcra,  dec.  vi.  lib.  i.  cap.  x.,  and  tionzalez  Davila,  Teuiro  /■.'■li  n., 
i.  .^,  arc  in  error  as  to  the  date  of  (Juiro!.'a's  ollicial  visit  to  Michoaeaii,  .statin;:,' 
it  to  have  taken  place  in  lo30.  Depositions  taken  in  Quirofra's  resideneia  in 
that  year  prove  tliat  lie  had  visited  Miehoacau  two  and  a  lialf  years  before. 
lidiiimout,  t'ruiu  Mich.,  iv.  ll-l'i. 

^''Tlic  governor  of  Michoacan  during  this  period  was  the  native  lord 
I'liho  (lanea,  or  Cuirananiruari.  Quiroga  jicrsiiadcd  him  to  put  aside  p'llvg- 
aiiiy  and  be  legally  married  to  a  concubine  who  ha<l  inforiiud  (Juiicga  of  the 
governor's  taste  for  a  plurality  of  wives.  Moreno,  Frwj.  (Juiroja,  lio. 


i 


u 


n  1 
■  * 


472 


XUEVA  GALICIA  AXD  MICnOACAN". 


rocnrrnizo  that  tlicro  was  a  controlling  power  in  the 
land.^' 

Ainoni:^  other  important  results  of  his  labors  was 
the  founding  of  the  hospital  of  Santa  Fe,  two  leagues 
from  the  capital  town,  Tzintzuntzan.  From  this  in- 
stitution, which  was  intended  by  the  founder  to  be  a 
centre  for  the  propagation  of  Christianity*^  as  will 
as  an  asylum  for  the  sick,  the  natives  derived  great 
benefit.  When  Quiroga's  residencia  as  oidor  was 
taken  in  153G  the  erection  of  this  establishment  con- 
stituted the  ground  of  a  charge  of  oppression  against 
him,  but  he  was  honorably  acquitted. 

After  Quiroga's  official  visit  the  prospects  of  ^Miclio- 
acan  were  brig! iter.  The  establishment  of  a  bishopi'i(3 
in  the  province  and  the  election  of  this  worthy  man 
as  prelate  have  already  been  mentioned.  In  1537  or 
1538  he  returned  to  the  scene  of  his  previous  labors 
and  applied  himself  with  unflagging  zeal  to  the  good 
government  of  his  diocese.  In  order  to  inform  him- 
self of  the  condition  and  requirements  of  the  different 
districts  in  his  extensive  see,  he  visited  every  poi'tioii 
of  it  in  person,  travelling  on  muleback  for  more  than 
six  hundred  and  fifty  leagues,  with  no  other  company 
than  his  secretary  and  a  page. 

The  success  of  his  administration  both  as  visitador 
and  prelate  was  signally  marked.  The  influx  of  friars 
was  maintained  with  regularitv,  and  convents  and  edu- 
cational  and  charitable  institutions  were  rapidly  multi- 
plied in  INIichoacan  during  this  period.  His  powerful 
influence  in  the  political  government  of  the  province  is 
evidenced  by  the  amelioration  noticeable  in  the  condi- 
tion of  the  Tarascans.  The  wanderers  in  the  mountains 
were  won   from   their  wild  retreats,    and   settled  in 

*'An  oppressive  encomcmlcro  had  imposed  exorbitant  tribute  upon  tl:"- 
iiibrkbitiints  of  the  town  of  Miclioacau.  (juiroga  intervened  and  freed  tlii-ni 
from  tlio  exaction. 

^**'Llanu'ilos  do  Santa  Fc,  porque  en  cllos  sc  avia  do  propactar  la  Ft5  C:i- 
thdlica.'  Tliis  liospital  was,  bko  the  one  in  Jlcxieo,  placed  under  the  charLC 
of  .1  rector  with  a  stipend  of  ir)0  pesos  de  oro  de  minas.  Such  siii)ciiii- 
tendcnt  could  only  luild  tiie  incund)Liicy  for  a  term  of  three  years,  not  '  ct 
vim  ItiHjkij,  sine  couio  en  enconiienda.'  Id.,  11,  lo. 


AUTHORITIES. 


479 


])1onsaiit  towns  and  villaGcos,  wliero  tlio}'  wore  taught 
iiKinufticturing  juul  agriculture.  Prosperity  lollowed, 
and  the  strong  contrast  presented  between  the  happy 
progression  under  Qulroga  and  the  misery  of  the  lew 
preceding  years  proclaims  his  rule  a  righteous  one.*^ 

"Amonc;  his  historians  there  are  not  wanting  those  who  call  his  mlininiM- 
tratiim  'gobiorno  dc  ore,  ponjuc  nose  volviiTon  ;ioir  Iih(  iMinoris  ilc  Ins  imlin.s 
(lu'niviados,  ni  cl  oatrucnilo  de  las  nrnins  do  los  cindnilaims  innuii'tiw,  iii  l;i 
\iolonci;i  do  liis  virgrues,  ni  loa  robes,  ui  lua  mucrtea  lastimosas.'  >Svc.  J/<.<;. 
(I'u)./.,  Boh'liu,  i.  'J'JT. 

The  following;  additional  authorities  have  hern  consulted  fortius  chapter: 
Coftis,  EKcrHits  t^udton,  30.'>,  .'^157;  CuUi\  Mtni.  1/  Xof.,  Tl-li;  lil>.  i.  eaii.  i\.; 
lili.  V.  cap,  ix.;  I'ii<j(t,  CiiluUirio,  "S,  80-4,  irj-l.'{,  ITiS-f);  dn-lax  ilr  linl^ri.^, 
•J.'it-."),  80D;  J'nrheco  i\m\  ('lin/i'iias,  ('of.  Dor.,  ii.  '210;  vi.  40S;  xiii.  lO.'l;  xi\'. 
,'>7;i-S4;  xvi.  r)-;{'.t;  xxiii.  410-14;  ViVo/i/zt;, /'cocmd, 'J,'!l-70;  i!<(uiiiiiinf,  Cniii. 
J/;-//.,  iv.  '27-472,  passim;  fif.,  MS.,  '2.s:i-r.2,">,  passim;  F/criihi,  Cn/.  Jhir  , 
nil;  Frrjes,  J/ist.  Jli'ir,  '2o;i;  T(  nunix-Coni/iaiiK,  Voi/.,  B(^Tio  J.  toni.  i\., 
]assim;  Id.,  tom.  x.  2.")1M)S;  serio  ii.  torn.  v.  '2o2;  Aldiiian,  J)l'«ii.,  i.  iipp.  i. 
"l"^;  Jalisco,  Mem.  lH-<t.,  !U-7i  l)(i;  />(V.  ^w(m'.,  passim ;  Hnchid.  ('oiii],i\:(l., 
1 1 ;  Siic.  Mcx:  (Icoq.,  JJiilcliu,  vii.  53  0;  Parnt,  Coikj.  XuL,  MS.,  '242;  J'i'nili<(, 
yot.  Il'ift.,  380;  Zamncoin,  H'f-t.  Mij.,  iv.  r)4.'{-70;{,  ]iassim;  v.  7;  ('(tinnnio, 
lll-ft.  T/'i.v.,  182-4;  cxxxi.  '24j;  Bu6skrc,  UEnqnrc  Mex.,  'ioo;  O'omuru,  Hid. 
JIcx:,  ii.  lGG-8,  184-7. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

DEATH  OF  CORTES. 
1540-1547. 

DErARTCRE   OF  CoRtIs  FOR  SPAIX — IIlS  ARRIVAI-  AND  RKCEmON — IIOLI.OW 

Snow — Vaim  Hopes — He  Jdixh  tiik  ExriiurnoN  to  Auiir.ns — A.\f) 
Suiters  Shipwreck — Loss  of  the  Famous  Emeralds — He  is  Si.icinr.u 
AT  A  Council  of  War — Return  to  Madrid — A  Fruitless  rExrrioN— 

^loRE  I.NDIOMTIES — LasT  Tt)UCIlINO   ApPEAI. — DeTEUMIX.ITION   TO   llK- 

TURN  TO  Mexico— Last  Illness  and  Death  of  the  CoNtjrEUou  — 
Disposition  of  the  Remains— His  Last  Will — The  Estate— The 
Descendants  of  Cortes— Resum^  of  uis  Character. 


We  have  seen  as  the  settled  policy  of  Spain  tliat 
the  greatest  discoverers  and  con(jucrors  must  not  1)0 
allowetl  permanent  or  hereditary  rule.  The  viler  sort, 
like  Pedrarias  and  Velazquez,  were  the  safer  instrii- 
iiK'nts  of  royalty ;  while  the  claims  of  the  noble  and 
chiyalrous,  Columbus,  Balboa,  and  Cortes,  mIioso 
seryices  were  too  great  for  conyenient  recompense,  it 
was  usually  found  easier  to  repudiate.  It  is  true  tluv 
asked  nuicli,  for  they  had  giyen  much;  they  asked 
long  and  persistently,  for  the  soyereign  promised  with 
little  thought  of  performing;  in  due  time  it  was  the 
king's  pleasure  not  to  kno  v  them. 

The  A  "ecroy  Mendoza  was  not  naturally  a  bad  man. 
He  wa:  only  carrying  out  the  policy  of  his  master 
Charles  hen  he  so  irritated  and  persecuted  Coi-tL-.s 
as  to  dri  ■>  him  from  Mexico  in  1540.  It  was  in  Jan- 
uary of  t  at  year  that  he  embarked  for  Spain,  accom- 
panied b;  his  son  Martin,  then  eight  years  of  age,  by 
the  chronicler  Bernal  Diaz,  and  a  retinue  of  nobles 
and  partisans.     On  his  arrival  he  learned  that  the 


(174) 


tllili.C 


BEFORE  THE  COURT. 


475 


cinporor  was  at  Ghent,  the  court  reniahiing  at  Madrid. 
"When  approachuiL^  the  ca[)ital,  the  members  of  the 
]ii(ha  Council  and  other  dii,niitaries,  with  an  outward 
show  of  great  respect,  came  forward  in  gorgeous  array 
to  welcome  him.  The  palace  of  the  eomendador  Juan 
(\e  Castilla  was  prepared  as  the  residence  of  the  illus- 
trious guest,  and  no  lack  of  attintion  revealed  tlu 
insincerity  of  superficial  show.  Not  long,  ]ioW(;vei', 
was  Cortes  allowed  to  cherish  the  llatteiing  hope  of 
cvi'ntually  making  effective,  not  only  in  name,  the 
honcjrs  and  titles  which  had  been  showered  upon  him 
years  before.  The  enthusiasm  of  the  first  recc[)tion 
] lapsed,  and  cold  politeness  was  gradually  observed 
liy  the  members  of  the  council,  though  Cortes  was 
jilways  courteously  received,  and  even  with  apparent 
friendship,  by  the  president,  Cardinal  Loaisa.  But 
wlien  he  camo  to  ask  a  settlement  of  his  afl'airs,  ho 
ioiind  that  the  great  conqueror  had  become  but  an 
uiilinary  litigant. 

A  year  passed  by,  and,  though  influential  persons 
interceded,  nothing  was  done  in  his  behalf,  except 
in  the  claim  against  Guzman,  which  was  decided  in 
his  favor.  His  proud  soul  rebelled  against  such 
treatment;  ho  asked  permission  to  return  to  Mexico, 
l)nt  was  refused.  Still,  he  never  faltered  in  his  loy- 
iilty  toward  his  sovereign  master.  In  1541  Charles 
|ire[)ared  an  expedition  against  Algiers,  for  the  pur- 
])()so  of  releasing  a  number  of  Spanish  captives;  and 
C()itc3s  joined  it  voluntarily,  accompanied  by  his 
son  Martin.^  The  ilcet  was  dispersed  by  a  storm, 
and  tlie  admiral's  ship  I'Jspcranzc,  on  which  Cortes 
embarked,  was  driven  upon  the  rocks.  ILe  and  his 
f;en,  with  most  of  the  cavaliers,  saved  their  lives  by 
s\\  iuuning  ashore.  But  the  inestimable  treasure,  the 
five  famous  emeralds  which  the  conqueror  always  ear- 
ned on  his  person,  were  lost  in  the  flood.     The  fates 


'<^lomara,  Tfist.  Mex.,  .347,  says  with  his  two  sons,  Martin  ami  Luis;  otliiT 
niitlioi-H  luaintaia  that  the  latter  i-eniaincd  at  Madrid  iu  the  service  of  tho 

luiuce. 


479 


DEATH  OF  CORTES. 


socmc^d  to  have  imitotl  at  this  junctiiro  to  wrcncli  from 
liis  grasp  little  by  little  what  they  had  so  lavishly 
bestowed;  prestige,  honors,  wealth,  and  royal  favor, 
all  seemed  vanishiucc.  Was  there  nothing  to  be  loft 
him  for  all  his  toils,  all  his  successes,  but  a  hollow 
title?  Was  implacable  Nemesis  always  to  pursue  him  ? 
The  loss  of  the  baubles,  however  much  they  repre- 
sented in  money,  could  not  cause  such  heart-ache  as 
did  ingratitude,  slight,  and  insult. 

A  council  of  war  was  called,  and  the  greatest  soldier 
of  the  day  was  not  summoned  to  it;  his  very  presence 
was  isrnored.  In  rcijard  to  the  situation,  he  had  ex- 
pressed  an  opinion  in  favor  of  an  immediate  attack; 
but  the  courtiers  were  anxious  to  raise  the  siege:  tin; 
formidable  ramparts  of  the  JNIoslem  made  the  peacol'ul 
walls  of  IMadrid  seem  far  away,  and  it  was  decided  to 
abandon  the  enterprise.  Stung  by  the  manifest  insult, 
and  indignant  at  the  effeminate  resolution,  Cortes  ex- 
claimed: "Had  I  but  a  handful  of  my  veterans  from 
New  Si:)ain,  not  long  would  they  remain  outside  of 
yonder  fortresses  I"  "Indeed,  senor,"  was  the  reply; 
"no  doubt  you  would  do  wonderful  things;  but  j'ou 
would  find  the  Moors  quite  a  different  foe  from  your 
naked  sa values." 

After  his  return  home  Cortes  again  began  to  press 
his  suit.  He  presented  a  memorial  to  the  emperor, 
recounting  the  services  which  he  had  rendered  to  the 
crown;  the  losses,  grievances,  and  persecutions  he  had 
suffered;  the  wrongs  inflicted  by  the  audiencia  and 
viceroy,  and  pra3-ing  that  justice  might  be  done;  tlmt 
his  honors  and  titles  might  be  made  available,  and  in 
a  manner  conmiensurate  to  his  services  and  sacrifices, 
so  that  ho  might  with  dignity  maintain  the  rank  and 
position  to  which  he  had  been  raised.  What  kind  of 
play  was  this?  He  had  achieved,  and  had  been  I'e- 
warded;  then  he  was  robbed  and  humiliated,  and 
without  cause.  Cortes  handed  in  the  petition  and 
never  afterwards  heartl  of  it. 

BoN\cd  down  by  disappointment,  wounded  in  his 


SLIGHTS  ;iXD  IXDIGNITIES. 


477 


most  sensitive  part,  his  licart-fclt  loyalty  and  love  for 
his  sovereign  spurned,  his  influence  and  popularity 
gone,  what  had  he  to  live  for?  Then,  too,  he  began 
to  suffer  the  infirmities  of  age;  his  constitution  was 
^liattered,  and  his  sight  and  hearin<jf  were  oTowing 
(lull.  The  hardships  of  so  many  rough  campaigns, 
tlio  wounds  received,  the  fevers,  and  the  long  ex- 
posures, all  had  left  their  impress.  If  one  wishes  to 
soo  glorious  recompense,  let  one  look  at  Peru,  ^vhich 
lias  done  even  more  than  Mexico  to  fill  the  royal 
coffers.  Perhaps  the  turbulence  there  has  taught  the 
monarch  prudence.  Go  further  tlien,  and  compare  tlic 
conduct  of  Cortes  with  that  of  Pizarro  after  their 
rLS[)octivc  conquests:  the  one  is  gentle,  obedient;  the 
other  arrogant  and  blood-bespilling.  Yet  wherever 
it  is  most  politic  that  it  should  be  inflicted,  tliere  will 
tlic  punishment  be  felt.  When  the  monarcn  has  no 
fuitlier  need  of  the  man,  it  is  well  the  man  should  die. 

])ut  the  life  of  Cortes  was  destined  to  be  spared  for 
a  few  more  indignities.  He  had  sent  to  Mexico  for 
lis  daughter  Dona  Maria,  to  be  married  to  Alvaro 
IVrez  de  Osorio,  heir  to  the  estates  and  titles  of  the 
maiviues  de  Astorga.  The  engagement  Vv'as  cancelled 
by  ( )sorio  for  pecuniary  and  prudential  motives.^  The 
liumiliation,  the  insult,  which  struck  at  once  the  pride 
oltlie  conqueror  and  the  heart  of  the  father,  affected 
lii.a  to  such  a  degree  that  for  a  time  ho  was  pros- 
trated by  a  dangerous  fever. 

J>el'oi-e  this,  namely  on  February  3,  1544,  Cortes 
had  nade  a  touching  and  dignified  appeal  to  the  mon- 
aicli  for  redress,  praying  for  a  final  settlement  of  his 
allairs.  To  thi;^  as  in  the  other  instance  no  re])ly  was 
ina(l(\  It  has  even  been  stated  that  after  Charlrs 
rel'iised  to  see  Cortes  the  latter  on  one  occasion  forced 


-Tho  dowrv'  of  Dona  ^Faria  was  to  liavo  l>crn  100,0(10  dncats  in  poM,  whiih 
iiiiiliT  tli(!  jiivsfiit  ciivniiiHtiiin'cij  (.'ould  proliiilily  not  l>o  raised  at  the  time. 
I'f  nidi  />;,(-,  Jl'ist.  Wnldd.,  '_'.'{7.  This  dccuiTod  sulpsefjiioiitly  to  l\w  iiiakinu  of 
lii-<  w  i  1,  iVoin  wliicli  it  nmiears  tluit  'JO. 000  ducatH  had  ahcady  ln'en  i)aid  to 
M.iic|ii  's  Astorjrii  on  su'count  of  the  dowry,  and  CortOd  ^jrovidud  that  the  ru- 
iu;iiudi.r  be  paiil,  to  I'uUil  the  contract.  ' 


«7t 


DEATH  OF  CORTES. 


his  way  to  tho  royal  carriage  and  placed  liis  foot  upon 
the  stop.  "Who  is  tliis  man?"  demanded  the  king. 
"One  who  has  given  yonr  ]\Iajcsty  more  kingdoms 
than  you  had  cities  hefbrel"  was  the  reply.^  This  was 
the  last  time  that  Cortes  ever  asked  aught  of  his 
sovereign.*  Three  years  passed  in  further  waiting, 
and  then  the  conqueror,  his  patience  exhausted,  (K>- 
termincd  to  return  to  New  Spain,  to  leave  his  native 
soil  forever. 

Having  previously  obtained  permission  to  depart, 
he  proceeded  to  Seville  and  was  received  with  lioiiors 
by  the  nobility,  the  last  to  bo  tendered  him  in  this 
life.  They  bid  him  farewell,  asking  God's  blessing  on 
his  departure.  But  these  manifestations,  hollow  or 
sincere,  could  not  revive  his  broken  spirit,  nor  (Hsprl 
his  bitterness  of  heart;  his  health  declined,  and  it  was 
soon  apparent  that  his  last  hour  was  drawing  neai'. 
The  strain  upon  his  faculties  had  been  severe,  and 
death  came  at  last  to  his  relief  To  escape  visi- 
tors, he  was  conveyed  to  tlie  village  Castillejo  do  la 
Cuesta,  about  two  leagues  from  Seville,  accompanii-d 
by  Martin,  who  would  not  leave  his  father;  and  on 
December   2,   1547,  then  in  his  sixty-second  year, 

"Tliis  inciilcnt  is  not  well  authenticated,  ns  it  rests  mainly  on  Volluin; 
Esdcii  sitr  li'n  Md'iirs. 

<  In  tliiti  last  appeal  to  the  emperor,  he  bc[:!ina:  'Ponaii  que  hnl)pr  tialia- 
jailo  vn  la  juvontnd  nic  aprovecliaivi  para  (pic  en  la  vcjcz  tiibiora  ilcscaiiso,  y 
usi  i'l  cuaivnta  afios  <jne  nie  ho  ooupailo  en  no  tiormir,  mal  comer,  y  ;i  las  vcti  s 
iii  liicn  iii  mal,  trair  las  annas  A  ciu'.stas,  poncr  la  persona  en  jicligro,  t'astar 
mi  liacicnda  y  cdad  todo  en  sorvieio  de  ])ii)s,  trayeiido  tiliejas  A  su  corral'. , . 
U)  extend  the  power  ami  fameof  his  sovereign,  and  to  increase  iiisdoinaiii,  hy 
the  con(]UPst  of  many  largo  kingdoms,  and  lordships  of  hai'harons  nations. 
All  of  wliich  he  had  accomplishetl  in  person  and  at  his  own  cost,  without  aid 
from  the  govennncnt;  on  the  contrary,  he  had  been  hindered  hy  'niiulim 
('■nndos  6  invidiosos  quo  ci,.no  sanguijnelaa  han  rel)entado  de  liartos  de  mi 
sangrc. '  lie  could  not  concei  -o  why  the  royal  promises  weic  not  fullilled,  and 
why  ho  was  again  deprived  of  tho  favors  once  granted.  It  was  more  dithe.ill, 
lie  said,  to  (hjfcnd  himself  against  his  Majesty's  liseal,  than  to  conqiiei'  tho 
enemy's  country.  Corti'-s  conclud(>a  this  long  and  interesting  apjieal  'trustiii.,' 
tiierc  will  he  no  unneeessjiry  delay  in  the  decision,  otiierwise  he  lu-efers  {» 
lose  all  and  return  to  his  home,  'ponpie  no  teugo  ya  edad  para  andar  imr 
mesoiies,  sino  para  recogerno  it  aelarar  mi  cuenta  con  Dios,  jiues  la  teiiL'o 
larga,  y  poca  vida  para  ilar  los  dcscargos.  y  sera  mejor  j)er(l(U'  la  haeiemla 
<picl  linima.'  Cortra,  Curia  o!  Eiii/k rm/m;  in  (.'((/.  JJoc.  Jind.,  i.  41  (J.  On  iht; 
hack  of  the  original  document  is  tho  laconic  iudursenicat:  A'o  hai/  que  rvKpomU  r: 
Needs  no  reply  I 


M  -'- 


FUNERAL  CEREMOXIES. 


47a 


ITornan  Cortes  expired.  Two  days,  afterward  Im 
letnains  were  deposited  witli  due  solcninity  and  pomp 
in  tlio  monastery  of  San  Isidro,  on  the  outskirts  of 
Seville,  the  sepulchre  of  the  dukes  of  Medina  Sidonia. 
The  bearer  of  that  title  and  guardian  of  young  Cortes, 
second  marquds  del  Valle,  and  many  other  distin- 
guished personages  from  Seville  and  the  neighboring 
country  were  present  at  the  obsequies. 

The  remains  of  Cortes  rested  at  San  Isidro  until 
1  5{)2,  when  they  were  removed  bj^  order  of  Martin 
Cortes  to  New  Spain,  to  the  city  of  Tezcuco.  Pur- 
suant to  a  provision  of  the  will  they  were  to  havo 
liccn  deposited  in  his  favorite  city,  Coyuhuacan,  within 
ten  years  after  his  death.  This,  however,  was  never 
(l(Mie.  They  were  destined  to  wander  from  place  to 
]^^^cc,  till  in  1823  they  disappeared  altogether  from 
tlie  city  of  Mexico.'' 

•'  It  was  provide'!  i;i  the  will  that  in  whatever  place  in  Spain  Cortrs  died 

iiis  iriiKuii:!  woro  to  bo  deposited,  to  he  traiisfiTred  witliin  lU  years  to  Coyu- 

liiiaeaii  in  Xew  Spain.     'J'lie  roniaina  of  his  mother  and  of  Iiis  son  Lui.f,  at 

t'luni;'.  vaea,  were  to  bo  transferred  to  the  same  place  at  that  time.    Concerning 

the  fur.iral  services,  it  was  inn\  ided  tliat  idl  curates  and  friars  of  the  iilaeo 

ill  which,  he  died,  shonld  attend  at  the  obsequies;  TiO  poor  people  were  to 

rn-eivc  new  suits  of  ch)the3  and  one  real  to  atiend  with  torches;  new  clotiica 

for  niourinn;.;  bcin;j;  piven  al.=!o  to  all  his  servants  and  his  Fcm".:,  and  0,0(10 

masses  were  to  bo  read:  1,000  for  tho  sonls  in  j)ur^'atory;  'J,000  for  tlioso  who 

died  in  iiis  service  in  New  Spain,  and  tlie  reniaiudor  for  tliose  he  had  wron;;eil 

unknowingly  and  whose  names  ho  could  not  remcndjcr.  Cor/i >■,   Ti\\tiunvii(o, 

ill  ( \il.  JJoc.  Iiii'd.,  iv.  '2;il)-77.    In  the  year  lli'2(),  on  the  death  (jf  1  Vdio  Oortes, 

fourth  inanini'a  del  Valle,  tho  bones  of  tlio  eou(pteror  were  removed  from 

IVzcuco  and  deposited  in  tlic  I'ranciscan  church  in  Mexico,  with  /;reat  pomp; 

mid  in  ]7'.)4  tlie  relics  were  transferred  to  tho  hospital  of  .lesu.s  Nazarcno, 

'I'liis  new  scpulcliie,  surmounted   by  a  cliaslo  monument  adorned  \vitli  tho 

aims  and  f  lie  bust  of  Cortes,  the  work  of  tho  celebrated  .-icii][)liir  'I'olsa,  had 

lici  u  c;i  eted  throu.!.;h  tlic  exertions  of  Viceroy  Itcvilla  (iigedo  and  tho  a.ssist- 

aiiic  of  ii'presentatives  ot  tlio  Cortes  family.     The  ceremonies  observed  on 

tlic  occasion  of  this  last  transfer  eclipsed  in  grandt:ur  aiiytliin;^  licretoforo 

Mitiiessed  in  the  city  of  Mexico,     r>ut  scarcely  liO  years  elapsed  lieforo  tho 

relics  v.cro  a:;ain  disturbed.     Wlrn  in  ISJ.'l  the  remain,-*  of  tlu!  patiiols  who 

liruclaimed  tiio  independence  of  Mexico  in  UdO  v.cro  to  bo  tiaiisiuntcd  to  tho 

lapilal,  pamphlets  apjieareil  exciting  tlio  iiojndaeo  to  reduce  to  ashc.t  tho 

irjiiaiiis  of  Cortes.    'I'lie  outra;.;e  was  however  prevented  by  the  friends  of  tho 

family,  wlio  obtained  an  order  from  tho  /rovi^riimeiit  to  remove  the  cayk<'t  to 

11  ^ec^u'e  place.     Tho  order  was  made  elicctivo  liy  Alaman,  tlicii  a  iiieinber  of 

the  caliinet,  wl>o  says  in  connection  willi  the  event  in  his  Jilmr/.,  ii.  00: 

'  Hiibicndo  yo  intervenido  en  la  pronta  o'^ecucion  do  cstas  oideiies,  en  virtud 

(Ic  las  fuliciones  pi'ililicas  (pio  dc-empouaba.'    Jlurinj?  the  ni;^lit  of  September 

l.'itli  the  chaplain  of  tiie  hospital,  l)r  .Toaipiin  (IJanales,  removed  llio  icmaina, 

and  by  disposition  of  Count  Lucchesi,  actinj^  for  tlic  family,  they  were  pro- 

vi,',ionally  deposited  under  the  platform  of  tho  ultar  of  Jesus.     The  e.<weito« 


.•  i1 


190 


DEATH  OF  CORTl^S. 


Since  that  time  a  deep  mystery  has  hung  over  tho 
final  resting-place  of  the  conqueror's  remains.  Though 
it  is  generally  believed  that  they  were  secretly  shipped 
to  the  family,  and  are  now  deposited  at  Palermo  in 
Italy,  there  is  a  possibility  that  they  never  left  l^.Iex- 
ico,  but  occupy  some  hidden  spot  known  to  few." 
Perhaps  it  was  befitting  that  the  great  chieftain  who 
had  known  no  rest  in  life,  should  not  find  it  in  death. 

The  day  after  his  death  the  will  of  Cortes  was 
opened.'  It  is  a  voluminous  document  and  throws 
some  additional  light  upon  the  character  of  its  author, 
but  most  of  the  details  are  not  now  of  interest  to  the 
reader.  As  guardians  of  the  legitimate  children,  ad- 
ministrators of  the  estate,  and  executors  of  the  will, 
in  Spain,  were  appointed  Juan  Alonso  de  Guzman, 
duke  of  Medina  Sidonia;  Pedro  Alvarez  Osorio,  mar- 
quis of  Astorga,  and  Pedro  Arellano,  count  of  Agui- 
lar;  and  for  New  Spain  the  marchioness,  wife  of 
Cortes;  Pishop  Zumarraga;  Friar  Domingo  de  Betau- 
zos,  and  Licenciate  Juan  do  Altamirano.  The  prin- 
ci[)al  heir,  succeeding  to  the  estate  and  title,  was  liis 
legitimate  son,  Martin,  who  after  his  twentieth  ycixv 

nicnt  of  tho  populace  continued,  and  it  was  found  expedient  to  remove  tlio 
luist  iind  iirnis  from  the  nionniiioiit,  and  to  ship  thuin  to  the  duke  of  lVrriiii"v;i 
nt  ralonno.  Tlio  marble  obelisk  and  sepulchre  disappeared  after  tho  lius|iit:d 
nnd  chureli  ])roperty  was  sequestered  by  the  goveruincut  ill  IS'Xi.  Mora,  Jl'j. 
J!'  v.,  iii.  IS^S,  pays  in  connection  herewith:  'And  they  would  have  profam-il 
even  tile  ashes  of  tlic  liero  but  for  the  precautions  taken  I)y  sonic  unprcjiuliccil 
persons  who,  wishin;^  to  save  their  country  the  dishonor  of  such  rejirehcnsililc 
and  rash  jiroecdurc,  managed  at  lirst  to  conceal,  and  tlicn  to  ship  them  to  l-.ii 
family  in  Italy.' 

"  loa/.l)alceta,  in  a  letter  to  Henry  Harrissc  on  the  subject,  says:  'Ti:c 
place  of  the  present  sepulture  of  Cortes  is  wrapped  in  mystery.  Don  Liums 
Alanian  has  told  the  history  of  the  remains  of  tliis  great  man.  Without  pus- 
itivoly  saying  so,  he  lets  it  be  understood  that  they  were  taken  to  lt;ily. . . 
It  is  generally  believed  that  the  bones  of  Corti's  are  at  Palermo.  But  »mM 
persons  insist  that  they  are  still  in  Mexico,  hidden  in  some  place  absolutely 
unknown.  Notwithstanding  the  friendship  with  which  Mr  Alaman  has  hmi- 
orcd  me,  I  never  could  obtain  from  him  a  definite  explanation  in  the  iiiatti  r; 
he  would  always  lind  some  pretext  to  eiiange  the  conversation.'  Jlarri--. 
217--0.     There  was  ceitainly  something  strange  in  the  reticence  of  Alaiiuiii. 

'  It  was  executed  October  11,  ].")47,  before  the  notary  ^Iclchfir  de  I'nr'.i-. 
The  text  is  printed  in  Curtr.i,  Lscritos  Siwltoi',  34S-1J'2;  Cortri<,  Te^tinmnto.  ia 
Col.  Dor.  /iiid.,  iv.  '231)-77;  Ahunnii,  Dlnert.,  ii.  app.  98-i:iS;  Morn,  M'J. 
Jl<  I'.,  iii.  37y-423,  and  others.  The  will  was  admitted  to  probate  August  10, 
1548. 


THE  WILL. 


Mas  to  cnjo^'  the  full  income  f)f  the  iiilieritanco,  though 
liis  majority  was  fixed  ;it  twenty-iivo.  All  the  other 
cliildren,  logitimatc  ami  natural,  were  well  ])rovi(le(l 
with  an  acle(|uate  income,  and  a})pro[)riate  dowi'ies  tor 
the  daughters.  None  of  the  many  male  and  female 
relatives  seem  to  have  been  forgotti-n,  and  all  the 
servants,  even  the  lady's-maids  to  the  marchioness, 
wei'O  liberally  remembered.  Endowments  for  the 
election  and  sup])ort  of  religious,  charitable,  and  educa- 
tional institutions  were  made  with  princelv  u'enerositv. 
A  college  for  theology  and  canon  law,  and  a  convent, 
the  latter  to  serve  as  the  Cortes  family  sepulchre, 
were  to  be  founded  at  Coyuhuacan;  neither  of  these 
institutions  were  built,  liowever,  for  want  of  funds. 
.V  third,  the  celebrated  hospital  de  la  Concepcion, 
afterwai-d  known  as  Jesus,  was  erected.  The  manner 
in  which  the  testator  dwells  upon  the  Indian  question 
inrms  a  striking  feature  of  the  will,  and  reveals  the 
fact  that  he  entertained  great  scruples  concei'uing  the 
It'gality  of  holding  Indian  slaves,  and  of  exacting  trib- 


ut 


L'S. 


'(."oncoming  the  Tndi.in  vassals  of  Corti^s,  ho  enjoined  Iiis  sncnessor  to 
nsct'i'tain  whctlier  iht'sc  liad  paid  him  more  triljuto  than  (ho  aimiuiit  formerly 
];.iid  t  >  ilitir  native  chiefs;  it  so,  tlic  full  sMin  soovei'ijaid  ishould  he  retiiiiied, 
iiiihiilin^  also  all  trihutes  collected  nnjiistly;  the  same  wa.i  to  lie  d(jne  with 
iill  hiihls  luijustly  Hei/.cd  from  the  natives.  Should  the  ijilestion  of  slavery  lio 
ilecided  in  the  future,  the  sneeessor  nnist  act  aeconlin','ly,  and  \y.\y  partieular 
nttiuti'in  to  the  instiuetioa  and  education  of  the  natives,  liesides  ordeiing 
his  iiiollier's  remains  to  he  transferred  to  his  own  future  liurial-jilaee,  Cortes 
further  si'j;nilicd  his  tilial  love  hy  fonndint;  certain  services  at  tlie  sr[)ulehre 
of  liis  father,  at  Medellin.  To  his  wife  he  uavi;  1(),()!K)  ducats,  heiii;.,'  tlie  dower 
rociivcd  from  her;  the  dower  of  his  dauu'htcr  .Maria  he  fixed  at  10(l,tl00duc;its, 
'Jit,(lO:)  already  jiaid,  and  the  halance  to  he  ]iaid  over  to  conclude  the  marriay;o 
with  Osorio.  This,  as  mentioned  in  the  text,  never  took  jilace.  The  dowry 
(if  the  other  legitimate  daughters,  Catalina  and  .luana,  was  oO,()(li)  ducats 
eacli.  The  natural  sons,  Martin  and  l.uis,  received  alifereutof  1. ()():)  ducats, 
(Hid  were  (Mijoined  to  acknowledge  and  obey  their  lirotiicr,  Don  Martin,  as  tlio 
licad  of  the  family.  The  natural  daughter'  (,"atalina  I'izarro,  whose  niotlier 
was  Leonor  I'izarro,  afterward  mari'ied  to  Juan  de  Salcedo,  was  to  enjoy  all 
tlie  rents,  triijutes,  ami  other  income  from  the  village  of  Chiuantla,  besides 
receiving  other  grants  of  lands  and  cattle.  Leonor  and  Maria  had  a  dowry 
of  lO.OiK)  ducats  bestowed.  Those  who  iiad  served  under  Corti's  wire  to  bo 
piiid  according  to  their  contracts;  all  lie  had  exiiended  in  the  service"  of  the 
eiinvu  should  be  computed  and  collected  from  the  royal  treasury,  and  all  his 
debts,  of  whatever  nature,  .should  be  paid,  ('m-tr.i,  T<!</(iiiiciiio,  in  ('al.  Die. 
hiiil.,  iv.  •2;i',t--77.  Tile  provisions  of  the  will  are  very  minute  and  concise, 
sliowiug  that  great  care  was  bestowed  by  the  testator  in  its  preparation. 

UlST.  M£X.,  VUL.   II.      Ul 


I 


432 


DEATH  OF  CORTICS. 


The  assertions  of  Cortes  concerning  liis  poverty, 
M'hicli  we  observe  in  his  memorials  to  the  om[)er()r, 
must  not  be  taken  literally,  but  rather  in  a  com[);nu- 
tive  sense.  Fron  the  ])rovisions  of  his  will  it  is  niiuii- 
fest  that  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  deemed  hinisilf 
possessed  of  vast  estates.  These,  however,  (jr  tin; 
j^reater  portion  of  them,  were  the  object  of  liti'^ntioii 
with  the  crown  and  i)rominent  individuals  in  Xew 
Spain,  .and  were  otherwise  embarrassed.  His  l;ist 
unsuccessful  expeditions  had  swallowed  up  immenso 
sums,  and  the  loss  of  the  emeralds  was  also  an  inqtor- 
tant  item.  After  his  death,  when  the  litigations  canio 
to  a  close,  the  verdict  was  against  the  heirs,  and  few 
of  the  ]>rovisions  of  the  will  could  be  carried  out. 
The  original  grants  to  Cortes,  with  a  few  exceptions, 
were  confirmed  to  his  son  Martin  in  15G5  by  Philip 
II.,  in  recognition  of  the  father's  services  to  the  crown, 
and  ill  consideration  of  the  son's  gallant  conduct  at 
the  battle  of  St  Quentin.  Tehuaucepcc  was  the  only 
portion  retained  by  the  crown,  for  which  the  luirs 
were  compensated  in  a  sum  equal  to  the  amount  of 
tributes  collected.  But  the  magnanimity  of  the  king 
lasted  only  two  short  years.  In  15G7,  after  tlio 
alleged  conspiracy  of  ^lartin  Cortes,  the  estate  was 
se(|uestrated  by  the  crown;  it  was  returned  in  1574, 
greatly  reduced,  and  injur'^l  by  neglect  aUvl  the 
I'apacity  of  royal  officials.  After  that  other  seques- 
trations and  clianges  occurred." 

•The  original  grant  to  Corti''9  of  July  G,  1020,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardnia-^, 
Col.  Doc,  xii.  '201-7,  conipriscil  '2'2  towns  uith  tlopcnduncios,  and  'J,'!,(M!()  vas- 
sals. In  ISO."),  aceoi'diug  to  l/iinihalilf,  L'ssai  I'oL,  i.  '21m,  the  nianpiisato 
contained  4  villas,  4!)  villages,  and  17,700  inhabitants.  This  is  rel'iited  I'V 
Kavarro  y  Xuriega,  in  <S'oc.  Mcx.  Geo;/.,  Ijolrtin,  ii.  8;{,  who  claims  there  v.erij 
7  judicial  districts,  ',i',i  curacies,  i  city,  1,")  villas,  ir)7  put.'hlos,  8I(  haciendas, 
11!)  ranchos,  and  5  cstaiicias,  with  ir)(),00fl  iuhaliitants  all  told.  This  was 
not  so  bad  after  all.  The  income  from  the  houses  in  Mexico  was  apjilied, 
juii'suant  to  the  will  of  CortJs,  to  the  erection  and  maintenance  of  tho 
liospital  of  .lesns.  According  to  Tirraiiora  y  Moiildcoiie,  Exposicion,  '1\)''M), 
in  IS'28  this  ineonic  amounted  to  '28,000  )iesos.  In  the  course  of  tiuie  tlio 
estate  greatly  diminished,  und  in  the  year  mentioned  the  duke  of  Terra- 
H'lva  retained  only  the  'haciendas  marquesanas,'  some  lands  in  TuNtla,  ;nnl 
t'le  ])rojicrty  in  Mexico  city;  and  the  income  had  greatly  decreased  liy  tlio 
nboliliouof  tributes.  The  sugar  plantation  of  .Vtlacomulco  was  not  a  part 
of  tlie  original  grant;  it  was  bought  by  Marthi  Cortes  in  1  JoU.    Te/ruin/rc  y 


^24t:J 


TROGENY. 


4S3 


Cortes  wfiR  first  married,  as  wo  well  Iviiow,  in  Culia, 
to  C^atalina  Juarez,  a  native  of  Granada,  in  Andalusia, 
whose  death  occurred  in  OctolxT  1522.  It  is  supposed 
that  by  her  lie  had  a  child,  but  notliins^  definite  can 
lie  ascertained  on  the  subject,  A  natural  daun'hter  by 
a  Cuban  Indian  is  also  mentioned  at  that  time.  The 
issue  of  his  second  marriac^'c,  with  Dona  Juana  de 
Zuuiga,  was  one  son,  jMartin,  and  three  daun^liters: 
;^[an'a,  married  to  Luis  A^iijjil  do  Quinoncs,  conde  de 
Luna;  Catalina,  who  died  single  at  Seville,  and  Juana 
married  to  Hernando  Enriquez  de  Rivera,  duke  of 
Aleala  and  marques  do  Tarifa.  Beside  these  there 
were  several  natural  children:  jNIartin  Cortes,  son  of 
the  devoted  Marina;  Catalina  Pizarro,  daughter  of 
Leonor  Pizarro;  Luis,  son  of  Antonia  Herniosilla;'" 
Leonor  and  ^laii'a,  daughters  of  noble  Indian  women ; 
Leonor  was  married  to  Juan  do  Tolosa,  one  of  the 
founders  of  Zacatecas;  and  finally  another  son  Luis, 
v.lio  died  before  his  father. 

With  I'edro  Cortes,  the  fourth  marque's  del  Vnllo 
nnd  great  grandson  of  the  conqueroi-,  the  direct  line 
hccame  extinct.  The  estates  and  title  passed  to  liis 
niece,  Dona  Estefania,  married  to  Diego  de  Aragon, 
duke  of  Terranova,  descendant  of  one  of  tlie  most 
(listintjuished  families  of  Sicilv.  This  union  remaining 
without  male  issue,  by  the  marriage  of  then'  daughter 
.luana  with  Hector,  duke  of  Monteleone,  the  line  be- 
came united  with  the  Pinatwlli  family,  Neapolitan 
iii>!)lcs  of  the  first  rank.  Thus  the  descendants  and 
present  representatives  of  the  gi'cat  adventurer's  I'amily 
an-  tlie  dukes  of  Terranova  }•  ^Tonteleone,  in  Sicily, 
one  of  the  proudest  families  of  Italy." 

Montr/cone,  E'^po.vrioi),  2.^-Sl,  00-r)'2.  !Mciro  particular  cnnpcniing  tlio  estate 
may  1)0  foHinl  in  Pachero  and  CdriliH'tn,  Col.  JJor.,  xii.  ;JIK)-S;  ,S'(,.-.  J/(./-. 
(/";/.,  linkliii,  ii.  10;  Humboldt,  K-mi  Pol.,  i.  li!(i;  I'i/lii  S<  I'lor,  Th<atr<>, 
I  'Jilil-TO;  ii.  llS-'j;j;  Dor.  Ilisl.  Mi.c,  suriu  i.  toiii.  i.  4,  41.'.,  4(il. 

'"Martin,  Luis,  and  Catalina  were  legilimized  liy  i>ai)al  bull  (if  April  I(>, 
I'l-!).  which  is  given  in  A/amaii,  hi-ta't.,  ii.  'Jd  a])p.  .'i'J-tJ.  The  t'ornicr  \\i\n 
iiiailc  knights  of  Santiago  and  C'alatravii,  res]icctively. 

"  The  statement  in  l'n'<rulf,  in.  '^'>\,  that  by  the  nian-iagc  of  a  female  into 
till'  house  of  Terranova,  the  Cortes  family  was  united  with  the  desci'ndaiit.s 
of  the  'grail  capital! '  Goiizalo  do  Cordoba,  is  erroneous.     The  house  of  Tor- 


4S4 


DEATH  Ot  CORTES. 


Ill  finally  rovicwini>'  the  character  of  Hcrnan  Cortes, 
after  our  long  acquaintance,  and  comparing  him  witli 
his  contemporaries,  wo  find  conspicuous  a  supremo 
worldly  aml»iti<m,  love  of  power,  of  wealth,  of  fame, 
united  to  intense  religious  zeal  and  loyalty  to  tlie 
king.  In  the  combination  there  was  much  that  miglit 
he  called  remarkable.  This  union  of  the  spiritual 
and  the  sensual,  a  selfishness  as  l)road  and  deep  in 
heavenly  as  in  earthly  affairs,  an  all-abiding,  heart- 
felt loyalty  to  the  sovereign  of  Spain,  paramount  even 
to  self-love  or  to  church  devotion,  seems  here  more 
evenly  l)alanced  than  in  any  person  of  note  among 
those  mIio  came  early  to  ihe  Indies.  Tliouijh  Iiis 
religious  zeal  was  so  fervid,  he  seldom  permitted  it 
to  stand  in  the  way  of  worMly  advancement;  l)ut 
there  was  ever  present  a  fighting  piety  which  miglit 
have  adorned  a  member  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg. 
Love  of  <>()ld  was  usually  suliordinate  to  love  of  i>loiv ; 
and  yet  we  have  seen  him  decline  a  coveted  title  be- 
cause of  a  real  or  pretended  lack  of  means  to  support 
it.  Further,  alter  having  had  set  aj^art  for  him  lands, 
and  vassals,  and  revenues  befitting  a  king,  he  rendered 
the  latter  i)art  of  his  life  miserable  by  reason  of  vain 
importunities  to  his  sovereign  for  more.  A  tithe  of 
what  he  possessed  he  might  with  contentment  have 
enjoyed,  but  in  his  later  mood  half  the  ])lanet  would 
have  been  too  small  for  him  while  the  other  half  re- 
mained to  be  coveted. 

But  in  this  it  was  more  what  ho  considered  his  duo 
that  he  desired,  than  the  gratification  of  an  all-absorl)- 
ing  avarice,  such  as  that  which  possessed  Nuno  (!<; 
Guzman,  and  men  of  similar  stamp.  When  an  humble 
navigator  discovered  a  new  world,  or  a  nameless  ca\  a- 
lier  conquered  a  considerable  portion  of  it  at  his  o\\  u 

ranova  xiiiitcd  with  the  Cortc^s  family  received  its  title  from  Philip  II.  in  l.")(i."i, 
aiul  is  distinct  from  that  of  Terranova  iu  Calabria.  The  guuealogy  of  Cortis 
may  l)o  found  in  Clarijcro,  Sloria  Mcni.,  iii.  "23(5-7.  Sec,  also,  Carrialo,  K"- 
tmiio.'*,  ii.  7;  Jms  Casus,  JJiit.  Ind.,  iv.  13-14;  I'liitV!*,  I'ltri/e.-i,  iu  Moiii(iiU'iif''f 
Doin'in.  E-tp.,  MS.,  70,  79;  Lchron,  A/ioloij.  Jiirid.,  in  Pap.  JJererho,  -No.  .J, 
.IS-Cil;  Alamcui,  JJincrt.,  ii.  4S-52,  1st  app.  4-G;  'Jd  app.  3l!-U;  Cortts,  Ilmi' 
deiicia,  i.  Ill;  Cortes,  L'scriton  Sudtos,  27'J-SO. 


REVIEW  OF  niS  CnARACTER. 


4S3 


cost  and  in  tlio  name  of  tlic  lvin<j:,  layinu*  it  at  tlio 
sovereign's  feet,  with  all  its  wealth  of  geld  and  jjearls, 
;ind  land  and  vassals,  it  was  an  nndeterniined  <[iiestit)n 
liow  niuoh  of  it  belonged  to  the  nionareh  and  how 
much  to  the  discoverer  and  conqueror,  and  it  is  not 
at  all  strange  that  ()})inion  should  be  divided  on  the 
subject.  But  in  every  emergency,  whatsoever  the 
inonarcli  said  or  did,  whether  he  grantetl  lands  antl 
Imnors  or  withlu'ld  them,  Cortes  was  bound  to  l)c;lievo 
all  as  right.  lie  mi<>ht  sometimes  sacrilice  wealth 
and  power  to  religion;  more  fre(juently  he  would  sac- 
rilice religion  to  wealth  and  power,  but  never  would 
he  tibatc  one  jot  of  his  devoted  obedience  to  the  king, 
unless  it  was  clearly  to  the  king's  interest  that  he 
should  be  slightly  disobeyed. 

From  the  time  of  the  Honduras  expedition,  and 
his  separation  from  the  faithful  ^AEiirina,  the  star  of 
tlie  conqueror  declined.  From  that  day  care  fast 
engraved  wrinkles  on  his  forehead.  The  hardshi[)s 
and  disa])pointments  ex[)erienced  on  the  march  had 
broken  his  spirits  ami  lowered  his  strength  of  mind, 
and  they  never  recovered.  In  the  mean  time  he  had 
leached  the  sunnnlt  of  fame;  he  was  captain  general 
and  governor  of  the  country  he  had  conquered,  and  was 
made  a  marquis  with  vast  grants.  Nevertlieless  his 
soul  was  embittered  by  the  fact  that  the  gilts  of  his 
royal  master  were  benefits  oidy  in  name,  that  real 
honors  were  withheld,  that  he  was  no  longer  supreme 
in  the  land  of  his  achievement,  but  nuist  be  rulod 
lila;  any  other  by  an  audiencia  and  subsecpiently  l)y 
a  viceroy.  Still,  his  restless  impulse  carries  him  for- 
ward to  now  and  exciting  scenes.  New  Spain  is 
con(|Ucred,  and  he  would  penetrate  beyond.  The  Cali- 
I'ornia  and  Spice  Island  expeditions  fail;  he  wrangles 
with  the  viceroy  over  the  right  of  further  discoveries, 
of  which  he  is  finally  and  ell'ectually  deprived. 

Nowhere  is  the  presence  of  noble  character  more 
visibly  displayed  than  when  taunted,  maligned,  and 
robbed  by  the  royal  officials.     While  possessing  anq)le 


4SG 


DEATH  OF  CORTES. 


1*1!  ; 


power  to  sweep  them  from  his  patli,  he  endurod  in 
nn<,'ry  patience  every  in(li;_jnity  ami  wroiiLj  rather  than 
pkiee  himsL'h' oil  I'eeord  as  other  than  hiw-abiding  and 
u  lover  of  j^ood  conduct.  His  domestic  life  during- 
his  second  marriage  seems  to  have  been  one  of  great 
i'elicity;  wo  find  him  the  kindest  of  parents  and  a 
devoted  husband,  though  from  his  earlier  libertinisnis 
the  contrary  might  have  been  expected.  \Vc  have 
seen  that  till  his  last  moments  he  showed  the  greatest 
solicitude  for  the  welfare  of  his  entire  I'amily. 

In  mind  and  manners,  in  adventure,  war,  di[)lomarv, 
he  everywhere  displayed  great  versatility.  There  was 
little  that  ho  could  not  do;  there  was  little  he  could 
not  do  better  than  another.  Were  ships  required,  lie 
would  make  them;  were  they  in  the  way,  he  would 
burn  them.  Did  he  want  powder,  there  was  tlio 
sul[)hur  of  the  volcano;  did  he  lack  iron  for  guns,  he 
used  silver  or  copper.  Were  the  hosts  of  Aiuiliuac 
too  many  for  him,  he  turned  against  them  other  hosts 
before  whom  he  was  likewise  in  point  of  numbers  an 
insignitieant  enemy.  But  though  his  feats  as  an  Ind- 
ian-tighter were  wonderful,  it  is  not  in  these  tliat  we 
lind  him  at  his  best.  A  stupid  slur  was  that  made 
during  the  Algiers  expedition  b}'  the  king's  courtier, 
who  said  that  Cortes  would  lind  the  Moors  a  very 
diiferent  enemy  from  naked  Americans.  Cortes  was 
a  match  for  any  j\Ioor,  or  any  Spaniard;  indeed  liis 
most  brilliant  exploits  were  achieved  when  he  found 
himself  opposed  by  his  own  countrymen;  and  he  wa>. 
scarcely  less  successful  as  a  ruler  than  as  a  militar\' 
leader. 

His  nature,  as  we  everywhere  have  seen,  was  (Mie 
of  em[)hasis  and  intensity.  Affairs  of  gallantry  he 
conducted  with  as  much  skill  and  persistency  as  were 
re(|uired  to  win  a  battle.  The  grave  and  couilly 
manners  by  which  the  Spaniard  commonly  veils  his 
real  character  were  in  Cortes  moditied  b}'  a  freeiu  ss 
and  vivacity  due  in  a  great  measure  to  New  World 
inlluences. 


In  \ 


HIS  BIOGRAPHERS. 


487 


Wc  cannot  condemn  sini])ly  because  one  has  faults; 
wo  cannot  wholly  coiuleum  it*  one  has  nuuiy  ami  glar- 
iiiLC  I'aiilts.  It  is  only  when  one  displays  that  most 
ollcnsive  of  faults,  an  unconsciousni'ss  of  having'  any, 
that  wo  may  regard  the  caau  as  entitled  to  sweeping 
condemnation. 


Tlif!  loading  bioj^raphcr  of  Cortds  is  Ooninra,  on  wlioso  works  biblio^ 
^'iMphiciil  iiotts  will  l>o  found  in  my  JliM.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  lil  1-1(».  With  ii'iiaiil 
to  liis  /li-iiiiia  (If  Mcriro,  ■which  in  reality  may  lie  looked  upon  ns  a  biog- 
lajiliy  of  C'uiti's,  ho  has  met  with  siiiijiortors  and  detractdi.s.  LisCasaais 
Bcaihing  in  his)  criticisms  of  tlie  earlier  portions  of  his  work,  asserting  tliat 
his  ihl'oririatiou  being  derived  from  the  representations  of  Cortes  is  warped. 
7AV.  ///(/,  iv.  11-1'2,  44>Setse(j.  IJenial  Diaz,  7/(V.  l'( ril<i,l.,  11,  also  eon- 
siilei'cd  that  (Joniara's  statements  are  not  consistent  with  the  facts,  and 
Mufiuz  charges  him  with  accepting  the  accounts  of  previous  writers  without 
(hif  examination,  and  of  being  creilulous  anil  deficient  in  discernment.  Iliif. 
Sii'  r.  Mil  ml.,  i.  p.  xviii.  On  tlie  other  hand  (iomara  is  followed  by  numerous 
writers,  ancient  and  modem.  Ilerrera  draws  largely  upon  him,  w  hile  at  tho 
Si.Kie  lime  hewas  enabled  to  consult  documents  Mhicli  this  father  of  American 
l.i.-tory  never  saw.  Goniara  obtained  his  materials  from  important  sources, 
si',(  h  as  letters,  reports,  and  other  documents  to  which  he  had  access;  but, 
cl!:qilii.in  as  ho  was  to  Cortes,  it  was  but  natural  that  lie  should  bo  piijudiced 
in  favor  oi  his  patron,  and  bo  disposed  to  somewhat  color  his  great  deeds, 
wi'ihoiit  chronicling  those  which  might  detract  from  his  renown.  Oviedo 
s;4';>lics  information  relative  to  Corti's  which  no  one  else  gives.  In  his  //^s^ 
'.',..  i/ij  Iiidia.i  ho  reproduces  the  con<]Ueror"s  first  letters,  slightly  adapted  to 
lis  (lun  language.  Having  met  him  in  Spain  ho  had  frequent  opportunities 
(•;  Kjiiversing  with  him.  He  received  occasional  letters  from  CortL'S,  and  his 
i;;(iition  of  these  and  quotations  from  them  assist  in  proving  facta  and  fixing 
ilatrs.  Lernal  Diaz  «letracts  somewhat  from  the  credit  of  his  great  com- 
mander by  exalting  that  of  his  companions.  IMzarro,  I'aronr-i  Ilitst.,  gives  !v 
glowing  lulogy  of  Cortes,  but  it  is  non-critical  ami  partial.  He  enlarges  on 
the  importiinco  of  omens  and  natural  phenomena  which  presented  themselves 
i'.t  the  birth  and  during  tho  eventful  jieriods  of  the  lite  of  tho  hero.  Ho 
laiiks  him  naturally  enough  second  to  his  relative  Tizarro.  Clavigei'o,  Stor'ia 
J/(.v\.,  has  made  a  few  valuable  investigations,  and  produced  CortiJs'  family 
tree.  This  author's  usual  perspicacity  is  dispkiyed  in  his  researches  and  con- 
ehisions  relative  thereto.  Tlie  Urx'idinda  of  Cortes,  as  contiiining  the  testi- 
mony of  his  foes,  is  full  of  dark  pictures,  most  of  which  are  exaggerated  and 
many  of  them  false.  Nevertheless  the  student  receives  much  aiil  from  tho 
statements  of  opposing  witnesses,  and  jiarticularlj-  from  sucii  corroborative 
evidence  as  -"iipears.  From  the  J-J.scrilo.'i  Siiiltoti,  the  Cctrtas  of  Cortes,  from 
letters,  memorials,  and  other  papers,  in  Col.  Doc.  ImL,  and  Parheco  and  Car- 
«/««((,•(,  iJol.  Doc,  XV.  xxvi.-xxx.,  and  other  volumes,  much  fresh  information 
nuiy  be  gathered  as  regards  his  actions,  moti\cs,  and  character.     The  uotea 


488 


DEATH  OF  C0RTI^;3. 


SM 


of  Ijorcnzana  in  Cortt<M,  Xurra  Exp.,  Mexico,  1770,  supply  mnny  important 

l)articiiliirH,  ami   may  be  ooiisiiltoil  with  inti-rest.     Tlit  rcsi.'arciies  of  liuiii- 

liolilt,  AWa  I'ol.,  rails,  ISll,  liavt!  revealed  many  facts  wliieli  niay  l)u  eon- 

HJilered  as  lii8toi  ical  discoveries.     Anion;,'  the  modem  biographers  of  Corte.< 

Aftliur  Ifelps  occupiert  a  )iroiiiiii('iit  jio^ition.     I'orn  about  IS17  li<-'  be^an  to 

figure  as  a  wiiter,  aiionymoUHly,  an  early  as  ISK"),  mid  continued  to  fiirid.^li 

the  jiress  at  frecpicnt  intervals  with  productions  covering  a  wide  range  nf 

literatui'e,  as  essays,  dramas,   bio;,'ra[)hi<'s,   and   Id-sturiLS.     lie  also  assisted 

(Jiuen  N'ictoria  in  preparing  her  Litirm  from  the  Junrnid  of  our  Lij'c  In  Ihn 

Jliillititiiils,     For  these  and  other  ellorts  ho  was  in  187-  honored  with  knight- 

liood.     As  an  essayist  ho  has  been  compared  to  Lamb  for  good-natured  satire 

and  ilce[)  leeliiig,  and  his  treatises  gciii.'rally  indicate  also  tlie  observer  ;iiid 

thinker.     Tlic   lirs't  notable  work  on  America,  T/ie  Coixiuerors  of  the  Xim 

IViirlil,    London,    1S4S  .")'J,    two   volumes,    a  speculative  and    semi-ldstorio 

account  of   the   settlement  of  America,  ciiielly  with   reference  to  the   r.icu 

mixture,  is  not  a  work  of  much  merit.     It  is  now  rarely  met  with,  owing 

jierhaps  to  Helps'  own  ('(Forts  to  witlidraw  it  from  circulation.     Yet  tlie  book 

Served  a  good  pur[iose  in  inciting  him  to  further  researches  for  the  nioio 

thorough  and  elaborate  U'lMonj  of  l/ie  S/xDiinh  Cnm/it'st  hi  America,  London, 

isriS-lil,  four  volumes,  followed  in  lS(i8  \)y  Lifi-  nf  Las  Cams,  Life  of  Plzurro, 

lS(i!),  Lf(  nfCortis,  I,S71.     In  tiie  former  work  an  excellent  treatise  on  encO' 

miemlas  is  oU'ercd  by  Sir  Artiiur,  who  has  in  a  measure  competed  with  I'res- 

cott,  wliile  cov(^i'iiig  giound  not  embraced  by  him.     IJut  the  main  obji  ct  of 

the  former  work  is  still  tlie  race  mixture,  or  rather  the  origin  of  ni'gro  slavery 

and  its  ellcct  on  America,  and  this  accounts  for  the  less  thorough  treatment 

of  the  regular  history,  and  for  the  lengthy  deviations  from  its  natural  course. 

'J'reating  ratlier  of  the  result  than  tlio  progress  of  compicst,  and  inclining 

greatly  to  etlinologic  and  social  data,  the  book  is  apt  to  dis-appoint  tiiose  who 

take  the  title  as  an  index.     Although  showing  an  admirable  grasp  of  subject 

and  philosophic  treatment  the  historian  is  not  unfrcquently  found  to  yield  to 

tlie  essayist,  and  at  times  poetic  feeling  and  fancy  take  tiie  place  of  facts. 

Free  from  ail'ectation  the  language  deserves  the  compliment  of  'beautilul, 

quiet  English,'  bestowed  by  liuskin,  but  as  fiuislicd  work  it  cannot  comiiaru 

with  liobertson,  Prcseott,  or  even  Irving.    His  Life  of  Curlts  forms  a  sliglitly 

elaborated  gleaning  on  this  topic  from  the  preceding  volumes,  and  forms  as  a 

natural  result  not  a  thorough  history  of  his  conquests,  but  rather  an  attractive 

biography,  which  at  times  dwells  too  much  on  trifles,  and  incorporates  idle 

statements;  yet  displaj-s  in  utii-T  respects  a  clear  perception  of  ti'aits  and 

incidents,  frequently  mnnliested     i  profound  observations  and  adoraed  with 

brilliant   sentences.     ]>rassenr   de   IJourbourg,  I/iat.  Xat.  Civ.,  Paris,   IS.'iT, 

four  volumes,  scarcely  doi;-'  (V  rtes  justice.     The  abbti,  though  a  fascinating 

writer,  regarded  the  Conquest  from  a  native  stand-iioint,  and  consequently 

his  views  and  descriptions  arc  tinged  with  a  corresponding  coloring.    I're- 

cmincnt,  however,  among  modern  writers  of  this  period  of  Mexican  history 

stands  Prescott,  whom  I  have  already  considered  in  the  first  v(dume  of  my 

Jlistonj  of  Mexico.     In  addition  to  what  has  been  already  said  about  liis 

CoiiqiHsf  of  Mexico  it  maybe  remarked  that  after  the  fall  of  the  city  his  wdik 

is  for  the  most  jiart  conliued  to  the  biography  of  Cortes,  whose  bright  achieve- 


FURTHER  AUTHORITIES. 


480 


monts  nn<l  f,nOi\  qualities  aro  prominently  nml  lnilli.'intly  set  foitli,  liiit  whoso 

iiDpcifi'ctii'MM   iiro   nut    iini>iirtiiilly    ]i'irtr;iyi'il.     Alanimi'M   Jlisiri.,    Mcxii'o, 

1^1 1,  uiiiy  1h'  ivgai'duil  as  a  Lcmiiilcnifut  to  I'lfHi'iitt.     AItlu)iij,'li  in-  '/wtn  Imt 

II  lli^^'^!l[lllionl  outlino  of  the  career  of  UnrtOa  nn  an  imlivi'liial,  Alainan  ncMT- 

thi  k'.srt  ilis[ilays  fjrcat  ivscaixh  on  ocrtain  pointM  iqion  wliiili  in;  thi(>\v-i  niucli 

li.'lit.    Armin,  Allc  Mi:c.,  L(ii)sii',  1S(;.'(,  .sii[iiplics  smnu  aiMltinnal  iufoiuiatinn 

tn  that  fonml  in  IVcseott.     'J'liis  work  in  will  written.     Tlu;  fulldwini^  ndiii- 

tinnal  aiitlioritios  may  he  mentionetl:   Gonz'ilvz  Ddr'iht,  Tiafro  Kr/cx.,  i.  S-IH; 

Mnfiiliiiiii,    l/lsl.  IiiiL,  'lli-l;    liiiiznili,   Muiiilo  Nimro,  51;    'I'urqui-niiiiln,   i. 

.'i-lD;  I'ria-kliiintix  J!<uliS,  MS.,  7,   15-lV>,  'JO'),  'Jl.Vl'O;  liml,^  <V,liilti.<,  MS., 

i.  i;!(i-70;    KbnixhuroiKjIi's   Mew.  Anllq.,    v.    I.kS;    V<tiiucvrt,    Tiatro  Mix., 

1(17-8;  MoiiiimciitoH  JJomin.  Enp.,  M.S.,  70,  70;  //rnrrn,  dee.  vii.  lih.  ii.  cap. 

10;  Jiiiniou,  (I'i'oij.  Uc^rrip.  Odjarri,  ii.  Itdl-O;  J/aLlinjl'n  I'o//.,  iii,  4."i4;  Fhjiir.- 

roa,    I'iiidicid.i,    M.S.,  i:)'2-7;  A'c/y'.t  Cul.    I'ui/.,   iii.  4.")4;  iv.   ,')!)7-l28;  Iki.iii- 

vumt,  (Ji'dii,  Mich.,  V.  00-1;   Cuhrera,  LWitilo  Armni<,  400;   Samniliuii/  nllrr 

7,'<,',«J«*A.,  xiii.  '205-0;    Voi)(i>io.<,  New  Col.,  i.  MS;    Wor/d  ])l<}iliiiiiil,  ii.  'J52; 

(.'irthic'ieion  id'  Merceilen,    ilS.,    ll-l'J;    \'tll<i  Siiior  j/  Saiir/ier.,   Thottro,    i. 

()!l-7.1,  "21)0-70;  C'iro,  Tres  Siijh^,  i.  0,  149-51;  Lilloii,  lienutex,  ^try-^;  lilnni, 

Jl!4../<ilii/in,  i.  01;  IhumnI,  Jlinf.  Phil.,  iii.  217-8;  Pi/(«r.,  Mem.  O'lint.,  i. 

I'.'S  !l;  Pitji.l'aridn,  torn,  cliii.  pt.  iii.  5.">-,S0;  Dubois,  Mexhiiw,  SS-Oli;  Ii"fei/, 

l!r.<iuiir,  i.  '21.']-lt;  Culderoii  de  hi  ]Surca,  34;  Castillo,  Dice.  Jll.tf.,   1S7-0-2; 

('hiridi(i\  Me.einiw,  015-4;  Sulmoii\t  Mcjdern  I/li/.,   iii.   107;  l-^undovid,  liixt. 

Ciirliis  v.,  ii.  «;]5;  Per(dtn,Xot.  J/i-st.,  14.')-0,  .^40;  -SVt/«;rt»-,  T'ofc/.  .Vc,c.,4(i-2-74; 

Smirti;  Americaiiie,  i.  200;  Pimmlel,  Sit.  Aetnal,  110-11;  Conder'n  Me.r.  ami 

(lii'il.,  81-.T;  Jjiisnierre,   L'L'in2\  Jlex.,   H'O,  ,377-0;  Arroiiir.,  Wist,  ij  Cnui., 

l!l-'2,  .")4-7;  liiveru,  (lob.  Mex.,  12-13,18;  Ciipijibell,  Sjxni.  Am.,  'i',];  Sniil/nrii 

(Jmii-t.  1!<  i: ,  new  series,  vi.  120-1 ;  Caranilks,  Hi.tt.  E^paiia,  v.  177-80;  liivi  rn, 

Mi.r.  in  As'.;j,  7-11;  Pevllln,  notes  in  Sollx,  Ili.-f.  Conq.  Mi  J.  (Madrid,  1S4;!), 

4S.V();  li'ordou'n  Ave.  Mex.,  2.')0-40;  Lerdu  de  T<jada,  Ajunit.  Jli.tt.,  Xo.  v., 

•J.-i!(  (11;  Uceo  Mex.,  i.  01-100;  Mom,  Her.  Mex.,  iii.   KS7-S,  .'170-42;];  Glee- 

iinii'.i  Hint.  Calli.  Church,  i.  30;  Lnrmizn,  JJl.ic.  IPixt.,  No.  xxxiii.  402;  Xour. 

Ilih.  de^tVoj.,  127-30;  Roble.-i,  Diario,  in  hoc.  Hi.it.  Me.r.,  si'rio  i.  torn.  ii.  202- 

]!•;  Mailer's  JA'.;.-.  ^W.:.,  i.  7(5-0,  80-0 i ;  ICi/xoH's  J/tu-.,  270,  417-lS;  ZnmacoiH, 

JJi.-t.  Mex.,  iii.  205;  iv.  238-000,  passim;  v.  5-18;  xi.  530-1;  Muvor'-i  Univ. 

Hint.,  xxiv.  147-8;  liochc,  Feriiaiid  Cur'rr..  130-8;  PurtiUu,  E<p(uia  en  Mex., 

liS-20;  .V.  A7n.  liev.,  Iviii.   197;  Edlidmnjh  Jier.,  April,   1845,  400,  472-3; 

('.  N.  Calh.  Mwj.,   1844,  140,  417;  Curriedo,  Estud.  I/ixt.,  ii.   7,  8;  .^/e.rico, 

2U0-4;  Lthron  y  Cuervo,  Apoloij.  Jurid.,  iu  Pajjeles  dc  iJtrecho,  Xo.  4,  58-01. 


ni 


■  ;  ;: 


CHAPTER    XXIV. 

THE  BUXTON  WAR. 

1541-1542. 

Rule  of  OSate  in-  Nueva  Galicia — IIis  DiFFicrLT  Position — Rehet.i.iov 
Rife— Di;i'AHTi;uE  of  Couonado — Cacses  of  Dissatisfaction — Lecin. 
^'Ixa  of  Hostilities  — Defeat  of  Iuauua — Alvauako  Anuivis  .\r 
Navidau— Anu  is  Ari'EALEU  TO  Foil  Aiu — He  Receives  a  Si  mmuns 
FuoM  JIenijoza,  and  Dei'auts  for  Tiuirrrio — Aoueement  hetweex 
Them — Alvauauo  Retiii{Ns  to  Onate's  Relief— ruEcii'irors  Attai  ic 
ON  Xociiistlan — Defeat  of  the  Staniauds — Anu  Death  of  Ai.va- 

ItAOl) — AlililVAL  OF   ^IeNDOZA  WITH   ReILNFOKCEMENTS — Ills  SCCCESSI'I  r- 

Campaion — Kndof  the  Mixton  AVaii— Expeditions  of  Juan  Roinu- 

V.VIZ   CAlJlilLLO    AND    RlIY     Loi'EZ   DE   ViLLALODOS — TlIE  1SlUVIV0I;S  UI' 

Soto's  Floiiida  Exfediiion  Akuive  at  1'anuco. 

])y  tlio  clopartui'G  of  Francisco  Vazquez  do  Coio- 
iiado  I'loni  Xueva  Galicia,  Cristobal  do  Onato,  as 
lioutonant-govcnior,  occii[)iod  no  enviable  position; 
nevcitlieless  lie  boliavcd  with  prudence  and  circuiii- 
speclion.  ITo  was  respected  without  bein<^  hated, 
and  lie  united  justice  witli  clemency  as  far  as  he  w.is 
al>le.  In  war  he  seldom  shared  in  the  reckless  conti- 
dence  of  his  fellow -con([uerors,  and  never  appear*  *  I 
overliastv  to  attack;  but  once  eni>'a<j[ed,  he  was  want- 
inii"  in  neither  skill  nor  braverv. 

From  the  revolt  of  ITjCS,  in  which  Governor  Torre 
lost  his  life,  to  the  departure  of  Coronado,  there 
seems  to  have  been  no  o[)en  hostilities  on  the  part  of 
the  natives.  Yet  there  was  observed  a  j^rowing  s|iiiit 
of  discontent,  and  of  disren-.-u'd  for  the  authority  of  tin' 
encomcnderos  which  i'oi'eboded  trouble;  and  here  .•iii'l 
iheie  outrao'cs  began  to  l)e  connnitted,  until  linnlly 
opi'U  insurrection  was  at  hand.  Certain  ruling  s|)irin 
among  the  conquered  race  were  plotting  mischief,  ;i.i(l 

(4'JO) 


AFFAIRS  IX  NEW  GjVLICIA. 


401 


soiindiniTf  the  ininds  of  tlio  several  nations  tliroui:>li 
serret  ni^encies.  Sorcerers  fnjui  the  mountains  of 
Zacatecas,  messengers  of  Satan  the  pious  chroniclers 
called  them,  appeared  in  the  northern  towns  of  Tlal- 
tciiaOL^o,  Juchi[)ila,  Jalpa,  and  elsewhere,  inciting  the 
iiiliahitants  to  rise  and  exterminate  the  oj)pressors. 
Tlu-y  refused  to  pay  tribute,  and  abandoned  their 
houses  and  lands. 

In  some  parts  the  Indians  killed  the  missionaries 
who  tried  to  persuade  them  to  return  in  peace  and 
submit  to  Spanish  rule;  in  other  j)laces  they  killed 
llieir  encomenderos,  abandoned  their  towns,  and  re- 
tired to  the  mountains.  Fortified  camps  were  estab- 
ll.^lied  in  the  mountains  where  the  chieftains  and 
\\arii(trs  gathered  to  meet  the  unconquered  Cliichi- 
iiiccs.  Upon  their  ancient  altars  again  a[)])('nred  the 
liloody  sacriiice;  promise  of  supernatural  aid  rucough 
omens  was  made  by  the  sorcerers;  ami  the  eilects  of 
( 'liristian  ba])tism  were  removed  by  washing  of  heails 
iuul  other  acts  of  ])enancc.  Few,  indeed,  were  the 
towns  in  New  Galicia,  from  Colima  to  Culiacan,  not 
ic|iresented  at  these  mysterious  conclaves.  l]ut  while 
tlie  conspiracy  was  thus  wide-spivad,  active  operations 
wcie  conlined  for  the  most  part  to  the  region  north 
of  the  Ilio  Grande,  and  east  of  the  mountains  about 
Xochistlan.  jNTixton,  Nochistlan,  Acatic,  and  Cuinao 
wcie  the  principal  strongholds,  and  were  under  the 
<oiiiiiiand  of  Teii>.nia\tli.  In  other  parts  of  the  coun- 
try the  warriors  verc  also  on  the  alert,  but  seemed  in 
most  cases  to  have  awaited  the  results  in  the  north. 
Tluir  pcnoles  and  fortiiied  dills,  almost  imi>regnal)le, 
Mcie  strengthened  by  walls  supplied  with  trunks  of 
trees  and  stones  to  l)e  I'olled  or  thrown  down  upon  tin; 
assailants;  they  had  been  well  [)rovided  with  food  and 
water,  though  the  proi)lietic  words  of  the  magicians 
^■d  the  natives  to  expect  that  food  would  be  miracii- 
Jonslv  bi'stowed;  they  even  reckoned  on  the  anniliila- 
tioii  of  the  S|)aniarti.s  by  the  deities  witluiut  human 
instrumentality. 


m 


\- 


:|| 


i 


r 


ill. 


492 


THE  MIXTOX  Vv'AR. 


Wo  arc  not  acoustDiiu;;!  to  soe'l;  loni;'  for  Vac  ri\'ison 
of  iiisuiToction  and  ii-volt  <'inion<jc  con(|Ucrc(l  nations. 
In  this  instance  "Wf  need  only  call  to  mind  th.it 
Nuno  do  (jiuzman  Jiad  lit'cn  there.  As  to  niorc  re- 
cent causes  wo  liavo  luo  testimony  of  Coi'tes  t!i;it 
the  tronhlo  was  duo  to  ( 'oii)na,(U)'s  di^parture.'  ;i!id 
]*'.londok;a's  oxtortiou  of  nioii  and  provisions  for  that 


^j    Z.'w.fioa8 


-1 4'  ''  S        # 


Bnii  I.iiir.  i.'jtcsi 


i:..ui|»..-iilUo      ^'o,)..;  c.ipula  ,./V*'_t   ;■  "j  oNoclilMlau 
y  ,y        '"';.s.        ,-i>SlVurt  ..'.iixtoii 


KtzaUaii  f .  ^c.'bv^DALAJAnA 


V,:SjaillUi.M. 


J    U    A     !      , 


/   n  1 -O  ^   Tluiullan  d^ 

J'uiifii'aciun       I't.o  iila 


'VNavi, 


rt. 


(^ f  r^ \^   Ti.nala  V  v.  .»,  \:   »'     1  uU.c\mio     . 

;nVA       ••-,    ,-.r„i;ina  -^     ^       s.  •i^l^4U.i,ail      >  Tai-aiHl. >.■"'•'> 


xj 


MiXTdN  \V.\l:. 

expediiion.  I'eainnont  deelares  it  certain  lluit  the 
insurrecrion  originated  in  llio  brutality  of  the  enc!)- 
nienderos." 

'  Pcf'r.'dii  It!  Empi'iC'l  r,  in  L'((z'i'i''r>a,  Col.  J)(i>\,  ii.  (m-4.  ('diN'sli  il 
coiii|ilMiiic(l  as  car'y  iis  .]\uw.  l.A)  l!i;;t  (.'or(iii."..lo  v;.s  le:'viii;;  llio  couiiiry  r.n- 
jirdur'.i'd.    ('..'.  J>(ir.  J,:n!.,  i\\   -14;  s(  c  iiIsd /'yv^y'cs,  //('.s'.   / '/'rcc,  7^'. 

-  Ami  ill  llio  i':\rc.  (if  hucIi  cviilciicc,  Ioj^cLIkt  wiUi  .'..ssci'titiiis  lo  tin;  sniio 
C'l'i'oct  liy  lu':  ilv  ii'.l  tli<;  oM  cliujiiii  Iti-.s,  iuid  Uic  iqiiialliii',' i'\iK):i;i"iiH  if  i  -.h 
(':is;is,  /;uii!K'cii><,  //.'.v'.  .1/';/.,  iv.  (1,;,)-7J,  Htul.b.nily  ilrrnids  lIio  Njiiiuia'i!-!. 
Jlr  trim's  I.iis  C.-is.iHimil  till!  writctM  who  civdit  muIi  jsta'a  iiu-iits,  iiiid  iu  ti  \'<  v- 
l.ii.sc  and  I'adai'iiiurt  ari;;:infiit  t n  Uh  to  jirnvc  lliat  tlif  ii|iiiMii;,'  tiuil;  ji'iicc  1^  - 
.WUbo  the  niiUvca  wuiild  not  fucopt  tlic  rites  ninl  cusloius  of  tin;  Ciitliuao 


AuvKNTUh...:  or  '^'^ate. 


403 


Uefore  ">|)oii  liostilitic^s  besj^an,  Onntc  liad  gone  to 
('onipostclti  to  make  provision  for  the  safety  of  tlio 
Tcpii*  reg'ion  and  the  coast.  Here  he  left  Juan  do 
A'illallia  as  o-ovoi-nor,  and  returned  to  Guadalajara, 
w  lu're  he  learned  that  tlie  Guaynainota  and  Guasa- 
iiiota  Indiiins  had  killed  the  encomendero  Juan  do 
A  ice.  The  viceroy  was  notified  of  the  outbreak,  and 
all  availaltle  measures  were  adopted  for  defonce.^  And 
thus  began  the  last  desperate  struggle  of  the  natives 
oi'  Xew  Galicia  to  regain  their  ancient  liberty. 

]{ealizing  his  ])recarious  position,  Onate  made  an 
attoni]>t  at  reconciliation.  In  April  1541  he  sent 
(';i])l;nn  ]\Iiguel  de  Ibarra,  with  some  twenty-live 
Spaniards  and  a  considerable  force  of  fricMidly  Tlajo- 
iiiulco  and  Tonala  Indians,  uj)  the  Juchipila  liivcr  to 
ri  <'onnoitre.  The  inhabitants  had  destroyed  their 
I'll  Ms,  deserted  their  towns,  burned  the  church,  thrown 
(IdWii  the  ci'osses,  and  retired  to  the  mountain  fast- 
nr  s.  or  pehol,  of  ^lixton. 

Ibarra,  arrived,  and  through  friars  and  interpreters 
the  natives  were  exhorted  to  lay  down  their  arms, 
w  lu-reupon  full  jiardon  would  be  granted.  The  answer 
v.its  a  shower  of  arrows  and  stones,  in  which  one  of 
t!it'  I'^ranciscan  mediators  was  kilUnl.  The  Spaniai'ds 
fell  b.u'k  to  consult  i'es})ecting  future  movements. 
Shortly  afterward  they  were  visited  by  endjassadors 
|iii  tending  peace,  and  who  desired  the  next  day, 
]i;ilni  Sunday,  Ai)ril  10th,  to  be  set  apart  for  a  foriuid 
i.uircrence.  Ibarra  was  thus  thrown  off  his  guard,  and 
V(  <  ired  to  rest.  ICarly  next  morning,  during  an  eclij)S(! 
ill'  tlie  sun  as  some  say,  the  Spanish  camp  was  attacked 

f;i  ii:  tlicy  vi'mseilalxjvc  all  to  discard  jiolygainy.  He  quotes  from  r.caiiinoi.fc 
.  >  .-;'stiiiii  liis  vi(.\\ ,  hut  tliu  citation  has  no  Iicaring  on  the  revolt  \\  hatcvcr, 
iMi'i-fly  on  tlio  zial  of  tiie  ini.s-ionnrics  to  induce  tln^  reluctant  iieo]ihytcs  to 
leiive  their  wives.  On  the  I'ontrary,  llcaiiniont  ailirins  ]iositively  '((uo  el 
liKitivo  ])rinciiial  (pie  niovi')  a  estos  indios  a  relielaise  fui'  la  du;'e/a  ile  al^mios 
I'lu'oiiiendcros.'  I'lihi.  Mich.,  iv.  '_';>(!.  An  occurrence  iluriiij^  one  of  their 
eava'_(^  feasts,  inti'r|)rete(l  as  a  ;^(iod  onicn  hy  tiieir  sorcerers,  stri'iiL'tiieni'd 
the  lic'.ief  of  the  natives  in  success,  and  ])rohal)ly  liastened  the  outliitaU. 

■  It  (ccnis  that  durin;,'  his  visit  to  Coniiiostela,  Ofiate  changed  the  ^ile  of 
till'  |.lace  from  near  I't'iiii'  to  tlie  C'actlan  N'alley,  for  greater  safety.  Jlola- 
1  viUit,  Ciimi.  X.  UuL,  112;  Bianiitoiit,  VrOn.  Mich.,  iv.  '2'6o. 


I  11 


i 


404 


THE  MIXTOX  WAR. 


l)y  overwhelming  numbers.  Ibarra  was  defeated  and 
])ut  to  ilJ,L,dit;  ten  Spaniards  were  killed,  includini,^  Cap- 
tain I'raneisco  do  la  jMota,  and  over  two  hundred  of 
tin;  native  allies.*  It  was  throngh  the  valor  of  Captain 
Diego  Vazquez  that  Ibarra's  party  escaped  utter  de- 
struction. 

When  the  first  among  the  wounded  arr'vcd  at 
Guadalajara,  Onate  set  out  with  his  force,  except 
twelve  whom  he  left  to  guard  the  city.  He  had  not 
gone  a  league  before  he  learned  that  the  most  gallant 
of  Ibarra's  companions  were  killed  or  captured,  and 
that  the  whole  province  was  in  arms;  whei-eupon  lie 
deemed  it  more  prudent  to  return  and  defend  tiie 
toM  ii.  Fifteen  days  later  friendly  Indians  conlirineil 
tlk  ■■'  ing  news  of  a  general  uprising  in  the  regions 
of  Ci  ,  an,  Compostela,  and.  Purificacion,  where  the 
small  S^*anis]l  garrisons  were  continually  harassed;  it 
was  also  said  that  the  enemy  intended  to  march 
against  Guadalajara.  Onate  inunediately  sent  Diego 
^^azfjuez  to  the  city  of  JMexico  with  urgent  a[)peals 
for  aid. 

During  +hc  month  of  August  1.540,  Pedro  de  Alva- 
rado  had  put  into  the  port  of  Navidad,  for  water  and 
provisions,  with  the  formidable  fleet  prepared  in 
Guatemala  to  discover  the  Spice  Islands,'^  though 
now  diverted  to  ex[)loro  the  newly  found  regions  of 
Cibola,  for  which  were  so  many  claimants.     While 


■•In  tlio  MniiJozn,  Vixltn,  in  Tcn-.hnJrpfn,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  100-S,  it  is  stutiil 
tliat  Ibariu  wa;s  st'iit  out  witli  tlic  friar  Conifia,  who  heard  of  tho  revolt  at 
riii'ilii.'atioii  and  oaiiiu  in  iieisoii  to  Ciuudalajara.  Tlic  same  docniiicnt  null- 
tioiis  an  cxiH'dition  jirinr  to  that  of  Alvarado,  in  wliifli  Ofiatc  w  illi  od  Spaii- 
iuiilrt  was  defeated  after  a  l)attlu  of  four  liours.  Ilerrera,  dec.  vii.  lit),  i'.  Ciip. 
X.,  also  makes  Onate  command  the  defeated  jiarty,  consisting  of  40  horse  and 
as  many  foot,  and  a  few  Indian  allies.  A  note  hy  Muii(«  in  /'wIiko  i\"(\ 
Vitn/i'iiiis,  Col.  J)iii\,  iii.  377,  also  states  that  !Mcndoza  was  in  Guadalajara  iu 
tht^  early  jiart  of  1541. 

*  Aceoi'dinir  to  a  contract  made  with  the  crown.  See  //(.s/.  C'Vl.  Ain..  ii. 
this  series.  Alrarado  landed  at  Navidad  for  water  and  provisions.  7''V', 
ll'isl.  N.  (in/.,  ."S2;  Ii'oiii.'id/,  lli.<l.  Cliiia/m.,  \(>\;  Ton/iiiDxtihi,  i.  .'!"J."!.  At 
I'm'ilicaeion,  llcninl  JJinz,  ll'txt.  Vfrdntl.,  'l',\i\:  Wr.iimr.,  < 'hnni.  dval.,  \.  \'^-^. 
^lost  authors  ajireo  that  he  came  to  Xavidad  direct,  though  it  appears  lio 
ttU-lied  at  several  ports  south  before  his  arrival  at  this  place. 


EXPEDITION  OP  ALVARADO. 


495 


there  word  readied  liliu  from  Juan  Fernnndez  do 
Jlijar,  eoMimandint;'  at  Puriiieacioti,  conceriiiuo-  tlio 
(•rit'u'al  state  of  aftliirs.  lli'jar  explained  their  i'oi'lorn 
coiuhtion,  and  begged  the  adelantado  not  to  depart 
without  coming  to  their  aid. 

The  prospect  of  an  encounter  with  so  formidable  a 
foe  appealed  at  once  to  Alvarado's  cliivalrv,  to  his 
(Icvotcdness  to  the  interest  of  the  crown,  and  to  his 
love  of  great  and  perilous  undertakings.  He  landed 
his  force,  consisting  of  about  four  hundred  S[)aniards 
and  some  Indians  "  who  all  aixrced  to  render  the  re- 
quired  assistance  before  proceeding  on  their  voyage 
of  discovery.  At  this  juncture  couriers  arrived  from 
]\[endoza.,  sunnnoning  Alvarado  to  Mexico,  to  arrange 
necessary  matters  concerning  his  cx]K'dition.  The 
Older  frus:ra"od  his  plans;  but  though  he  had  deter- 
mined to  go  at  once  to  the  relief  of  Guadalajara, 
lie  could  not  disregard  the  request  of  the  viceroy, 
lie  marched  his  forces  to  Zapotlan,  there  to  pass  the 
ij'iny  season;  and  after  some  discussion  with  ^Men- 
(loza's  messengers,  Luis  de  Castilla  and  Agustin 
(fuerroro,  Alvarado  agreed  to  meet  the  vicei'ov  at 
Tiiipitio  in  ]\Iichoacan,  where  Juan  de  Alvarado,  his 
relative,  had  an  encomienda. 

It  aj»pears  that  Mendoza  had  received  from  the 
ci'own  :m  interest  in  Alvarado's  contract,  which  the 
latter  was  reluctant  to  concede.  Difficulties  arose 
between  them  on  this  point  at  Tiripitio,  but  were  for- 
tunately removed  by  the  good  ofHces  of  Bisho[)  ^[ar- 
iiHjuin  of  Guatemala,  who  was  present.  Meiidoza's 
]iliin  to  unite  with  Alvarado  Miid  exclude  Cortes  from 
further  discoveries  nortliwanl  and  in  the  South  Sea 
was  iu'complished,  as  much  to  his  own  as  to  Alvai'ado's 
satisfaction.  The  latter  was  severely  censured  at  ihe 
time  for  thus  conniving  against  the  interests  of  his 
lienelactor.^ 

"The  forces  cf  Alvarndo  nro  variously  given  ns  from  .100  to  flOO. 

'  Cortt's  never  rexeiited  tliis  in.Ljriititiiile,  hut  eonipliiiucil  of  Miuddza's  cou- 
•liiit  ill  tin;  matter,  ami  tiic  cuiiuiug  ami  avarico  lit;  (lis[)layeil  towanl  Alva- 
i';ulo.     According  to  iii.s  testimony  tlio  adelantado  uncliorcd  iiis  magiiiliceut 


ii* 


^m 


I'  , 


[ 


400 


THE  MIXTOX  WAR. 


The  contract  concluded,  Alvarado  accompanied  tlio 
viceroy  to  tlie  city  of  ^lexico,  to  attend  to  the  fin.il 
prepai-ations  for  the  two  expeditions  agreed  upon: 
one  along  the  northern  coast  and  the  other  to  the 
Spice  Islands,  after  which  Alvarado  returni^l  id 
New  Galicia  to  join  his  troops  and  the  fleet.  When 
Crist()l)al  de  Onate,  who  \vas  now  sorely  pressed  hy 
the  savages,  learned  of  Alvarado's  return  to  Zapoilaii, 
he  despatched  Juan  de  Villareal  to  notify  him  of  tliu 
!Mixton  disaster,  and  to  ask  for  early  assistance.  Jt 
was  necessary  to  Alvarado's  ent^  rprise  to  leave  tlu' 
])orts  of  Xew  Galicia  secure  as  a  )ase  for  o})erations, 
.so  that  there  was  inducement  for  him  to  hasten  tn 
Ohate's  relief,  lie  seirt  fifty  men  to  j)r(>ttx't  Autlaii 
and  Purilicacion;  fifty  remained  at  Zai)otlan  to  guanl 
the  districts  of  Colima  and  Avalos;  at  Et;iatlan  and 
Liake  Cliapala  garrisons  of  twenty-five  men  each  wii-e 
stationeil,  and  Alvarado  himself  with  a  hundred  Imrse 
rnd  as  many  foot  pushed  o\\  to  (Juadalajara.  T<>nal;i 
and  '1  lacomulco  had  heen  kept  faithful  hy  Friar  An- 
tonio (h'  St'govia,  and  reenforced  Alvarado  on  the 
way;  he  seems  also  to  have  been  joined  hy  a  na1i\(' 
force  from  ]Mich<nican.  Such  was  fhe  rapidity  of  Jii^ 
inarch  to  Guadalajara.,  that  the  passage  of  tlu-  h;u- 
ranca  of  Tonala,  which,  owing  to  the  rWw  and  the 
rt)Uohr"ss  of  the  countrv  ordinarily  rcMiuired  thirc 
days,  was  accomplished  in  a  <lay  and  a  niulit. 

Just  hefore  the  arrival  of  Alvarado,  which  occurred 
June  rj,  1.")  M,  Iharra  had  returned  from  a  new  rccnn- 
noissance,  dui'in<jf  which  he  had  met  nothing  hut  scorn 

fleet,  coinposod  of  12  oi-  1,T  ships,  at  ITuiituk'o  in  'IVlniMiiti'iicc,  to  tiikf  in 
pi'ovisidiis.  lie  wns  jn-cvontod,  liowi'vir,  liy  tlio  viL'C'i(iy'rt  iiL,'<'iit><,  wlm  iu 
tlioii'  turn  oH'uK^d  liini  provisions  in  tlio  luiniu  of  tlicir  muster,  (loni:uiiliir,' 
in  exc'!i;in!.'o  an  inti.rc'st  in  tlio  licet  and  in  the  enterprise.  Alvarado  rut'iisi  d, 
and  sailed  for  Xavidad.  IJiit  the  viceroy's  emissaries  Iiad  foreseen  this  ai.d 
iiriived  tliei'c  soon  after  the  fleet.  Alvr.rado  h.-id  no  alternative  now  hut  to 
nuhmit  to  the  vieel'ijy's  conditions,  lest  his  starvinj.;  forces  should  di'sert  liiiii! 
1111(1  thus  it  came  ahont  that  .Meiidoza  ohtaiiied  a  half  ownershii)  in  the  th  ct. 
After  the  death  of  Alvarado  the  viceroy  seized  all  the  ships  and  even  tlicii 
elainied  that  Alvara(h)  was  still  his  dehtor.  t'orlr-',  Mniioriaf,  in  L'-:cri'<i^ 
fSiiilloK,  i;}-t-,").  Bishop  Marroipiin,  writinti  to  the  enijieidr  in  l."i4."i,  i-efeisti 
his  services  in  arranging  the  diliiciiUies  v»hi.h  had  existed  between  .Mendu.ui, 
and  Alvarado.  I^qukr'^  Ali>>'^.,  .\xii.  lUt). 


EASIIXESS  OF  THE  CONQUISTADOR. 


407 


\0: 

lis 
ir- 


•oll- 

•Dlll 

kc  111 
III  in 
iiliii,' 
Usi  il 

s  :n..l 
lilt  to 

liiiii; 
ll..'t. 
tlifii 

('/■)'"•»' 

CIS  I.) 


fi'oni  the  natives  at  Nodiistlan,  A  coiinril  of  war 
was  lu'ld,  and  tlio  iicry  adclantado  declined  to  await 
the  coming  of  reenforcenients  iVoni  ]\lexi(N>;  nor  would 
lit'  accept  the  aitl  of  Onate's  brave  little  hand  in  the 
iiilack  ho  had  decided  upon.  The  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, better  acquainted  witli  the  enemy's  strength 
and  desperate  valor,  counselhsd  pi'udence  and  delay. 
Ifc^  called  to  mind  the  ruijfLJfed  nature  of  the  country, 

•  •  • 

and  the  recent  rauis  which  rendered  oj)erations  of  cav- 
aliv  diiiicult.  Other  prominent  persons  joined  Onate 
in  his  endeavor  to  dissuade  the  adelantado  from  so 
perilous  an  undertaking  until  troops  should  arrive 
i'lom  jNIexico,  l)ut  no  reason  could  prcivail,  and  he 
scoUed  at  their  fears. 

The  conqueror  had  l)een  sunnnoned  from  weighty 
maiters  for  this  petty  strife,  lie  would  show  (Jnate 
a  tiling  or  two,  and  teach  him  how  to  (piell  his  own 
disturbances,  "By  Santiagol"  he  exclaiuK'd,  "tlu.M-c! 
are  not  Indians  enough  in  the  country  to  withstand 
my  attack,  and  a  disgrace  would  it  be  to  S[)anish  valor 
In  I  in])loy  more  men.  (lod  has  guided  mv  hither  and 
1  shall  vanquish  the  rebels  alo".e.  With  a  smaher 
force  than  this  I  have  dis(^oniiited  greater  hosts.  It 
is  (lis'jfraceful  that  the  barkinti'  of  such  a  iiack  should 
sufnce  to  alarm  the  country.  I  shall  leavi;  this  city 
en  the  day  of  St  John"  with  my  own  force,  and  not 
a  eiti/.cn  or  soldier  from  Guadalajai'a  shall  follow. 
].(t  them  remain;  the  victorv  will  be  mine  alone." 
And  somewhat  sncerinMv  he  added,  "Because  of  an 
in  ignilieant  advantage  gained  by  the  natives,  tho 
Spaniards  have  lost  their  valor!" 

Xow  Onate  was  everv  whit  as  brave  as  Alvarado, 
hut  he  was  more  prudent;  the  lives  of  the  settlers,  of 
their  wiv'es  and  little  ones,  depended  on  his  judicious 
conduct.  The  taunt  of  the  adelantado  stung,  but  ho 
Would  not  treat  the  illustrious  conqueror  with  disrc- 

"Tcllo.  ffisf.  X.  Onl,  .ISO,  and  other  nutliors  here  say  '  St  .Tamos,'  which 
UuiiM  1)0  .July  'J.")th;  Alvarailo's  ilisastroaa  defeat  occiUTed  June  '24th,  or  ou  St 
Joliu  .s  day. 

UlBT.  Mex.,  Vol.  II.    32 


I 


408 


THE  MIXTOX  WAR. 


i«i-'  i 


I  lij 


spcct.  It  pained  liim  to  sec  bravery  bcoonnnirf  bni- 
vado:  Alvarado's  nieii  wore  but  lately  enlisted,  and 
could  not  be  compared  with  those  so  recently  det'catffl 
at  the  Mixton.  "  I  am  sorry  to  see  you  depart  alone," 
he  said,  "Cor  I  assure  your  worship  there  will  he 
trouble.  Had  you  but  awaited  the  viceroy's  rcl'ii- 
forcements,  we  mioht  have  jointly  pacified  the  country 
without  much  risk."  INForc  determined  than  evei-, 
Alvarado  replied:  "  The  die  is  cast;  I  trust  in  (led!"' 
Thereupon  he  set  out  from  Guadalajara  with  his 
forces,  horse,  foot,  and  Indians,  toward  Nochistlaii. 
He  stirred  v^ithin  his  men  their  vanitv  and  their  valor; 
it  was  ahsurd  to  think  of  waiting?  for  more  men;  llie 
fewer  the  number  the  greater  the  share  of  plunder. 
Thus  was  opened  the  last  campaign  of  the  dashing 
adelantado,  one  of  the  most  reckless,  and  one  of  the 
most  cruel. 

Unable  to  remain  inactive,  Onate  followed  v>ith 
twenty-five  horsemen.  Should  his  fears  be  realized,  he 
Avould  be  near  to  render  aid;  and  in  case  of  a  hope- 
less rout  he  might  return  in  time  for  the  protection  df 
(jiuadalajara.  He  crossed  the  liio  Grande  and  march- 
ing throusrh  the  mountains  of  Xochistlan  toward  .1  uchi- 
pila  stationed  himself  on  a  height  from  which  he  could 
witness  the  attack. 

On  the  '24th  of  June  Alvarado  arrived  at  tlio 
penol  of  Nochistlan,  which  was  protected  by  seven 
walls  of  stone,  earth,  and  trees,  and  defended  by  a 
multitude  of  warriors.  After  a  short  and  fruitless 
parley  he  juished  forward  to  take  the  breastworks  hy 
assault.  A  human  Hood  opposed  his  progress.  Ten 
thousand  Indians,  men  and  women,  j)oured  down  u])oii 
the  aggressor  like  a  torrent.  The  sky  was  dark  with 
arrows,  darts,  and  stones,  and  at  the  tirst  slux^k  twenty 
Spaniards  fell  dead.  The  ferocity  of  the  enemy  was 
such  that  they  tore  the  bodies  of  the  slain  to  pieces, 
threw  them  into  the  air,  and  then  devoured  them. 
Consternation  seized  the  Spaniards.  Nevertheh  ss 
Alvarado  rallied,  and  in  a  second  onslaught  ten  more 


DEFEAT  OF  THE  SPAXIARDS. 


•400 


horsemen  Mt  tlic  dust.  Thirty  out  of  n  Inmdivd, 
shiiii  ill  a  trice!  It  was  a  ivsult  unparalleled  in  tlio 
liistory  ()('  Indian  warfare.  It  was  indeed  a  perilous 
situation,  yet  they  rallied  again.  The  natives  eneour- 
Jiged  by  their  victory,  and  awaro  of  the  deterniinatiou 
of  the  assailants,  were  rendy;  tlu;}'  even  came  forth 
iVoni  their  intrenchnient  and  seeniod  desirous  of  tak- 
ing the  open  Held." 

Alvarado  now  ordered  to  the  assault  the  Sjianish 
f(K)t,  Captain  ]''alcon,  one  hundred  strong,  with  live 
thousand  jMichoacan  allies  under  Antonio,  son  of 
Caltzontzin,  the  late  kinij  of  that  counti'v,  all  to  he 
sup])orted  by  the  cavalry.  DisreucardinL--  liis  orders, 
j'iilcon  attacked  too  soon,  and  without  awaiting  the 
support,  pressed  on  toward  the  sunnnit  of  the  hill. 
]\'rceiving  that  the  horsemen  were  nttt  jiresent  the 
Indians  olfered  little  resistance  until  he  had  reached 
ii  point  near  the  top  of  the  pefiol,  then,  suddenly  clos- 
ing in  u]ion  his  front  and  rear,  th(\v  i)reventcd  the 
cavalry  from  eomin<j:  to  his  aid.  With  <>Teat  ditriculty 
llie  assailants  extricated  themselves  IVoni  their  d(>s- 
pi'iate  situation,  during  which  Captain  Falcon  with 
si'vm  or  eight  Spaniards,  and  many  allies,  were  kilh  d. 
The  enemy  pursued  the  retreating  Spaniards  into  the 
]>lain  behnv,  where  bogs  [)revented  the  cavalry  from 
cH'cctlve  action.  Tlu^  people  of  the  pehol  were  mastei'S 
ol'  the  field,  and  the  Spaniards  were  fairly  i)ut  to 
rout.  The  rain  fell  in  torrents;  the  nmds  became 
impassable. 

For  a  distance  of  thrcx)  leagues  the  elated  Indians 
pursued,  and  another  S[)aniard  was  killed.  Alvarado 
had  dismounted  to  tight  on  foot,  to  cover  tlic  retreat 
ill  [)erson.  At  last  the  Sj)anish  forces  were  driven 
into  a  ravine  between  Yahualica  and  Acatic,  when  the 
i'ury  of  the  pursuers  began  to  abate,  and  they  turned 

'  .''oconling  to  Tcllo,  HUf.  X.  Oaf.,  .WI,  who  liaa  left  us  the  most 
neiiimtu  aceount  of  tlic  Mixton  war.  A  sonifwhat  (lilll'icnt  version  of  Alva- 
r.iilo's  attaek  is  given  liy  llerrcra,  dec.  vii.  lil).  ii.  eap.  xi.,  who  says  tliat 
till'  comliiucd  forces  of  Oriatc  and  tlic  ach'lanfado  inarched  on  Nochistkiu. 
iSce  uiso  Vciju,  Cfdn.  Mich.,  MS.,  lib.  iv.  cap.  vii. 


'1 


■'i 


i    III 


': 


m^i  "■ 


500 


Tnr:  mixtox  war. 


bade  toward  Xocliistlan.  Alvarado  endeavored  to 
elieck  tlio  lli^dit  of  his  men,  to  rally  and  rest  tliem; 
but  they  wore  terror-stricken  and  paid  no  heed  to  *^he 
orders  of  the  eonnnander.  To  save  their  lives  tlu'V 
were  now  even  willing  the  enemy  should  live;  so 
onward  thev  swei)t  over  the  ru<''!'ed  uround,  earin"- 
little  for  captain  or  country.  Alvarado's  secretam , 
]3altasardo  ^[ontoya,  whose  horse  was  much  fatij^-ued, 
was  particularly  anxious  to  widen  the  distance  hv- 
tween  himself  and  the  enemy. 

!Montoya  rode  in  iront  of  his  master,  who  repeatedlv 
t<^ld  him  to  slacken  his  jiace,  or  the  horse  would  i;:ll 
with  him.  Ikit  the  scribe  was  beside  himself  with 
fear;  so  much  so  that  on  coming;'  to  a  broken  embank- 
ment, instead  of  econoniizin!>-  his  last  1'ailino'  resoin'ccs 
ho  sj)urred  the  jaded  animal  toward  the  steep.  V\']ien 
about  half  wav  ui)  the  hoi'se  lost  its  footinijf  and 
fell,  throwing  likewise  Alvarado  and  his  horse  to  the 
ground,  whoreujion  all  were  precii»itated  into  a  ravine 
below.  ?»Iontoya  was  not  much  injured,^"  but  the 
gallant  conqueror  lay  crushed,  his  fair  form  broken 
and  mutilated. 

Alas!  Tonatiuh,  the  sun,  had  set;  the  immortal 
one  was  clay.  Slain  by  no  enemy,  he  was  none  the 
less  a  victim  to  his  own  rashness.  He  was  the  hist 
of  the  I'amous  four,  and  his  death  was  as  might  havi^ 
been  expected.  Cortes  and  Sandoval,  though  no  less 
familiar  with  damper  than  Olid  and  Alvarado,  were  less 
the  slaves  of  reckless  impulse.  Ever  holding  jiassion 
subservient  to  reason,  and  feelinijf  to  conunon-sense, 
they  escaped  violent  death.  Not  that  death  by  vio- 
lence, quick  deli\'erance,  is  necessarily  worse  or  mere 
apiialling  than  the  long-drawn  agony  attendino-  bodily 
disease  or  a  broken  heart.  Alvarado's  was  not  a 
glorious  death,  but  neither  was  that  of  Cortes  or 
(\)lumbus,  whose  last  hours  were  made  miserable  hy 
slights  and  insults,  by  foiled  ambition  and  a  princely 
pauperism. 

*"  The  clumsy  coward  lived  to  the  age  of  105  years.   Tcllo,  Hist.  If.  Gal. ,  3!VJ. 


DEATH  OF  ALVARADO, 


801 


Few  of  the  New  World  eoiKjiierors  perislied  in  bat- 
tle; and  yet  it  was  not  altonvtlier  on  aicouiit  of  tlio 
superior  prowess  of  the  Kur(i[H'an.  Snroly  {\\o  dan- 
ii'cr  was  aiti>arentlv  greater  duiinu"  the  Xoche  I'l  isto 
than  in  this  retreat  of  .Mvarado's,  or  in  the  ('a])tivity 
(if  Olid  in  Hontluras.  l^ook  at  the  late  of  ])ieL;-o  do 
Xicuesa,  of  Alonsode  Ojeda,  of  A'aseo  Nunez,  J?i/.ari'o, 
and  the  lon;^'  list  of  ea]>tains  who  came  to  the  Jndit's, 
and  behold  the  iri)nv  of  anihitionl     And  even  worse. 


jicrhaps,  was  the  end  of  those  of  yet  more  exalted 
ideas  and  successes,  whost'  souls,  no  matter  how  hi^h 
the  achievement,  or  how  q'reat  the  I'eward,  were  rael^cil 
witli  disa})jiointment,  envy,  and  hatred  as  the  achin;^ 
hddy  was  descending  to  the  grave.  J-vevcrsc  thi^  j)rov- 
(  rh  "  Per  aspcra  ad  astra,"  and  see  what  toils  and  t?uf- 


leriULl'S  s 


^pe 
prmg 


Ironi  renown 


Alvarado   cful   not   innnediatelv   ex 


)n'e 


^<^n   a 


luistily  })rej)ared  litter  he  was  l)t)rne,  in  grc^at  suf- 
t'.ring,  to  Atenguillo,  lour  leagues  from  where  the 
fatal  fall  occurred"  Ohate  having  witnessed  the  rout 
ol'  the  Sj)anish  forces  iVom  his  ])osition,  hastened  t(. 
his  relief;  hut  the  lliglit  of  Alvarado's  jiarty  was  so 
rajiid  that  it  was  impossible  tt)  ovm'talcf  them.  At 
^  ahualica,  tt)o  late,  he  came  U])  with  stragL;'l<r>! 
t'lMin  whom  he  learned  the  particulars  of  Alvarail 


OS 


iaU 


\t   ni'>htfall    the   lieutenant-o'overnor   arrived    at 
Atenguillo,  and  the  meeting  of  the  connnanders  wa^ 


t(im-hnii>:  m  tne  extreme. 


lEe  who  will  not  listen  tt) 


good  counsel,  must  be  content  to  sulfer,"sai(l  Alvarado 


I 


was  wronr>',  I  see  it  now;  vet  most  of  all  it 


was 


niv  misfortune  to  lane  with  me  so  vile  a  coward  a.> 


:\lont 


ii'om  de 


oya,  whoi 


I  1 


lave  rescut'i 


.1  tl 


lese  many  times 


ath. 


He  was  conveved  to  the  city  c 


ua- 


(lalajara  to  the  house  of  Juan  de  Camino,  mIi..  was 
married  to  jMagdalena  de  Alvarado,  his  relative;  and 

"  Tlii^  iirst  words  Alvarailo  spoko  nfter  recovcrintr  his  senses  -were:   'Ento 
Tiici'cce  «iuiea  trae  consigo  Uilcs  hoiubres  como  Moutoya.'  Tdlu.  JJixl.X.  (.«/., 


Hi 


i       J 


f 


fi02 


TIIL:  JllXTOX  WMl. 


after    atton(l'm<^  to    his   worldly    iifl*;iii\s    ho    oxpiivd. 
July  4,  15  n."' 

With  IV'W  cxroptions,  Alvanido's  iiicn  left  (hiiidu 
jam  altrr  thi'ir  leader's  dealii.  J  hit  the  n'airisoiis 
posted  at  dillereiit  ])()iiits  I'eiiiaiiied  lor  some  time  at 
Onate's  re(jnest;  and  at  last  a  detachment  of  troops 
arrived  iVoni  ^lexioo.  Fiftv  men,  sent  hv  ^rendo;^a, 
under  ('a[itain  .luan  do  Muncihay  came  lato  in  July 
and  inereased  the  numherof  defenders  to  ei^hty-lixc. 
And  the  revolted  natives,  elatoil  at  their  recent  vic- 
torv,  redouhled  their  eil'oi'ts  to  enlist  in  the  stru<'^le 
for  freedom  those  who  had  heretofori'  held  ahtof. 


j\Ianv  native  ehii'ls,  h 


owever,  ivi 


nained  faithful  t 


I) 


( 


I'aneisco  iMan'-'unios 


11. 


the  Spauiards.  One  of  these,  F 
of  Ixeatlan.  distinnuished  himself  by  arrest  inii'  thiitv 
of  the  rehel  emissaries  from  ]\ratlatlan,  sendinj;'  theia 
to  (Guadalajara  where  they  were  })ut  to  death"^  alter 
haviuijf  revealed  a  jjlan  to  attack  the  city  in  Sei)teiii- 
ber,  the  intention  beiii^'  to  annihilate  the  S[)aniar(!s 
before  ^Fendoza  could  ai'rive  with  succor.  At  a  coun- 
cil of  war  it  was  resolved  to  defend  the  ci(y  to  (lie 
last,  thouiih  some  of  the  oihciM's  were  in  Ww  4" 
ahandonini;'  the  country,  or  at  least  of  retreat  > 

Tonahi.      Onate,  however,  objected,  maijitainini;'  that 
the  Indians  there  were  as  treacherous  as  elsewhere. 


The  strong-ost  buildings  about  the  plaza  were  1 


orli- 


fied,  the  rest  being  abandoned  and  torn  to  pieces  I'ur 
material  to  stren<>'then  the  defences.  In  the  nie;!U 
titno  Captain  ]NLuncibay  and  Juan  de  AlvaraiU)  niadc 
a  reconnoissance,  durinu'  which  thcv  luul  a  shari)  liulit, 


and 


I  a  tl 


lousant 


1  nat 


ives  arc  saic 


I  to  1 


lave   been  si 


'-His  rcniniiis  v.vrc  deposited  in  the  clinpel  f)f  Our  Lady  in  CiIui'ImI,' j.ir.i; 
suliscijiiently  transferred  to  Tiiipitio,  tluiuc  to  Mexieo,  i'ncl  ('....illy  to  (iiiMie- 
I'.ia'.a.  Tello,  l/iyf.  X.  (/«/.,  .'!'.),')-(!,  ri;j;litly  leinai'ks:  'Toniueniada  ;;nd  liuiie- 
sal  erred  wlieii,  ppeakin;'  of  Alvarado'.s  deatli,  they  say  it  oeeiirred  at  lOtzatlan, 
or  on  the  liei -ht  i  f  Moehitillie,  between  (iuaihilajara  and  ( Vinijiostela.  and 
that  the  iidehintado  v,-as  bulled  at  l^tzatlan;  ami  tliat  Jlevnal  Dia;;  err.^  !>;iU 
luoi'c,  saving  tliat  it  hajipened  on  souie  peuolea  ealied  Coe'iithin,  near  rniill- 
caeion.'  Tlio  ^^ad  I'ate  whieh  overlook  .Vlvara(h)".s  wife,  Dciia  liealri/  <!r  la 
('neva,  (huiiii,'  the  destviieliun  of  the  eity  of  taititeinnla,  aid  the  biographieal 
BkcUli  of  vMvarado  is  i:\\v\\  in  ///.s'.  Coit.  A;)i,,  ii.,  tliifi  series. 

"Sept.  G,  i:.41.    TlHo,  IJinl.  X.  Gal.,  39!). 


■ 


■  if  •,;!    J.      -i.t 


PF.SPKRATE  KXCOUXTiniS. 


503 


VriicM  tlic  fort iilcat ions  were  ooinpU'tt'd,  news  raino 
Lv  the  natives  who  su])|)lit'(l  tlu>  city  witli  I'ood  and 
\\ati'r,  that  tht;  iVicndly  pcojtlc  of  Tlacollaii,  a  town 
of  three  thousand  iiihahitants,  ono  league  iVoni  Gua- 
dalajara, had  tdso  rehelK-d. 

Captain  l\>(h'o  de  IMaet'iicia  was  sent  to  jirotect 
the  carriers,  l)ut  the  enemy  advanced  upon  hiiu  in 
such  force  that  Jiu  was  ohliu'ed  to  retui'U  iH-'atHou'^ 
into  the  city,  with  tlie  pursuers  u)»on  Ids  liee'.s.  On 
tlie  L'Sth  of  Se])tend)er  i\\v  assailants  apjieared  in  the 
\i(inity,  titty  thousand  stroUL;',  hlackeuiu!^  the  jilain 
l'i>i'  lialf  a  ]eai4'Ue  ahout  the  town.  "^Fhe  I'ollowiui;"  uioi'U- 
ia^',  St  ^Michael's  day,  they  entered  (jiuadalajara,  set 
tiro  to  the  al)an(h)ned  Jiouses,  destroyed  the  churcli, 
deseci'atcd  the  images,  and  des])erately  assaulted  the 
lertiliod  buildings.  T\\o.  protected  position  ol"  the 
Spaniards  and  the  skilful  use  of  a  few  pieces  of  ai'til- 
Icry  alone  onahled  them  to  withstand  the  shock.  'I'he 
anct's  to  the  plaza  wei'e  hravely  deieiided;  only 
Indian  entered,  and  he  was  killed  hy  IJeati'iz 
]iernandez,  wife  of  Ca})tain  Olea,  who  distinguished 
lieist'lf  throughout  the  war  hy  comforting  the  women 
ami  children  and  aiiling  the  soldiers. 

.Vt  one  time  the  enemy  were  on  the  ]ioint  of  suc- 
cess. The  powder  had  became  W(>t  anil  the  cannon 
useless,  and  an  explosion  oceuri-ed  during  an  attemjit 


cm; 
eiu; 


(Iryuu 


^r( 


dol 


eanwmie  tlie    atlohe  wall   was  luidei 


liiiiuHl  and  fell;  but  the  guns  were  brought  to  bear 
ill  time  and  the  foe  fell  by  hundreds,  '^i'he  In<lians 
ceased  their  assaults,  resolved  to  starve  tln^  besieged; 
till  y  I'ctired  behind  the  buildings  whei'c  they  wvn.) 
i-lielteivd  Irom  the  guns,  and  jjoured  in  upon  the  gar- 
rison volley  after  volley  of  taunts  and  thrtats,  prom- 
ising to  kill  all  the  men  and  make  concubines  of 
the  women.  The  virago  ]]eatriz  Hernandez,  enragid 
hy  these  insults,  would  liave  sprung  from  a  window 
upon  the  savao'es  to  tear  theii'  tongues  out,  but  was 
prevented  by  the  men."    The  soldiers  in  time  became 

'*  AVhcroupou  '  Uu  pura  rabia  volviu  la  trascra  y  alzo  las  faklas,  Uicieudo: 


iut 


l:il 


\i 


I] 


'  '') 


504 


THE  MIXTOX  WAR. 


discoLiragccl,  and  it  was  only  by  great  coolness  and 
presence  of  mind  that  Oruito  w^s  able  to  prevent  tlieir 
spirits  from  sinking;  he  threatened  finally  to  open 
tlio  crates  and  allow  all  of  them  to  be  butchered  in 
C(jld  blood  if  they  continued  to  display  such  j)Usillu- 
nimity, 

A  series  of  sorties  was  now  resolved  on,  and  proved 
successful.  During  a  conflict  of  several  hours  in  Vvhich 
only  one  Spaniard  fell,  the  hosts  of  the  enemy  wlto 
routed,  leaving  fifteen  thousand  dead  in  and  about  f  lie 
town.  The  Spaniards  themselves  were  astonislied  at 
their  victory  over  such  vast  numbers;  but  the  secret 
of  their  success  was  soon  revealed.  j\Iany  of  the 
idolatrous  Indians  were  found  hidden  in  tlie  town, 
bhnded  and  maimed,  but  not  by  hand  of  man.  San- 
tiago on  his  whit*'  horse  had  issued  from  the  buiiiino- 
church,  at  the  head  of  an  army  of  angels,  and  liad 
fought  for  the  Christians  throughout  the  battle.  ]  Juc 
honors  were  paitl  to  this  saint  for  his  timely  intci'- 
position;  also  to  St  Michael,  on  whose  day  the  battle 
was  fought.  Many  captives  were  pirt  to  death,  and 
others  enslaved;  those  blinded  bv  the  hand  of  ( lod 
were  set  at  liberty;  and  many  more  were  sent  to 
rejoin  their  tribes  after  being  tieprived  of  their  siglit, 
f)r  otherwise  mutilated,  and  having  their  wounds 
bathed  in  boiling  oil.  It  is  hardly  to  be  expected  that 
when  the  heavenly  powers  set  such  an  exam[>le,  their 
earthlv  folht\voj-s  should  be  slow  to  imitate.  TJiis 
battle  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  mo^t  hotly  contested 
in  the  annals  of  the  conquest,  and  a  chapter  might  bo 
filled  witli  incidents  of  individual  prowess. 

In  October,  in  consequence  of  this  siege,  and  the 
Spaniards  i'oaring  a.iother  attack,  it  was  determined  to 
transfer  the  city  to  its  modern  site  south  of  the  Iiio 
Grande.  ^^ 

I't'iTds,  bosailnio  aquf,  qMo  ho  OS  vcrdis  en  eso  espcjo,  sino  en  catc  y  cniiiido 
Id  cstiiba  (li'.'iendo  no  a nu j a ron  una  llcchanuc  lu  clavo  las  faklas  con  il  tcjiuio, 
en  las  vigas  del  tcolio,  jior  estfir  baja.'  Tdio,  Hint.  X.  iltiL,  400. 

'••  lIiTO  again  llcatriz  llci'nandcz  displayed  lier  strength  of  niifid.  It  wa^i 
tlirough  lier  rosoliito  and  deltrniined  decision  that  the  new  site  of  the  'jity 
was  agreed  upon.   Tdio,  UinL  X.  Gal.,  415-10. 


^\ 


THE  COUNTRY  IX  DANGER. 


503 


(J(ul 


tlK'ii- 


The  viceroy  and  otlier  .authorities  in  jM-jxico  had 
now  become  thoroughly  aroused.  The  .situation  was 
critical.  The  rebels  wei'o  .sending  messengers  in  all 
directions,  and  aimed  at  nothing  less  than  the  extermi- 
nation of  the  foreigners  throughout  America.  Their 
superstitious  fear  of  the  S[)aniards,  of  their  powder 
und  of  their  horses,  which  had  rendered  conquest 
jiossible,  had  to  a  gr(}at  extent  disappeared.  It  was 
now  well  understood  by  the  native  leaders  that  they 
had  to  tleal  with  men,  not  gods;  united  action  might 
throw  off  the  yoke.  This  unity  of  action  it  scemetl 
well-nigh  im]K)ssible  to  attain.  In  the  region  al)out 
Mexico  a  successful  rebellion  could  not  be  set  on  foot; 
the  only  hojie  for  the  natives  and  danger  to  the  Span- 
iiii'ds  lay  in  the  frontier  provinces.  Let  two  or  tlireo 
of  these  expel  the  intruders,  regain  their  independence, 
(staldish  fortified  camps  in  naturally  strong  positions, 
olUr  an  asylum  and  rallying-point  to  the  disnlfected 
everywhere,  divide  the  forces  of  the  Spaniards  and 
tlius  gain  time  to  arouse  the  native  patriotism,  and 
perfect  a  general  plan  of  action:  the  result  would  bo 
a  desperate  struggle  from  which  the  Spaniards  Iwid 
everything  to  Jear.  The  Indian  chiefs  of  New  Calicia 
liad  hit  upon  v'le  only  plan  which  oil'ered  any  chance 
of  success;  the  hated  invaders  must  be  crushed  wliolly 
and  innnediately. 

^[endoza  raised  a  force  of  about  four  hundred  and 
iil'ty  Sjianiards,  and  some  thirty  thousand  Tlasealtec 
and  Aztec  worriers,  whose  lldelity  was  assured  by 
jironiises  of  honors  and  wealth  to  their  leaders.  And 
not  without  mi.sgivings  and  o})position  the}-  wei'e  in- 
trusted by  the  viceroy  with  horses  and  tire-arms,  being 
authorized  for  the  lirst  time  to  manufacture  and  to 
carry  Spanish  weapons.  The  army  set  out  ir'"  i 
^lexico  on  the  day  of  the  battle  at  (Juadahijara,  and 
marched  through  Michoacan  by  nearly  the  same  route 
as  that  followed  by  Nuiio  do  Guzman  in  1529.^'^ 

''There  vaa  some  cvitlcii'-c  of  a  plot  for  revolt  between  tlie  imtivcs  of 
Miclioacuu  and  the  TIascaltous,  us  exiihiiiied  by  Lu[)ez  in  a  letter  to  the  cm- 


500 


THE  MIXTOX  WAR. 


While  Mcndoza  was  inardiiiig  to  the  valley  of 
Cuind,  Onatc  was  preparing  for  the  removal  of  Gua- 
dalajara, and  had  for  that  purpose  sent  Juan  del 
Caiiiino  with  twenty  horsemen  toward  Tlaeotlan, 
Contla,  and  Mesticacan,  to  reconnoitre.  The  S})an- 
iards  were  surprised  to  find  as  many  Indians  here  as 
formerly,  who  had  all  been  frightened  into  submission. 
These  natives  advised  Caniino,  however,  to  proceed 
no  farther,  as  the  fierce  Cascanes  were  preparing  for 
another  attack  on  Guadalajara.  lie  thereupon  re- 
turned, bringing  with  him  to  the  city  a  troop  of  natives 
with  a  large  quantity  of  provisions. 

Meanwhile  INIendoza  arri\'ed  at  the  penol  of  Cuin;i, 
the  first  stron<2fhold  of  the  Indians  attacked.  It  was 
defended  by  ten  thousand  warriors,  who  scornfully 
refused  ofl'ers  of  peace,  withstood  a  siege  often  (>r  fif- 
teen days,  and  were  fii  ally  conquered  by  stratagem. 
A  party  of  INIexicans  disguised  themselves  as  Cuina 
warriors  bearing  water-jars,  and  gained  access  to  the 
fortress,  after  a  sham  li'dit  in  which  other  auxiliaries  of 
]\[endoza  pretended  to  prevent  the  succor.  The  army 
followed;  and  in  the  hand-to-hand  struggle  which  en- 
sued,  a  large  part  of  the  defenders  of  the  penol,  with 
their  wives  and  children,  were  slaughtered.  In  their 
fright  and  confusion  many  threw  themselves  down 
the  precipice.  Over  two  thousand  are  said  to  have 
been  captured  and  enslaved.^^ 

poror.  Ii'azhalcrta,  Col.  Dor.,  ii.  111-7.  He  pivos  this  plot  ns  a  reason  for  tlio 
opposition  to  aiiiiiiiij;  the  Indians,  wliilo  Horn  ra,  doc.  vii.  lih.  ii.  cap.  .\ii.,  i"i'l 
othoi'M  iv:;urd  it  as  one  of  the  incentives  to  ^Ien<loai's  caniiiai;.:n.  Lope/  mivh 
Meiidoza's  ariiij'  iiiehuleil  one  half  the  eiti;;on3  of  Mexico  and  from  40, (KH)  h> 
f)0.(H)()  natives;  Ilerrera,  4.")0  Spaiiiard.i  and  same  ininiber  of  Indians,  dei'. 
vii.  Ill),  ii.  cap.  v.;  JJatiinioiit,  Crdii.  Mich.,  iv.  .'iST-iS;  Tello,  10,0U0  Indians, 
Jli"!.  X.  Gill.,  ;i!M>-8.  417-10;  Mendo/a,  l'i.>i/(i,  ISO  horsenuMi  and  a  nnnilM  r 
of  Indi;in  volunteers,  in  /ai-jxilri  in,  Co/.  I)or.,  1 10-1'2.  'i'lie  date  of  departure 
vas  Sept.  '2'_'d.  aeeovtlini,'  to  Jjope/,  and  Sept.  'Jiltli,  aeeordin;^  to  Ara~.it/i,  III., 
in  /(/.,  ;t07.  Tello  says  Memlo/a  left  .Mexico  'ii  Ids  prineipios  de  Kncro  lol-',' 
liiivinLC  pre]  a  red  the  e.xjiedition  'a  loa  lines  de  l.")ll. 

"  Xavarrete,  IIUK  Jal.,  1'}  ',  mentions  fonr  other  places  in  this  re'rimi, 
Olio  of  (hem  on  the  author's  own  estate,  wiiere  hone  •  and  hlond-stained  slmns 
BJiDMed  hatlles  to  have  taken  ]il;iee.  .Mota  rndilla,  to  .</.  A\  (ial.,  1 1'_',  iniplii  s 
that  there  was  no  assiaiilt  iint'l  after  the  stratii:,'em.  Aecordin;.;  to  l>eannii'iii, 
CrOii.  .Uich.,  iv.  IVM-l,  4,tKW  Indians  killcil  thcmselvi'.s  and  Id.O.O  v.cie 
bIulu.    llurruia,  dec.  vii.  lib,  ii.  cup.  v.,  tells  us  the  pi.icc  full  easily  and  no 


i  Sla 


FALL  OF  NOCHISTL^VN. 


507 


]\Ieiidoza  then  pushed  forward  over  the  Cerro 
Gordo.  Tlie  natives  of  Acatic  and  of  the  valley  of 
Ztipotlan  having  surrendered  without  serious  resi>>t- 
niice,  tlie  forces  of  Onatc  and  !Mendoza  effected  a 
juucti(-)n  and  inarched  against  Nochistlan.  The  place 
was  defended  by  a  large  army  under  Tenaniaxtli, 
whose  Christian  name  was  Don  ]3ieg()  Zacatecas.  In 
the  first  attack  two  of  the  se ,  on  lines  of  defensive 
works  were  caiTied,  and  the  rest,  exccjit  tlie  last  and 
sti'ongest,  were  battered  down  by  the  artillery  after  a 
sioge  of  several  days.  The  besieged  at  last  [)roposed 
a  suspension  of  hostilities  and  an  attack  on  ^lixton, 
]»ri)mising  to  surrender  when  that  fortress  should  lull. 
Those  terms  were  of  course  refused,  anti  by  a  hnal 
assault  the  last  defonces  were  carried.  The  Sinuiish 
liag  was  planted  by  Cai)tain  ]\[uncibay  on  the  sunnnit, 
a:id  those  of  the  ({(.'fonders  who  had  not  esca])ed  with 
tlioir  loader  to  Mixtoii,  yielded.  The  prisoners  were 
c'ondonnied  to  slavery  by  IMendoza;  but  Ibarra,  who 
was  the  encomendert)  of  the  district,  fearing  its  drpo])- 
iilation  and  the  ruin  of  his  property  interests,  allowed 
tlioni  to  escape.^'* 

The  Spanish  forces  then  marched  to  Ju'-liij)ila  and 
found  that  all  the  natives  had  taken  ici'iiuc  on  the 
!Mixton,  which   was  the  stronjjcst  of  all  the   rebel 


sliivcs  were  made,  hi  ]\fnuh-M,  Vh/ta,  Irazbatn-fn,  Cof.  Jlor.,  ii.  ll'J  11,  it 
npiK'ais  tliiit  'JI8  slaves  woru  iiiailo  and  distributed  anions;  tin'  au\i!iarit"j. 
']'■  llo  alllrins  tliat  4,000,  l>osides  woiui'ii  and  cliildit'ii,  killod  tlii'ii:.si.l\( .-;; 
•J.v;)i>  wiM'o  liilli'il  Ity  Spaniards,  and  '-',000  slaves  taken.  Ae;izitli  ealls  tlud 
till'  liattlo  of  Tototlan,  and  represents  it  as  liaviny  been  foiiglit  Oet.  "Jti, 
irill. 

'^T'li'  Spaniards  were  1.")  days  boinliardinj^  the  ]ilaco  witlmut  results,  Tlio 
]!'  judation  u;i3  OO.OtH); '_»,000  were  killed  and  l,t)00  enslaved.  Mcf'i  Pwl'illft. 
(I'V.  X.  (hiL,  M()-7;  Tdlo,  //is/..  X.  (.'id.,  i.  4 2-2-3.  Tliey  foui;lit  fr.,iii 
I'i  lit  A.  M.  to  four  r.  M.,  when  the  place  was  taken  after  ((insideraldo  l"ss. 
'J  lie  liattlo  occurred  Novenibei'  I'Jtli,  and  four  S|ianiarils  were  kdled.  AnniHi, 
Hi'.,  .'il'J;  .]/ciiilozn,  ]'i-^itii,  lit.  Nuinlier  of  Spanianla  1,(1(10;  auxiliaries 
0  ',0i;0  to  TO.OGO.  Xariirfc/<;  //Ut.  .lal.,  S(»-'2.  There  were  (i,0(K)  kilkd,  and 
h'.(l.!Oensl;ived,  Init  suli.seiiueutly  released  liy  Ibarra,  liciiinnoiit,  Crmt.  M'uh., 
iv.  ;;;is.  I'rejes,  lli.-<t.  Jinn.,  I.M,  sjieaks  of  a  twenty  days' sie;.'e;  (l.Oul)  killeil; 
i.ii!K).',lives;  the  natives  surrendered  hir  want  of  water  and  owiiii;  to  the  ilefi  c- 
iiu  (!*'  a  caeiiiuo.  Tlie  Spani>!i  soldieivi  were  exoeedindy  loath  ti>  ril!Ui|uish 
til  ■  Hla\(-s,  but  Mendoza  t;ei  nri  to  have  approved  of  Ibarra's  act.  'I'llloiiiul 
M"l:i  I'adilla  say  the  people  of  Nochistlan  wero  allowed  to  escape  before  tho 
liu.d  surrender  und  not  alter  their  eajjturc. 


[  I 


f)08 


THE  AnXTON  WAR. 


'  i :;: 


i^ 


B» 


h 


fortresses."  There  were  still  assembled  umlcr  Tena- 
inaxtli  a  hundred  thousand  warriors.  So  stronij  was 
the  position,  and  so  bravely  were  the  few  acccssil)k« 
passes  guarded,  that  after  a  siege  of  about  three 
weeks,  with  eontinuous  assaults,  little  progress  had 
been  n)ade.  But  thousands  of  the  patriotic  defenders 
of  their  native  soil  had  perished,  swept  down  by 
Spanish  cannon,  and  great  suffering  began  to  be  ex- 
])erienced.  Many  of  the  christianized  natives,  and 
others  who  had  joined  in  the  rebellion  on  tlie  sor- 
cerer's assurances  of  an  easy  victory  and  abundant 
sj)oils,  were  tired  of  the  hardships  and  slaughter,  and 
leaving  the  penol  by  secret  passes  they  returned  t  > 
their  liomes.  The  warriors  of  Teul  openly  declared 
they  had  conic  to  the  Mixton  only  to  prove  that  they 
were  no  cowards,  and  proposed  a  sortie  by  the  whole 
force.  This  being  declined,  they  marched  out  ah  mo 
against  the  Spaniards;  but,  traitors  as  they  wete, 
tlu'V  shot  their  arrows  into  the  air  and  allowed  them- 
selves to  be  easily  captured.  They  were  pardoned  and 
accepted  as  auxiliaries  or  sent  iionie,  alter  having 
n'vealed  a  secret  pass  by  which  the  viceroy's  forces 
might  reach  the  top  of  the  penol. 

The  disclosing  of  this  pass  was  atti'ibuted  by  some 
to  St  James,  who  ap[)eared  to  Father  Segovia  and 
led  the  Christians  to  the  attack.  Accounts  of  the 
linal  victory  are  conilicting;  but  it  seems  that  one  or 
two  assaults,  accompanied  by  great  slaughter  during 
which  thousands  cast  themselves  down  the  clilf,  weie 
made  and  rej)ulsetl;  and  that  linally  such  survivors  as 
could  not  esca[)e  or  luul  not  the  courage  to  destiny 
themselves,  surrendered  to  an  embassy  of  friars  who 
>vcnt  unarmed  among  them.  These  iViars  permit tid 
many  of  the  Christian  Indians  to  retire  to  their 
towns  before  the  surrender*,  on  jiromisc  of  good  1h- 
havior.  The  captives  taken  numbered  over  ten  thou- 
sanil.     A  large  proportion  ol"  the  force  at  Mixton  was 

"  }fi.v(oii,  'Hubida  (le  j^atos'  or  'cata'  ascent;"  tlius  iianiuil  because  of  tlio 
ditScult  access  *:o  tlio  suiuiuit. 


MEXDOZA'S  SUCCESSES. 


500 


(>oni]K)sefl  of  Cliicliinice  tribes,  and  of  these  such  as 
ts(';n)e(l  slavery  Hetl  with  their  header  toward  the  moiin- 
taiiis  of  Zacateeas  and  Nayarit,'-*^ 

'i'hero  were  some  further  niihtary  movements,  but 
aj)|)arently  no  serious  resistance  north  of  the  river 
Tololotlan.  From  Juchipila  the  Sj)aniards  marched 
(li»\vn  the  river  of  that  name  to  San  Cristobal,  at  the 
junction  with  the  former.  Tliirty  thousand  native 
waniors  had  Ibrtitied  themselves  near  Tepeaca,  but  on 
llic  approach  of  the  Spaniards  they  were  j)ersuaded 
l)y  llomcro,  the  encomendcro  of  the  place,  to  scatter 
and  abandon  the  idea  of  further  resistance.  In  thus 
l()(tkin«jf  out  for  his  own  interests,  ho  had  but  followed 
the  example  of  Ibarra;  but  he  had  allowed  the  escape 
of  the  iiei'ce  Cascanes,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  rebel- 
lion. Ho  was  condemned  to  death  by  Mendoza,  but 
al'terward  pardoned  in  consideration  of  past  servici-s. 
Till'  viceroy  next  marched  toward  the  ])enol  of  Aliua- 
catlan,  where  all  the  natives  of  the  province  of  Com- 
poslt'la  we»'e  understood  to  be  fortilied.  I^assini;'  with 
his  army  south  of  the  liio  Grande,  j)robably  in  Jan- 
uarv  ]54l\^*  visitinijf  many  of  the  disailected  towns  in 
tliat  region,  he  extended  his  (>j)erafions  to  ]']tzatlan 
and  Te(|uila,  where  two  friars  had  been  nuu'dered 
duiini>"  tlie  year." 

The  inhabitants  now  seemed  ready  to  submit  with- 
out lui  ther  resistance.  After  several  davs  at  I'^tzatlan, 
and  wiien  about  to  march  on  Ahuacatlan,  the  vicei-oy 
K'anied  that  Juan  de  Villalba  had  taken  that  penol 

"Just  lipforo  the  attack  on  Mircton  tlicrc  "na  ii  d.'iy'a  discussion  liotwocu 
t'li'  Ic.iiKra  and  the  friars  aliDiit  tlio  justice  <  i  tUe  war.  Mv/n  I'adllhi,  (  o/o/. 
X.  <'(il.,  \A0.  Accoi'diiit;  to  Ilcncra,  doc.  vii.  Hi),  v.  cap.  ii.,  Mixfuii  suitcu- 
iiiii>  1  V.  iLiiout  a  .sti'ny;,'lo.  TIio  statciiicnts  in  regard  to  tlio  nuiiilHr  nf  liiUcd 
aiul  0  1  it:iivd  vary  grcaily. 

'  .VKer  the  tall  of  Mixton,  during  Christinas  fe.itivitios,  they  Mere  near 
•l.illia.  At  Aluiacatlau,  Fehiuary  'Jd.  Aca-Jlli,  llil.,  ;{lS-'27.  At  Tei|uil,i 
.l.iiiiiary  •2;Jd.  llvniaiukz  y  Ddvalos,  in  iS'oc.  Mtx.  Oroij.,  JJalilhi,  "Jda  t'li.  ii. 
4M  •_'.  " 

■'■  Aiciirding  to  TorqurmmUi,  iii.  ri07-ft,  the  friar  Calero  was  killed  Juno 
111.  J.iH,  and  was  the  lirst  nmrtyr  of  \ueva  (ialicia;  Father  Ciielliir  iieiished 
lit  till'  iiands  of  the  savages  in  the  following  August.  Fernandez,  ///^^  h'rlts., 
I'',  iiuiiiiona  another,  Fray  Juau  I'adilln,  us  huvinjj  been  killutl  here  uhout 
thill  time. 


;l 


510 


THE  JIIXTOX  WAR. 


mi 


and  dispersed  the  natives,  and  in  the  regions  of  Pmi- 
licaeion  quiet  was  also  restored.  Hero  the  viceroy  was 
apprised  of  Coronado's  return  from  Cibola,  wheio  lie 
luul  found  nothing  worthy  of  note.  Though  Mendojca 
wished  to  proceed  north  to  meet  Coronado,  he  wus 
prevailed  upon  by  Onato  to  return  to  Mexico.  From 
every  part  of  New  Galicia  the  news  came  that  llio 
bloody  arbitrament  at  Nochistlan  and  Mixton  was 
accepted  as  final,  save  in  the  mountains  of  Nayarit, 
where  the  fierce  inhabitants  had  never  been  conquerotl, 
and  were  not  to  be  so  for  nearly  two  hundred  3'eais; 
and  in  the  Culiacan  region,  where  it  was  left  to  llio 
army  of  Coronado  to  sujjpress  such  remnants  of  revolt 
as  might  there  be  found.  The  total  number  of  slaves 
made  during  this  campaign  is  estimated  at  over  live 
thousand.  Some  say  that  Mendoza  made  no  slaves. 
But  even  had  his  heart  prompted  so  humane  an  ii1(  a, 
the  army  would  not  have  consented.  For  what  br.t 
the  spoils  do  men  endure  the  pangs  of  war?-^  Alva- 
rado's  forces  were  subsequently  relieved  of  their  gar- 
rison duty  and  allowed  to  depart  at  their  pleasuie, 
and  jMendoza  returned  to  the  city  of  Mexico. 

I  have  thus  given  in  brief  the  events  connected 
with  the  great  revolt  in  New  Galicia,  known  as  t!io 
]\lixton  war.  The  records  are  voluminous,  but  frag- 
mentary and  contradictory,  bearing  for  the  most  p;irt 
on  petty  details  of  military  operations;  of  dearmi;s 
between  encomenderos  and  their  subjects;  of  purely 
local  events  in  hundreds  of  villages  long  passed  or.t 
of  existence;  of   tribal  names  and  those  of  native 

=^Scc  .^Ao^l  Pfidlln,  Comj.  N.  Gal.,  l."i.  Says  Beaumont,  Crdii.  M'l'h., 
iv.  4'JO:  'Llcviiiiilo  en  trofio  y  en  sefial  il,"  IrLuni'o  eniiio  iiiios  cineo  ii.!'  'inlivH 
eaiitivds.'  Sec  also  Tdio,  /li.-t.  A'.d'iil.,  ■iX)-(j.  Tliis  canipaigii  eost  iMeiiilo/ii 
over  ;i(),(UI(>  pesos;  llie  lossand  siiU'eriiiy  i'liioiig  the  auxil'""ies  was  slight;  lliu 
slaviH  were  hramled  jiiul  (listiihiited  l)y  (I'late  after  dediietiii!,'  tluMoyal  lil'ili, 
liiit  l!iev  weie  so  few  tliat  the  soldiers  did  not  reeeivo  one  fouith  of  \\\„\t 
woidil  have  been  tluir  re jidav  pay.  Mcinhcd,  I'isild,  ll.VLS.  Cavo,  yVi  v»S'/[,/.is 
i.  i;Jtl,  dates  this  eanipai;;ii  in  1..4:!,  and  says  no  slaves  or  spoils  were  taki  ii. 
Cor'n's  ehargftl  that  the  eost  and  lo.isca  of  iiendo;a"s  eanipaign  wei-e  (.;rc,:;ii' 
than  thosiMif  the  eonquest  of  >;ew  Spain,  and  that  after  all  Nueva  (lalhia 
%\as  not  sididued.  /ccr.ltiilcrtii,  Cot.  DO''.,  ii.  (i;»-4.  liernal  Diaz,  Jlinl.  !'<  rdml., 
'Joti,  disposed  of  this  linal  campaign  by  statuiy  that  Malduuudo  was  sent  (nil, 
aud  subdued  the  rubuls. 


RETURN  OF  COROXADO. 


fill 


c'liic>rt;iins,  and  of  Spanish  loaders  and  their  individual 
achievements.'^'' 

The  threatened  perils  of  a  general  uprising  of  the 
Aiiu'rican  nations  having  thus  been  averted,  the 
viceroy  was  again  at  liberty  to  turn  his  attention 
northward.  Coronado  had  abandoned  the  conquest 
of  Cibola  and  Quivira,  and  was  returning  homeward 
witli  the  remnants  of  his  army.  By  the  voyages  of 
Vlloa  and  Alarcon  the  gulf  coasts  had  been  ex[»lored, 
and  California  proved  to  bo  a  peninsula.  Such  results 
iiad  evidently  done  much  to  cool  Mendoza's  ardor  i'or 
northern  enterprise.  Yet,  he  had  a  lleet  on  his  hands, 
anel  one  route  for  exploration  still  remained  open— the 
continuation  of  that  followed  by  Ulloa,  up  the  outer 
(•oust  beyond  Cedros  Island.  Two  vessels  of  Alvara- 
do's  former  fleet,  the  Scm  Salraclor  and  Victoria,  were 
made  ready  and  despatched  June  27,  1542,  under  the 

-'  For  most  of  the  events  of  this  rebellion  we  nva  indebted  to  tlie  three  early 
clifoiiiclors,  Tello,  Jlht.  N.  GnL,  y02-4:{S;  Mota  raililla,  ('oii<i.  N.  f.'nl.,  111^ 
r.l,  :i:;il  IVauniont,  fVrf/i.  J//,7(.,  iv.  r.iMi!),  •2r.5-<>,  ;}S0-4i.'l ;  .MS.,  :iOO-:},  4Jl'-5, 
TmO  yi).  llorrora,  doc.  vii.  lil).  ii.  cap.  xii.,  lib.  v.  cap.  ii.,  als(j  spcai;s  of 
tlicsc  cvcnln  !it  .sDinc  length.  Fivm  these  authorities  Navarretc,  Ili-^f.  Jul., 
()}  .'^5;  l''r('jcs,  J/laf.  Jlirrc,  7S-97,  and  Ihistaniiaite,  in  (I'niiiariu  IIi4.  Mr.i\ 
(cd.  1S2()),  ii.  supl.,  I-^S,  have  prc])ared  soniewiiat  extended  sketches.  ()iii,'i- 
lial  ddcunicuts  on  the  subjrct  are  t'e\v.  The  Ildnnoii  dr.  la  Joriuulu  t/iic  hho 
Jiitii  i'niii'-is'-o  tie  Smiilonil  Ara-Jfli,  in  Icdz'trt/fdn,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  .'-tOT-IS-,  was 
viiiti'u  b_v  (labriel  (.'astafuda  at  the  order  of  Aca/itli,  a  native  cliieftain  who 
Willi  his  ;siibjccts  accompanied  Mcndoza.  It  is  a  diary  purporting  to  record 
th.'  cvi  uts  of  tlie  niarcli  from  (hiy  to  day;  however,  it  throws  but  little  light 
(111  t'.ie  .-iubjcct,  even  in  respect  to  dates,  its  statements  being  contradictory 
iiiiKin;,' thenuiclves.  Tlie  Mcmlozn,  I'i.iitu,  in  /</.,  102-18,  contains  what  may 
he  regarded  as  Mendoza's  statenients  about  many  points,  especially  the  treat- 
iiK'iit  of  Indian  captives  and  auxiliaries.  A  l'<t'i-hin  <  'oiiira  Mfinhct,  in  LI., 
(i^i-t,  ;;ives  Coi'tis'  views  of  the  cause:)  wliich  led  to  the  revolt.  The  ('diin 
ill'  <!< rdnhno  Jai/kz  <il  L'tii/irmilor,  O'-l.  :.'0,  IJ.'/l,  in  /(/.,  Itl-.'it,  speaks  of 
Jleudo;^a'.i  start  and  of  the  evidence  of  intended  revolt  near  Mexico.  'I'lio 
y.'i'/»( /•,'hi/(H,'i)  made  to  the  rebels  by  t!ie  friars  f;cnt  out  by  the  viceroy,  is  given 
ill  I'd-'/irro  nnd<  'anlfiKt^,  Col.  JJor.,  iii.  .'iiiD-TT.  Other  references  are,  Oi'ialo, 
iv.  "Jil;  ToriiiiriiKtilii,  iii.  004-!);  I'n  iizmi,  I  lit.  Monilo  Xrnvo,  10(1-7;  Snl'tzrr 
y'lldrtc,  m.il.  Com/.  J/c.i'.,  4.").j-7;  II'  nial  l)!rr.,  Il'i<t.  Vi  rili(l..'X'Mh  Uniiilfi:, 
I'r.irio,  pp.  xix.-xxiii.,  'i7S-S'J;  Ciiro,  7V  .s' iSV';//rw,  i.  l.'Vi;},  i;!();  Oil,  in  S  c. 
Mi.i\  '•'fiiij.,  IjoIcHii,  viii.  478;  Ihrnnnltz  ij  /><ivfi'os,  in  /(/.,  •_'dai'|i.  ii.  ISl  2,' 
iii.  ISS;  'iJirr.  Uiilr.,  i.  173-4,  x.  WM;  \ViM- nn-l  Oxi-Imlixfhrr  LiL^luurl.  i. 
:<:il  '.';  (lollj'nnit,  Xcin-  ]Vilf,  '_'8,V(1;  lliinnii'.f  ll'iM.  J)i.it:or.  South  Sea,  i.  •22); 
(I'on-ihtso  <lc.  Id  I'cjit,  CoinriiUtrioK  I'lile.-i,  ii.  80-1.  Moninnt  iitoif  l>oii>iii.  L'  ;i., 
M^.,  "Jl'J-.'J.  I'arra,  C'o/c/.  XdU.teo,  MS.,  4;5IJ-47,  written  in  vcive,  is  corrert 
ill  iiMic  parts  UH  to  datoa  aud  over  dj  bi^t  us  for  the  poetry,  the  less  said  of  it 
tile  better. 


*p^ 


I 

m  - 


512 


THE  MIXTON  WAR. 


command  of  Juan  Itodri,L,nic?;  Cabrillo.  After  toiicli- 
ing  at  several  points  along  tlie  coast  and  passing 
tlirou'j:h  the  Santa  Barbara  Channel,  he  died,  and  his 
successor,  Ferelo,  advanced  in  March  154;j  past  snow- 
capped mountains  to  what  he  called  latitude  44",  but 
found  the  cold  so  excessive  that  he  turned  back.-'' 

During  Cabrillo's  absence  two  ships  and  three 
smaller  craft,  also  renniants  of  Alvarado's  lleet,  weie 
dcspiitchcd  by  order  of  ]\Iendoza  from  the  western 
coast,  probably  from  Navidad.  These  vessels  sailing 
in  November  1542*"  in  connnand  of  Ruy  Lopez  de 
Villalobos,  carried  three  hundred  and  seventy  men, 
including  several  Austin  friars  destined  for  the  islands 
of  the  Paciiic.2' 

The  original  object  of  the  expedition  seems  to  have 
been  to  found  a  colony  on  Zebu,  and  Villalobos  was 
particularly  enjoined  not  to  touch  at  the  islands 
whereof  the  Portuguese  held  possession.  This  com- 
mand, however,  was  disregarded,  either  from  necessity 
on  account  of  stress  of  v.eather,  or  by  miscalculations 
of  the  course,  after  manv  other  islands  had  been 
sighted  or  touched,  The  ex})e(lition  is  but  a  contin- 
uous record  of  troubles  in  which  the  Spaniards  becanio 
involved,  largely  by  their  own  fault,  with  each  other, 
with  the  natives,  and  especially  with  the  Portuguese. 
It  was  at  this  time  that  the  Phili|>pines  were  named, -^ 
and  more  than  one  effort  was  made  to  send  a  vessi  1 

'^For  full  particulars  of  tliis  expedition  see  Hist.  North  Mex.  Stairs,  i., 
and  IlinL  CaL,  i.,  this  series. 

-"Juan  I'Vniaiidcz  <le  Ladrillero  declared  in  1574  that  he  and  a  comjiaiiy 
were  in  California  until  called  back  to  join  the  expoclition  of  Villain!)!!-;. 
Sui'il  y  Max.,  Vi'ii/r,  pp.  xlii.-iv.  This,  if  not  pure  invention,  may  alhiilu 
vaguely  to  L'Uoa  or  Alarcon. 

'-'"  With  details  of  tlio  route  followed  and  the  discoveries  made  on  this 
expedition  I  have  little  to  do,  and  therefore  make  but  a  sli^^ht  mention  in  tlio 
text.  Till;  original  authorities  on  tlie  matter  are  vague  and  confusinjr.  Thu 
best  authorities  arc  Orijaliia,  i'roii.  S.  AiKjusl.,  .51-00;  Oacliiii,  Udnthiii< , 
in  I'rinnisio,  i.  41(ietReq. ;  Galvano's  J)i.<ror.,  2'M-d;  Jlcrrcra,  dec.  vii.  lili. 
V.  The  best  Engl'.sh  authority  is  Jiuriiey's  Hist.  J)isror.  South  Sen,  i.  "Ji;!!  4;!. 
Two  original  reports  of  the  expedition,  more  or  less  full,  but  everywhere  cua- 
llicting,  are  VilUdohus,  Viajf,  in  Pachero  and  Cdnli'iias,  Col.  ])o(\,  v.  llSit 
8eq.,  and  Santi4ehiiii,  Carta,  in  Id.,  xiv.  1.51-Gj.  Other  authorities  are  7' /•■ 
vaiix-Com/iuns,  Voy.,  8(5rie  i.  torn.  x.  'J.ll)-C.");  Gomura,  Jlist.  Iiul.,  i;;"i; 
Tirqiiemada,  i.  fiOS;  Cava,  Tres  Sii/los,  i.  13.">. 

'*In  honor  of  the  prince  of  Asturias.  Cava,  Trcs  Sijlos,  i.  135. 


SOTO  IN  FLORIDA. 


613 


back  to  New  Spain,  but  contrary  winds  always  prc- 
viiitcd  it.  Most  of  tho  survivors  of  tlio  expedition 
returned  by  way  of  Capo  Good  Hope  to  Europe  in 
1547  and  the  following  years;  but  the  leader  died  on 
the  way,  and  Sp;iin  had  as  yet  no  foothold  in  that 
quarter.  IMendoza  was  prevented  from  entering  upon 
I'urther  expeditions  of  discovery  by  a  new  law  which 
lorbade  vicerovs  and  governors  henceforth  to  enu'aLre 
ill  any  such  enterprise.-' 

Into  this  period  also  falls  the  memorable  and  disas- 
trous expedition  of  Fernando  do  Soto  to  Florida  and 
tlie  Mississijipi  Valley.  Though  not  belonging  to  my 
province,  a  slight  allusion  to  the  subject  may  not  bo 
out  of  })lace,  as  the  remnant  of  Soto's  foi'cc  landed  on 
the  shores  of  Piinuco  soon  after  Mendoza's  return  to 
the  city  of  Mexico. 

After  departing  from  Cuba  in  1539  with  a  formida- 
ble force  and  well  a{)pointed  lleet,  four  j'cars  were 
spent  in  endless  marches  and  countermarches  through 
the  regions  east  and  west  of  the  Mississippi,  where 
the  cruel  barbarities  which  characterized  the  earlier 
conquests  were  repeated.  Gold  was  the  watchword 
of  Soto's  band,  and  where  it  was  not  ol)tained  blood 
must  How.  Even  tho  poor  and  destitute  savages  tliey 
]i1uudered  of  their  little  property,  and  then  tortured 
them  because  tliere  was  no  more.  The  natives,  at 
first  friendly  and  hospitable,  were  finally  com[)clled  by 
exactions  and  cruelty  to  make  common  cause  against 
the  invaders.  Driven  down  the  Mississippi  after 
Soto's  death,  the  remnant  of  the  unfortunate  band 
arrived  at  the  town  of  Piinuco,  after  a  most  dangerous 
Voyage  of  fifty -two  days  from  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
The  magnificent  company  of  three  hundred  and  fifty 
horse  and  nine  hundred  foot  had  in  a  measure  met 


•^  Mcndoza  complained  that  after  spending;  all  liis  patrimony  and  running 
in  ilebt  to  ciUTy  out  his  projects  of  discovery  and  con(|Uest  for  liia  soveici.Ljn, 
lif  I' .und  liimself  estopped  by  tlie  new  law  and  by  t lie  acts  of  a  visitador, 
V  lii  li  had  idienated  from  hiui  the  credit  and  reputatic  ae  had  formerly  en- 
j'lyed  for  tjie  execution  of  those  plans.  Mcndoza,  t'aiia,  lu  I'luheco  and  Car- 
dviiuii,  Vol.  Doc,  iii.  .OlO-ll. 

Hist.  Mex..  Vol.  II.    33 


SI4 


THE  MIXTON  WAR. 


their  deserts,  being  now  rcducecl  to  some  three  hun- 
dred men,  haixi^ard  and  worn,  clad  in  tatters  and  the 
skins  of  animals.  They  were  kindly  received  b}'  the 
Spanish  settlers  and  natives,  and  the  viceroy  invited 
them  to  ]\Iexico,  where  they  were  properly  cared  for.'"' 

'"Full  particiiliirs  of  the  expedition  may  be  found  in  Odrcilnno  dc  la  Vcjn, 
Latl'irldd,  '2oJ  ct  suci.;  J,'oljertsou\i  Hist.  Am.  ii.  1005;  Mouctle's  Hist.  Di»coi\ 
Ali;<8.,  i.  G3-4:  Biedma,  Narr.,  in  French's  Hist.  Louiniana,  1)7-220. 


Not  only  this  episode,  but  the  early  history  of  Now  Galicia,  depends 
chiefly  on  Fray  Antonio  Tello,  Frmjmento't  dr  la  Historia  dp  la  Kneva  G(dinn, 
in  Icdzbafceta,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  34.3-4158.  The  author  was  a  learned  Franciscan 
and  a  native  of  Guadalajara,  who  occupied  positions  of  honor  and  trust  in  liis 
orderduriug  his  long  lifoand  service  in  Mexico,  being  also  one  of  the  reli;;i(jiii 
who  accompanied  Sebastian  Vizcaino  in  his  expedition  for  the  discovoy  of 
the  'Island  of  California'  in  1590.  He  wrote  or  at  least  revised  his  woik 
between  10.")0  and  10">2,  when  he  must  have  been  about  80  years  of  a;,'e. 
Mota  Padilla,  and  Beaumont,  author  of  the  CrOnica  de  Michoucan,  niiulo 
frequent  use  of  Tello's  manuscript.  The  former  speaks  of  it  as  the  Croiiiruii 
del  Padre  Tello,  and  it  seems  then  to  have  been  complete.  Lcaumont,  wlio 
wroto  about  17S0,  .said  that  he  had  seen  the  manuscript  long  before,  ami  tljat 
it  had  been  lost,  wliich  implies  that  the  loss  occun-ed  between  the  date  of  hid 
seeing  it  and  that  of  his  writing.  Beristain,  liiltHoleca,  refers  to  him  as  the 
author  of  the  Historia  de  Xalisco  y  dc  laXnera  Vi~.niiju,  MS.,  adding  tli;it  iiu 
extract  existed  in  the  archives  of  the  province  of  tiie  S.mto  Evangelio  (jf 
Mexico.  Icazbalccta  was  not  allowed  access  to  those  archives  while  tlio 
Santo  Evangelio  existed,  and  after  the  closing  of  the  convents  ho  could  not 
find  the  manuscript.  The  title  of  the  book  has  reached  us,  thanks  to  icaz- 
balccta's  eflbrts:  Lihro  Seijitndo  de  la  Crdiiica  Jlisccldnea  en  tjne  ae  Irata  dv  la 
Conquiatu  esinritual  y  temiiond.  de  la  Santa  Provincla  de  Saiitiaijo  de  Juli^'-o  y 
Kiiera  Vizcnya,  y  de.tcuhrimiento  del  Niiero  Mexico.  The  two  fi-agnicnts 
being  a  copy  in  the  possession  of  Hilariano  Komcro  Gil,  of  fiuadalajara,  were 
presented  to  and  published  by  Icazbalccta,  with  the  valuable  literary  assist- 
ance of  Komcro  Gil  himself,  as  the  editor  informs  us,  and  were  prcccdnl  liy 
remarks  on  what  he  had  ascertained  about  TcUo's  manuscript,  pariicr.Iaily 
chapters  viii.  to  xiii.,  the  last  apparently  incomplete,  and  chapters  xxvi.  to 
xxxix.,  probably  of  the  second  book,  which  chapters  give  a  portion  of  tlio 
expeditions  of  Xuno  de  Guzman,  the  comjucst  of  teiTitories  and  foundin;,'  uf 
towns,  an  extensive  account  of  the  great  uprising  of  the  Indians  in  Xinva 
Galicia,  and  the  campaign  for  their  subjugation,  to  the  capture  of  the  Mianu 
in  l."i42  by  Viceroy  Mcndoza.  Tlie  stjde  is  pure  and  even  elegant  as  coin- 
pared  with  contemporary  writings,  clear  and  to  the  point,  and  the  \vri;cr 
evidently  availed  himself  judiciously  of  the  labor  of  others  to  obtain  infor- 
mation. 

A  later  and  complete  book  on  the  same  region  is  that  by  Mota  Paililhi, 
Historia  de  la  C'oivjuista  de  la  Procincia  de  la  Nueva  Galicia,  Mcx.,  ItiTO, 


TELLO  AXD  MOTA  PADILLA. 


5i: 


fnlio,  523  pafTCS,  and  index.  It  contains  a  detailed  historical  and  physical 
nrroiint  of  northern  Mexico,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas,  from  the  contineat  till 
17 1-.  The  author,  horn  in  CJuadalajiira  Octoher  0,  l(>S8,  was  tlic  tecond  son 
(if  Miitias  Lopez,  an  hidalgo  from  Estrenjadura,  and  Ana  de  la  Mota,  a  lineal 
rlrsoendant  of  the  conijuerors,  and  of  illustrious  family,  who  for  all  that  at 
li(  r  marriage  could  not,  it  is  said,  sign  the  papers  hecnuse  she  did  not  know 
how  to  writo.  From  ITl.'J  to  1740,  and  even  later,  ho  fdled  several  niunieipid 
anil  judicial  odices,  namely,  those  of  district  judge,  attorney  general,  anil 
ii.~.-i iciate  justice  of  the  audiencia  of  Guadalajara.  His  character  as  a  man, 
lu«  yer,  and  public  otTicer  stands  high. 

Matias  do  la  Jlota  Padilla,  as  he  pn  ferred  to  call  himself,  having  heconio 
a  widower  was  ordained  a  priest.  The  audiincia  nfiked  the  crown  to  grant 
liini  a  benefice,  but  it  was  deaf  to  all  soli(^it.itions  in  his  favor.  Icaxl)alceta, 
to  whose  investigations  we  owe  what  is  known  of  that  writer,  declares  Heris- 
ti:ia  mistaken  in  saying  that  ho  was  a  prebendary.  Mota  I'adilla  left  no 
I.ni]icrty  at  his  death,  which  occurred  in  .luly  17(i<i,  at  the  ago  of  GS.  All 
lii.s  .services  might  perhaps  not  have  saved  his  name  from  oblivion,  but  his 
history  preserved  it  with  its  honorable  record.  For  writing  this  work  ho 
liail  a  dcjublc  object  in  view,  namely,  obedience  to  the  king's  conunimd,  and 
s.i\  ill.;  from  oblivion  the  deeds  of  the  conipierorsof  the  country,  among  whom 
had  been  his  own  maternal  ancestors.  In  the  preparation  of  his  work  ho  was 
painstaking ;  ho  searched  the  public  archives,  examined  private  papers,  con- 
siilu'ii  many  persons,  and  used  the  writings  of  the  I'raneiscan  friar  Antonio 
Tt'.lo.  The  history  was  finished  in  1T4"2.  It  was  sent  by  the  author  to  the 
kiii;^'  through  the  governor  of  Xueva  (ialieia  in  August  of  that  year.  Tho 
copy  <lid  not  for  some  reason  reach  tiie  court,  and  tlie  king  on  hearing  of  the 
fxi,tence  of  such  a  work  in  1747  directed  that  two  copies  should  be  sent  him, 
t!ic  expense  to  be  paid  out  of  the  judiciary  fund;  but  there  being  no  available 
sum  ill  that  fund,  the  author  had  them  prepared  at  his  own  expeu.se.  Tho 
oiiLrinal  writing  had  cost  him  over  1000  pesos,  paper  being  worth  then,  in 
1711-2,  fiom  one  to  two  reals  per  sheet,  and  TiO  pesos  a  ream.  Toward  tho 
cikI  of  1733  he  transmitted  the  wovk  again;  and  tho  receipt  not  having  been 
uiknowledged,  the  author  asked  a  friend  who  was  going  to  Sjiain  to  solicit 
fi'rliiin  from  the  king  a  copyright  that  he  might  print  and  publish  it,  and 
tims  be  possibly  enabled  to  recover  the  cost.  All  his  ell'iirts  and  expenditures 
\wvf  in  vain.  It  seems  that  the  copies  forwarded  the  second  time  did  not 
naeh  the  court,  for  tho  king  on  th<;  21st  of  February  1790  asked  for  a  copy. 
Still  another  was  made  and  forwarded.  Of  the  history  there  arc  several 
iiiuiuseript  copies,  of  which  I  know  four:  that  of  the  archivo  general, 
luuiiirez',  and  Andrade's,  now  my  own.  The  division  of  the  work  varies  in  the 
BLveial  copies;  mine  has  two  parts,  each  of  48  chapters.  It  was  published 
ill  the  fcuilleton  of  the  newspaper  Z,7  Puis,  full  of  gross  errors,  and  should  bo 
It  ft  umioticcd.  The  better  edition  mentioned  at  the  head  was  published 
v.ihkr  tlic  auspices  of  the  'Socicdad  !Mexicana  de  Geografia  y  Estadistica.'  I 
a'.si)  ])osscss  a  manuscript  cojiy,  1  vol.  folio,  832  pages,  with  an  index  in  17 
piii'is,  taken  from  volumes  v.  and  vi.  of  the  collection  of  Mcmorinsi  J/ixfdricas, 
whicli  exist  in  32  volumes,  except  vol.  i.  in  the  general  archives  of  iviexico. 


h'^- 


^ir] 


f.i;li 


mi 


'•Jj' 


m^i 


^iii 


■I    ; 


CHAPTER    XXV. 

THE  NEW  LAWS. 
1543-1540. 

Capses  Fon  E.vACTJiENT  OF  New  Laws— SrccESS  OF  Las  Casar — Pkovtsions 
OP  THE  New  Code — They  Cai-se  ICxcitement  amono  the  Colonists— 
Effout  to  Intuodcce  Them  in  New  Spain— VisiTAnou  Fi!\n(  !s(o 
Tello  I)E  Sandoval — He  PrnLisHEs  the  New  Laws  in  Mexkd— 
Induination  ok  the  Encojiendeuos — They  Send  PitocrnADOKs  to 
Spain — Who  Oiitain  the  Hkvocation  of  a  Portion  of  the  Xi:\v 
Laws — The  Eaii-ekoii's  Views  on  the  Sciuect — Ravaoes  of  Pisti- 
lence — KiirPTioNs  of  Viilcaxoes  — Redvction  of  Tuiuute  — Small 
Coins — Inteuestedness  of  the  Cleuoy — Land  Ghants — AMiiKiidts 
Attitude  of  JIendo/a— Convention  of  Bishops— Aiuuval  of  Las 
Casas — ^Iendoza  Puohidits  Disc'  .^sion  on  Indian  Affaiks— Dixision 
of  Ecclesiastics  Declakino  Slaveuy  Unlawful — IiEtli:.  of  tiik 
Visit adou  to  Spain. 

While  Mcncloza  and  Ofiate  were  cnjjafjed  in  tli(} 
wars  of  New  (lalicia,  matters  of  equal  import  conoci  u- 
ing  Indian  affairs  were  undergoing  animated  discus- 
sion in  Spain.  A  new  code  of  laws  was  to  be  framed, 
designed  to  check  the  gross  abuses  uliicli  openly  and 
in  secret  were  committed  in  the  New  World.  A 
long  controversy  between  the  most  brilliant  legal  ami 
ecclesiastical  lights  resulted  in  the  passage  of  those 
celebrated  ordinances  of  1542  and  1543,  known  in  the 
cany  history  of  America  as  the  New  Laws.  Tho 
spirit  pervading  them  was  indeed  most  favorable  to 
the  aborigines;  but  as  they  were  in  antagonism  with 
old  abuses  which  had  in  time  assumed  the  character 
of  rights  and  privileges  inconsiderately  conceded  licm 
the  beginning,  they  were  destined  to  meet  the  fate,  in 
a  greater  or  less  degree,  of  all  other  measures  hercto- 

(010) 


m  •H\i 


THE  RErAllTIMIEXTO  SYSTEM. 


617 


foro  devised  for  the  l)enefit  of  the  natives.  Tlio  con- 
(|Ui'i'or  of  that  period  was  of  dilferent  material  I'roin 
I  he  soldier  of  the  present  day.  He  was  not  a  mere 
iii.ichine;  he  was  a  groat  dealer  in  destiny.  He  wonld 
williii'dv  adventure  his  life.  If  he  lost,  it  was  well: 
if  he  won,  it  was  better.  A  hundred  did  lose  whero 
oiif  ufained,  and  this  each  niii^lit  have  known  to  be  the 
rislc  had  he  taken  the  trouble  to  make  a  coni[)utation. 
Ills  life  was  but  one  continuous  game  of  hazard;  but, 
if  successful,  he  expected  wealth  and  glory  as  a  just 
reward. 

The  king  would  seldom  lend  a  lielping  hand  in 
making  discoveries  and  conquests,  still,  the  ]iacified 
trnitory  would  belong  to  him.  The  successful  ct)n- 
(jueror  havii.g  surmounted  incredible  difficulties,  hav- 
ing braved  dangers  and  vanquished  hostile  armies,  was 
nevertheless  debarred  from  claiming  actual  possession 
of  his  conquest;  and  it  was  natural  he  should  strive  for 
ivi'ompense  by  some  means.  Gold  was  the  first  prize; 
hut  that  was  soon  exhausted;  then  there  were  lands  and 
lahorers.  Slavery  was  not  only  unchristian  and  bar- 
harous,  but  insufficient;  the  war  or  conquest  over, 
thcie  was  no  further  opportunity  to  make  slaves. 
It  was  then  that  the  system  of  repartimientos  was 
resorted  to,  which,  if  not  slavery  in  name,  was  such 
ill  fact.^ 

Though  harmless  enough  in  theory,  the  system 
soon  degenerated  into  one  of  shameful  oppression,  the 
<k  leiiceless  condition  of  the  natives  inciting  the  adven- 
tniers  to  increased  exactions  and  brutality.  Few  of 
the  royal  cedulas  issued  since  the  discovery  of  the 
New  World  failed  to  contain  some  clause  providing 
for  the  better  treatment  of  the  Indians.  Their  in- 
t'flic.icncy  was  proved  by  the  contempt  with  which  the 
colonists  regarded  them,  and  more  stringent  measures 
iiiiist  be  taken. 

In  vain  the  settlers  were  offered  vast  tracts  of  terri- 

'  For  explanation  of  repartimientos  or  tlie  cncomienda  system,  see  this  vol., 
llj-jj,  and  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  2C2-4,  this  series. 


I'D^  t 


I 


1 1 


518 


THE  NEW  LAWS. 


tory  on  condition  that  tlicy  should  release  their  slaves. 
Of  what  use  to  them,  they  replied,  is  an  entire  prov- 
ince, if  there  arc  none  to  build  the  towns,  to  till  tlio 
ground,  or  work  the  mines?  And  of  what  benefit  to 
his  ]\Iajesty  the  discovery  and  conquest  of  a  hemi- 
sphere without  labor  to  develop  its  resources? 

Las  Casas  was  ever  the  great  advocate  of  a  radical 
change  in  the  Indian  policy,  and  on  his  return  to 
Spain  in  1539  he  laid  before  the  emperor  and  council 
the  result  of  his  life-long  labors  on  behalf  of  the 
natives,  and  urged  the  adoption  of  measures  for  tlirir 
relief.  No  matter  of  graver  import  had  for  years 
engaged  the  attention  of  the  court,  and  so  impressive 
weie  the  apostle's  words  that  when  about  to  set  forth 
again  for  Guatemala,  in  1541,  he  was  ordered  to  re- 
main at  court^  until  the  new  measures  should  be  fully 
discussed  and  determined.  And  his  efforts  were  sup- 
ported by  the  eloquent  and  passionate  arguments  of 
his  friend,  Cardinal  Loaisa,  then  at  the  head  of  Indian 
affairs.^ 

A  royal  junta  composed  of  eminent  jurists  and 
ecclesiastics  was  held  during  the  same  year,  for  tlio 
purpose  of  framing  ordinances  for  the  better  govc iii- 
ment  of  the  Indies.  Hoping  at  last  to  sec  his  life- 
labor  crowned  with  success,  Las  Casas  pleaded  his 
favorite  cause  with  all  the  fire  of  younger  days.  A 
remarkable  circumstance  indeed,  that  in  those  dark 
ages  when  the  inquisition,  founded  by  the  Domini- 
cans, was  the  bane  of  Christendom,  a  leading  grniiis 
of  that  order  should  with  such  pertinacity  and  heroism 
defend  the  natural  riglits  antl  liberties  of  millions  of 
human  beings,  and  those  idolatrous  heathen. 

Las   Casas  advocated  the  immediate  and  uncon- 


"By  Cardinal  Loaisn,  president  of  the  council  of  the  Indies,  'por  sor  ncce- 
Barias  sua  luces  y  su  asistencia  en  el  dt'spiicho  do  cicrtos  ncgocios  pravcs  i|mj 
pendiaii  cntonccs  en  el  eonsejo.'  'Ijis  Casus,'  in  (Jiiiiilaiia,  \'i<l(W,  17"-S(i. 

"  During;  tlic  interval  Las  Casas  had  perfected,  and  in  l."»42  he  pr''se;itiil  to 
tlic  court  his  well  known  work  Jircuiyniniit  rdarioii  dc  la  (Icsfrui/cion  </'  /■"' 
JiidiuH.'  This  book  wa^  not  printed  till  ITm'J,  at  Seville.  Before  tln>  tii'l  "f 
the  ceil  ii-y  it  wiu  trauulatcd  into  uud  printed  in  sevurul  of  t'ju  luiigua^c  ^  'f 
Europe. 


IXDIAX  SLAVERY  ABOLISHED. 


519 


■ovorn- 

litc- 

d  his 

s.    A 

(lark 

oinini- 

'X'uius 

eniisiii 


ditional  liberation  of  the  natives,  for  whatever  cause 
t'ii.slavctl.  And  great  must  have  been  his  exertions 
to  obtain  the  final  passage  of  the  ordinances,  for  wo 
find  that  many  powerful  holders  of  slaves  and  reparti- 
niiontos  opposed;  and  indeed  Cortes,  then  in  Spain, 
did  not  su[)port  him.  On  the  contrary,  he  presented 
a  memorial  to  the  emperor  in  which  the  cnconiienda 
system,  with  some  modifications,  was  recommended 
as  of  transcendent  importance  to  New  Spain.* 

The  deliberations  of  the  junta  finally  resulted  in  a 
cci;e  of  law.-.,  which  received  tlic  emperor's  sanction  in 
]jarcelona,  November  20,  1542.  After  mature  con- 
siilcration,  however,  it  was  found  that  some  of  tlic 
provisions  \;ere  deficient,  and  on  Juno  4,  1543,  the 
code  was  accordingly  amjdified;  on  the  2Gth  of  the 
same  month  its  immediate  juiblication  and  enlbrce- 
iiiont  in  New  Spain  were  decreed.  The  new  code  re- 
Icrred  in  a  great  measure  to  the  treatment  of  the  Iiul- 
ians,  particularly  in  regard  to  their  enslavement.  ']'he 
remedies  were  by  no  means  so  radical  as  Las  C'asas 
Iiad  desired.  The  granting  of  his  principal  request, 
that  the  enslaved  Indians  should  be  set  free,  v.as  len- 
(Icrcd  of  little  avail  by  permitting  owners  who  could 
establish  a  legal  title  to  their  possession  to  rc^tain 
them.  No  natives  were  henceforth  to  bo  enslavoil 
under  any  pretext,  not  even  that  of  rebellion.  It  will 
1)0  remeinbered  that  before  the  enactment  of  tli(>sc 
laws,  Indians  captured  in  war,  or  guilty  of  certain 
(limes,  could  be  legally  enslaved;  and  it  never  had 
h(<  11  cHlfieult  for  holders  to  [)rove  that  one  ofi'enee  or 
uiiolher  had  been  conniiitted. 

Tlu^se  to  whom  the  rcpartiniiontos  had  given  too 
many  serfs,  must  surrender  a  portion  of  them;  and  on 

*  Cortes,  EscritosSmlton,  270-8.  To  iiuiko  tlio  na'  vcsoIk'v  tlio  laws,  imiro 
S]i;iiii;;ri  H  slioulil  icfiiik'  in  the  country  jintl  nit'ans  Ijo  I'vovitlcil  for  l!ii  ir  sjj)- 
J|"H. ;  not  in  money,  liut  l)y  graiitini.;  niinos;  nUovo  all,  the  iiulinnation  iiiiisit 
I"  ;;voi(k(l  wliicli  wouM  lie  causcil  liy  lilicruling  tlio  ImliatLs.  Not  possessing 
till  Ml,  the  Spaniiinls  would  not  renmin  in  the  country,  an  luul  lucn  ]iruV(.(l  on 
tin:  l.-himls  when  the  Indians  dii'ajiptarid.  And  in  thi.^  same  strain  ( 'oi'tes 
K"i*  on,  reeoniniinilin;,'  the  judicioua  iipportiounicut  ol'  Indians  auioiiy  tl»o 
tui.,jin,.rura  und  Spanish  Buttlers. 


620 


THE  NEW  LAWS. 


tlic  death  of  the  present  encomenderos,  their  Indians 
were  to  revert  to  the  crown,  the  heirs  to  he  provided 
for  from  the  royal  treasury.  New  enconiiendas  were 
not  to  he  granted  under  any  circumstances,  and  those 
wlio  maltreated  their  vassals  should  he  deprived  of 
them  forthwith.  All  ecclesiastics,  religious  societies, 
and  all  officers  under  the  crown  must  deliver  up  their 
serfs  at  once,  and  never  after  hold  any,  even  thougli 
they  should  resign  their  office;  and  inspectors  were  to 
he  appointed  to  watch  over  the  interests  of  the  natives, 
to  he  paid  for  their  services  out  of  the  fines  levied  on 
transgressors.  It  was  further  ordered  that  no  rela- 
tive or  servant  of  anv  memher  of  the  council  of  the 
Indies  should  henceforth  act  as  solicitor  or  procurador 
in  any  matter  touching  the  Indies;  the  residencias  of 
oidorcs  or  governors  were  to  he  sent  to  Spain;  all 
others  were  to  he  determined  in  the  Indies,  and  the 
audiencia  was  empowered  to  take  a  residoncia  at  any 
time;  persons  henceforth  asking  for  royal  favors  must 
he  reconnnended  hy  that  hody  to  show  that  they  are 
worthy. 

Except  hy  special  permission  from  the  crown  further 
discoveries  were  restricted,  so  that  Spaniards  should 
have  no  further  control  over  the  Indians,  their  ])er- 
Honal  services  or  trihutes.  And  iinallv  the  natives 
were  to  he  converted  to  the  Catholic  faith,  and  lie 
otherwise  treated  as  "i'rec  vassals  of  the  king,  lor 
such  tluy  are."''  In  addition  to  this  the  priests  weni 
requested  to  instruct  their  new  charge,  and  tell  tluMii 
how  the  heart  of  his  Majesty  the  emperor,  and  of  his 

''The  additional  articles  of  June  4,  ir>4n,  relate  mainly  to  the  first  onii- 
qucrors  or  their  ilcseeudanta,  living  in  New  Sjniin  witliout  suflicient  nieaus  if 
suiiport.  Tlicy  wcro  to  lic  ])rcfc'ricd  in  jjidjlio  poxitions,  or  o'i.crwisc  ])]■■<■ 
viik'd  for;  and  aLtain  reiterating  the  diniiiniliou  of  tril)iitcs,  and  a  geiu  i:.l 
jirotectivc  policy  in  favor  (f  the  natives  se  as  to  preclude  nil  ehaueen  nr 
nttunipts  at  op])resision  r.r  extortion.  Slaves  should  not  be  employed  in  tliu 
])ear!-tisherieH  against  their  will,  under  penalty  of  death  to  the  ])arty  so  usIiil; 
thi'Ui;  n(;r  when  used  e.s  earriers  vtiS  such  a  load  to  lie  laid  on  their  Imeks  ,•  s 
might  cndr.nger  their  lives.  Questions  coni  erning  tlio  jiosscssion  or  owiier- 
Bhip  of  Indians  miisi;  l)c  transmitted  for  decision  direct  to  tiie  crown.  'Hie. 
full  text,  reprinted  from  nn  original  manuscript,  may  he  found  in  Lii/i  ■<  .'/ 
Or(h'hui:znK,  li-(r.hali'cla,  Cot.  Ihc,  ii.  '2()-l-'2"/.  Itemesal,  Herrera,  Tonpu'- 
liiuila,  and  olhei's  give  more  or  less  cxteuiiivo  extracts. 


ABOLITION  OF  GOVEKXORS. 


321 


Iioliiicss  tlio  pope,  yearned  lor  their  welfare,  and  de- 
si  icd  but  to  make  tliem  acquainted  with  the  easy  yoke 
and  light  burden  of  their  divine  master. 

I)Ut  there  were  other  clauses  in  the  new  laws 
hardly  less  distasteful  to  the  Spanish  settlers  than 
those  relatinj^  to  the  treatment  of  the  natives.  Among 
ihcse  were  the  provisions  that  the  audiencia  at  Pan- 
anul  was  abolished  and  two  new  tribunals  were  to  be 
established,  one  in  Peru,  and  the  other,  termed  the 
Audiencia  de  los  Confines,  at  Comayagua  in  Ilon- 
(knas.*  In  connection  therewith  the  law  provided 
that  henceforth  the  provinces  should  not  be  ruled  by 
g'oveinors,  but  in  their  stead  should  be  the  audiencias, 
with  authority  to  use  the  the  royal  seal.  In  order  to 
insure  a  greater  obedience  of  the  law,  and  that  the 
natives  might  be  fully  apprised  of  their  newly  con- 
ceded rights,  it  was  decreed  that  the  new  code  should 
\)v  translated  into  the  principal  native  tongues,  and 
published  throughout  the  Indies. 

Later,  in  the  year  15o0,  a  royal  order  was  issued 
to  the  eftect  that  neither  viceroy  nor  members  of  tho 
(uuhencia  should  transact  any  other  than  their  official 
business;  they  must  not  own  any  estate  in  city,  town, 
or  country,  nor  cattle,  nor  any  interest  in  mines.  If 
they  considered  their  salaries  insulficient  they  might 
ivsign,  as  the  monarch  wanted  nobody  to  serve  against 
liis  will.''  But  this  decree  was  no  more  heeded  than 
tlu!  many  others  which  from  time  to  time  had  appeared, 
ilcnionstrating  tlie  laudabh;  intention  of  the  crown  to 
improve  the  government  of  the  colonies. 


'"This  nudicncia  wns,  however,  first  established  at  Oracias  (V  Dioa.  Seo 
7/i^^  Ciiit.  Am.,  ii.  this  ^c•l•io3. 

'Tho  oiih)rf'a  wire  tn  rusiiU'  in  tlio  niulieiicia  huililirij?  ami  ih>  iin  trn<liii£» 
vliatincr;  nor  to  enyiiue  in  any  a;,'riuultiiral  |iursuit.s,  not  evrn  for  tlioir  own 
Usr;  and  tho  8anieproiiil)itionextin»Kil  to  thiirunnuinictl  bons  umldau^iitfrs. 
(iiith.silk,  wine,  iinil  otlier  needliil  articles  were  to  he  iniportiil  lor  llicuj 
IVi'iii  Spain.  The  holdini;  of  iiroperly  in  other  people  «  tiaineH  was  also  Htrictly 
full  idden  under  jienalty  of  loss  of  ollice  and  a  line  of  1,000  ducats.  Otlier 
piisiins  who  dealt  with  them  were  to  lose  their  |)roperty.  The  order  waa 
rriiurated  hy  the  kins,',  Jnn"  iS,  \')M.  Mmiorial,  I 'uvlicro  and  Vdidinn.i,  Col, 
J '>>■.,  xviii.  4--7.  'll>e  pay  of  nnal  treasury  ollicials  was  incrcahid  .Ian.  '24, 
l.il.'i,  hut  they  had  dillieuliy  in  oLtuiniuy  it.   I'mju,  Vcdulario,  171  -. 


'  *l 


THE  NEW  LAWS. 


'  I 


m 


The  important  task  of  introducing  the  new  regime 
in  New  Spain  was  conlided  by  the  crown  to  Lieeu- 
ciado  Francisco  Telle  de  Sandoval,  of  the  council  of 
the  Indies.  It  was  feared  at  first  that  the  great 
authority  with  which  he  must  necessarily  bo  vested 
might  create  unpleasant  feelings  or  jealousy  with 
Viceroy  Mendoza.  After  mature  consideration,  how- 
ever, it  was  decided  tf)  trust  in  the  loyalty  and  recog- 
nized discretion  of  both  these  high  functionaries.  l>ut 
this  was  expecting  too  much  of  human  nature,  at 
least  of  Spanish  nature;  for  not  only  was  the  visita- 
dor  instructed  to  take  the  residencia  of  all  the  royal 
officials,  including  the  members  of  the  audiencia,  but 
also  that  of  the  viceroy.  He  was  further  authorized 
to  exercise  the  functions  of  an  oidor,  entitled  to  a  seat 
and  vote  in  the  tribunal.*^ 

Was  it  sur})rising  that  a  cry  of  alarm  was  heard 
when  these  portentous  tidings  readied  the  colonists? 
There  was  a  storm  of  excitement  and  indignation, 
and  of  resentment  aii^ainst  the  crown,  such  as  subieiMs 
of  Spain  seldom  dared  to  breathe  bel'ore;  execrations 
were  hurled  against  the  India  Council,  and,  above  all, 
airainst  the  unllinchinij  Las  Casas.  It  was  known 
that  no  less  a  personage  than  a  uicmber  of  the  India 
Council  would  be  sent  to  publish  and  enforce  \\w. 
odious  laws.  In  a  sin^de  dav  the  fruits  of  incessant 
toil  and  dangers,  the  result  of  all  their  labor,  were  to 
be  taken  I'rom  them;  life  after  all  was  to  end  in  poverty 
and  want. 

AVhile  the  cncomenderoa,  who  had  been  notified  by 
Iheir  friends  in  Spain  of  what  they  might  expect  nt 
the  hands  of  Tello,  weie  devising  means  to  impede  it' 


■l^csiilos  the  jronornl  instnictions  cont'crninf»  tlio  new  laws,  Tdio  de  S.ui- 
doviil  Wiis  iiiith(iii/((l  to  excivise  the  ftiiielions  <if  in(|iii:^itor,  which  otiiee  ho 
Ir'M  ill  Spiiiii;  mill  by  a  p.'ip.il  Imll  to  extend  or  restriit  liishoprics;  to  e;ill  :i 
liu-etiiit;  of  the  Im.sIio'is  of  New  Spain  for  tlie  piii'])Oso  of  dcteniiiiiiii;t  \\h;it 
liie.isures  BhoiUd  ho  eonveiiii'iit  for  tho  Bpiritiud  welfare  of  th-.-  iiili;il>it;i:it  •; 
to  improve  i'olle;^i's,  hospital'^,  and  ehiii'ches,  and  eneouva;^e  the  eieelioii  "f 
new  ones;  :iial,  in  line,  lo  attend  to  all  inattei's  of  import  to  tho  eolonies  ihm! 
tlie  ero«  ii.  Ilrrnra,  dec.  vii,  lib.  vi.  c.ip.  vii.;  Cavo,  Tns  tSitjlos,  i.  li;^-!); 
I'lt'jd,  Ccdiilario,  114-8. 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  FRIARS. 


628 


possible  the  cxoeution  of  tlio  new  ordinances,  and  re- 
tain their  encoinicndas,  the  vis^iitador  landed  at  Vera 
Cruz  and  reached  the  city  of  Mexico  March  8,  1544." 
On  the  morning  of  the  third  da}'  a  number  of  repre- 
sentative encomenderos,  and  a  notary,  presented  them- 
selves with  a  petition  praying  for  the  non-publication 
of  the  new  code;  but  they  met  with  a  severe  repri- 
mand for  their  temerity  in  taking  such  a  step  beibre 
the  visitador  had  delivered  his  credentials  to  the  audi- 
encia.  That  same  day  Tello  gave  them  a  hearing,  how- 
ever, and  fearing  evil  consequences  fronj  sudden  and 
decii^ive  action,  quieted  them  with  ambiguous  promises. 
Xevertheless,  on  the  13th,  Tello  presented  the  o.-di- 
naiices  to  the  viceroy  and  the  audiencia,  and  not- 
withstanding all  the  remonstrances  on  the  part  of 
interested  colonists,  the  new  laws  were  published  in 
the  city  of  Mexico,  March  24,  1544.^"  This  unex- 
pected proceeding  on  the  part  of  the  authorities 
caused  much  indignation  among  the  encomenderos, 
and  a  tumultuous  demonstration  headed  by  the  chief 
proctor,"  Antonio  Carbajal,  was  about  to  be  made; 
but  tlie  peoi)le  were  diverted  from  their  purpose  by  a 
call  to  a  meeting  at  the  cathedral  for  the  following 
(lay  by  IJishop  Zunuirraga.  There,  in  a  lengtliy  dis- 
course, the  prelate  led  the  Sj)anisli  settlers  to  ho[)0 
that  the  new  laws  would  not  be  enforced  where  found 
to  be  detrimental  to  their  interests.  This  partially 
(|uieted  tliem.  On  questioning  the  religious  orders  as 
to  their  o[)inions  legarding  the  expediency  of  contin- 
uing the  system  of  encomiendas,  Tello  was  surprised 
to  iind  that  they  all  sided  with  the  encomenderos.*' 

'Tlio  cncdincndcros  intended  to  receive  liim  clad  in  mourning,  to  slio^v 
tlicii'  (lisnppidval  of  the  new  laws,  but  were  prevented  by  the  viceroy.  CVuv, 
7V..s>;;//(„s,  i.    l.'i'.MO. 

'"Tlicy  were  read  in  the  plaza  by  the  public  crier  in  the  presoiico  of  tho 
vjicidy,  the  visitador,  the  oidores,  tiie  notary  .Xntunio  do  Turcios,  and  tho 
other  royal  oliicials.  Lciick  it  Ordriirnr.rin,  Ictr.hdln'n,  Cot.  Doc,,  ii.  'Ji'tJ  7; 
ii'iiriut  from  tlie  oiiijinal  certificate  of  the  notary.  Tonpieniadii,  i.  (ilo,  and 
oliu  rs,  j.rive  tho  publication  on  the  'JStli. 

"  I'roi'urador  mayor. 

'-Oil  May  t,  b"i4  1,  the  Doininii'^ma,  and  on  tho  l.')th  tlio  Franciseana decided 
and  reported  to  'J'ello  in  favor  vi  repartimicntoa.  Utlan-on,  I'lurcer,  in  y'a- 
c7iaauud  Cdnkuao,  Vol.  Doc,  vii.  5"JG-41. 


624 


THE  NEW  LAAVS. 


SI  •;  : 


The  reason  is  readily  understood.  There  were 
many  advantages  to  the  churcli  connected  witli  the 
encomienda  S3'stem;  besides,  Bishop  Zuinilrraga  was 
the  owner  of  the  important  town  and  encomienda  of 
Ocuituco,  and  the  Austin  friars  controlled  Tezcuco,  at 
the  time  the  largest  encomienda  in  New  Spain." 

So  the  reliijious  orders  at  this  time  were  solidly 
opposed  to  the  liberation  of  the  natives.^*  Tlie  plea 
set  up  by  them,  and  taken  for  truth  by  the  older,  and 
more  particularly  by  the  religious  chroniclers,  was 
that  by  such  means  alone  they  were  enabled  succoss- 
fully  to  prosecute  conversion  and  give  instruction  in 
the  Christian  faith.  And  yet  it  would  seem  that  had 
the  natives  all  been  gathered  in  corregimientos,  in  the 
name  of  the  crown,  and  free,  subject  oidy  to  the  pay- 
ment of  the  tribute,  the  task  of  the  friars  so  far  as 
instruction  and  the  cure  of  souls  were  concerned  could 
scarcely  have  been  more  arduous;  for  there  the  Indian 
witS  comparatively  master  of  his  time,  and  not  subject 
to  continuous  labor  and  the  caprice  of  a  taskmaster. 
In  that  case,  however,  the  income  of  the  church  as 
well  as  that  of  many  of  its  ministers,  would  have  been 
materially  diminished. 

Further  than  this,  according  to  the  new  code,  tlie 
church  and  convents  were  amoni;  the  fust  to  be  dc- 
jirived  of  their  native  vassals.  Under  the  circum- 
stances it  was  to  be  expected  that  the  friars  as  a  rule 
would  unite  with  the  encomenderos  to  defeat  the 
new  laws.  The  Dominicans  did  not  hesitate  to  declare 
that  the  Indians  in  charge  of  the  Spaniards  were 
treated  with  great  kindness,  more  like  children  than 
servants;  while  on  the  other  hand  those  under  the 


"Orijalva,  Cr6n.  Fl.  August.,  CO,  assumes  'que  el  seflor  Oliispo  Znmaimg.i 
perdiii  por  aquell.a  ley  al  pueblo  dc  Occuituco,  quo  lo  tenia  en  encouiicuda,  y 
iiosotros' — the  Austin  friars — 'alpucMo  do  Tezcuco,  q  era  la  mayor  cnconuciulii 
quo  auia  entonccs."    There  is  no  evidence,  however,  that  such  was  the  case. 

'•  Mcndoza  liimself,  in  a  letter  to  the  emperor,  affirms  that  'the  clergy- 
men who  come  to  these  countries  "sonruinesy  todossefiindausobre  intcrcs". . 
their  salaries  must  bo  fixed,  and  an  account  taken  of  what  tlic  Indians  give 
them. .  .their  dealings  with  them  must  bo  looked  into.*  MeudorM,  lid.,  in 
J'acheco  and  CdnlciKW,  Col.  Doc,  vi.  485-0. 


zArate  and  jiaraver. 


825 


crown  in  corrcgimicntos  sufforod  greatly  from  the 
harslincss  of  the  corregidorcs.'^ 

Bishop  Zaratc  of  Oajaca  took  the  same  ground  and 
maintained  that  one  small  town,  havinuf  a  variety  of 
occupations  for  the  Indians,  would  support  a  Spanish 
family;  but  it  took  four  of  them  to  pay  the  salary  of 
a  corregidor.  Even  so;  the  inhabitants  of  that  one 
town  were  rarely  at  liberty  to  work  for  themselves, 
nearly  all  their  time  and  labor  being  claimed  by  their 
master.  This  was  not  the  case  in  corrc^iniientos, 
where  nothing  was  required  but  the  payment  of  the 
royal  tribute.  The  worthy  bishop,  in  his  zeal  to 
convince  the  visitador  that  new  laws  were  needless, 
went  so  far  as  to  accuse  the  Indians  of  ill-treating 
their  masters,  and  that  sometimes  native  alufuaciles 
would  arrest  Spaniards  and  bring  them  bound  to  the 
audiencia.^" 

Bishop  IMaraver  of  New  Galieia  called  his  native 
flock  "a  beastly,  ungrateful,  lying  set,  audacious  and 
insolent;"  but  rellectinGT  on  the  causes  of  the  Mixton 
war,  he  approved  of  the  laws  prohibiting  the  enslav- 
ing of  Indians,  and  of  reducing  them  to  captivity  or 
servitude,  unless  for  rebellion;  otherwise  they  might 
be  emboldened  to  revolt.  He  further  I'ecommended 
that,  except  the  cities  and  some  principal  towns,  all 
the  rest  of  the  land  should  be  divided  among  Spanish 
conquerors  and  settlers,"  a  measure  no  less  impolitic 
tlinn  unjust. 

Intleed,  there  were  many  among  the  clergy  opposed 


'•■  Where  the  cncomciulcros  wore  said  to  I)e  lenient  in  tlio  collection  of  the 
trilmto,  the  corregidorcs  were  oluiiu'id  with  iiiiprisonin  i  the  natives  in  ik  fault 
el'  inoMipt  payment.  The  Dounniean.s  also  decided  that  Indians  were  unlit 
fur  the  Ciitliolic  priesthood.  Be/aiizos,  I'ctreo  r,  in  I'uchcco  and  t'drd(nii<.  Col. 
J>vc..  vii.  ");ij-42. 

'"  Tliis  could  certainly  have  happened  only  in  case  where  such  ali^uacilca 
wore  ordered  by  sonic  corrcL'idor  to  arrest  a  va;,'ali()nil  or  crinunal.  'Iho 
liislu>p  further  states  that  the  Indians  would  not  serve  unlesa  well  ]>aiil,  and 
thou  omy  with  reluctance.  Zdntte,  Curia,  in  i'uchtcoimd  Curdeiias,  Col.  JJoc, 
vii.  ;Vi()-l. 

''  The  bishop  claimed  thiit  thus  the  Spaniards  would  feci  inclined  to  tako 
the  best  care  of  the  Indians  placed  under  their  ehar^e,  protecting  them  from 
till-  extortions  and  villainies  of  their  owu  chicfa.  Aluracii;  Carta,  in  I'acheco 
and  Cdrdcncm,  Col.  Doc,  viii.  "208-9. 


626 


THE  NEW  LAWS. 


to  cncomiendas,  and  in  favor  of  the  new  laws,  promi- 
nent among  whom,  it  is  claimed,  was  the  provincial 
Francisco  dc  Soto.*"*  Among  the  many  representa- 
tions to  the  crown  concerning  the  Indian  policy  there 
was  one  which  came  neither  from  the  religious  orders 
nor  from  any  government  official.***  It  v/as  proposed 
to  abolish  the  system  of  personal  taxation,  and  let 
pul)lic  tributary  lands  be  granted  to  Indians  and  Span- 
iards alike,  subject  to  the  payment  of  a  tax  assessed 
accordincf  to  the  value  of  the  land:  these  assessments 
to  be  made  by  competent  Indian  commissioners  not 
residing  in  the  towns  or  near  vicinity  of  such  grants. 
To  successfully  carry  out  this  plan  the  titles  to  all 
lands  hitherto  sold  by  Indians  to  Spaniards,  including 
friars,  should  be  carefully  examined,  and  annulled  it' 
found  to  be  defective.  This  latter  request  was  made 
because  it  was  known  that  great  frauds  had  been  com- 
mitted in  obtaining  possession  of  large  tracts  of  the 
best  lands. '^^  These  suggestions  were,  of  course,  too 
radical  to  be  acted  upon  by  the  government,  as  the 
majority  of  the  colonists,  and  particularly  the  religions 
orders,  would  oppose  a  project  to  despoil  them  of  their 
possessions. 

In  the  mean  time  Mendoza  and  Telle  reflected  se- 
riously over  the  inconveniences  which  might  attend 


'^  Several  conquistailores,  under  some  pretence,  induced  him  to  sign  a  pnper. 
After  the  ac;t  Soto  recognized  it  to  contain  .in  alfinnativc  opinion  on  the  uilvisii- 
bility  of  making  Indians  slaves,  llo  snatched  the  paper  and  swallowed  it. 
The  Spaniards  afterward  refused  to  support  his  fi'iars,  rcmarkinT,  they  shouM 
cat  paper  like  their  superior.  Vetaiicirt,  Mcnoloijia,  D'i.  This  may  bo  donhic'l, 
however,  as  Soto  was  ono  of  the  procuradors  who  asked  for  the  repeal  of  thu 
wew  lav.s. 

''••  l!<  lacion,  in  Pachcco  and  Cdrih.nns,  Col.  Doc,  vi.  100-72.  This  evidently 
came  from  some  well  meaning  Spanish  settlers  who  <lared  not  piiljlish  their 
names  for  fear  of  olFending  cither  the  clergy  or  the  oilicial  authorities. 

^"Thc  friars  were  opposed  to  any  land  grants  to  Indians  by  wliieli  tlio 
latter  would  bo  relieved  from  personal  tribute.  The  project,  therefore,  shouM 
bo  kept  secret  from  them  until  put  into  practice,  otherwise  they  would  pi'<'- 
vcnt  it.  The  decree  forbidding  the  friars  to  own  lands  obtained  fron)  liiuiaiis 
BJioukl  bo  strictly  enforced,  for  if  not  they  would  soon  possess  themselve.i  "f 
all  the  best  lands  in  the  country.  Nor  was  there  any  necessity  for  their  own- 
ing any,  as  tho  crown  supported  them,  and  tlic  Indians  jirovided  all  tlui/ 
M'auts.  Udacion,  iu  yVu'Acco  and  Cdnlemui,  Col.  JJoc,  vi.  170,  17--3. 


M,:.   J 


MENDOZA  AXD  TELLO. 


627 


precipitous  action.  Tlioy  wore  awaro  that  many  faPii- 
iics  would  bo  ini[)ovorislio(l  should  the  law  bo  viufor- 
(»usly  applied,  and  they  decided  to  bo  lenient.  To  gain 
tiuie,  the  municipality  was  requested  to  send  procura- 
dores  to  present  the  grievances  of  the  colonists  to 
llic  king,  and  to  ask  the  revocation  of  that  portion  of 
llu!  new  code  which  particularly  aftected  the  interests 
of  the  encomcnderos.  Alonso  A^illanuevo,  Geroninio 
Lopez,  and  Perahnindez  Chirinos,  of  the  city  council, 
and  the  provincials  of  the  Dominican,  Franciscan,  and 
Austin  orders-^  were  thus  appointed,  and  set  out  for 
Spain,  accompanied  by  other  inlluential  Spaniards. 
'^riiey  were  successful  even  beyond  expectation,  and 
by  royal  decree  of  October  20,  1545,  the  obnoxious 
]irovisions  in  the  code  were  revoked,"^  notwithstand- 
ing the  earnest  i)rotcstations  of  Las  Casas.  The 
ciicomenderos  and  Spanish  st'ttlers  celebrated  their 
success  witli  feasts  and  rejoicing,  while  the  })oor  na- 
tive's, in  whoso  heart  had  arisen  the  hoj)o  of  deliv- 
erance, crept  wearily  to  the  task  which  death  alone 
would  terminate. 

Accordini>:  to  some  writers,  during  the  absence  of 
(lie  procuradores,  Tello  and  jMendoza  endeavored  to 
( iilbi'ce  some  of  the  less  oU'ensive  portions  of  the  new 
(•();le;  but,  as  we  have  seen,  the  most  im|iortant  pai-t 
was  abrogated.  And  in  all  the  other  provinces  these 
much  feared  now  laws  were  for  the  most  f)art  also 
<li:  n'garded,  though  they  caused  vexation  and  trouble 
t')  ll;e  li'overnors  and  the  !>'overned.  In  Nicara''"ua  tliey 
Were  the  direct  cause  of  the  bloody  Contreras  revolt, 

•'  Fnincisco  <lc  la  Cruz,  Francisco  dn  Soto,  and  Francisco  do  S;in  Iloinan. 
l!">i,:'.iiil,  C'rOn.  Mkh.,  iv.  50-J. 

■■  'AiU'nio.s  aconlado  il  rcuocar  Iii  diclia  loy  y  dar  sohro  cllo  csta  lira  carta, 
1'  la  diclia  raxo:  por  la  qual  reiiocamns  y  diiiiD  i  \h\y  miv^u\\{\,  y  do  l;in;;ri;i  \al(jr 
y  1  f.'.i)  el  dicho  capittdo  y  Icj-.'  U'lijal  (\/ii/(t.  in  J'li'j'i,  ('■  ilnlar''',  l(<()-l. 
T'l  :  ivc  duo  foi'cc  to  and  prevent  any  niisiiitcrprctation  of  thi  s  decree,  it  wai 
ri  liiihed  l)y  order  of  ilii)  kin;;,  ai;d  cudtodied  in  a  new  ileenc  of  .(an.  l(i, 
I't  i.  /  /.  Tlie  prcK'uradorM  not  liavint;  found  the  eniiH'ror  in  Sp:iiu,  fclloweil 
liiin  to  llatislion,  wiicro  according  to  'J'onju  ni'iila,  i.  (il.~),  lie  ['ninted  Uieni  all 
tl'  ■•  ir  ked.  Cavo,  y'/rv  Slij.'ox,  i.  141  '2,  has  it  that  vl'cn  Tello  liri^t  heard  of 
t!:. n  vocation  he  made  haste  at  least  to  deprive  the  royal  olacials  of  tlieir 
ri 'aniiiiieutos.  This  was  done  in  pursuuuuo  of  the  royal  cCdula  of  Dec.  1, 
IJU.  I'lija,  t'cduUii\o,  ITii. 


628 


THE  NEW  LAWS. 


and  in  Peru,  where  Viceroy  Vasco  Nunez  Vela  would 
not  I'ccede,  they  produced  the  L^reat  rebellion  resuli- 
iivj;  in  that  otHciai's  doath,  and  whicli  nnght  have 
caused  the  loss  to  the  Spanisli  crown  ot  the  count ly, 
but  for  the  prudence  and  enerij^y  of  Pedro  de  la  (Jasca.  '* 

]iut  how  stood  tiic  Spaiiish  jjfovernnient  at  tl  e 
time  in  relation  to  the  colonies,  if  impotent  to  enforce 
laws  dictated  \y  an  im])ulse  humane  and  Christian? 
The  representations  of  Las  Casas  and  others  had  con- 
vinced the  monarch  of  tlio  necessity  of  takinijj  steps 
for  the  relief  of  the  natives;  for  soon  after  having 
sanctioned  the  new  laws,  he  ctjnfessed'-^  tliat  "  the 
character  of  the  Indians  is  now  Vvcll  known;  they  arc 
children;  they  are  so  intimidated  and  dei)endent  tliat 
it  would  be  vain  to  tarry  until  they  arouse  themselves, 
for  tiiey  cannot  speak  though  they  be  slaughteixd 
like  so  many  sheep."  At  the  same  time  he  knew  lii.s 
Spanisli  sul)jects  well,  and  acknowledged  that  "the 
covetousness  of  our  Sj)aniards  is  manifest  to  the 
whole  world;  they  want  all;  however  much  they  may 
obtain,  it  will  not  satisfy  them."  Then  fearful  of  the 
result  to  himself  the  perplexed  emperor  cried  out: 
"  If  the  poor  Indians  should  suffer  ly  reason  of  any 
negligence  of  mine,  it  will  be  at  the  risk  of  my  soul. ' 

We  have  seen  before  this  that  a  decline  in  tlio 
revenues  might  be  expected  should  the  system  of 
encomiendas  be  abolished;  this  economic  reason  was 
of  weight,  and  it  was  by  no  means  difficult  for  the 
avarice  of  Charles  to  overrule  his  religious  scru])l 
The  safety  of  the  colonies  he  had  at  heart;  could 
risk  an  uprising  among  his  S[)anish  colonists  by  de- 
priving them  of  their  conquered  spoil?  Being  so  fir 
from  the  Indies,  he  might  easily  see  and  hear  only 
that  which  was  to  his  interest."'     "A  good  governcr 

*'  For  particulars  of  these  events  sco  I/'inf.  Cent.  Am.,  ii.,  tliis  sorics. 

*'  In  ii  letter  to  Ftiiir  Antonio  de  C'imlad  llodri^;,'o,  whom  ho  rc(|ucstc'il  to 
8oe  tliat  tlie  laws  were  complied  with,  and  to  report  any  eontraveniion.  7'<' ■ 
(juciiifdhi,  iii.  '2't>i. 

■^ '  Vo  estui  tan  lexos,  que  no  pucdo  ver,  ni  cntcnder,  sino  solo  lo  (pic  inc 
dixercn.'  Tonjucmuda,  iii.  '2o'j. 


t-'S. 


MORK  KPIDK:-.iCS. 


0S0 


I  liavo  in  INFondoza,"  lie  used  to  say,  "a  cfoofl  Chrif?- 
liiin,  a  prudent  jwrsoii,  and  of  excellent  <|ualities;  hut 
alter  all  ho  is  human,  and  a  man  of  the  ci'nturv; 
Aveahh  lie  covets,  and  has  need  of  it,  for  many  are 
the  relatives,  friends,  and  servants  for  whom  he  must 
provide." 

The  great  calamity  which  had  thus  befallen  the 
natives  of  New  Spain,  the  restitution  of  a  measure 
which  had  wrtuight  them  such  injustice  was  not  their 
sole  atlliction  at  this  juncture.  The  cpid(Mnics  wliich 
had  now  and  then  a[)j)i'ai'ed  in  various  pai'ts  of  the 
country  broke  out  au^ain  in  1545  and  s[)read  with 
lapidity.  The  disease,  hitherto  unknown,  was  called 
by  the  natives  matlazuhuatl.  Six  njonths  this  terrible 
scourge  lasted,  duriuL,'  which  time,  it  is  alleged,  some 
eight  hundred  thousand  natives  perished.'*' 

JNFendoza,  the  royal  olhcials,  and  the  friars  of  the 
(lilierent  orders  did  their  utmost  to  alleviate^  suilvr- 
iiig.  It  was  said  that  the  pestilence  was  caused  by 
supernatural  })henomena;  and  according  to  Cavo  it 
was  allayed  by  the  prayers  and  religious  exercises  of 
J  lishop  Zumarraga."^ 

Father  Domingo  dc  Betanzos  had  predicted  the 
total  destruction  of  the  native  races  of  New  Spain, 
within  a  comparatively  short  period,  notwithstanding 
the  wholesome  laws  enacted  by  the  crown.  Indeed, 
it  was  at  no  time  difficult  to  predict  that  wlmt  disease 
failed  to  do,  forced  labor  in  the  mines,  on  farms,  and 

'•"'Tliu  (liiily  incrtalitj'  in  Tlasc-ila  was  from  1,000  upward;  in  Clinlula 
p'linclimi's  !)00,  ordinarily  from  -lOO  to  7<l<';  in  «iiiaxocii)i;o  and  other  jilai'i's 
th.'  s,iincin  proportion.   Jlrlmr.ng.  Cartd,  in  frdJxiln'a,  ('•  I.  line,  ii.  l!)S--Ji)l. 

-'•  llrijaiva,  L'roii.  S.  AiKjiint.,  07  S,  sa>'.<  (ivo  si.\tlin  of  tlio  native  lopulii- 
tiim  of  New  S]iain  pciislicd.  Tlie  disoaso,  viiioli  was  not  known  IhI'oic,  was 
t.Tiised  by  a  comet,  eruption  of  volcanoes,  and  other  supernatural  jiiicnoniena. 
Oi hers  are  not  less  ere(hdous.  In  l.'')4()  J.ake  Cli.ipala  overllowed  its  liaidis 
niid  tlio  waters  lieeanic  jjroen.  A  swoidshaped  comet  preeeded  the  jiesti- 
lenee  of  l.">4l',  which  was  a  lilecdinj,'  from  the  nose.  An  eruption  of  I'lpo- 
calejietl  oeeurred  in  ir)40,  when  nnieli  daniayi-  was  done;  tiie  ashes  reached 
Cliohda  and  burned  jiart  of  the  town.  The  Ori:'alja  emitted  lava  in  I.j1.">. 
Jl'fiiiiiioiit,  Vrtiii.  Mir/i.,  V.  f).")-(i,  '2'JO;  Mala  /'(idl/ln,  Coiiq.  N.  On!.,  \M  7; 
O'ji'/ii/'g  Am.,  'J(Ki-7;  Curo,  Trcx  Si'/lox,  i.  14"2-3;  Mvndk'la,  Hist.  Eckx.,  alo; 
Iha-tla  I'aililld,  I  list.  I'vml.  Mvx.,  117-lS. 
UuT.  Mex.,  Vol.  II.    IM 


II 


I 


630 


TIIK  Ni:W  LAWS. 


otlior  iinaccnsfomcd  tasks,  acooinpjiiiicd  l)y  roiitlmi- 
oiis  and  j)c>rsist('iit  \ku\  tn-atiiiciit,  iiii;;lit  easily  accoiii- 
])lisli.-''  JJt'loro  the  ;^nvat  i'j)i(liMnic,  that  is  to  say  on 
tht!  8tli  of  August  ir)44,a  royal  docivo  was  issued  on 
tlu^  ivcomineinlation  of  tliu  viceroy  ami  the  ceek-sias- 
tieal  ealtihio,  which  coininanded  the  natives  to  ]);iy 
tithes  of  cattle,  *^rain,  and  silk.  It  beconiin<:f  now 
impossible  to  collect  these  tithes,  and  even  the  ordi- 
nary tribute,  it  wjis  ordered  April  10,  154(1,  that  a 
reduction  be  allowed.  But  the  amount  was  not  tixetl, 
tiic  royal  ollicials  being  requested  to  us*,  their  judijf- 
ment,  and  not  demand  more  than  the  natives  could 
jiay. 

As  time  passed  by  the  business  and  social  relation^^ 
of  the  viceroy  and  visitador  were  becomiuijj  somewhat 
un[)leasnnt.  It  was  jrenerally  conceded  that  ]\[entlo/a 
rei)resented  his  ^raiesty  well — thouu^h  wo  nii<j:ht  cata- 
loijfue  a  few  crimes  at^ainst  him  without  searchiii'' 
far — and  to  have  present  a  superior  to  interfere  in 
liis  allairs,  even  thouj^h  temporarily  and  for  form's 
sake,  was  not  desirable. 

On  the  whole  ^[endoza  was  well  enough  fitted  for 
the  otlice  he  held  and  was  deserving  of  credit  in  tlu! 
conscientious  discharu^e  of  his  duties,  thouijh  olten  at 
the  cost  of  the  nativ(>s.  The  course  taken  in  connec- 
tion with  Visitador  Tello  and  the  new  laws  had  the 
etlect  of  preserving  peace.  But  the  ends  of  justice 
were  not  serxed,  antl  the  proceedings  were  not  in  ac- 
coi'ilance  with  the  wishes  of  the  crown.  Many  a  law 
in  its  fh'st  application  is  like  the  surgeon's  ]<.u'\\\\ 
wounding  deeply  to  make  tlic  cure  more  complete; 
and  though  these  new  laws  were  humane  and  ju^t, 
their  ultimate  good  effect  was  lost  sight  of  in  the  pres- 
ent inconveniences  which  an  inunediato  enforcement 
would  have. caused.  But  though  a  just  man  and  a 
good  officer,  it  was  not  possible  for  the  viceroy  to  avoid 

**For  causes  of  dcorcasc  in  the  native  population  see  Hvwhold/,  7>.<"i 
Pof.,  i.  0(i  et  scq. ;  Arlctjiti,  C/irdn.  Zacaliras,  342;  PUnentd,  Mem.  ,Sobic  lu 
Jtaza  ImlOjcna,  !)7-lSS. 


Ri:vir:\v  of  muxdoza's  uri.i:. 


S31 


liiitiii'/  anotlicr  iust  iumii  iind  <j;iu)x\  ofllci^r.  AVIiili'  it 
was  jMc'iidoza's  |K)licy  to  (ailwanlly  rfinaiii  on  a  i^ood 
lootlni:]^  with  the  visitador,  awat-col'lhc  L;Ti<;it  autlmrity 
with  '.vliich  that  otlicial  was  clothed,  ho  hiiiled  hitter 
r|iilhets  au^ainst  liiin  in  his  letters  to  the  court.'*'  And 
hi  iuLj  aware  that  tlie  intei'ests  of  the  clerL^y  wi-re 
identical  with  hi;,  own,  he  took  care  to  insure  their 
snjiport,  knowing  tliat  against  the  two  Ti'llo  could 
accomplish  little.  A  re[iresentation  to  i'rince  ]*hilii> 
niasle  in  154;")  hy  IJishop  Zuniariaga  and  leather 
Domingo  do  Iktanzos,  then  pri(»r  of  the  ])oniinican 
convent,  in  favor  of  the  viceroy,  certainly  has  all  the 
ajipearance  oi' having  been  ilictated  hy  !Nlendoza  him- 
si'lf.  There  niay  have  been  fears  ot  removal,  as  tlu'y 
took  occasion  t<)  say  that  it  would  bo  a  serious  loss  to 
the  country.  His  services  "to  which  arc  duo  the 
peace,  security,  and  advancement,  l)oth  sjiii-itual  and 
ti'iiiporal,  of  the  countiT,"  were  not  what  tlu-y  might 
havt;  been  had  not  his  J)ow(M's  been  curtailed.^' 

J  )uring  the  nine  years  of  his  govi'rnment  before  the 
jinival  of  Tello,  ]\Iendoza  had  doul»led  the  royal  rev- 
ine,  established  justice  and  a  stable  goveinment, 
nid  the  proiXJ'css  of  the  country  on  every  hand  was 
iiiiirkcd.  His  aj)preciation  of  hunself,  however,  seemed 
to  have  kept  pace  with  ])rogress.^*  While  the  ]irocu- 
oncomonderos  sojourned  in  Sjiain,  the 
Ludiencia  and    other  royal  olHcials 


Vl 


rai  lores  o 


f  tl 


10 


iiunibors  of  th 


"  Mcndoz.a  maiiifostcil  his  joalousy  by  contplaininc;  that  Tcllo  would  vir- 
tiiilly  1)0  povornor  of  Xew  Spain  during!  the  time  he  sliouhl  take  tlio  rc'^iiliii- 
il(iiri;i  of  himself  and  the  oidores,  Il(.'  was  also  cmhittered  hecuiisi:  of  the 
ilisicspect  shown  liini  hy  the  vi^itador  after  his  arrival  r.t  N'cra  Cm/.  Tello 
tli'ie  made  known  that  he  had  siqier.'  .r  authority  over  the  whole  country, 
iiii.l  licing  asked,  'What  of  the  viceroy?'  he  answered:  'Ship  hlni  to  S|i:iin 
wlirn  I  deem  it  proper.'  AiTivinu  in  ^lexieo  he  piilili.-dieil  the  viceroy's  re.si- 
ilciuiii  twice  throughout  the  hind,  as  if  he  were  the  lowest  eorre^idor  or 
iilr.dde  in  the  country.  Memlcacu  Curia,  in  ' '«,/.  JJoc.  Imd.,  xxvi.  ."J^O,  and  /(/., 
ill  I '' I rfiico  ami  Ciinlnia.i,  Co'.  J>or.,  iii.  oOO. 

''''  The  natives  looked  upon  him  as  a  father,  and  all  the  ]wopl(!  hail  felt 
)viiiiful  anxiety  durint;  the  serious  illness  from  which  he  had  lately  recovered. 
(  Ill-fa,  in  Pacheco  and  Ctirdrnnn,  C<iL  J)ni'.,  xiii.  5;14-G.  The  Indians  nieu- 
tinii'd  were  certainly  not  of  Xew  Galicia! 

"His  letter  of  .June  '20,  l.>t4,  in  C<il.  Dor.  Imil.,  xxvi.  ;VJ.V7.  He  also 
ri'ii:inds  the  emperor  not  to  believe  any  reports  against  him,  by  his  eneniics, 
lis  he  had  been  promised  before  cominj  out  to  Xew  Spain. 


532 


THE  NEW  LAWS. 


were  callo<l  to  account,  and  their  rosicloncias  and  that 
f)f  the  viceroy  ^\■ere  puhhshed  with  groat  ostentation 
in  1545.  The  earher  writers  make  hght  of  this  afi'air, 
assuniinu  it  to  have  been  a  mere  matter  of  form  to 
call  to  account  a  man  of  jMcndoza's  character,  wlio, 
it  was  universally  acknowledged,  had  discharged  his 
duties  faithfully.  It  appears,  indeed,  that  no  charges 
were  sustained  against  him,  and  he  continued  in  the 
undisturbed  possession  of  his  office.  There  may  have 
been  some  truth  in  the  remarks  of  Cortes,  that  ho 
kept  the  Spaniards  in  such  subjectioji  and  fear  that 
they  dared  not  re[)ort  the  abuses  ho  counnitted.^^ 

Nevertheless, the  fact  of  his  haviug  taken  and  caused 
to  be  branded  over  five  thousai  d  slaves  dui'ing  the 
jMixton  war,  and  his  allowing  the  most  cruel  punisli- 
ments  and  mutilations  to  be  inllicted,  does  not  s|iealv 
much  in  favor  of  the  humane  feelings  with  whicli  lie 
is  accr(>(lited  i)y  most  writers,  however  necessary  he  may 
have  thought  such  action  to  be  for  the  pacification  of 
the  country.^'^ 

The  puvifSing  presence  in  New  Spain  of  the  visita- 
dor,  the  licenciado  Tello  do  Sandoval,  was  undoubtedly 

3*  When  in  ir>43  Corti's,  then  in  Spain,  Icanicil  that  Tcllo  do  Sandoval 
was  to  l)c  (Ic'spatihcd  as  vuiitailiir,  lie  presented  a  inemoiial  to  tlio  ciomii 
praying  that  tlie  re-si ileneia  of  Alendozii  lie  taken,  against  whom  lie  had 
many  eaiises  of  eouipinint.  'J'lie  eharges  he  there  enumerates  dwell  on  tlic 
vieeroy's  eoiidiiet  in  the  Mixton  war;  on  his  engaging  in  prohibited  e.\|i(ili- 
tions;  Ki'lliiig  of  Indian  towns;  permitting  venality  of  his  Herv!.nts;  np|ii'o|iri- 
ating  the  mval  funds  to  h's  own  use;  engaging  in  illegal  trallie  with  lln' 
eonnivaueo  ,'f  ;.g'Mil!4  at  \'era  t'ru/,  iind  many  more  aliuses  of  a  siniilav 
natine.  ('ort<'s  olTend  in  |)roof  of  all  In;  alleged  some  letters  from  Xtw 
Spain,  which  lif  would  oidyconlide  to  the  personal  inspeetion  of  the  cniperor, 
for  nhould  Meiido/i;,  know  their  authors  ho  voidd  not  fail  to  take  rcviiigc 
I'urli'n,  K-i  r!i  i-i  S/ifli  ).t,  :t'J.")-U.  Allowance  must  be  made,  however,  for  the 
enmity  <'^  isting  between  these  two  eminent  lAals.  At  any  rate  the  resiilencia 
excited  \i  iv  little  attention  at  the  time. 

^■'1  will  giM!  one  instance.  \\'hen  in  the  vicinity  nf  .Talpa,  ho  despatclicl 
Waldonado,  (ajitainof  an  ad>ancc  guard,  .)  ask  the  natives  to  sMrieiiiiir. 
That  ollicer  di d'argeil  his  duty  by  cutting  -tr  the  hands  of  two  < 'iiichiiuci  •*. 
and  the  breasts  of  two  .iniefi  '•■■nding  thei;  in  this  pitialil(>  eondition  to  tin  ir 
lord,  with  a  message  t(  eome  ,  the  Spaiiiii  Is.  Si, .ne  days  after  this  I'.M'lii- 
<'hiniecs  wen^  piaiid  bi  "ore  a  cannon  and  ti  ra  to  pieces;  'j;{  were  liangcd.  i.n  i 
17  killed  withdarts.  Jnizi/u,  11,1.,  in  /.ir.UilcilK,  r,,l.  J)(,c.,  ii.  ;<l(i-l7.  Ad 
this  hapjK'iKMl  in  the  prcseneo  of  the  vieer(  y,  and  it  appears  aomewhat  lil»'  k 
sarcasm  when  we  read  of  his  '  moderacion  y  himianidad  '  in  Zmnacoii',  H'!<- 
Mij.,  v.  5. 


i: 


LAS  CASAS  IN  MEXICO. 


beneficial.  It  was  a  comfort  to  his  iiiastor  Cli;»rles  to 
know  that  his  interests  in  that  qnarter  were  watched, 
and  that  the  ofKcial  cruelties  and  roblieries  were  not 
o;ivatcr  than  usual.  Nevertheless  ho  had  not  acconi- 
jilislied  nuch,  and  yet  it  was  time  for  liim  to  return 
to  Spai  ,,  One  more  duty  devolved  ui)on  him,  how- 
ever, before  his  dejiartiu'e  I'rom  the  country. 

In  1540  ho  convened  all  the  bisliops  of  Nuw  Spain 
at  jMexico  for  tlie  purpose  of  decidinjj^  what  was  best 
lor  the  spiritual  welfare  of  the  iidiabitants.  Even 
here  arose  complications.  Aii  the  bishops  were  as- 
sijmblcil  exce[)t  Las  Casas,  unw  bishoj)  of  Chiapas, 
wlio  was  knov.'n  to  be  on  his  way  to  tlie  capital.  A 
iinvous  excitement  prevailcnl  u])on  tlio  a})j)roach  of 
the  champion  of  Indian  rights  and  liberty.  iMendoza, 
fcarinijf  disturbances  on  the  part  of  the  encomenderos 
should  Las  (>asas  enter  i.Texico  at  that  time,  ordered 
lii;n  to  be  detained  at  a  certain  distance  lV(^m  tlie  city. 
Ot"  course  it  was  universally  known  that  ho  had  been 
till'  main-sprinij  in  the  elforts  to  dejM-ive  the  colonists 
•  il"  their  repai'timientos.  After  some  time  the  pro- 
hibition to  continue  his  journey  was  removed,  and 
entering  Mexico  Las  Casas  took  up  his  abode  in  the 
Doniinican  convent,  Mendoza  and  the  oidores,  not 
tn  a[)pear  lacking  in  the  respect  due  a  prelate,  sent 
Ilim  a  greeting  of  welcome.  Imagine  their  surprise 
whin  they  received  word  in  return,  "Do  not  ilnd  it 
strange,"  said  Las  Casas,  "that  I  come  not  to  you  in 
person,  to  thank  you  for  the  favor  extended  to  me: 
1  have  (  xconnnunicated  the  vii'eroy  and  members  of 
the  audiencia  for  having  given  sentence  to  cut  olf  the 
hands  of  a  clergyujan  in  Oajacal"''* 

At'tcr  the  discussion  of  general  ecclesiastical  matters, 
tiie  assembled  prelat(>s  attempted  to  enter  u[)on  tlio 
inij)ortant  topic  of  Indians  and  encomenderos,  i)y  the 


.0  sBi 


"^Vo'o,  7Vr.« .'wf/'o".  i.  144;  fcnzliu!rita,  i.  pp.  xci.-ii.  Accord! iiRt')  Rntirsal, 
Ui4.  ('iii/ii/ifc,  411-14,  l.as  ('a.>as  a  ivcd  at  Mcxioo  licfuro  the  iillur  l)i.slioi>s. 
Ill  iittcixlai  cc  were  tlioiio  of  (iuatciuala,  Oajaca,  Miclioacaii,  t.'litupus,  uitd 
JIixIlo;  it  is  not  certain  tliut  the  bishop  of  rutlila  woa  pitscnt. 


634 


THE  NEW  LAWS. 


If-  i 


i 


carnost  solicitation  of  the  indcfatiinfablo  Las  Casas. 
Moiuloza  |)ori'in[>torily  lorbado  tliom  to  discuss  tin; 
question,  as  it  was  a  matter  of  state  and  not  of  tlie 
cliurch.  Sul)se(|uently,  however,  a  nieetinjjf  of  eccle- 
siastics, n<»t  of  the  hishoj)s,  was  lield  in  the  ])onnni- 
can  convent,  presided  over  hy  Las  Casas,  in  which  it 
was  iiiially  <U'ci(U'd  that  the  enslaviM<jf  of  IniUans  was 
nnhiwfuh  The  (UH'ii^Iun  was  transhited  into  the  native 
lan!^ua<jjes  and  i)ui)hshed  throujjfhout  New  Spain.  Liit 
tliis  action  was  without  siL,nii(icance,  excejit  as  jLi^iviiiL,^ 
the  thrice  wortliy  aj)os<le,  for  himself  and  his  ordei-, 
the  o])j)oi-tunity  of  publicly  washing  his  hands  of  the 
foul  sin  of  human  slavery. 


ml 


im 


CHAPTER  XXVr. 


END    OF    Mi:Xl>OZA'.S    liULK. 

1.147- l.V)0. 

General  iMrnovEMF.NTS — Afiuicri.TruE,  iNDrsniY,  A.sn  roMMEUcE— Kn- 

loniACl-.MK.ST  (IK  MAKIilAdES— Am  TO  rEUl'— C(INS1MI!A(  Y    AM)    Iil  Vul.f 

— C'liiruiMEcs    AM)    (hoMis— CiiNyri;sT  of  Qn.iiETAUii— IIemovai,  or 

(IfAUAI.AJAKA— ConoNAliO  IvEITUNS — His  KesKIN  ATIoN- Al  lUESt  I A  AT 
CoMl'OSTEEA— ReMON  alto  (ilAltAI.A.l  All  A— DisCOVI  UY  OK  MlMS  SET- 
TLEMENT    OK    Z\(-ATE(:AS-T|IK    Al'CIlDlOCESE    OK    Me.XICO — I)EATIt     o» 

llisiior  ZiMAiiUAiiA— Ihs  Last  Will— CiiAitACTEii  ok  the  Tuelatk 
AM)  the  Man— a  False  \  lsitahou's  ArnAt  itv  — I.a.st  Acts  ok  iiik 
Vkeuoy— He  ls  ArroiNTEu  to  Feku  and  is  SiTi'EusEitEU  iiy  Leis  nie 
Velasco — Menhoza's  Deeaktiue  roll  I'Eur— And  his  J)eaiil 

AViiKN  the  uiiwH'lcomc  visilador,  I'^-aiit'lsco  'WWn  dt; 
Siindoval,  liad  KTt  (lu'  shores  of  Nc^w  Spain,  <ht! 
colniiisls  l)e;4'au  to  hi'eathc  more  iVt-clv,  lecl'm!^  aji^aiii 
soiiiewliat  secure  coiicei'iiiiii^'  their  eiicoiuieiidas,  and 
iili'alrs  IMI  into  the  old  way.  A  icoroy  Meiido/a,  n<»t- 
^vilIl^tandinL,'  his  anihi'^uons  Jnihan  itolicy,  showed 
a  cliaracteii^tie  enei^y  in  other  nie;isures,  sueli  as  the 
ini]ii'o\enient  ol'  the  capital,  particnlaily  in  tli''  way 
of  wati'r  sn|t|ily  ami  niacadaniizin^'  strei'ts.  I'nrMi- 
iiiit  to  royal  orders,  snrxcys  were  made  aloni^  the 
Atlantic  coast  ^\■ith  the  view  of  disctiserini^'  a  lieMer 
liai'iior,  hut  none  hein;_j  I'onnd,  the  one  at  old  \  er.i, 
(ill/  was  improved  to  some  extent;  a  li^htdiouse  cu 
J'uljios  Island  was  delermined  upon,  and  a  tttwt  r 
hei;un.  Jt  was  also  contemplated  t'oi-  purposes  of  «le- 
I'elice  aLTiUUst  the  lre(|Uent  Ujxisinu"  of  the  natives  to 
elect  |(ir(i-esses  in  all  the  Spanish  towns  and  sitth- 
iiKuts,  but  nothinn"  s(.'eni,s  to  ha\e  het-U  done  in  tluit 


«w 


END  OF  MENDOZA'S  RULE. 


■U 


Ilk 


.11 
1  , 


direction  at  tlic  time,  except  here  and  there  to  estab- 
lish a  frontier  garrison.^ 

The  want  of  some  of  the  necessaries  of  life  had  been 
felt  for  some  time,  and  there  wei-e  abuses  to  be  coi- 
rected.*  The  ejjidemic  had  wrought  sad  havoc  among 
the  natives.  With  praisev»orthy  zeal  the  viceroy 
sought  to  imi)rove  the  condition  of  the  ])eo})le.  llo 
gave  attention  to  the  production  and  quality  of  wool, 
and  aided  in  the  importation  of  a  better  breed  of 
sheej);  he  promoted  manufactures,  believing  that  the 
lasting  prosperity  of  a  country  was  to  be  I'ound  in  its 
agriculture,  and  in  the  developments  of  arts  and  tH)ni- 
inerce."'  The  learning  of  trades  by  the  natives  was 
encouraged,  and  when  able  to  work  as  journeymen,  or 
to  keep  shop,  they  were  granted  eertilicates  to  tluit 
ell'ect. 

To  improve  the  moral  condition  of  the  natives,  It 
was  thouu'ht  t^xpedient  to  strictlv  enforce  a  decree 
proliibiting  the  adultei"ation  of  pukjue,*  and  to  restrict 
tlie  number  of  places  where  it  was  sold.  It  had  been 
llio  custom  i'or  some  time  to  add  to  the  pun^  juice  of 
the  maguey  obnoxious  ingredients,  o.steiifcibly  I'oi'  the 
puri)0!?e  of  better  preservation.  This  gave  the  li(|Mor 
stronger  intoxicating  pro})erties,  and  the  natives  hr- 
came  more  addicted  to  its  use.  When  under  lis 
iniluencc  they  would  commit  heinous  ollences.  As 
tliere  were  muny  marriageable  girls  belonging  to  hoii- 

'  Fniy  DoniiiiLTodo  l^otanzos  nr,';oil  that  to  promote  jicacc  and  i-ontontimut 
Biiioni;  llie  nativis  tlie  Spjiiiiarils  tilKiuM  live  in  the  citios  ainl  lu'i'ii  iu)/.':'.iii.--'>:is 
ill  the  cimnlry.  IK'  .siiL^i,vsti\i  ly  adilcil  tliat  tin-  scttli  ra  would  lluis  liavo  1<  ss 
«>|i|i<)rtiinity  to  rub  and  dustroy  at  tlifir  pkasinv.  i'uitrtr,  in  J'uc/aco  ami 
Cttidi  iiiin,  Col.  I)i.i\,  vii.  i)M>. 

-'  Tor  years  past  fonsts  liad  1»-(mi  wantonly  ciit  down,  and  wood  tcr  fnil 
lu'i'anu'  starco.  'J  ho  Ntritt  cxiintion  of  \\\v  viccrigal  ordiiiamos  tor  thi-  \\\\a- 
cr\alioii  of  trees,  and  of  the  roads  cAcr  which  the  nativis  had  to  travel  vii.li 
WiMid  anil  ehareoal,  weic  rieuninii  iidt  d.  '1  liei'e  was  a  j;reat  w.int  of  f'""l  l"r 
liiiist  ti  and  eattle;  fo  i>u|)ply  tliis  d.  ni:ind -Mendo/a  eansi  d  a  hoye  porli'Hi  "f 
the  dry  laUedii  'uni  to  lie  sneeessfidly  sown  in  j,'rass.  Miinhnu,  Ii'diiriihi.  hi 
i'lfc/ino  inul  Cdnli'Hfi.i,  Col.  J>iir.,  \i.  4S7.  4'.l!i-4;  i'liviila.  Col.  I'or..  I.'>7. 

•''J"he  nianul'aetnre  of  w  oollen  goods  was  introdneed  as  early  us  l.ill!.  /.'<'.«• 
tiioiil.  Cri'iii.  Miili.,  iv.  4S8. 

'  ItoVid  eedida  of  Jan.  '.'-t.  ITi-lo.  of  similar  import  as  that  of  .Vii^'nst  -1, 
l.')-J!l.  I,':  rep.  (/,'  Jill/.,  ii.  1<.)7-S.  It  was  also  prnhihiteil  tn  sell  to  tiie  naiivi:^, 
iiei/rcxs,  Indian  slaves,  and  Spanish  miners.  LVdulaof  same  dale  in  I'tiju, 
L'idulario,  liiiJ. 


DIVEES  MEASURES. 


5.17 


orablc  families  without  sufficient  means  to  endow 
thcm,'^  the  monarcli  enjoined  that  every  cnc'c»urai;e- 
incnt  and  facilit}'^  should  be  ofl'ered  by  the  govern- 
ment toward  their  marriage.  In  some  intrtancea 
(■(iii-egimientos  and  other  means  of  support  were 
uivon  to  men  willincj  to  enter  wedded  lite.  Such  a 
policy  >yas  deemed  necessary  in  order  to  increase 
the  Spanish  population,  and  so  promote  the  better 
M'curity  of  the  country.  With  tliis  patronage  and 
the  stinmlus  of  such  an  example,  the  peo[tle  l>ogan  to 
prosper,  and  to  add  to  tiie  wealth  of  the  connnunit}', 
lich  mines  with  which  the  aborigines  appear  to  have 
been  familiar  were  rediscovered  in  dillerent  localities. 
About  this  time  a  call  by  Pedro  de  la  Gasca  came 
i'rom  Peru  for  j)atri()tic  men,"  and  a  force  of  six  liuii- 
ilivd  were  soon  under  arms  and  ready  to  march  under 
(lie  viceroy's  son,  Francisco,  with  Cristobal  de  Oiiate 
as  maestro  de  cam[)o.  But  when  equipped  and  on  tlio 
c\('  of  de{)arture  word  arrived  that  they  would  not  bo 
needed.  The  city  of  Mexico  was  rewarded  bv  the 
crown  with  new  honors  and  titles  for  this  zeal,  and  the 
iiiuiiicipality  Avas  vested  with  power  to  make  ordi- 
nances tor  the  city,  wliich,  if  approved  by  the  viceroy, 
bLcanie  law. 


nuut 

uu.l 
|fr„l 


[l.  HI 


V!,i"t 


The  peaceful  course  of  events,  however,  was  again 
iiiai  red  by  revolt  and  conspiracy,  not  alone  among  the 
i'ulijugated  tribes  and  negro  slaves,  l»ut  in  the  ranks 
if  discontented  Spaniards.  When  the  virulence  of 
ilii'  epidemic  of  154()  iiad  subsitled,  a  consjiii'acy 
among  the  negroes  distributed  about  Tenocha  and 
Tlatrlulco  came  to  light,  through  the  \\eakness  or 
t  ujildity  of  one  of  their  nund)er,  and  the  instigators 
v.viv  sunmiarilv  dealt  with.     Put  for  this  a  massacre 


'Tlii.s  vas  rotnbly  the  rnsowitli  tlio  oiilor  Ccynos  who  was  in  iliHcato 
li'.'lli  ;iiul  lunl  i'ij;lit  (]!iii;;litcrs  vluiin  lie  was  uiialilc  to  many  for  want  of 
I  n ',.'\,  iiii'uts.  ZiundiTUija,  Cardi,  in  Pttihvco  uiul  Curdi  ini.-i,  Cul.  1J(m\,  xiii. 
t)'i\  7. 

"S>'  tlttailsof  bis  succcssral  expedition  to  Peru,  in  Uiul.  Cud.  Am.,  ii., 
tlii>  -  .ios. 


838 


END  OF  MEXDOZA'S  RULE. 


of  the  Spaniards  would  prc^bably  have  occurred.  A 
more  alarming  conspiracy  was  one  planned  aii^ainst  tlic 
magistrates  during  the  same  year.  It  was  betraye<l, 
however,  and  the  instigators  were  executed;  some  of 
the  accomplices  who  had  lied  toward  Peru  were  over- 
taken and  punished. "^ 

J)uring  the  year  1548  there  was  an  uprising  in 
Onjaca  anKmg  the  Tequipans,  who  i'elt  secure  hy 
reason  of  the  mountainous  nature  of  their  retreats; 
but  the  ever-watchful  IMendoza  sent  against  them  a 
force  under  Tristan  de  Arellano,  who  (juellod  the 
I'evolt  before  it  had  made  nmch  prc^gress."^  In  1550 
the  province  of  Zapotecas  rel)elletl  against  the  Span- 
ish yoke  under  circumstances  which  gave  the  revolt 
a  more  than  passing  interest.  The  traditional  (^lu- 
tzalcoatl  was  said  to  have  reappeared.  The  old  nicii 
of  the  tril)e  excited  the  young  to  lake  up  arms.  One 
of  the  caciciues  assumed  the  role  of  the  ancient  chici- 
tain,  but  unfortunately  for  the  natives,  with  none  df 
his  expected  power.  The  success  of  this  general  up- 
rising was  but  momentary;  it  was  but  another  iiasco, 
and  cullupsed  before  a  few  vigorous  blows  of  the  vice- 
roy." 

'Ibesc  occurrences  were  but  an  indication  of  (lie 
unre.-^t  and  dissatisfaction  that  pervaded  the  colonists. 
'J'lif  victors  of  the  j\lixton  wiw  clamored  for  tlu  ir 
I'cward,  imd  it  must  come  largely  i'rom  the  enlorccd 
lal)or  of  the  natives.  War,  pestilence,  and  consi-iip- 
ti(»n  had  wrought  havor,  and  |)or[)]<'xed  the  hl.nv 
qu(!stion  until  its  solution  becntn<(  Hie  ))aramount  dii.l- 
cnlly  of  the  day.  AH  the  lal<or  of  mining,  of  till;ig>', 
of  stock-raising,  and  of  housdiold  /Irudgery  was  )  ■  i- 
formed  by  the  nati\e's.  TIkk'  is  i\<>  evidence  tls.t 
any  Spaniard  during  that  or  ihf  following  rcntiny 

"Siliast'iin  I.azo  do  l;i  Vc;'a  niid  Gaspar  Tapia  Mvcnlcd  tlm  sccrt't.  'I'lie 
cliii'f  <  f  llio  t'liDspiiator.'i  was  1 11  Itii'i.'iti.   ('<iro,  'J'rcs  .'•'njli »,  i.    l./.'. 

*Atcoi<liiig  to  Ji<  iiiiKif,  Hit.  (  /ii/fit.n,  4ril-r),  tin  l'i'ar«  i  {  tlu-  idiiTcut  :it 
Oajaoa  ijuictcil  the  iiativi'S  willioiit  tin  a.s.«iNtaiK'i' of  tfoopn.  TJiis  •-•ou\i  ;it 
vas  a  viiaiaLCC  iiiilil  l."l!l,  wlun  it  wuh  iiiailr  a  ]iii<iry.   Id.,  i.  714. 

"  TIic  liaisli  li(  aliiK  lit  (if  till'  ((.ir<7.'i(loic.s  caused  tlic  iTVi'lt.  Cttro,  'I'm 
HiyloH,  i.  lOo-G.     Slu  albu  ilruniinir  tic  iloiiihonri/,  /iisl.ScU.  Cic,  iv.  ti'JlO. 


FURTHER  REVOLTS. 


539 


iiKulc  a  nearer  approacli  to  inanual  labor  than  super- 
intending^ i'rom  his  saddle  the  movements  of  native 
workmen.  The  slaves  takiMi  in  New  Gidicia  were 
no  Ioniser  cnoui,di  to  sn[)ply  the  demand,  as  most  of 
tlieni  had  perished  durinj^  war  and  epidemic.  Unahle 
to  resist  the  power  of  the  intruders,  or  too  wise  to 
]isk  their  liberties  on  the  issue  of  a  doubtful  con- 
test, multitudes  withdrew  into  out-of-the-way  j)laces. 
Tiiose  who  clung  to  their  homes  in  tlie  different  prov- 
inces were  sul»jected  to  increased  exactions,  till  roused 
l)y  I'cpented  injuries  they  broke  into  open  revolt.  In- 
deed sul)mission  j)rolited  little.  Xotwithstandinj.^  the 
iiioliibition  to  enjjracre  in  new  discoveries  and  the  con- 
seiiucnt  new  enslavement  of  the  natives,  the  Sitan- 
iai'ds  asked  license,  ostensibly  lor  the  purjiose  of 
jKicilication,  to  enter  the  mountain  regions  antl  ca[)- 
tuie  the  inhabitants. 

]]elbre  accountintjf  for  the  subju<j^ation  of  the  \vil<l 
tribes  in  the  niountains  near  Queretaro,  it  will  be 
well  to  notice  some  facts  touching  this  region  prior  to 
the  ('on(|uest  by  Cortes. 

The  whole  country  lying  to  the  north  of  IMexico 
Was  at  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards 
:i!i!iost  unknown  to  the  ]\lexicans.  The  northern 
I'liiluies  of  the  Aztec  emj>ire  extended  but  little 
luyond  the  valley,  and  there  Aztec  civilization  termi- 
ii;;ied.  The  mountainous  regions  beyond  were  iidsab- 
il'  1  by  various  tribes  of  wild  savages,  known  by  the 
gi  ueral  name  of  C'hiehimees.'"  JJependent  on  the 
clia-e  for  their  subsisteiu'e,  these  people  had  no  set- 
tled dwelHng-pl:u-t!,  but  loamed  over  a  vast  unknown 
terTitory,  from  tiinne  to  time  making  inroads  into  the 
rich  di.-ti'icts  of  the  south.  It  does  imt  appear  that 
th(  iiupiro  ewT  seriously  attempted  tiieir  coiKjUest; 
it  '  content  t<:  protect  the  IVontier  against  thcnn. 
1^1      J\     after    the    contjUest,    howe\er,    expeditions 

' '  Tlio  t(Miii  Chicliinu'C  1m  iii^  pciicral,  wns  npplicil  to  all  wild  tribes,  and, 
Bccf'iilin;^  to  Alofiv,  Jlinl.  '  oii'ji.  ,/(.<iis,  ii.  ir,;{,  tin-  district  imw  kiiuwii  ua 
V'l*:'  iai'o.  iind  wJK'ro  tlw  kittle  oi  puvilicutiou  was  fouylit,  wu«  ijiiucipally 
iuii,il,itud  by  Oloiius. 


!  r  I 


540 


END  OF  MENDOZA'S  RULIJ. 


•f 


bcjran  to  be  undertaken  bv  the  Spaniards  into  rcjjjions 
^ve.st  and  north  of  the  valley  of  ^Mexico  never  i)cn(j- 
trated  by  the  Aztec  armie.s,  and  the  Chichiujecs,  now 
roiinforced  by  many  Otoniis  who  had  refused  to  accept 
the  conqueror's  rule,  were  in  course  of  time  compelled 
to  submit. 

The  first  expedition  against  tliem  was  not  under- 
taken by  the  Spaniards  themselves,  but  by  their 
IMexican  and  Otomi  allies,  and  the  pacification  of  the 
hostile  tribes  extended  over  a  period  of  more  than 
thirty  years.  The  christianized  Otomi  cacicjue,  Ni- 
colas do  San  Luis  de  Montahez,"  has  given  us  a  sketcli 
of  their  subjection  and  his  own  share  in  accomplishing 
it.  From  his  account  we  learn  that  as  early  as  1  .VJl', 
with  permission  of  the  Spaniards,  he  made  an  incur- 
sion into  the  Chichimec  country,  and  was  engaged  i'nv 
thirty  years  and  more  in  making  war  on  those  tribe-;. 

San  Luis  witli  the  cacique  Fernando  de  Ta[)ia*- and 
many  lelatives  and  friendly  nobles  in  1522  raised  a 
larije  force  and  marclied  aij^aiiist  the  (Tiichimecs.  It 
was  during  this  incursion  that  a  singular  battle  was 
foujiht  on  the  25th  of  Jul  v.  The  C'Jiichiniecs  to  the 
number  of  twenty-five  tli(jusand  were  posted  on  a 
hill,  which  later  received  the  name  of  Sangrenial, 
( 'onspicuous  among  their  chiefs  were  Lobo,  or  <lie 
AVolf,  and  Covote,  as  cunning  as  he  was  strong.  1  lio 
allied  Otomi  and  jMexican  forces  entirely  surrounded 
tiie  hill.  The  C^hichimecs  possessed  the  advantage  in 
regard  to  position;  the  Mexicans  and  Otomis  in  iv- 

"  Acconlint?  to  Fiitlicr  Vcj.'n,  in  liis  Mrmorias  de  la  Ncnnn  Iinliana,  San 
Luis  Wiis  a  iifitivc  of  Tula,  limally  (Icsn'iulccl  from  ono  of  llio  Tultcc  lciii;_'s, 
and  a  )io;ir  roliitivc  of  Montezuma.  Wn  became  an  early  ally  of  the  Sjiaiiianls, 
iiiiil  assisted  them  against  the  Mexicans,  \miv^  also  christianized  among  the 
lii'st.  Charles  V.  made  him  caei([iie  of  Tula,  ii  knight  of  Santiago,  ami 
captain  f;i  neral.  Zirccirr,,  l!<v.  Mtx.,  't\0.  The  narrative  is  exceedingly  con- 
fnwed  with  respect  to  events,  and  contains  errors  as  to  dates  and  jicr-iiiis, 
Jiesides  useless  repetitions.  Sail  Luis,  J,'el.,  iii  LStaumoHl,  Ci'iii.  Mhh.,  iv. 
fMl-(i:i. 

'-  (»nc  of  the  liighpst  chiefs  among  the  Otomfs.  Ujion  receiving  Knptism 
he  took  (.'ortes' Christian  name,  and  the  patronymic  of  two  celebrated  cnii- 
(pKior.*  who  went  «  ith  the  foinier  to  M'ixico.  Ti'c  cliief  was  a  kui. porter  of 
tlu^  Spaniards.  San  J^uis  t;ives  the  names  of  the  cu^'tuins  who  servetl  uuilcr 
liiju  in  the  Cliichiuieu  cunipuigu. 


BATTLE  WITHOUT  WEAPONS. 


Ml 


ffnv(]  to  weapons,  "()  you  hruvc  men,  porclicd  u[>oii 
1  liill,"  crii'd  San  litiis;  "conic  down  and  iiL,dit  if  voii 
lie  not  afraid!"  "\'crv  lair,  no  douLt,  you  ivnc^ades, 
iiid  doi^s  of  ilio  S[)aniai'ds,"  i-cturnccl  Coyote;  "lay 
isidc  your  l)orrowc(l  weapons  and  we  will  come  down." 
"  Wild,  and  uncoutli,  and  l>eastly  as  you  are,"  said 
San  Luis,  "we  are  a  match  for  you  with  no  weapons 


CiuciiiMEc;  Waiu 


at  ;ill.  Sec!  wc  will  lay  them  all  aside,  and  you  enii 
lit'.'ijt  yours  beside  them  and  place  a  ^uard  ovci'  hoth. 
Cciiu.'  on  j"  And  so  it  was  airrocd.  Civilization  calls 
it  proifress  as  more  elfectivedeath-dealinu^  inii)lcmentH 
arc   invented;   may   it   not   as   truthfully    be   called 


i    4      ,: 


M9 


KNT)  OF  MF-NDOZAS  UVLK. 


)V(}<n'rf^H  wlioii  .'ill  wc.'ujons  for  ilio  l)utc]i('rv  oriiuiiiiiji 

>oiii''S  aiv  laid  aside  { 

At  it  they  wont  m  itli  liaiuls,  feet,  niid  tocOi,  only 
with  tho  uiKh'rstaiidiMj^  that  the  coiKiiicrcd  should 
I'ciiialM  suhioc't  to  tho  victors.'''  Tin.'  strip '•<'lu  wliich 
lollowi.'d  was  as  savaLjo  and  sanu^uinary  as  iiw,  nadnv 
of  it  was  oxcej)tional,  and  Listed  i'roni  early  dawn 
till  snnsL't.  As  cxiiausted  coinhatants  saidc  (o  the 
j^ronnd,  others  pressed  hercc^ly  forward.  Anion'j^  the 
mntilatiMl  forms  and  Mood-covered  faces  it  was  often 
iinpossihle  to  tlistinu^uish  friend  from  foe.  iXmoii'^ 
these  terocions  tii^iiters  the  two  leadi-rs  of  th(!  (,'hiehi- 
mees,  J^oho  and  Coyote,  were  consjticuons  for  their 
streni^ih;  and  when  late  in  the  day  victory  was  with 
the  invadeis,  they  alone  escaj)ed,  sliontiiiL*'  theii'  deli- 
ance  with  threats  to  retnrn  in  half  a  moon  villi  a 
iVesh  force.^'  The  chief  of  the  Ciiichimecs  and  many 
of  his  people  were  baptized  l>y  I'adre  Juan  JJautista, 
who  had  ac<'ompanied  tho  army.*'  Such  is  the  ai- 
connt  of  the  Indian  c-hi-onii-ler,  San  Ijuis,  who  states 
iurthermore  that  the  city  of  C^ueretaro  was  founded 
at  that  time.  J^ut  tho  nai-rative  is  full  of  ol)vioiis 
i-rrors;  the  author's  confusion  of  thou^dit  is  ovidc^need 
l>y  his  confusion  of  words;  so  that  alter  all  we  cauudt 
learn  much  from  him,  save  that  I'rom  LVJ'J  to  I  a;!  I  he' 
made  various  incursions  into  llu'  (^hichimee  rt-i^ioiis, 
and  that  during-  the  latter  j)art  of  the  war  he  and  lii-i 
princi])al  oilicers  were  provided  with  ar(|uebuses  and 
horses.*" 

An  account  given  l»y  Espinosa  is  as  follows:  Whc  ii 
]''uenleal  was  jtresidi-nt  of  the  auifuMicia  he  sought  to 
extend  conquest  and  promote  conversion.    The  caeit|ue 

"'^lii'ntras  sc  hizo  l.-i  fjiuTra  it  purictes  y  piitadtis  y  \  mordidas  coiiio 
gallos.'  /•'ifiiniitoit,  <  riiii.  Midi.,  iv.  Tm!). 

"  AU'gro,  C'U  the  authority  of  lather  Vcj;a'a  MS.  existing  then  in  tiie 
Franciscan  convent  at  Mexico,  jihiccs  this  event  in  l.")l!l,  w  Iini,  .-is  he  stati  s, 
the  Bite  of  tlic  city  of  (i>neritai<)  was  eominercil  by  Fei-nanilo  tie  Tiipia  uiiii  a 
foict' of  Mexicans.     Fs|)ino.sa's  account  is  similar.   Cliruii.  A/iotif.,  i.  i. 

''■The  Chichiincc  diicf  received  the  name  of  tho  I'riest,  who  is  mentioned 
by  San  Luis  as  tiie  liaehiller  ])on  .luan  ]>autista. 

^"  Jlvainiiont,  Croii.  Mich.,  iv.  ;">(!().  '  l)i.sj)araron  los  Caziqucs Christiaiios 
annus  de  fuego. '  Enpiiiosa,  Chron.  A^'ont.,  i.  3. 


COXQURST  OF  Ql'i:ili:TARO. 


ThifJ 


T  ipia  ofTcrod  to  uiidt  rtako  the  ('on(|ii('st  of  Quorctaro. 
( '  )l|i'ct  iiiL(  !i  lars^c  lorct!  in  tFilolcjJi'ir  and  Tula,  in  cim- 
jiiiK'tion  u  itii  otlu'i'  caciijucs.and  pi-oxidcd  \vitli  a  num- 
liir  of  ai'<|ui^buscs,  tlioy  n»ar(.'Ii('(l  t(>  the  town  now 
cillcd  San  .Juan  drl  Uio,  llu;  iidiahitants  (»t'  wliicli 
tiny  induced  to  accept  Clii'istianity  without  l)lood- 
sind.  l'n)cccdinj]r  tiicncf  toward  (^>uoivtaro,  wlicn 
williin  Wwoi!  IcM^'Ucs  of  the  town,  llu-y  ai-rixcd  at  a, 
liill  called,  in  the  lini(!  of  Jvspinosa,  Cirrilo  ( 'oloi-jul 


JliTc  was  made  tin;  ai^reeincnt,  to  liL;ht  without  weap- 
ons, ()winjj[  to  the  i'car  of  th(j  Chichiniccs  of  fire-arms. 
Tlu'  conllict  was  siniilai*  to  that  described  hy  San 
J, Ills,  and  the  dat<?  assl;^nu'(l  to  it  is  i\ui  'Jalh  of  duly 
|.t!l.  Jn  the  account  i^^iven  l»y  San  Jjuis  it  is  stated 
tli.it  the  Sim  stood  still,  and  that  the  aposth;  Saint 
.l;ii:i('s,  the  A'ii'j^in  a\rai'y,  and  Saint  Fi'ancis  appeared, 
llsjiinosa's  version  is  that,  through  the  dense  cloud 
111'  smoke  caused  hy  tirin;^'  the  arcjiiehuscs,  a  bri-^ht 
li'Iit  broke,  in   which   was  seen  a  brilliant  ci 


(»SS     o 


f 

wliite  and  red,  and  by  its  si<le  the  tii^urii  of  Saint 
-l.i'.iies.  This  miraculous  interposition  put  a  tcrmiiia- 
ti'iii  to  the  contest.''  On  the  spot  al)ove  which  the 
li'iU'e  of  Saint  .fames  was  seen,  a  cross  was  erected. 


wliic 


li  IxH'ame  celebiated  for  its  mirack 


r-^an 


1 


uis 


o 


rdi'reil  it  to  bt;  made  of  wood,  but  the  Chichi- 


s  o  o 


)e( 


ted. 


saviu'jf  tlu^v  ^van 


ted 


'una  cruz  en  lorma 


]':na  siempre  jamus, 


or  be  it  an  indestructible  cross 


t(i  serve  as  a   boundary  monument.      "^I'hev  likewise 
ie(l  to  a  conuuon  stones  cross,  in,-istinu^  upon  one 


(ilijrc 
like 


that  seen  in   the  clouds.      Jn   this  dik-nuna  tiu 
iiivliitect  and  stonocutter,  Juan  de  !a  Cm/.,  was  de- 
>l>;itilied  with  iilty  ca<'i(]ues  for  material  to  build  a 


cidss  w 


hich  would  satisfv  the  ucw  converts. 


Iter  journeying;  lialf  a  leai^'ue,  |»rayinL;"  to  CJod  to 


'"With  rcpinl  to  the  rrppcitive  ilaiiiis  of  S;m   Luis  iiiul  T;ii  i;i  for  tlio 
li:iili  r  liipj  1  ^eo  no  rciiHuii  to  iloiilit  tliiit  tlii'  I'oi'iiu  r  h.ul  Uic   chief  i  iiii.iii;iii(l, 
llir  liitttT  also  ln)io  the  title  nl  e!H)t:iiii  fj;eiieiiil,  whiih  lii.ty  h;i\c  lici  ii 


ciiiurni  il  (111  him  yearn  1; 


Iter. 


•ail 


1  r  iiiiil  (lireeteil  tin;  oiHiatioim  in 


MIS  iio.-Uively  iissi'it.s  that  !.<•  w.va 


th 


le  reiriuii  i 


f  t.> 


ueivtaro, 


U 


\>eU 


Hi  1  ::l'ur  its  eonnuest.     Tupiu  id  ineutiuned  by  Uini  us  ouu  of  hia  laptuina  iu 


th 


I  iaiM[iaii;ii. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


:.r     111 


lillU 

40 


1.4 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


2-  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  KSSO 

(716)  <}/'.-4503 


V 


^^ 


% 


V 


<?>^ 


;\ 


\ 


^^^ 
^ 


6^ 


*^v 


'V^ 


^9.^ 


ft? 


s. 


V  ^, 


<? 


^^   % 


6^ 


if';. 


^'i 


C44 


END  OF  MENDOZA'S  RULE. 


enlighten  them,  Cruz  and  his  companions  reached  a 
spot  where  were  stones  of  three  colors,  white,  red, 
and  violet,  quarried  stone  of  vitreous  appearand'. 
With  them  Cruz  shaped  a  cross  three  varas  in  height, 
and  had  it  ready  before  the  expiration  of  twenty- 
four  hours.  ^'^  Then  he  laid  it  under  a  rose-bush,  and 
made  his  report.  At  the  sound  of  drums  and  clarions 
the  captain  general  with  his  army  and  the  friendly 
Chichiniecs  marched  away  to  bring  the  cross.  On 
arriving  at  tlie  spot  where  it  lay  under  the  rose-bush 
all  knelt  and  otfered  thanksgiving  to  God  and  the 
blessed  virj^in  for  g'iving  them  such  a  beautiful  cross. 
And  thereupon  followed  miracles.^''  The  cross  was 
carried  in  procession  and  raised  with  much  ceremony 
and  rejoicing  upon  the  mount.  The  Chichiniecs  and 
their  wise  men,  after  examining  it  and  witnessing  its 
miracles,  declared  themselves  satisfied,  and  celebrated 
the  occasion  with  their  usual  dances;  their  captain, 
Juaii  Bautista  Criado,  and  his  wife  kissed  it,  and  their 
example  was  followed  by  their  subjects.  A  whole 
M'cek  was  thus  occupied.  The  captain  general  thou 
had   the  ground    measured  around    the  cross  for  a 

chapel,  after  which  he  b( to  make  land  grants.-^ 

Little  came  of  this  ^uest,  for  no  settlciiient 

seems  to  have  been  founded  till  about  1550,  or  later. 
The  viceroy  gave  lands  to  the  two  caciques,  San  Luis, 
and  others,  and  grants  were  made  to  the  settlers  of 
the  town  of  Queretaro  for  lots  and  orchards  in  15,")! 

"One  account  has  it,  'so  formd  <lo  cinco  piedraa  blancns,  yroxasmila- 
grosaniontc  Imllmlas.'  d'ciz.  de  Mer.,  1730,  in  Arccdlo,  Coinpciid.,  2.",7. 

rj  'pjuTco  <me  c'st:'i))anioH  on  la  gloria,  so  aparccio  alii  una  nulic  blauca,  tnn 
liormosa,  soinlnvando  A  la  santa  ciuz  y  tcnit'ndola  cuatro  iinjiclcs;  liu.i.'oil 
dor  (luo  olia  tan  hornioso,  (juo  toilos  lo  \  inios  que  hicgo  liizo  niilagro  la  a.inta 
cruz.    San  Luis,  Jlddrioii,  in  Jlcrniiiioiif,  Croii.  Mich.,  v.  loO. 

^"Tliis  cross  from  the  beginning  vas  a  cchbratcil  -wonder.  On  several 
occasions  it  moved  of  itself,  and  so  as  to  cause  admiration  and  awe;  it  vi-iMy 
grew  ono  full  vara  in  size.  In  JtiliO  'tenia  tres  varas,  y  al  jircsento  liciio 
cuatro  ca hales.'  Hai union f,  Cnin.  Mich.,  v.  \7A;  Claz.  do  Mix.,  \n  An'ru'o.  (  nm- 
]'i  lid.,  'J.'iT.  Tlie  Inst  Franciscans  in  Queretaro  lived  in  the  small  straw  >  -  a- 
vent  where  the  iioly  cross  Mas  sul)se(|uenlly  kept;  afterward  tlieymovnl  to 
the  jirineipal  convent,  which  about  ITiUO  was  placed  bv  the  Santo  lOvai:  .1  li" 
iinder  the  province  of  Michoacan.  Dice,  Univ.,  ix.  351;  Iijksiaa  y  ConaiUus, 
153-4. 


■l 

"■i 

1 

\L 

CONQUEST  OF  ZACATECAS. 


045 


and  1552.  The  date  and  particulars  of  the  founding 
are  alike  puzzling  to  the  chronicleri-' ;  but  from  doeu- 
iiicntary  evidence  cited  by  Espinosa  and  Beaumont  it 
would  appear  conclusive  that  the  cacique  Fernando  de 
Tajiia  was  its  founder.^^ 

Ca[)tain-general  San  Luis  in  1552  continued  the 
(•ain])ai',ni  against  the  hostile  Chichimecs  of  Zacatecas. 
.Ill  1552  he  marched  with  the  small  army  he  had  raised 
and  orranizcd  in  Tula  acjainst  a  famous  caiitain  named 
Maxorro,^-  routed  him  in  every  encounter,  and  linally 
took  him  prisoner.  The  end  of  this  campaign  was 
that  I\Iaxorro  and  his  principal  chiefs  embraced  Chris- 
tianity, being  baptized  by  Fray  Juan  de  la  Quemada, 
cliai^lain  of  the  army.  For  the  protection  of  travellers 
San  Felipe  Iztlahuaca,  and  San  jMiguel  el  Grande, 
later  named  Allende,  were  founded,  and  garrisons  sta- 
tioned in  both  i)laces. 

San  Luis  held  his  command  till  1559,  when  he  re- 
signed,''' and  was  succeeded  by  the  famous  chief  of 
Jilotei)ec,  Don  Juan  Bautista  Valerie  do  la  Cruz, 
whose  appointment  was  made  on  May  12,  1551), 
with  povv'crs  to  wage  war  upon  and  punish  all  that 
sliould  disregard  his  authority.  It  was  approved 
later  by  Prince  Philip  in  a  letter  highly  connnend- 
atory  of  Valerio's  services.     The  old  chief  continued 

■•"  Reference  is  made  to  tho  government  books,  i.,  ii.,  find  iii. ,  for  Viceroy 
^'rlasco'a  period.  Ikaiinwnt,  t'i'dii.  Mich.,  v.  l.")4-.").  Tlio  parisli  books  of 
Qiicii'tiiro  city  were  opened  later,  liu^amantc,  in  Snc.  Mr.c.  (i'(o</.,  liohtiii, 
vii.  5;;").  Espinosa  states  that  tlie  ori,L;in  of  tlic  city  of  Qucn'taro  was  ii  forti- 
liwition  which  Montezuma  I.  established  on  tlie  northern  frontier  of  Ids  empire 
as  a  protection  against  tlic  inroads  of  the  Cldchiniecs.  When  the  Spaniards 
rainc,  s(inie  of  tlic  Otomis  took  refu/^'c  in  Querctaro  and  entered  into  a  defen- 
sive alliance  with  the  Chichimecs.  In  an  otlicial  document  of  the  lirst  viceroy 
it  is  called  Taxco,  wliich  corrupted  into  Tlacho,  in  -Mexican,  means  a  j^'amo 
at  liall,  or  the  place  where  the  game  is  played.  Tho  Tarascan  word  (^Hieretaro 
lias  the  saiiic  signilieation.  t'hrdii.  A/tost.,  i.  1,  2,  10. 

•-A  chief  well  informed  on  military  tactics,  lie  advised  his  followers 
not  to  attempt  coping  with  the  Si)aniard;j  in  tho  open  licld;  to  concen- 
trate in  tho  fastnesses  of  the  mountains  near  the  passes,  and  thence  harass 
tlie  Sjianish  towns,  a!id  waylay  travellers  as  opportunity  olfcrcd.  His  ad- 
vice was  followed.  Jfcrrcra,  dec.  viii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xxi.;  lUuumoiit,  Cidii. 
Midi.,  V.  JJKi;  L'avo,  Trcs  ,Siijlo.'<,  i.  103-4;  Paiic/i,  in  JHonumentos  Dumiii. 
A'^..,  MS.,  82. 

-■'  lie  died  in  Mexico  some  years  later,  and  was  interred  iu  tho  Dommicon 
cuuvcnt.  Zcin-ero,  Mtin.  liiitt.  Ikv.,  511. 
nuT.  M£X..  Vol.  II.    35 


5-iG 


END  OF  MENDOZA'S  RULE. 


his  labors  till  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1572  in 
Mexico.'"* 

The  memorable  history  of  old  Guadalajara  has  been 
already  told  in  connection  with  Francisco  Vazquez  de 
Coroiiado  and  the  Mixton  war.  In  pursuance  of  tlie 
I'esoluticni  during  the  siege  to  transfer  the  city  to 
another  place,  on  October  G,  1541,  all  the  Spaniards, 
soldiers  as  well  as  settlers,  accomi^anied  by  many 
friendly  Indians,  set  out  for  the  chosen  site  of  Analco 
in  the  Atemajac  Valley.-''  The  movement  attracted 
settlers  who  had  been  formerly  scattered  at  or  near  to 
Tlacotlan,  Tonala,  Tlajomulco,  and  Tetlan.  The  mis- 
sionaries who  had  been  laboring  at  the  last-named 
l)lace  also  removed  to  tlie  new  site,  and  on  February 
11,  1542,  municipal  officers  were  appohited.^*^  The 
land  around  the  new  city  was  fertile  in  the  extreme, 
and  promised  abundant  supplies  for  a  large  population. 
It  was  in  iact  considered  one  of  the  most  favorable 
spots  in  New  Spain,  being  traversed  by  the  liivor 
Tololotlan,  which  conununicates  with  Lake  Chapala, 


,.      i 


'■"*  Ilis  funeral  bj-  the  viceroy's  order  was  a  magnificent  one,  anil  the  remains 
were  interred  in  the  S.-iiiit  i'Vaneis  convent  of  Santiago  TlaltcUdco,  as  he  hail 
made  many  generous  donations  to  the  Franciscan  missionaries.  To  him  'i'lihi 
owed  its  famous  bridge,  wliieh  he  caused  to  be  built,  employing  ITiO  men.  in 
Oct.  1551)  he  was  granted  a  coiit  of  arms  as  a  descendant  of  the  kinj;3  of  'l\v.- 
cueo,  and  created  a  knight  of  Santiago.  The  next  year  he  was  autliori;'<'d  to 
use  another  eoatof  arms,  wlii(.'h  he  had  before  becoming  a  Christian,  and  v,  liirli 
is  described  l)y  I'adro  Vega,  Jhiiurrias  piadaias  tic  la  iiucioi  Indiana,  as  being 
in  two  parts;  in  one  was  aiig-trec  with  a  crowned  eagle  standing  on  it;  in  the 
other  a  fortiiied  house  with  a  viper  upon  it;  the  king  added  in  the  centre  uf 
the  coat  of  arms  the  insi''nia  of  tlie  order  of  .Santiago  with  the  motto  ';>nilui;;i 
regia  magna  operatatua.  The  old  captain  seemed  to  have  been  forgotten  till 
Itj'.l!),  when  the  learned  Tezcuean  Indian,  Francisco  Isla,  wrote  a  lino  narraiivo 
in  Aztec  of  his  lil'e,  concpicsts,  foundations,  and  feats  of  arms.  Zcrercro,  Mi  in. 
llht.  11(  r.,  -178-82;  Valtr'io,  Dcujiarho,  in  J/oniimcntos  l)om',n.  Ksp.,  MS.,  ."'ill. 
Alonso  do  Sosa  is  also  mentioned  as  a  general  of  Chiciumccs  who  greatly 
cooperated  to  the  pacilication  of  the  country,  particularly  in  the  legion  ul' 
(Juanajuato.  He  was  born  in  Yuririnpiindaro  and  died  in  b5(jl.  lie  gave 
large  sums  for  building  the  church,  and  endowed  the  convent  in  his  uiiiivu 
town.  Soc.  Mejc.  lii'o(f.,  Jiulvthi.,  i.x.  107. 

'■•Tlie  colony  consisted  of  08  Europeans.  They  tarried  some  time  at  To- 
tlan,  whei'e  Fray  Antonio  Segovia  had  founded  a  snudl  convent  of  Franciscans, 
the  lirst  in  the  province  of  >iueva  tialieia.  Fivjcs,  Hist.  Jlnrr,  '20;{-4. 

'"The  (irst  alcaldes  were  Fernando  Flores  and  Pedro  I'laeencia;  rcgidnves, 
Miguel  Ibarra,  Diego (.)rozco,  and  Juan  Zubiu.  Jal.,  Aot.  ihoij.,  in  Soc.  -i/'.<'. 
(Jeoy.,  JJoU'tin,  vi.  *J77. 


GUADALAJARA. 


647 


niid  possessing  a  fine,  temperate  climate.  Hence  Gua- 
dalajara became  from  the  first  a  place  of  importance, 
ami  grew  in  size  and  infiuence  until  it  ranked  as  one 
1)1' the  great  centres  of  civilization  in  New  Spain. 

In  1543,  soon  after  his  return  to  ]Mexico,  Vazquez 
de  Coronado  so  i'ar  recovered  his  health  as  to  resume 
the  duties  of  office.  He  was  the  last  militar}'  gov- 
ernor of  Nueva  Galicia,  and  resigned  in  1545.  J^al- 
tasar  Gallegos  then  ruled  in  tlio  capacity  of  alcalde 
mayor  for  several  years,"'  until  indeed,  in  1548,  a 
new  form  of  government — an  audiencia  subordinate 
to  that  of  Mexico — was  installed  at  Compostela."^  The 
]io\vers  of  that  body  in('luded  those  of  governor  and 
judiciary. 

The  jurisdiction  of  the  audiencia  included  the  whole 
of  New  Galicia,  with  all  the  known  territory  toward 
the  north  and  north-east,  and  also  a  strip  of  coast 
i-outhward,  embracing  Colinia,  Zacatula,  and  the  towns 


at  'I'c- 


"'Sec  rxniimonf,  Crdii.  M'tch.,  v.  G.  In  Chimalpaiii,  Hist.  Com/,  ii.  snji., 
SS,  it  iii  iinplicil  that  Ciallc:;o3  succeeded  Onate  in  l.~)4'2. 

^Tursuant  to  royal  decree  of  Feb.  i:?,  IT.-IS,  Ji'imji.  de  /ml.,  i.  :)'2C,.  ("alio, 
Mem.  y  A'vt.,  W),  IJeauuiont,  Croii.  Mich.,  v.  (!4  5,  llenera,  dee.  viii.  lil>.  iv. 
ciqi.  xii.,  and  Cavo,  7Vci  Siijlon,  i.  MS,  erroneously  give  the  year  1517,  and 
Irejis,  //^^■^  Urcvc,  1.140.  In  the  Jjrradi.i,  in  I'ttcliiro  and  ('dv>'"t:(is,  dt. 
JJor.,  viii. ;!(),  July  i;i,  K"i4S,  is  mentioned.  T]\is;s  inoliaMy  the  date  of  iusial- 
lucnt  at  ("oiniiotitela,  as  Oviedo,  iii.  57S,  names  the  three  oidores,  Quiuones, 
i^rjHiIveda,  an<l  Contrcras,  who  were  sent  from  Sjiain  in  May  1,"43.  Se]iiil- 
viila  died  on  the  voyage.  Under  date  of  Novendier  "J,  1J.4S,  Quiiiones  makes 
rieoimiiendations  to  the  oni]:eror  art  to  the  jiroper  course  to  jnnsiio  in  tho 
administration  of  justice  in  New  (_!alieia.  I'achcc  >  and  ( 'ankiia/i,  ( 'ol.  J>or.,  x. 
rc'-l).  The  decrej  issued  at  \'alladoIid,  Decemlier  S,  l."i."0,  by  tlie  queen,  de- 
IliKil  the  jurisdiction,  especially  in  a]i]'eals.  Anothei'of  Dec.  I'.HIi,  of  th(>  same 
year,  j'avc  the  audiencia  of  Mexico  the  right  of  revising  the  decisions  of  that 
of  New  tJalicia,  where  the  nlcahU'  mayor  and  the  oidores  of  the  latter  di^- 
n^jru'd.  Aug.  'JS,  l.^.U,  it  wa:!  further  dclined  that  the  audiencia  of  Mexico, 
ill  (lie  visit  to  thatof  Xew  (lalicia,  v.as  not  to  meddle  in  the  adairs  of  the  lat- 
ter, except  \\hen  the  judicial  decisions  wi  re  appealed  from.  I'wja,  Cuhilurio, 
liil,  IfO,  ls;{.  In  the  year  last  named,  May  Mil,  the  king  had  i)een  ailviseil 
that  the  oiilorcs  Contrcras  and  La  Marcha  were  niisliehaving.  as  they  o]ipiesseil 
the  Indians,  and  hindered  their  eollcngucs.  The  Liceiiciado  Lelnon  tia 
Quifi  UK  s  was  prominently  broeglit  before  (he  emperor  for  president  and  gov- 
cinerof  Xew  llalieia.  Valencia,  i'my  Amjel,  ('(tiia  al  L'j/i/).,  in  Curl'ifitli  /ml.. 
Ill)  II.  Mendieta  mentions  Lebron  as  an  upright,  (lod-fearing  man.  Jli-'t. 
l""'i .^.,  4S0.  lie  proved  to  be  otherwise.  The  powers  of  this  iiudieiicia  wero 
ciiiKiiiued  with  few  subsequent  restrietiona  till  !March  li),  l,".").j;  tlu'  kiier  in 
ciiuncil  th(>n  ruled  that  the  audiencia  of  Ni  w  Spain,  the  viceregal  chair  biiiisf 
ViKT.nt,  should  govern  the  country  and  exercise  authority  over  that  if  Xev\r 
(ialicia.  In  army  and  treasury  nllaiis  the  latter  wua  at  all  times  under  tho 
vicciuy's  authority.  Calle,  Mini,  y  Xol.,  43. 


tl    i    ¥ii 


S4S 


END  OF  MEXDOZA'S  RULE. 


m 


of  Avalos.-''  The  province  during  the  period  now 
under  consideration  included  ten  or  twelve  corre^i- 
mientos  or  districts,  each  with  its  liead  town,  or  cabr- 
crra,  and  its  partidos,  each  under  an  alcalde.  This 
officer,  j)art  of  whose  duty  was  the  collection  of  trib- 
utes, was  directly  responsible  to  the  audiencia.  The 
head  towns  for  the  different  districts  were  for  the 
most  part  mining-camps,  and  the  partidos  were  Indian 
towns  under  native  alcaldes,  regidores,  and  alguaciles, 
\vlio  were  under  the  direction  of  the  encomenderos,  or 
of  the  friars  in  a  few  of  the  new  and  [)()orer  places 
which  had  not  excited  the  avarice  of  any  Spanish 
officer. 

The  Spanish  population  of  this  vast  district  was  as 
yet  comparatively  small.  It  is  probable  that  there 
were  not  over  five  hundred  settlers  in  New  Galiiia, 
at  any  time  during  the  century,  if  we  except  the  sol- 
diers engaged  in  the  conquest  and  in  the  suppression 
of  the  Mixton  revolt,  and  the  miners  in  Zacatecas  and 
the  districts  south  and  nortli  of  it."^ 

It  soon  became  apparent  that  Compostcla  was  not 
so  well  situated  for  a  capital  of  the  growing  prov- 
ince as  Guadalajara.  The  latter  place  enjoyed  an 
abundance  of  fish,  game,  cattle,  and  fresh  water,  of 
which  the  old  cajiital  could  not  boast.  The  audiciuia 
was  therefore  transferred  by  royal  order  to  Guadala- 
jara as  the  provincial  capital. 

The  oidores  do  not  apjiear  to  have  been  of  a  vciy 
select  character,  for  in  1557  Doctor  Morones  came 

29 1  Partirnilo  t(5rmino3:  por  cl  Lcvante  con  l;i  Aiulicncia  do  la  Nucva  Espafia: 
rior  cl  Jlciliodia  con  la  Jlar  del  Sur;  y  ])or  el  Ponicnto  y  Soptcntriou  coii 
Pi'ovincifiS  no  desculiicrtns,  iii  pacilicas.'  I'erop.  ile  Ind.,  i.  S20-7. 

''"'In  I.-jGO,  nccoi'ding  to  Uie  Inj'orme  ild  i'ab.hlo,  in  IccrJxilcefa,  Col.  Ikic., 
ii.  49'2,  there  were  at  the  Jocothin  and  Ouajacatlan  mines  ."JO  Spanianls;  at 
(lUachinnn.'fO,  (i;  Espiritu  Sauto,  40;  rurilicaeion,  10;  Compostcla,  i.'?;  l.a^.'ns, 
35;  Guadalajara,  ilO.  Among  other  settlements  subject  at  this  time  and  l;iUr 
to  the  audiencia,  were  Nombrc  de  Dios,  Durango,  Cliametla,  Sinaloa,  sctllid 
by  Ibarra,  Culiacan,  a  prominent  alcaldia  centre,  and  Purilicacicm.  The  toM  iis 
in  Duranijoand  .Sinaloa  fell  in  due  time  politically  under  Xuova  Viseaya,  \vliilo 
the  audiencia  of  Nueva  C4alieia  maintained  tlic  judicial  control,  and  its  bisliop 
the  ecclesiastical.  See  Miraiu/a,  lie!. ,  in  Par/iero  and  Vdnlciias,  Col.  Do'\,  xvi. 
r)(i;}-7:?;  (,'n'lr,  Mem.  y  Not.,  81);  Villa  Sei'tor  y  Sanchez,  Thmtro,  ii.  257.  ct>-\; 
Ilenrra,  dec.  i..  lib.  ix.  cap.  xiii.;  ^f()ta  Paililln,  (Joiiij.  N.  C/ul.,  It)!),  -04-."), 
,24u-li;  O'il,  in  (b't/f.  Mcx.  Ocoij.,  Bdctin,  viii.  477-80. 


SIXALOA  AND  DURANGO. 


649 


to  take  their  residcncia,  and  gained  tlio  gratitude  of 
the  people  by  suspending  three  of  tlieni,  Lcbron  de 
Quiuones,  Contreras,  and  Oseguera.  The  latter  man- 
aged to  ho  reinstated,  however,  and  retrieved  himself 
so  well  that  ho  was  promoted  to  a  similar  ofiice  in 
^[exico.^^  The  bishopric  of  Now  Galieia  was  erected 
at  CVnnpostela  in  1544,  including  within  its  ecclesi- 
iislical  purview  all  the  ex[)lored  regions  north  of  the 
]\Iichoacan  boundary.  The  iirst  incumbent  was  Pedro 
(xomez  Maravcr,  and  the  seat  was  transferred  to  the 
iicw  capital  at  or  about  the  same  time  the  secular 
government  was  transferred/'-' 

The  audiencia  of  New  Galieia,  aware  of  the  great 
wealth  of  the  mines  in  Sinaloa,  Durango,  and  else- 
whcie,  with  the  view  of  adding  area  to  its  rule,  and 
of  controlling  those  rich  deposits,  resolved  in  15.r2  to 
undertake  the  conquest  of  the  ^vhole  region,  begin- 
ning with  the  rich  siei'ras  of  Guaynamota,  (iuazamota, 
and  Jocotlan,  situated  some  lifteen  leagues  from  (,*om- 
})i)stela.  On  the  other  hand,  Spaniards,  both  civilians 
and  soldiers,  were  already  making  settlements  in  a  con- 
siilrrable  part  of  the  country,  antl  Chametla,  a  province 
lying  between  Compostcla  and  the  villa  de  Culiacan, 
Wciuld  soon  be  under  Mcei'oy  Volasco's  control. 

For  the  chirf  command  of  the  expedition  was 
S( kcted  Gines  Vazquez  de  Mercado,  said  to  have  been 
a  I);ave  ollicer  and  a  worthy  cavalier.     He  was  given 

"'  lie  iiK'UiTctl  the  liostility  of  tlio  ci'dcsiastioH  for  liis  loosenosH  of  toii^;uc, 
till'  lii^Iiiip  ;iiiioii;.;  otlu.TS  lioiiig  tcniRMl  ;i  iloiikey,  and  in  ('ah  Uh,  JJrrlr^,  Id- 
/'iriif,  ill  Ii'a'.lialcc'a,  Col.  JJor.,  ii,  4S'l— ."lOH,  a  irco-.'^pokdi  roport  lo  the  king 
uii  r.i(,u  ;uiil  afi'airs  in  Xcw  (Jalicia  in  l."70,  ho  aniimg  othcni  ii  tivatcd  with- 
OIK  iiic'icy  as  a  vain  man,  ruled  liy  \ii.i  wife.  In  l.~,ti;}  ah'cady  ho  ranked  as 
inii iikiit  of  the  audiencia,  villi  Morones  and  Alarcon  among  liia  a.s:;oiiaU». 
Ikd.iiiiiuiif,  ('rOn.  Jjii:/t.,  v.  Tj.i'J-T;  Pitrra,  (.'on<i.  Xal.,  MS.,  IJl.  Alarcoii's 
luuiio  hccamo  a  l)yv.oiil  for  petty  jieoulation.  .Moi-oncs  waw  siu-eeed(  d  liy 
Vniiiliola,  alteiwaids  hishoii,  and  he  I)j'  (Jrozco,  hrotlu  r  of  tlio  oiilor  at  Mex- 
i'o.  (Vaiiiones  had  been  reinstated,  and  came  back  fuming  uiLh  wrath 
at'"i"at  his  accusers,  hut  he  died  <iii  the  way. 

■*' Tliire  is  much  disagiecmeiit  respecting  the  date;  indeed,  there  v.\  hai'dly 
aviir  hetween  lo.'O  and  l.'idU  to  whieh  the  change  i.i  not  by  ;  ome  .".luliur 
a'^-inicd.  A  royal  letter  to  the  viceroy,  of  .Inly  l(i,  I.mO,  reiiuislid  hii.i  to 
I'l  I'M  t  on  the  e.Niiediency  of  removing  tlie  '  chest  of  three  kcya '  from  L'om- 
l"j.^icla  to  (jiuatlalajara.  Puja,  Cedulario,  17'J. 


)lt^  i 


650 


EXD  OF  MENDOZA'S  PwULE. 


the  rank  of  cajitaiu  general,  with  ample  powors,^^  and 
raised  a  large  force,  with  which  he  was  fii'st  to  sub(hie 
the  district  of  Jocotlan.  From  here  he  advanced  I'ui-- 
ther  into  the  interior,  and  had  several  encounters  witli 
the  natives. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  follow  the  steps  of  this  ill- 
conducted  expedition.  Suflice  it  to  say  that  thiy 
visited  several  of  the  districts  that  afterward  l)ecanio 
famous  for  their  niinin<j:  wealth;  but  for  one  reason  or 
another  no  mines  were  opened.  They  finally  road uhI 
the  cic5ncga  de  Sombrerete,  where  again  they  paid  no 
attention  to  its  precious  deposits.  One  night,  while 
encamped  here  without  precautions,  some  Zain  Indians 
fell  upon  them,  slew  some  of  the  soldiers,  and  woundnl 
others.  Mercado  himself  was  severely  injured,  having 
been  saved  from  death  by  his  servant,  a  Portuguese 
neijro.  This  necessitated  a  delay  till  the  wounded 
could  be  moved.  Meanwhile  the  soldiers  revolted, 
and,  though  convinced  that  with  their  su]i])oit  lie 
could  have  subjugated  the  country,  he  was  obligtul  to 
return  to  Jocotlan,  where  rich  mines  were  expected 
to  bo  found;  but  this  hope  proved  disappointing. 
Thence  ]\Iercado  marched  to  the  Teul,  or  Tuich,  a 
town  belonging  to  Juan  Delgado.^* 

The  audiencia  now  abandoned  the  idea  of  conquest 
for  the  present,  more  particularly  as  the  king  at  this 
time  forbade  all  such  expeditions  without  his  speci;d 
license.^^   Notwithstanding  this,  the  audiencia  of  Xew 

"He  was  a  neplicw  of  BiTimrdino  Vazquez  tie  Tapia,  the  noted  r:ipt:iiii 
at  tlio  conquest  of  ^lexico.  His  wealtli  was  ^'reat,  for  lie  was  nianicd  I'  Lis 
consiu  I)or:a  Ana  Vazquez  ilc  Tapia,  who  owned  rich  silver-nimcs  in  Trjiic. 
liidinnnii/,  Cnin.  Mir/i.,  v.  *JJ!). 

*' !Mcrcailo  died  in  ITmS,  after  the  founding  of  Zacatccas;  and  his  fiiiiily 
was  left  unprotected  and  ruined;  hi.'i  rcnuiins  were  interred  in  the  ]"ranc:  ;c;!ii 
convent  at  Juchipihi.  Ucaumoiit,  Crdii.  Mich.,  v.  'J;J3;  Fr<Je.i,  I/i-t.  Jinn-, 
21-J-l."). 

"■•The  Franciscan  custodio  p..'\  definidorcs,  in  rceoinmcndin<;,  May  8.  1."."'2, 
measures  on  behalf  of  the  Ind  an.i  of  ^liehoaci'.ii  and  Nueva  (.lalicia,  cmiu]  l.iiii 
of  tlio  cruelties  inllietcd  by  i  iilita.-y  captains,  adding  that  it  would  ho  In  Un- 
to abandon  all  further  atten.jita  at  conversion  than  to  allow  such  tyrani'v  ti) 
continue.  The  entire  work  of  conversion  should  be  left  to  the  niiNsioii;M  irs, 
they  plead,  and  the  military  nnist  ccuilinc  tlieniselves  to  allordiuij;  protcciioii. 
The  oidores  of  the  audicijcias  should  attend  to  their  duties  anil  bo  luM  .k- 
countable  for  miscouduet.  I'akncia  tt  uL,  Carta  al  Emp.,  \n  Caitan  dc  Jiiulaji, 
103-18. 


MIXES  OF  NEW  GALICIA. 


551 


rJ:ilicia  winked  at  more  than  one  raidinc;  excursion, 
(Kstined  to  ivcntor  Jocotlan  and  gain  possession  of  its 
mines.  Some  sixteen  soldiers,  des'.'rters  of  ^Tereado's 
t'Xpedition,  with  the  connivance  of  tlie  authorities, 
started  for  that  region,  and  on  reaching  Cacatlotlan, 
near  Jocotlan,  found  there  the  Franciscans  Francisco 
do  San  Lorenzo,  and  another  named  Juan,  who  were 
rejoiced  at  seeing  them.  But  that  night,  while  asleej), 
most  of  the  soldiers  and  the  two  friars  were  slain  by 
Indians.^" 

The  story  of  the  discovery  of  the  first  mine  in 
Xew  Galicia  is  told  as  ibllows:  When  Captain  Pedro 
Ivuiz  do  Haro  died  in  1542  he  left  a  poor  widow  and 
three  daughters.  Tlie  widow,  Leonor  do  Arias,  re- 
tired to  the  interior,  where  she  owned  a  little  |)lace 
called  ]\Iiravalles.  Beinix  f^u  Indian  woman  she  could 
here  the  better  support  herself,  surrounded  by  kins- 
folk and  acquaintance.  While  standing  at  her  door 
one  day,  there  came  a  poor  Indian  who  begged  some- 
thing to  cat.  Housed  to  pity  she  cheerfully  gave  of 
tlu'  little  she  had.  After  three  days  the  Indian  returned 
and  expressiuix  thanks  for  her  kindness  handed  her  a 
stone  the  greater  part  of  which  was  native  silver, 
saying:  "To  3^ou  and  yours  I  give  the  mine  in  the 
Tololotlan  Mountains,  whence  this  argent  ore  was 
ta];en;  for  it  I  have  no  use;  haste  you  thitlier,  take 
A\itli  you  laborers,  and  may  you  and  yours  be  happy 
and  rich  I"  Thereupon  the  Indian  disappeared.  The 
mine  thus  revealed  was  named  ]']spiritu  Santo,  as 
though  a  pure  benefaction  from  above,  and  for  cen- 
turies it  made  opulent  the  benevolent  witlow  and  her 
descendants. ^"  However  all  this  mav  have  been,  it  is 
certain  that  rich  mines  were  discovered  and  worked  in 

''It  is  presumed  this  occurred  in  the  latter  part  of  loOO.  The  two  Fran- 
ciswuis  had  been  many  years  succcssfullj'  at  work  in  Xew  (ialicia,  and  cvery- 
vhrre  won  the  good-will  and  friendship  of  the  natives.  IJcuumoiit,  CrOu. 
Mii/i.,  V.  317--?;   Vititiiri'if,  Mi'iK.lo'i.,  C>,  (t. 

'■'''  Frcjcs,  Hid.  Jh-eif,  177-t<.  It  is  added  that  the  ohlest  dangliter  of  the 
viddw  Arias  reeeivid  the  title  of  marchioness  of  Miravallos,  and  from  her 
have  sprung  the  distinguished  family  of  that  title. 


i'i 


\ 


'  i 


1     .|l 


i  I 


s       ' 


ill 


Od'J 


END  OF  MENDOZA'S  PwULE. 


^1 


M 


]?■' 


New  Galicia  as  early  as  15413,  bof>-innin<^  witli  those  of 
Espirltu  Saiit(X^*  !^Iilles  not  only  of  j^^old  and  silver 
but  of  tin,  eopper,  mercury,  iron,  antl  other  metals 
were  l)rou''-ht  to  liMit  and  drew  many  Spaniards  to 
the  province  Irom  ^lexico  and  Spain.  J>elore  the  end 
of  the  century  some  of  them,  under  the  wasteful  sys- 
tem then  in  voLjue,  showed  si^nis  of  exhaustion,  l)ut 
many  good  mines,  abandoned  during  the  northern  ex- 
citement, were  afterward  profitably  worked.'" 

There  is  little  to  note  in  the  events  of  New  Galicia, 
during  the  last  half  of  the  century,  save  lluctuatioiis 
created  by  minima  excitements  and  the  vague  allusions 
to  minor  revolts  and  their  suppression.'*'^  Tlie  i-evolts 
were  to  a  great  extent  owing  to  abuses  by  enconien- 
deros,  who  tore  the  natives  from  their  homes  to  work 
in  mines  and  on  ])lantations,  and  assisted  in  reducing 
the  already  depleted  province.  The  outrages  of  Cuz- 
man  and  the  ^Mixton  war  are  said  to  have  destroyed 
half  the  population.  Following  these  came  a  series 
of  epidemics  which  ravaged  the  country  on  diilereiit 
occasions  between  1541  and  1590,  csj^ccially  in  1545 
and  the  two  following  years,  and  left  but  one  tenth 

'* The  otiicrs  tlcfinitcly  niontioncd  are  Jaltcpec,  Guacliinantjo,  Piiiirica''i()n, 
Jocotlan,  Kt/.i'.tlan,  (Juajacatlau  (Ahuacatlan),  and  Istlau.  MutaPadilla,  Coiii/. 
N.  Gill.,  179-80. 

"The  foUowinn;  items  servo  also  as  additional  information  :  TlicJocotlini 
nnd  Ahuacatlan  mines,  with  ;{0  miners,  yielded  veil,  Imt  failed  ^ionK'V,  Ii.:t  in 
1")()9.  Iiifonne  del  Caliihlo,  in  Icd-Jialci'/d,  Col.  /-'of.,  ii.  494.  Two  Inuiurcil 
houses  were  occujiied  liy  mimrs  at  (iuaehinango  in  l.").")();  '214  veins  r  f  metiils 
Were  open.  Murrhn,  in  T<  ni(in.<>C('iii/Mii!<,  J.'iriiril,  198.  The  ininesef  I'siiii  ilii 
Santo  lirst  failed  to  jay  in  lo(ii?.  There  liad  lieen  14  reduetiou  v.oiks.  JJcm- 
iiioiif,  t'i'oii.  Mich.,  iv.  ■\^\\.  It  was  en  aeeount  of  the  l';t,piritu  S.nito  mines 
that  a  royal  tvea.-^nry  was  estal)ii.slied  at  Couqiostela.  The  niineri  of  Jocotlan, 
Guaehina.niro,  Ahuaeatlun,  and  Istlan  diseoveied  liy  Jnaii  I'VinaiuIe/.  de 
Hijar  yieldid  to  Uio  kin,!^  for  hid  royalties  in  oO  years  200,000  pesos.  Moia 
PudiV'(i,ioiHi.N.H<il.,\!  \-,U-'^\. 

^"Iharra  and  ('amino  led  several  small  parties  into  the  Xochistlan  i-c;:;ion  to 
tranquillize  it  hy  aims  and  reforms  in  tlie  enooniendero  management.  Jleau- 
mont  also  refers  to  the  revolt  of  r),0()0  'l'exo(|uines  of  Ostotipae,  who  veie 
defeated  liy  Dieiro  do  Cotis.  CrOn.  Ml'h.,  MS..  (H.VK),  (i:i(i-7,  911,  9-'0-i, 
loss,  l.'i4"2-;i.  la  l,"),')Oand  looS  the  natives  of  Tepio  and  Conipostela  had  to 
1)0  su)iiiressed.  Somewhat  later  the  Yoeoteipiaiies  killed  tv.o  friars,  hat 
Oidor  C'ontreras  marehed  against  them  with  100  Sjianiards  and  •1,000  allies, 
and  inilietcd  a  loss  of  (100  nun.  Tinjiieinada,  iii.  V)'22.  Visitador  de  la 
Marcha  reeonniiended  in  l.'wO  the  enslavement  of  the  Indians  to  check  revolt 
and  vice,  liapport,  iu  Terimux-Vompans,  liccucU,  171-200. 


FURTHER  DISCOVERY  OF  MIXES. 


5o3 


hotliiu 
lir.t  in 
liulvctl 
ii't;il.-i 
|ni\itii 
'  ((III- 
kniiics 
|)tlaii, 
Iv.  .!>■ 
\Moia 

mi  t'.) 

llfUU- 
I  V  (.10 

Lo-1, 

lul  to 
luit 

llo  la 
levolt 


of  tho  ori^'iiial  [jopnlatioii,  if  wo  may  l)i'lievo  tlio 
(•Iii'iiiiclL'rs.  Comets  and  caillirnialu'r;  added  their  tcr- 
](ii'-;,  iiiia';iiiaiy  or  real.'*'  Nevertheless  tlie  proviiieo 
judfipercd,  Ihanlcs  to  its  i'ertihty  and  manil'old  re- 
.-Diirccs,  and  the  abundanec  of  mine:-;,  whieh  alibrded 
a  ready  market  for  prochico  and  live-stock/' 

Vv'hilo  not  choosini;"  to  cnga^v  in  tho  severer  occu- 
jiatioii  of  farming,  the  Spaniards  could  always  raiso 
catlle  and  f^heej),  and  their  broad  grants  were  lapidly 
ntocketl  with  animals,  which  offered  material  for  man- 
ufacture." 

Inlbrmation  is  meagre  concerning  the  early  history 
of  that  singularly  ill-poo])led  })rovincc  of  Zacatecas, 
as  it  is  denominated  by  llumboldt,  and  yet  its  cap- 
ital is  even  to-day,  next  to  Cuanajuato,  the  n)ost  cele- 
brated mining-i)lace  in  that  country.  From  the  visit 
of  Captain  Chirinos  in  1500  to  the  year  154()  v.o 
l:;i\  e  no  definite  record  that  any  Spaniard  jienetrated 
fartlier  north  than  Noehistlan  and  Juchipila.  The 
Cascanes,  Zacatecs,  and  other  Chichimccs  cjf  the  north 
lutd,  as  we  have  seen,  taken  a  prominent  part  in  tho 
Mi.\ton  rebellion  of  1541, and  since  its  suppression  they 
I'.ad  c(<ntinued  to  sonic  extent  their  hostile  raids  on 
the  frontier.  In  15-13  the  emj)eror  and  vicer>)y  v/ero 
petitioned  by  the  muniei[)al  authorities  of  the  New 
(Jaiieia  tov^ns  to  authoriiie  war  on  these  mar;iudei's, 
ami  their  extermination  or  enslavement.    The  coveted 

^''i'j.e  pest  cf  l,'-l.j-8  c.ivricil  off  five  sixtlia  i,f  t'.;c  i)opiil;'.tion,  .iceonlin!,'  to 
ricar.intnt,  r.iul  car.ticd  the  esUiblifcliiiKiit  of  lioni)itr.ls.  Tl'.u  r.ir.lady  oi  I.").')! 
va-w:ii  iu'.lniuiiiaUon  <f  thu  lliroat.  Tliat  of  l.'.i  -J  rc^cmbkil  the  rava;^:os  of 
l":!l.  t'ijiiula  api  caved  in  l."G7-S,  and  an  c;irt!ii|i'.:-,kc  whicli  tlirc\v  dov.u 
iiiai.y  chuichcs,  and  caused  tlio  ileatli  of  two  friars  at  C(Kii!a.  In  \'>~7 
BoiiKi  of  l!u!  liosjiita.ls  had  'lOO  patients.  A  sliower  of  aslies  ]ireee<led  tho 
jiestof  l.".C»f).  Mota  /'ailill<i,('o'i/i.  X.  (lul..  l.")(J-7,  ~\u,  '1\\;  Jlraii.'iiniif,  ('rim. 
Mi'-h.,  MS.,  4:«),  (;i.';)-4,  7!)1  --',  yi:'«;  Olt,  in  Sor.  Jli.r.  (.'lo;/.,  noUiUi.  viii. 
'lll."-(i;  Torqiii'iiinihi.  iii.  TiOO- 7.  'i'ho  tliousaiids  of  Imliaiis  iu  RainU'ias 
Val'i  ■/ l,:id  vithiii  "j;)  yiai«  dwindled  to  '.MM  nvii.  Tnrid,  C'lrtn,  l.">r>!l,  in 
<''ir'<i.<  ill'  Inil'iui,  lIiH-',).  'J'lio  Indians  tributary  to  (iuad.dajara  in  l.")li!( 
Viiij  esli.uated  at  'J4,yQ0.  Iiiforiiiii  del  Cabildo,  ill  Icazbalata,  Col.  Doc,  ii. 
411'.'  -lilt. 

*'V(  t  priecs  were  low,  n  shocp  costini^'2  reals;  8  hens,  1  real;  mai/c,  1  half 
rail  i.rrtV.iieg.i.   .VoM  i'lidiHn,  Cmu;.  X.  d'll..  ISO. 

"StoeU-raisiiiif  eaily  aMsunied  sncli  proportions  that  semi-annual  councils 
Wcr,  helil  tt)  re^'alate  it.   Ikrrvra,  dej.  vii.  lib.  v.  cap.  ii. 


mi 


n 


it 

'! 

^4 


554 


END  OF  MENDOZAS  RULE. 


liceiiHO  was  rofused,  but  the  sul)jui]^ati(»ii  of  tlio  noitli- 
orii  savaj^cs  by  peaceful  means  was  ordered. 

Oilate  and  other  oitioers  seem  to  liave  made  sever.d 
attempts  in  that  direction,  but  the  ilrst  one  deliniti'ly 
recorded  was  that  of  Juan  de  Tolosa,  twenty-six 
years  after  the  fall  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  On  thr 
8th  of  Septeml)er  154G,  T<»losa  came  to  the  sit.'i'i;i 
oi'  Zacatecas  with  a  few  vSj)aniards,  four  Franciscjiii 
friars,""  and  a  band  of  Juchipila  Indians,  and  pitched 
his  tent  at  the  foot  of  the  Bufa  mountain.  By  Iviiid 
treatment  the  natives  were  u^radually  conciliated,  ami 
for  over  a  year.  T<.)losa  and  his  companions  lah(ir( d 
earnestly  and  successfully  to  pacily  and  convert  them. 
lu  return  the  Spaniards  were  told  of  the  existence  (if 
rich  silver  lodes  in  that  vicinity  and  tlicy  determined 
to  investigate.  In  January  15-18  Tolosa  was  joined 
by  his  friends  Cristobal  de  Onatc,  Diego  de  Ibaiia, 
and  Daltasar  Trovino  de  Bahuelos,  all  Spanish  officers 
of  rank;  and  on  March  'Jlst  the  (juaternion  started  on 
an  exploring  expedition.'*''  No  i)articulars  arc  known 
of  these  adventures;  but  it  seems  that  durini;  the  year 
the  Spaniards  were  rewarded  by  the  discovery  of  tin; 
I'ich  mines  of  San  Bcrnabe,  Alvarado  de  San  Benito 
on  the  Veta  Grande,  and  Tajos  de  IVmuco;  discoveries 
so  brilliant  as  to  make  thesr  four  enterprising  men  at 
the  time  the  wealthiest  in  America,  as  the  chrcMiiders 
assure  us.  The  town  of  Nuestra  Senora  de  Zaca- 
tecas*" was  founded  during  this  first  flush  of  pri 


n  )S- 


**  Fray  Geriinimo  tic  Mcndoza,  a  ncplicw  of  tho  viceroy,  was  one  of  tlinii; 
the  names  of  the  rest  arc  unknown.  Morji,  in  Dor.  JJi.it.  Mex.,  s(jrie  iii.  tnin. 
is-.  SiiD-.'iO.  Beaumont,  Crdn.  Mkh.,  v.  77,  says  Uic  names  arc  lost  thrmiL'h 
the  destruction  of  tho  Zaeatccas  convent  by  lire.  See,  also,  Arkgiii,  Ci"i'. 
Zac,  Vl. 

*■'  Juan  do  Tolosa  was  married  to  I^eonor  Cortt%  do  Montezuma,  dauL'liti  r  ff 
tho  conqueror  and  granddaugliter  of  the  Aztec  monarch.  On  tlic  iivi-^  cf 
these  pioneers  of  Zaeatccas  sec  Arliyiil,  t'rdii.  Zac,  58,  134-5.  JJcraanli., 
Zac,  •2S-32.  Fnjc.f,  Jlisl.  Jh-cir,  17S-l». 

*'^  Tho  name  of  Zacatecas  comes  from  the  Aztec  zncate,  nicaninj;  pians.  A 
writer  in  tlic  Mnsco  Mcx.,  iv.  115,  derives  the  name  from  a  Spanisli  tri  luial 
who  preceded  Chirinos  in  the  country!  The  town  waslirst  founded  liiiucrii 
tho  mines  and  the  present  site.  Arli'ijiii,  Croii.  Zac,  1(J.  For  histoiital  :iikI 
descriptive  account  of  tlic  city,  and  a  plan,  sec  lleruartlez,  IJeoiriji.  Zar.,  1  -W. 
IJricf  notices  on  various  towns  and  mining  districts  appear  iw  Soc,  Mex.  (/<«,' . 
Uoktin,  viii.  21-4;  x.  114-17. 


FOU\l)IX(i  OF  ZACATFCAS. 


006 


il 


.!    i 


Mexico. 


5oG 


END  OF  ilENDOZA'S  RULE. 


"■■1  f:S  a 


jierity,  and  it  flourished  from  tlio  beginning.  Tlio 
iiinic  of  the  mines  spread  rapidly  over  the  country, 
and  other  parts  of  New  Galicia  were  almost  depojni- 
lated  for  a  season,  the  Zacatecan  rcalcs,  in  their  turn, 
sufiering  from  the  superior  attractions  of  Guanajuato, 
Catorce,  and  the  regions  t(j  the  north. 

The  diocese  of  Mexico  ^vas  raised  to  an  archdio- 
cese by  papal  bull  of  July  8,  1547,  with  jurisdiction 
over  the  suffragan  bishoprics  of  Tlascala,  Michoacuii, 
Oajaca,  Nueva  Galicia,  Yucatan,  Guatemala,  Chiapas, 
Honduras,  and  Nicaragua.  Bishop  Zunutrraga  was 
designated  first  archbishop;  but  after  the  bull  and  the 
appointment  he  declined  the  position  on  account  of 
advancinii'  iv^o.  Nine  days  after  the  arrival  of  thescj 
documents,  on  June  3,  1548,  he  died,  being  then  in 
his  eiglitieth  year.''  His  death  was  said  to  have  been 
miraculously  made  known  all  over  New  Spain  on  tliu 
day  of  its  occurrence;  it  certainly  excited  universal 
interest  and  produced  wide-spread  sorrow.  A  ]xi'- 
vadiuLT  sense  of  imi)endin';jf  loss  had  caused  prol'ane 
dances,  which  hitherto  formed  an  important  feature 
in  the  Corpus  Christi  procession,  to  be  omitted  in 
the  one  immediately  preceding  his  demise.  The  odor 
of  sanctity '''  which  had  clung  to  him  in  life  embalmed 
his  memory. 

"  Four  tlnys  l)c'f(n-o  liis  death,  or.  ^lay  HO,  1118,  Zumarrfi"a  v.-rotc  to  tin; 
emperor  t!iat  tlic  Icltcra  ami  In'.Us  i;iald:i:;  Mcxieu  an  arclibi.iliojii'io  li.il 
anivi'd  livo  dayu  pi'evious,  but  tliat  ho  wan  too  feeble  to  aecept,  ami  he  1'  It 
that  hi,  end  v.'aa  near  at  hand,  ('arid,  in  Hamiirz,  J.>oi'.,  J^S.,  .'>17-I'.  Ihro 
the  ;,'0(jd  liiahop  id.-:o  states  that  lie  ]:errorr.ied  i:n  eeclesiasiieal  feat  ■\vli:i.!i, 
if  true,  would  certainly  nia.ko  his  lafct  daya  eelipso  the  ).!;lory  cf  lii:i  fonin  r 
aehievenienta.  'I  es  verdad  <]ue  havra  (|uare:i:a  diaa  (jue  con  ayuda  du 
]!eli^'ioa,).j  co:nen;;o  a  conlinnar  los  Vndios  de.-ta  ( 'ibdad  i  inui  CNaniinado:;  (]iii! 
110  rceiliic'Si'n  iiia:-i  do  una  vez  la  connnnacion;  j'a^aron  du  (juatrocie!ita;i  lu'll 
aniniag  lor)  cjuo  rCeiliieroii  el  oiio.'  It  wa.s  indeed  Revere  worU  closely  to 
examine  -lOOitiO;)  Koula  during  43  <lay3,  and  to  aeo  that  they  had  not  b  lU 
]ire\"i(nusly  Iiaptized.  Other  authorities  on  the  elevation  of  Mexico  to  au 
areh.sec,  and  the  aiipdintment  and  death  of  Ziim  hra^ja,  nrc:  I'daiicrrl,  i  l.'l. 
lie  Mc.,\,  '22;  (I'irciia  Tarr^ujoucz,  in  A/>'ui:io,  Cofinvij.,  70;  Dire.  Unlr.,  \. 
II.'Jl'  .'!;  Jhlriliu  < '(»ifiiiiiacioii,  MS.,  .'!!)7;  Torqinmndu,  iii.  4."4;  MvndU'n, 
Jliat.  Kih.-t.,  (iiio-Ci;  /loaiimnnt,  ('run.  Mhli.,  iii.  '_'-Jo-riJ;  v.  G1-.1;  Fcmanfi:, 
Jl'it'f.  I'.rhii.,  ()!);  Vidle,  iVi',11.  y  Not.,  -lo-d;  Medina.  Chroii.  .S'.  JJl'UO,  "J:;!!; 
Villa  Si  iior.  'J'/itatro,  i.  "Jli.  (!on;:alez  Davila,  Tiulro Ecles.,  i.  2',i,  assuuics  that 
Zunii'irraua  a.ctually  \\a'.\  arehbish(>p. 

**  Among  tho  miracles  attributed  to  him  was  that,  when  an  attempt  \\aj 


DEATH  OF  ZUMARRAGA. 


667 


The  llTo  of  tliis  invlato  liad  boon  luinil)lo  in  the 
cxtrcniie,  not  dift'ci'inLi^  from  that  of  tlio  lowliest  niis- 
.sionary.  llu  was  hold  to  have  denied  himself  many 
oi'  tlio  necessaries  of  life;  to  have  worn  none  but  tho 
(Darsest  of  garments,  and  voluntarily  to  have  made 
Lis  long  and  I'rcquent  episcopal  visits  on  foot,  attended 
1)\'  but  few,  lest  he  should  bo  a  burden  to  anv;  and 
though  while  ollieiating  in  his  sacred  calling  he  would 
maintain  the  dignity  and  exhibit  the  s})lendor  of  his 
station,  at  all  other  times  he  was  tho  servant  of  all. 
Oblivious  of  self,  he  was  profuse  in  providing  for  tho 
convents  of  ]\rexico,  and  liberal  in  alms,  lie  loved 
hooks,  though  he  hated  the  Aztec  manuscripts;  it  was 
in  his  collection  of  devotional  works,  and  in  the  study 
dl'  them,  that  he  took  the  <i'reatest  deliiiht.  He  was 
a  man  preeminently  just,  according  to  the  light  that 
Iiad  been  given  him;  austere,  to  tho  full  mortiilcation 
nf  the  ilesli;  chaste,  not  suffering  a  woman  to  enter 
his  liouse  on  any  })retence  whatev  jr.  Gonzalez  Davila 
savs  that  he  had  no  occasion  to  make  a  will,  beiuLf 
destitute  of  worldly  possessions.  But  this  I  lind  was 
not  true.  There  was  a  will,  and  there  was  property.** 
There  were  the  houses  which  the  bishop  jjossessed  in 
Mexico  and  A^era  Cruz;  the  encomienda  of  Ocuituco; 
numerous  personal  male  and  i'emale  slaves,  held  con- 
trary to  law;  horses  and  nuilcs;  with  important  money 
donations  and  many  minor  matters,  directions  for  tho 
distribution  of  which  were  fully  set  Ibrth.^^ 

miulo  to  introduce  those  unseemly  dancers  in  tlio  Corpus  C'liristi  procession, 
111'  ni()vc<l  the  luiivcns  to  pour  ilown  incessant  ri'.in,  which  niiulc  thcni  inipos- 
bllilo,    Vi/fDirrrt,  Miiiohnj.,  <i'2. 

■■''It  was  duly  executed  licforc  a  notary  and  witnesses  on  Juno  2,  l.'i-lS,  ono 
(lay  liefore  liin  dcaili.  An  altcsteil  copy  of  Uic  whole  document  may  he  found 
uUinn'.ri-,  D.C.,  MS.,  77-11-'. 

'"'In  tiie  will  /um;irra;,'a  speak;!  of  a  house  lie  had  leased  to  his  niajor- 
ilemo,  Martin  do  Arangurcn,  for  Uii  years;  of  .scvcial  olhei-  hmises  he  owned 
ill  \'ei'a  Cm;',;  of  female  slaves,  one  of  win. in  he  ha<l  fziven  io  Arair.'uicMi  ]ier- 
suiially  and  ih>\v  wishes  exchaii,%'ed;  of  a  man  >lave  \x  ho  i>  to  woili  .MX  yeal'.s 
mill  then  lie  manumitted;  (.f  other  t-laves  whose  sei'\iees  had  hecn  hired  liy 
I'alher 'I'orres;  of  his  own  attendant  slaves,  and  ])rovision  is  maile  tor  their 
I'liiaiii  ipation.  The  ejiiseopal  huildim,'  is  set  apart  for  hos]  ital  iiurjioses,  t(» 
uliieh  he  j'ives  for  tiie  use  of  the  ^ick  three  of  his  chairs,  Imt  is  careful  to 
111! mien  that  'they  are  not  to  he  taken  from  the  silk  ones.'  I'o  .Iiian  Lope/, 
llu  iliiiiatoa  ItJU  pesos  do  oro  de  minas,  for  having  married,  at  that  price,  a 


¥  '  I 


CoS 


END  OF  MEXDOZA'S  RULE. 


1=  I 


iS- 


According  to  this  clocunient  it  is  manifest  that 
Zunuii  I'iiti'a  was  a  prosperous  citizen  as  well  as  an 
honored  pri'latc;  that  ho  conducted  a  regular  trade 
with  tlic  Indians  through  his  majordomo,  Martin  de 
Aranguren,  advancing  money  on  I'uturc  crops  at  good 
interest,  and  that  these  transactions  and  others  <>t"  a 
similar  kind  had  been  systematically  carried  on  for  a 
number  of  years.  The  old  man  linds  himself  cum- 
bered with  many  things  when  he  comes  to  die,  and 
yet,  on  the  day  of  this  last  distribution  of  his  estate, 
he  indites  a  farewell  letter  to  his  king,  in  which  he 
reiterates  the  oft-made  statement  of  his  poverty,''^  as 
though  to  the  last  he  would  preserve  this  painful  con- 
trast between  the  outward  life  of  the  prelate  and  the 
inward  and  real  life  of  the  man. 

But  all  else  we  could  readily  forgive  the  bishop, 
even  the  occasional  burning  of  a  few  old  witches,  but 
the  destruction  of  tlie  Aztec  libraries,  the  mountains 
of  native  historical  documents  and  monumental  woils 
at  Tlatelulco,  must  ever  be  regarded  as  an  unpardon- 
able oll'ence.  We  cannot  dei)lore  deeply  enougli  this 
irreparable  loss,  the  hieroglyphic  history  of  nations 
unknown,  reaching  back  a  thousand  years  or  inovr. 
In  conclusion  we  may  say  that  the  business  ability  of 
the  bishop  assisted  somewhat  to  temper  his  zeal  in 
certain  directions,  and  to  guide  his  labors  as  adminis- 
ti"ator  and  head  of  the  church,  whose  interest  he  ably 
promoted." 

tl;iu,i.^lit('r  of  'I'riiy  diiticrroz,' un(loul)tcilly  a  conr|uoror  ■\vlio  had  taken  tliu 
lialiit;  tliis  gift  was  iiiado  with  ruhictanco,  but  the  liishop  luul  iiromi.siil  it. 
To  ollurs  ho  L;i\  IS  his  lioisi's  and  mules  m  it!,  appurtenances,  and  to  K^iiiit'.  I'f 
Bft'vii'cs  nndi'it'd,  various  sums  of  money;  to  tho  muis  he  gives  lifty  fiuu;  ..s 
«if  w  iieat.  I'o  tlio  niiijordomo  he  leaves  all  the  tithes  of  tho  pi'ebend.  a;:(l 
directs  him  to  pay  theicwi'ih  the  debts  ho  Uiiiy  deem  proper,  and  iiooLhii.~, 
nnd  no  ai'eountin;,'  shall  be  required  of  him;  there  are  many  minor  pr(ivi:-i"iis 
and  be(|Uests  v,  liirh  tiio  viceroy  is  asked  to  cxi'cute.  1'here  is  no  doubt  t!i  ;t 
'/auu:  .  ;aga  liiid  given  a  building  for  hospital  purjioses,  beuides  the  e|n>cMi  :d 
dwelling,  but  it  is  also  shown  that  he  had  received  it  from  a  deceased  Sjuai- 
iard  for  that  very  jinrposc.   ll<tiiinr~,  Ihic,  MS.,  77-11-,  1;>4  '200. 

•''  lie  also  begged  tho  king  to  pay  any  debts  ho  might  leave,  and  (!(jli;';i''  z 
Diivila,  Tidtro  Lclci.,  i.  'JS,  says  an  order  to  that  cli'cct  was  sutjsequenily 
ia.-iu'd. 

"-  in  connection  witli  Zunulrraga  may  bo  inentioned  Andri's  de  Olun'-.  a 
Franciscan,  who  was  selected  by  liiui  ua  u  foUowdaborcr  when  aiiouuul 


M'V. 
of 

in 

lis- 
iblv 


1  Uio 
■d  it. 

in;  "S 
.  a.ul 
.hivs, 
i:-\oIl3 

th".t 
,.„,ul 

lull-.  "■ 
lilUl'l 


AX  IIISTOEICAL  DirOSTOR. 


659 


Aficr  tlic  death  of  Zumdrraga  the  ]\rexican  sec  was 
ofui-ed  to  several  of  the  old  and  distiiiiLjuished  friars, 
such  as  Father  Gante,  who  declined  the  honor,  and  no 
a})pointment  was  made  for  a  time."'^ 

Some  months  after  Zumiirraga's  death,  which  had 
followed  so  closely  upon  that  of  his  IViend  Cortes, 
Viceroy  Mendoza,  who  had  recently  been  en<.jaiL;'ed  in 
rea[»}iortioning  the  repartiniientos  tliroup;'hout  the 
country,  asked  permission  to  visit  S})ain,  his  private 
tiU'airs  necdinu:  attention  after  an  absence  of  Iburteen 
\  cars.  Tiic  following  year  several  petitions  were  made 
to  the  crown,  prating  that  Francisco,  the  viceroy's 
son,  bo  appointed  to  succeed  his  lather,  in  case  the  lat- 
ter should  resign  or  be  removed.  Indeed,  his  health 
l)c'.an  to  fail  and  a  chantje  in  the  irovernment  was 
tlurefore  soon  expected.  The  several  ])etitions  were 
disregarded  b}'  the  emperor,  and  during  the  same  year, 
l.Vi;),  Don  Luis  do  Velasco  was  appointed  to  su})er- 
scde  ]Men(loza.  l>cfore  this  took  eflect  an  impostor 
cruited  quite  a  stir  in  the  country,  and  lorded  it  for 
u  short  time  over  all  the  royal  oflicials,  including 
]\Iend()za. 

A  month  before  the  arrival  of  Velasco,  there  landed 

liisli(i]i  of  Mexico.  For  43  years  Olmos  liiborod  in  Xcw  Spain,  and  innny 
iiiir.-c'.es  nic  ustrilwd  to  liini.  J^iglitcd  arrows  shot  l)y  savatics  at  tlic  rcjof  of 
liis  (hvollin','  would  fail  to  iirnitc  it,  and  when  directed  against  lii.s  |i('r.-<ou 
tiny  would  return  as  if  shot  by  an  unsctn  force  a'.'ainst  tlieni.-<elvcs.  Jlo  died 
al)(  \it  l.")7l,  lieinc;  over  SO  years  of  ai/e;  and  when  this  event  occuired,  i)er- 
friuoH  and  celestial  music  were  oh.uerved  liy  lioth  Spaniards  and  natives, 
T'ln/iKwula,  iii.  47">;  Mcwl'nta,  llixl.  h't/(s,,  t!44-.'»l  ;  ]'az'pitz,  I'/iroii. 
Crii'..  ')-2[). 

'^  i'adre  Pedro  Oante  was  oll'ereil  the  diocese,  liut  diil  not  accept.  Vr/nii- 
'•rr\  Moil  loij.,  ()7-8.  ]le  nevt'rtlieles.s  remained  the  jiower  at  the  epi-scopal 
eiiiiit,  owin;;  to  hia  f^Mvat  experien<'e,  aliility,  and  iii'.luence.  as  ariiilii.-ho|) 
Moniul'ar  admits,  and  this  till  his  death  in.lune'JT,  l.'iT-.  !le  was  inteired 
ill  the  ehajHl  of  St  Joseph,  one  of  the  many  ti  niples  Imilt  liy  llim^<  if.  and 
till  re  I'dund  his  grave  concentrated  all  the  vast  hive  he  had  uon  froui  Sjian- 
i.'iiils  as  well  as  natives,  hy  his  ajiostolic  i^eal,  his  hi'iu'voli  luc,  and  his  self- 
tlinving  life.  Ponce,  Jicl.,  in  Col.  ])<>c.  IiikL.,  Ivii.  1st;  Mciid'ulo.  Ili<t.  h'r/rs., 
•il'T  11;  Ti'rqunnwld.  iii.  •I'JtJ-.'S'J ;  I'liiu.^dl,  ir,xt.  C/n/djict,  10;  ('urids  ilr, 
/i'"'"-,  7li-.  I'adre  Francisco  de  Soto,  tiien  in  S]iain,  was  elected  to  hll  tho 
t'li^i  upal  vacancy,  hut  he  also  declined.  In  l.ViO  he  returned  to  'I'l.iscala,  and 
tli'd  ill  I,").")!.  /(/,,  !I2.  liislKH)  l''ranciseo  Marro(|uin  of  (luatemala  was  then 
rrc .  iiiMiended  hy  Licentiate  t'errato,  hut  tlu^  I'elition  w;)s  returned  with  tho 
loiiaiU  'Sui  dudu  csto  Beria.  bolicituciou  del  0^)0.'  Curia,  in  Sijuier'ii  JiSS,, 


; 


1  .^. 


3 


; 


m 


m 


1 1 1 


;  I 


5G0 


END  OF  MENDOZA'S  RULE. 


at  Vera  Cruz  a  jxM'son  annoiiiK-iiiL!^  liiiiipolf  as  Liccn- 
ciaclc)  A'c'iia,  visitador  IVoni  Spain.  J  lo  was  aci-oiii- 
])auic'(l  l)y  a  beaiitirul  and  acc<)in])lishc(l  woman  IVoni 
Seville  and  at  oncu  becarno  the  i'e('i})ient  ol"  honors 
(•()rrc'si)()ndin_LC  to  one  who  nii^lit  have  many  i'avois  to 
l)e.stow.  ^Mendoza,  who  was  notified  by  the  authorities, 
felt  nmeh  surprised  at  this,  not  luivin^'  reeeived  any  in- 
ibrmation  oi"  such  procedure  on  the  part  of  the  erouii. 
^J'he  audieneia  trembled,  and  oilice  holders  and  seeki-rs 
were  eagerly  (wpectant.  The  new  visitador,  making- 
no  secret  ol"  his  int(>ntion  to  bestow  honors  and  eniolu- 
iiients  as  he  listed,  (piickly  reaped  a  rich  harvest  iioni 
his  audacity  at  A^ei-a  (^ruz,  and  the  pair  j)roceeded  to 
IMcxico.  KnowiuLT  that  his  time  was  short,  N'cn.i 
iieeced  wherever  he  could,  assisted  therein  by  his 
fair  comjianion.  When  hints  were  offered  as  to  his 
credentials,  he  said  that  thev  were  in  the  hands  ot' 
the  new  viceroy,  who  would  soon  arrive.  AVlun  the 
new  viceroy  came  the  presumptuous  pair  departed 
fron^  ]\rexico,  ostensibly  to  meet  and  rec-ei^e  tli.it 
official;  but  meanwhile  suspicions  had  been  arousid. 
The  Iraud  was  dete<'ted;  the  im})ostors  wei'e  arr(~stcd 
and  stri])peil  of  all  that  had  been  i^iven  tln'm.  A'<  ii.k 
was  sentenced  to  ivceive  four  hundred  lasht>s  and  tin 
years'  service  at  the  galleys;  the  beautil'ul  Seviliaiia 
was  ship})ed  to  S^jain,  and  thus,  remarks  the  caustic 
Toi'(juemada,  "the  im|)ostor  was  leit  jioor  in  silvci' 
but  rich  in  stripes."  Tliis  act  of  justice,  the  last  e.\r- 
cuted  by  JMendoza  in  New  Spain,  received  the  warm 
a[)plause  of  the  connuunity. 

During  the  month  of  Noveinl)er  tlie  new  vicerov 
arriveil,  an.d  Mendoza  ]iroceeded  to  Cliolula  to  re- 
ceive him,  a  custom  which  was  observed  bv  sub>i'- 
<iuent  out-going  viceroys.  When  the  ceremonies  ot 
transmission  were  over,  jNIendoza  delivered  to  his  suc- 
cessor lengthy  written  instructions  concerning  vice- 
regal duties,  indicating  the  necessary  measures  to  li" 
followed  in  the  government  of  the  country.  This 
information  was  of  great  vahie  to  the  new  vicerov, 


HE  GOES  TO  PERU. 


661 


("oininix  f^s  it  did  from  one  \vlio  had  tjovcrncd  so  lon<x 
and  HO  wisely. 

(J  rout,  indeed,  had  been  the  progress  of  New  Sjiaiii 
(hniuLr  the  iifteen  years  of  Mendoza's  rule.  The  tu- 
iiuiUuDUS  events  of  the  last  decade  had  ^iven  place  to 
]>eaco  and  order,  and  conspiracies,  revolts,  and  rehel- 
lion  had  been  suppressed.  Even  the  storm  raisetl  by 
the  new  laws,  which  had  thivatened  social  and  ])olit- 
ical  disruption,  umler  mild  mana!^enient  had  wi-ouLj;'ht 
hut  insignificant  evils.  The  concpiest  of  ])rovin('es 
ill  the  north  and  south  had  been  achieved;  mines 
had  been  discovered  and  developed;  numerous  towns 
and  churches,  convents,  hospitals,  and  seliools  had 
hi'cii  i'ounded;  roads,  briilges,  and  other  pul)hc  worhs 
had  been  constructed,  and  agriculture,  industry,  and 
cDUunerce  had  greatly  increased.  It  is  unnecessary 
to  dwell  upon  the  character  and  deeds  of  jMendoza. 
llis  acts  are  before  the  reader,  lie  was  not  wholly 
limitless;  he  was  not  altou'ether  without  enemies;  but 
in  the  main  he  was  a  just  man,  and  his  conduct  met 
the  approval  of  both  the  crown  and  the  coUynists. 

The  king  could  not  well  afford  to  dispense  with  such  a 
servant.  The  connnotion  in  l*eru  had  become  chronic, 
and  Charles  desired  ]\Iendoza  to  establish  there  a 
stahle  government.  He  was  permitted,  howev(,>r,  to 
rdain  the  viceroyalty  of  ]\lexico  should  he  so  prc>fer, 
in  which  case  A\>lasco  would  [)roceed  to  IVru;  but, 
tlcsiiing  a  change  of  climate,  in  the  hoj)e  of  restoring 
his  failing  health,  he  concluded  to  make  the  transfer.  * 


' 


4"n 


•''  S,    )r>  s:iy  lliiit  MiMidoza  ni;i(lo  tlio  trip  frmn  Mcxioo  to  r;ni!iiii,i  liy  laiul. 
Thi-,  li  V,  isimpnitjiiMo.    '1'Ikto  whs  no  liij^liway  llin>u,u'li<  '(.iitial  Ann  i  ira 

tu  till'  Jstliir.us,  iind  the  vici'i'oy  was  h\  (Iclicatc  lu'altli;  I'lU-thiTnioiv,  the  trip 
^Vllul.l  iiave  1)0011  iiazardona  ovi'n  \\itii  ;i  hir;,'(!  oscurt. 
of  I  ho  yovoriiniont  of  i'cru  in  Sopt.  loo  I,  luul  ilioj  July  -1,  loo: 


Moudoza  took  cliargo 


'llio  nuthoritios  consulted  foi-  tlio  prccoding  tlu'cc  cliaptors  nro:  Ilirrrm, 
<li  I',  vii.  lib.  ii.  oap.  x.-xii.;  lil).  v.  oaji.  v.;  lib.  vi.  oap.  vii.  .\i.;  lib.  vii.  cap. 
Mv. :  doo.  viii.  lib.  iv.  oaj).  .\ii.;  lili.  vi.  oap.  xi.;  TorqiiviDaihi,  i.  ((OS-tihi; 
iii  10(i-S,  'J.'.S,  :<4()-7,  4(iS-7(),  o.S'.),  ClO-l  I,  ()•_';!:  aumnra,  lllst.  Iinl.,  l:i.'>; 
"/■■/.„..(,  ,/,'  1,1  Ciiroiin,  MS.,  ii.  7CJ;  S-iiiiir's  .V.S'.S'.,  xix.  :;'.)  4J;  /''f/o.  rn/ii- 
/.'/■;..,  100-1)1,  paK.sini;  I.'ciiKxdl,  llhl.  C/ii/ii/ia.  UIO-'J,  'Jli;!,  '-'."iT-ti-,  KNl-.'.S, 
f)'.'"i  (1,  711;  (I'rijii.'ni,  ('run.,  .")l-77;  Iitcui>.  dc  IiidUtti,  i.  '21'2;  ii.  17,  lOt>,  1117; 
Uisx.  Mlx.,  Vol.  II.    UU 


fi62 


END  OF  MENDOZA'S  RULE. 


Oifilhifs  Am.,  00,  2C0-7;  Cartai>  ih  IndhiK,  nS-l,  R,'{-f)l,  110-20,  770;  OrhJn 


ii.  14J 


0-14,  So2  4, 


i)it>;  IV. 


Pachcco  ami  L'iinl(  i 


Col.  ]! 


IIS,  l-JS,  :!(;!),  ;!77;  vi.  170-:!,  ■lS4-.".i:);  vii. 
xiv.  l.')l-().");  XV.  447-8;  xviii.  .'{lIH-.IO;  JjCh: 
ili'o'j.  Jk:-<cr'p.  Oftjura,  ii.   o77;    O'uir.itfiz  JJuv'iUi,   Tcniro  Lclr 


0,  2;i«-8,  .WS;  viii.  .'J^t,  1!):)--J(IS; 
((,  Kvovo  Monilo,  .SS-0;  liurddn. 


m  !»,    170;    Mi)id„tu,    Ill-it.    Erics 
L'nni'f.,  'MS.,  No.  1,  'Jl-r)8;  J/cr.  Arta.^  P 
2s"(CiilnK,  ;!4-()I);  Mciliiiii,  C/iroli.  S.  iJiajo, 


.'j-.iriS,   471-7,   515;    /'roviiiria   Sinto 


MS. 


Mkh 


owan. 


I' 


■|7;  livrwiJ iJlu-.,  Ul-'i.Vcriliul., 
2l>."i  7;  Kin(jf.hiiriiii',ili'.-<  M(.r.  Aiilu/.,  v.  \M;  Ddv'ila l\iiliVu,  lii>il.  Fetid.  Mcr., 
]I7  IS,  i;)!i-7.');  c'n'icHoi  J'n.v.  J.:M-0.',,  245-0,  .'!5l-(;7;  Dut-.la,  Con.  dc  la 
Cn'iii.,  MS.,  ;ii2-i;!:  JjimiiiKnil,  (.'run.  Mhli.,  iv.  105-501,  p;i3sii;i ;  v.  (5-100, 
l;i4  40,  2;.'0-:!07,   4s:;;    /-/.,   M.S.,  ;}2;;-l(IS0,  piissim;  Arlinni,   C/mm.  J'ror. 


ZnraUi 
"■'I'- 


IJ-IO,  14;)-5,  :;42;  Vii-jiiKZ,  Chrmi.  Ciiaf..,  520;  Ml 


•I  I  ■  a  Do 


]MS..    N( 


iO-1,   242-:t;    C(d/<;  Mi: 


y 


Aof.,  45-0,   02,   80- 01: 


Curli.s,  J'tirrild-^  Siti l/of>,  ;io.'i-5;  Corlrn,  Dhirh  IS!.?,  xii.  .14S;  J'a;ji 


'I'lliirr-i 


Trnt.  Ml 


l\iS.,   Kc'liu  i.,  No.  1;    Viluiicrrt,   Mciiolo'j.,  40-08,    120-02;   Vitniirvii, 


Sr>\  Mix.  (i'i'oj.,  Jiokiiii,  iii.  ;J47;  vi.  277-8;  viii.  21,  017-27 


ix.  48;  X.  114;  lliinih  >ldt,  JU^ni  I'ul..  i.  131-2,  217,  :{18-10;  Fi 


•ill",  llUt. 


F'li".,  (il-2,  l.'tl-l,  150-0;   'J'i;riniux-Coni/)fiii.-<,   \'o>/.,  suriu  i.  tmii.  x.  250-Oii, 


iO-:)0(i,  C40-51;  J'li],.   r 


ju.  pt. 


-r. 


y/'V.  Aw.  ii.  1005;  /rcr.'itdn/'i,  <  oK  Do 
ralln.  Not.  /H.sf.,  10-20,  :;l-2, 1,')8~7 1;  J>'n. 
Noiireilc.-iAii.  diH  Vo;/.,  xcix.  102;  Aliiiiiiii 
38;  Ali'jri',   Ji.'xt.  Com  p. 


jit.  vi.    12;  Uohi 


ii.  02-1. -.4,   lOS-2.10, 


i.';  !'• 


,i.  414;  I\ 


it<l,Mi 


1 


,  JJ!.s,rt.,  ii.  18:;-5;  Id.J/i-t.  .1/. 


i.  00-4,   200-," 


J) 


i.trnr.  t^oii 


th  S, 


am  II 


tcL    F 


210-20;  Cuh 

Pol.,  i;;--j 


in  rii 


Km  lido  Ai 


-0;  ii.    1- 
184- 


ji  riiriri 


i: 

Ii-.,/.'! 


ii/'ii'  'I 


'roccso,  xviii.  xxui. 


7.' 


ii.  07:  Ml  ■:  J/;, 


Kll- 


Lu 


Id.,  Ml- 
J)oc.,  ^IS., 

?iniz(i,  />i-^ni 


Lit.    Arti, 


07-188;   AV 


-114,  104-200:  J'r.  .-^riitf.s  Mi 


:H  Hist.,  470-501;  J7((.«) 


(tlla 


J'olriila,  01;  Curo,  Trm  Siijlos,  i.  101-,")7;  ].irdo  dc  Tijuda,  A/niiit.,  Ni 


MiiyioMrx.,  i.  .54-7,  5:i7-40:  iv.  U.VIO;  Mondtv,   JH.fL   J)'i 


m; 


4;  Li 


rlio/ii 


20:{-;!10;  Oalr 


i',S  J  J  is 


20-8;  LaCi-iiz,  ii.  01:5-15;  v.  080;  Chi 


ill, 


2;Jl-0;    VlHaSt 


'I'hcdiro,  i.  23  ct  sci 


Ml' 


:,.  F, 


Mr,., 
:  Sidn- 


0;  Fo.^.-iit/,  J\/r.v.,  .'■)l-2;  Jiinru,  iloh.  Mcv.,\.  'M-o,  I'lO- 


nist.  Jn!"/>(i,  i.  (52-4;  Id..  I>rsrr!p.  Zir.,  ii.  ,S,  4;  Frijr.i,  llUl.  II 
200-0,   21)1-70;  Samon,  L'Amo:,  .S4-5;  Zaimrii,    lid).  Lnj.  F't. 


101-7;{,   200-0,   21)1-70;  ,Si. 
440(52;  /( 


V.  ()-2S;  JJl 
dr  la  Vi'/it,    Ci 
Fr.<.,  MS. 


JHst.    llw:,  411-518;  Zamitroi.i,  Hist.  J!iJ.,  iv.  (501- 


i.  i: 


•SO,  50,  r>0;  X.  788,  918-21;  Oi 


tla>n 


ii.   80-1;  Id.,  La  Florida, 


55-05; 


.^25-45;  P 


vr  di!  Siilui. 


Fijiftrai,  11 


I'j.'il;  Jalisro,  Mrm.  Hint.,  151- 


li50,  178-100;  7(1'.,  Not.  G'(!n<i.  i/  F.<t.,  15;  FI  Indirador,  iii.  37-52;  < 
Mini.,  30-1;  Id.,  Vr.  and  Cal.,  02:  (Jonzalcz,  Col,  N,  Leon,  xiii.-xvii. 


irri  Hliuir  .i 


hr  ■ 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 


IXDIAX  POLICY. 

1550-1500. 

Lri^  T)E  VixAPco,  Second  Vicekoy— Rovai.  IssTiirrTioNs  and  SrB^^EQrr.NT 

lUXiULATIONS  —  I'^M'OUCr.JIENT  OF  THE  XEW  LaWS  —  CoNSXr.KNATIO^f 
CAfSED    liY    TIIEIU     EXECUTION — SeAVES     SET    FuEE— DiECIO    KaMIUI.z' 

CoriDiissioN— Caciqces'  Ar.rsEs  Ciiecki-.o— The  Ceown  Assc.mes  Fcli. 
JiuisincTiON — Kncoiiienpa  Entail — Oitosition  of  the  Aitjiencia— 
]1au  Effects  of  the  New  Laws  on  Minino  and  Revence— Pdimi.a- 
TioN  AND  Its  CiiAEACTEU — Reiokm  MiiAsrEEs— Poweus  of  the  A'ke- 
i;ov  llESTinciED — Tin;  Aitdiencia  Made  his  (Jouncil — Philu'  II. 
PiiocEAiMED  Kino— He  Begs  fou  Money. 

The  newly  ajjpoiutcd  viceroy,  Luis  de  Yelasco,  was 
a  niciuber  of  the  noMe  lionse  of  tlie  constablo  of  Cas- 
tile, and  a  kiiii^lit  of  Santiago,  wlio  to  his  ilhistrioim 
hirih  and  hii^'h  merits  united  the  experience  j^'ained 
hy  nearly  thii'ty  years  of  military  service  and  as  a 
rule  r  in  Navarre.  IJuriuLi^  his  loni;"  career  he  had  dis- 
phiyed  sterlinj^  personal  worth  and  ])ractical  states- 
iiKuiship.  lie  was  of  industrious  habits,  and  in  him 
})ati(.'nce  and  firmness  were  united  to  a  winniniuj  aila- 
hility.  He  seemed  fitted  in  every  j)articular  to  till 
tlu>  responsihle  position  to  which  he  had  l)ei'n  called 
liy  his  sovereign.^  Indeed,  it  was  necessary  tliat  llie 
<^i)\rrnment  so  judiciously  oiganized  hy  ]\Iendoza 
.should  bo  as  faithfully  administered  by  his  successor. 

'  lln-nra,  <lec.  viii.  lil).  vii.  cap.  xiv.;  Ahinvtii^  Ditni.,  iii.  npp.  ii.  (^iie 
rulijiinis  writer  erroneously  stiites  timt  VcImscd  liail  servc<l  in  tlie  iiiiiip.JLii 
n.'ainst  llie  Cliicliiinecs.  It  was  probaMy  his  .son  tliat  was  rel'eirecl  to.  ulio  .-it 
;i  liirr  lime  remlereil  service  tlierc.  Mril'iiia,  Cliroii.S.  J)i('io,'2,'i'.l.  N'elaseo, 
ill  a  litter  of  .July  \'2,  \'>'<'2,  to  the  enijienir,  s;iys  that  the  secretary  of  the 
T'lyul  council,  Francisco  do  J'^raso,  ii.ssund  him  at  the  time  of  his  aiii)ointinent, 
tliiil  if  Mcmloza,  utter  serving  three  years  in  Peru,  (lesired  to  lie  a  secoiul  time 
Mcduy  uf  Mexico,  he,  Vclasco,  was  to  give  up  the  ollice  to  him.  and  go  to 


-r 


5G4 


INDIAN  POLICY. 


After  tlio  coMfercncG  at  Cholula,  Yclasco  proceeded 
to  tlio  capital,  which  lie  entered  tlic  25th  ot'  Novem- 
ber 1550."-^  Ilis  reception  by  tlie  niunicl[)ality  and 
j)eo})le  was  cordial,  every  one  expectini^  the  best  results 
I'roiu  his  rule.^ 

There  were  the  usual  instructions,  under  date  of 
April  IG,  1550,  from  the  king  to  the  viceroy,  contaiii- 
\n[f  much  upon  the  already  hackneyed  subject  ol'  In(Hau 
])olicy  and  Indian  treatment.  It  made  little  dillerenct; 
to  the  colonists  how  nmch  was  said  or  ordered  hy 
Spain  and  Home  regarding  freedom,  conversion,  and 
the  like;  but  when  there  was  talk  about  enforcing  the 
so-called  new  laws  of  1542,*  that  was  indeed  a  serious 
matter. 

Amonix  other  details  to  insure  the  further  relief  of 
the  natives  it  was  ordered  that  the  compensation  (o 
collectors  of  tribute  should  be  paid,  not  by  the  Indians, 
but  out  of  tlie  proceeds  irom  vacant  corregimientos. 

rem  with  the  same  vniik.  AVith  tliis  Tuulerstniidin.^'  lie  left  his  family  nwl 
interests  at  hoiiK'.  lie  was  willing  to  euutiniie  Jii.s  most  faillitiil  bervirci  t  > 
the  erowii,  but  if  ref[iiiie(l  to  go  to  I'eni  the  king  should  allow  him  an  ,i.K- 
<|iiate  salary,  say  .'JO.OOO  diieals,  and  ."{.OOO  more  for  travelling  exiieuie-;  ;m 
his  means  were  (luite  limited  and  the  eoniing  to  ^luxico  hroiiglit  him  IJ.("'!) 
dneats  in  delit,  whieh  was  being  jiaid  out  of  his  small  income  in  S|)aiii.  ( '■',;({ 
(il  L'lii/i.,  in  i'(()ia.'i  </<■  Imlhi^,  'My)-1,  and  fae.  sini.  .').  lie  was  allowid  •J,(.iiiJ 
])esos  a  year  more  than  Mendoza  liail  reeei\ed.  The  salaiy  ol  the  oidores  w as 
at  tlie  same  time  increased  to  loO,()00  maravedis  each.  This  increase  of  nmi- 
jiensation  was  cou[jled  with  the  obligation  on  the  jiart  of  the  favored  oiii'  la's 
to  abstain  from  all  money-making,  anil  to  devote  their  whole  encMgy  to  lln  ir 
oliicialiluties.  I'luja^Ccdiilnno,  \A\.  At  a  later  date  the  vicertiy  luLLcily  <.i;:i- 
jilains  of  his  inadecjuate  salary,  which  comiielled  his  wife  and  children  In  I'C 
separated  from  him,  in  despite  of  which  his  expenses  in  Mexico  nec('j.--:ii  ily 
exceeded  his  jiay,  and  he  was  sinking  his  small  patiimony  with  increasing :.iid 
unavoidable  debt.  a<l(ling,  '  lo  c|ue  pretendo  es  no  yrlasi'i  pagara  laotra  viu!. 
lie  wants  the  crown  either  to  allow  him  sullicient  com|)ensaiion  or  send  l.ni 
ids  recall,  before  he  is  utterly  ruined,  renunding  the  king  tliat  he  (L;>vivis 
some  consideration  at  his  hands  after  liis  oO  years  of  faithful  service,  t!ie  ]'  >i- 
tioner  being  an  ohl  man  "J, 000  leagues  away  from  his  homo,  family,  and  u  'a- 
lives.  Velaseo  was  a  '  eaballero  prol'eso  '  in  the  order  of  Santiago.  ^\  Imii  Kc 
left  the  government  of  Navarre  he  was  granted  '2;7,),()l)0  maravedis  a  uar 
during  his  life,  or  until  an  cfiuivalent  was  allowctl  him.  Vthixco,  Ciii-:a  nl 
Eiiiji.,  in  f  iirldf  dc  Ii/<lia.i,  '.i(i(i-7. 

-  Lorenzana  gives  his  arrival  in  Mexico  city  Pec.  Hth,  and  seveial  autli"i-i 
follow  him;  all  evidently  in  error,  for  the  government  record-book  shnw.s  l.iJ 
lii'st  order  to  have  been  dated  Nov^'JSth,  and  the  last  one  of  Meudoz.i  i  a  i  t. 
4th.  Ooh.  Pol.,  in  L'orU''><,  Jllst.  X.  E-<i>.,  11;  Tuiyueiiiada,  i.  (il7,  makcsl.iia 
arrive  in  1. ").")!. 

'  'Para  ilicha  y  felicidad  do  la  Nneva-Kspafia.*  Vetancvrt,  Trut.  J/t.'.,  S; 
'liondire  cab;il  y  pio.'  Caro,  'I'lrti Si'jlos,  i.  I.il. 

*  I'uc/iLCO  and  Cdnltiiati,  Col.  Due,  xxiii.  j'JO— 17. 


VKLASCO,  VICKROY. 


065 


Til.'  rovnl  ofTlciiils  wero  not  to  bo  called  toother  dutiea 
than  strictly  those;  of  their  rcspor-tive  ofHccs,  cxjxn'i- 
ciice  haviiit,'  shown  that  such  oiliccvs,  under  the  })re- 
text  of  collecting  the  revenue,  often  inflicted  much 


uiiurv. 


Churchmen   must  not  interfere  in   niattera 


I'oi'eign  to  their  oallinu:."  Another  most  important 
injunction  hy  the  monarch  was  the  advaticement  of 
jiublic  education,  and  the  establishment  of  a  university 
in  ^lexieo. 

As  in  duty  bound  Velasco  set  himself  at  work 
energetically  to  carry  out  his  instructions,  and  con- 
tinue to  the  best  of  his  ability  the  work  so  well  begun 
hv  ]\[endoza.  His  straiyht forward  course  won  for  him 
the  resj)ect  and  love  of  his  subjects,  and  eonlirnied 


til 


did 


le   conndence   o 


f   tl 


le   sovereiu'u. 


One  of  liis  iirsfc 


acts  was  tlu;  enforcement,  in  laf)!,  of  the  now  laws 
V.  liich  it  had  been  deemed  expedient  by  ]\[endoza  and 
Tello  Sandoval  to  suspend  in  1  544  at  the  importunate 
jn'titions  of  the  colonists.  The  king's  conunands  wero 
now  peremptory  to  make  effective  the  laws  for  the 
manumission  of  the  natives,  liy  an  aflirmatory  decree 
(if  July  7,  laal,  the  crown  ordered  that  all  Indian 
Women  taken  prisoners  in  war,  and  males  wlio  at  the 
time  of  beiiiLT  captured  were  under  fourteen  vears  of 


whether  alreadv  branded  or  not,  should  be  forth- 


'•TIic  crown  in  tlic  first  t luce  years  of  this  viccre^nl  term  iasucil  several 
(lei'i'ces  to  f.'ovcrn  tlio  trcasuiy  ollieials  anil  otiier  royal  olliecrs,  notalily:   I'^x- 
I'linie.ntionol'  accoimta  i:o\v  proeceiliu'. 
'J'lia surer,  contailor,  factor,  ami  veei 
lil,0.:0  ]H'so3  in  yold.    l']seril)anos  de 


:  not  to  he  interfered  with  cvei 


lor  to  fui  iiisli  e; 


I  on  aiijM 


il. 


an  additional  li 


.f 


;  to  have  thi'ii'  fees  cnrtailed.    l)iities 


ou  snicltini;  and  niarkinL;  f;old  and  silver,  hitherto  allowed  to  tiic  niar(|uis  of 
Caiiia rasa,  the  seci'etary  Cohos,  to  he   liereafter  aeeounted  for  to   the  kiu^'. 
Tre:rnry  ollieials  to  sell  all  conliscatcd  ,t,'o()ds  without  delay  at  jnihlie  vendue 
an  oil' 
tiul 


lor  to  ho  always  jiresient  at  sales  tor  treasury  account.     Masons,  tailo's, 


rs,  and  others  of  low  de''n 


>t  to  ho  made  correi/idoros.    The  and 


iciieia 


;is  inhihitcd  from  niakinji;  aiipoiutuicnts  to  ollices  held  in  ])crpetuity,  ami 


riiulcred  vacant  hv  death  i.r  re- 
l2'o,  IJS,  i;i4,  llid,"  V.i'.K  ISl,  181 


ition  of  the  incuinhi'iit.   I'mjc,  V'dn 


■J'here  heing  in  New  Spain  many  friars  and  clorgynu-n  who  had  come  liiero 


(lis^'Ulsi'd  as  layiuru, 


wi'.hout  the  roipiiaite  royal  permission,  some  of  the  latter 

ctiiu'.'cut  orders  were  iss\icd  to  the  viceroy  and  auilicnciii  to  return  all 

to  Spain   forthwith.     'J'hc  first  order  of   l.'joOwas  leiterated   May.".!,  \~>T>1. 


J'lx.i",  (.'(iln/iirio,  i;i;)-4,  179.    In  the  si 


inie  year 


i; 


to  avert  'losdi'snianea 


cclcsiiisticos  en  .asunto  de  mugires,'  the  king  forhado  the  talking  hy 
hmen  to  the  Indies  of  women,  even  though  thu  latter  might  he  their  own 


cliur- 

tiiilcrs.  L'ctro,  Ti 


Sl^lo 


IGO. 


Aii 


I! 


i  '■!  '      ! 


*      HI 


500 


INDIAN  POLICY. 


)■:! 


!^     f 


'lijii 


with  set  free.  Tliisdccroc  likewise  iMfludt'd  the  ])iis- 
onvVH  taken  in  the  last  Jalisco  war,  as  there  was  no 
ri^-lit  to  make  tliem  slaves.  Fnll-grown  men  taken 
])iisoners  and  held  in  slavery,  if  tiie  }){)ssessors  eoiild 
not  show  that  they  had  l)een  cai)tured  in  a  just  war 
and  after  all  the  requirements  of  the  royal  ordinances 
on  the  subject  had  been  fullilled,  were  to  be  at  once 
liberated, the  burden  of  jiroof  being  laid  on  the  masters; 
brands  or  bills  of  sale  or  other  titles  of  possession  were 
to  go  for  nothing  in  such  cases,  the  presumption  being 
that  those  Indians  were  free  vassals  of  the  king/ 

Tiie  colonists  came  forward  with  their  opposition 
stronger  than  before.  Old  arguments  were  I'evived; 
they  begged  and  threatened  and  wailed.  The  kings 
officci's  were  firm,  and  one  hundred  and  (ifty  thousand 
male  slaves,  besides  great  numbers  of  women  and 
cjiildren,  were  set  at  liberty.  It  was  a  grand  consuin- 
mafion,  a  most  righteous  act;  and  when  we  consider 
the  times,  the  loss  of  revenue  to  the  crown,  the  un])o]i- 
ularity,  nay  the  al)solute  danger  of  the  movement  in 
regard  to  the  colonists,  and  also  that  it  was  volun- 
tarily done,  wc  cannot  but  bless  the  religion  which 
manufactures  consciences  productive  of  such  results." 

Another  important  injunction  was  end)odie(l  in  a 
cedula  of  September  21,  1551,  from  Prince  Phili[i, 
who  now  governed  Spain,  forbidding  the  viceroy  and 
audiencias  to  keep  Indians  in  their  service  unless  i'or 
fair  wages.  All  demands  of  personal  service,  as  tiili- 
iito,  were  to  be  discontinued;  the  king  and  conned 
knew  that  the  natives  preferred  to  pay  their  tril)i!te 
in  money,  and  not  in  labor,  and  this  preference  liere- 
after  was  to  be  respected.     The  viceroy,  oidores,  and 

'  If  .iny  such  natives  li.ad  been  allotted  to  the  crown  for  its  fifths  ,anil  snM, 
the  sale  money  was  to  be  returned  to  the  purchasers  out  of  the  royal  trcaMi'V 
an<l  the  natives  freed.  Other  natives  held  as  slaves,  not  as  the  result  of  \v:ir, 
and  elainiin;^  their  freedom  were  to  be  listened  to,  and  tlieir  cases  adjiuIiLMicil 
according  to  the  existing  laws.  The  decree  was  to  be  circulated  farand  v.  llr, 
that  it  might  become  known  to  all  Indians;  the  Franciscan  friais  were  ;i'>o 
directed  to  instruct  tlie  Indi.an  slaves  to  demand  their  liberty.  I'ik/h,  ('(di'l'i- 
rio,  1-24-8,  144-.^  l."')4,  180,201).  (M^hm  (/e /a  C'oroH«,  MS.,  ii.  10,'with  auto- 
graphs of  Prince  Maximilian  and  Queen  Juana. 

" '  Quclando  del  todo  sin  csclavitud,  y  molcstia.'   Vilancvrt,  Trat.  J/(.'.,  '^. 


n  '■< 


mCFOUM  MKASURKS. 


807 


;irc]il)isli()p  were  directotl  to  assess  the  tribute  the 
(Town  Jiidiaiis  were  to  pay  in  liitine,  in  lieu  of  per- 
Miiiiil  service." 

Persons  having  slaves  in  the  caj)i(;il  were  foihivlden 
ti>  remove  them.  This  policy  w;is  earnestly  recom- 
mended to  ^  elasco  by  his  predecessor,  on  the  <j;'i'ound 
that  the  slaves  wouUl  therehy  he  enabled  to  obtain 


then' 


IVeed 


om  with  trreater  eertauitv 


1 1 


Ii 


>t'tl 


n  pursuance  or  tlie  royal  commani 


1 


dof  J 


uno  1,  1549, 


the  viceroy  deterniinetl  to  elu'ck  the  pi'aclice  of  l'»rc- 
iiiLi;-  tlie  natives  to  carry  heavy  loads,  antl  j^ave  orders 
accordin;j;ly.^^  It  was  even  tbnn;l  n(!cessary  in  some 
cases  to  cheek  the  elergy  who  had  assumcsl  temporril 
;is  well  as  s[)ii'itual  authority.  ]Jut  as  their  acts  could 
lint  be  ojienly  corrected  without  biin^in^'  disujraco 
n|)on  the  church,  the  viceroy  asked  for  the  privilei^^e 
tf  excrcisinL;  more  })rivate   ineasurt-s,  which  reipiest 


the  crown  ixranted.     Likewise  tlie  crown  inte 


n 


)( )se( 


I 


its  authority  as  late  as  1558,  to  }»revcnt  caci(pies  from 
ahusino-  tlu'ir  subjects,  capital  punishment,  nuitilation 
(if  limits,  and  other  iiilliclions  by  their  order  beiii,"^ 


l.i(hl 


en. 


Thi 


supr 


c  ,ne 


JUIl 


sdict 


ion  m  civil  as  wi 


1 


■II 


as  criminal  cases  was  formally  assumed  by  the  crown; 
and  July  8,  1557,  it  was  ordered,  to  prevent  the  ca- 
ciiiues  from  robbinijf  the  waws  of  the  laborers  they 
ciiiploycd,  which  had  become  a  common  practice,  that 
such  wages  should  be  paid  before  the  lutnistfo  duc- 


riiici'O. 


The  thraldom  of  the  chiefs  over  the  macchiialcs,  or 


;{  ..  .  -i 


"An  earlier  c(?(liila,  July  7th,  liml  cnjoincil  tlio  fixing;  of  Indiiiu  triUnto,  ami 
dill  a\v;iy  with  the  iieccshiity  C)f  its  l)i'in^'  paid  in  gcjld-dust  by  any  native. 
M' iidtria.  Hint.  J:^des.,4~l—i;  'J'oniKriiifutn,  iii.  •_'.')!-.'). 

"  'Con  cargo  que  no  Ic  saqtie  do  la  ciiidad,  pm-iiuo  dihidolca  liigar  que  lua 
lli'vca  fucra,  no  consiguen  tan  en  breve  la  liliertad.'  Mfiidur.a,  lid.,  Apiiiitam, 
II  .Ic'vON,  in  P<icfirco  and  Ccir(liit(i<,  Cul.  Dor,,  vi.  50'.). 

"  Some  say  they  could  not  carry  for  nioiu'V,  because  they  were  sn  ill-paid. 
'Xi  quo  fuese  dc  gracia,  h  por  voluutad  de  I03  pro]iios  Indio.s,  iii  ojjriniidos,  y 
f'ir(;:ulos.'  Torqnvvtada,  i.  OIS.  In  June  \o')-2  the  king  coinni.uided  tliat 
oidi'i's  of  the  viceroy  should  be  obej'ed,  even  when  a|ipealcil  from  and  the 
ajipcid  allowed  by  the  aiidiencia.  I'mjn,  Ceihilario,  \\)2.  1'lie  kinu'  had  also 
ii'iitenq)lated  the  reappointment  of  a  protector  of  Indians  in  \lw  Spain,  but 
f'lr  suine  reason  failc<l  to  do  so  for  souil!  time.  M'-udkla,  Jlist.  Edcs.,  481; 
Baiumont,  CrOii.  Mich.,  v.  143-5,  Mt>.,  SUO-1. 


!  !: 


ii    '  i) 


rr.^ 


INDIAN  POLICY. 


laborers,  was  a  heavy  one.  ^Nfaiiy  lu-ld  tlie  position  of 
('aci(|nes  \>y  tluii"  own  assumption,  witliout  l)ein%^  tlit! 
rinliU'til  Iieiis  oC  <1eeease(l  cliirls.  As  a  matter  of  l'a<t 
manv  of  the  old  lords  and  cirk-ls  had  died,  sinei-  the 
S[)anish  <'on<|uest,  Icavinn'  no  sriceession.  Otluns  h;id 
become  rulers  by  the  l;ivor  of  the  friars  or  corre'-i- 
(lores,  who  had  made  them  <>;overnors,  alcaldes,  or 
sheriil's;  and  as  soon  as  an  Indian  b(\!j,'an  to  hold  such 
an  ollice  he  called  himself  a  chiei'.  The  next  y^.u' 
another  set  would  be  created,  and  this  was  continuid 
from  year  to  year  till  the  number  had  so  nuiltii)Ii(  d 
that  about  one;  fourth  of  the  native;  po[)ulation  called 
themselves  itriiici/xdcs,  or  cliiel's.  Cortes  bronu^ht  1  lie 
subject  to  the  attention  of  the  crown  with  the  addi- 
tion that  these  sell-constituted  caci(|ucs,  haviuL;'  the 
rod  of  power  in  their  hands,  had  seized  a  lari^e  portion 
of  the  taxable  lands,  claiminjj^  them  as  patrimonial, 
and  settled  on  them  native?  I'ent-paycrs,  from  whom 
tlun'  exacted  hin'h  rents  besides  the  royal  tribute  of 
one  dollar,  and  a  half  lanej^a  of  maize.'" 

Had  the  yearly  tribute  been  no  more  than  this,  tlie 
burtlen  might  easily  have  been  borne;  but  as  a  matter 
of  iact  the  natives  had  many  burdens  laid  upon  them, 
such  as  personal  labor,  providiiif^  lirewood,  and  supply- 
ing fodder  for  animals.  The  king,  the  conniumes,  thi^ 
friars,  and  the  head-men  who  ruled  the  towns,  all 
^vore  entitled  to  a  share.  The  exactions  other  than 
crown  receipts  were  called  "sobras  do  tributos  y  bienes 
do  comunidad,"  and  at  one  time  were  no  less  than 
300,000  pesos,  a  d  together  with  personal  service  were 
pure  imposition  -n  the  macehuales.  They  had,  more- 
over, to  serve  .    ■  nothing  whenever  the  authorities 

" Tlic  m.nrqui's dfl  V  lo  iir|:;c(l  tlie discontinuance  of  the  system.  Tlic  i'  .il 
olil  (jhii'fH  miu'lit,  liowev  li.ive  tlicir  jii/lal/i,  or  patrimonial  lands,  cuhi\; '.'  '1 
l)y  fairly  paid  native  1  iorcrs.  C(ni(i,in  I'arlirro  and  Cdrdnin",  <'<  /.  /'■'', 
iv.  411)-.")].  In  time  ni;  y  niaci'liuales  deserted  their  lords,  which  the  S|i;;u- 
ifli  court  discountenar' ^d.  Oct.  '20,  l.")G8,  it  orelcred  that  such  dcsMhis 
should  1)0  restored  to  their  natural  caciiiuos.  However,  in  10'2S  and  lii.it 
royal  ordi'rs  were  issued  to  investigate  false  titles  and  set  such  aside,  to  ]iin- 
tect  tlie  rij,'htful  cacifj^ues  in  their  iirivileges,  and  at  tlic  same  time  relieve  tiio 
plebeians  from  unjust  liurdens.  No  mestizo  could  beconio  a  cacinuc;  a  l.i«' 
•of  1570  expressly  forbade  it.  Zamora,  Lcj.  Ult.,  ii.   153. 


a  I 


FRArnS  OF  TIIF.  OFFiriATi!. 


nco 


(iilK'd  ii])()ii  tliom  to  l>iiil(l  t()\vn-li<>usi>s  or  to  inalvo 
oilier  iiinn'ovt'iiiciits.  I'lidcr  s'.i'*h  a  systtsin  towii.H 
(•(tuM  Lfct  alonuf  without  lniuU,  jind  Hic  siiri)lus  spokni 
of  was  approjji'iated  by  tlio  uiiprii-  i;)lc'(l  c;oll(>ctorH.*'' 
A  coiuinoii  trick  was  tor  tlio  colin-^or.s  to  ask  cvrry 
two  or  llin-o  years  lor  a  new  conul .  on  tlu;  ijfrouiul  of 
a  (U'crcasc  in  the  po[)iilutioii,  wiiii-li  'hey  made  appai- 
ciit  hy  liidiui^  a  luiinbcr  of  the  natives.  I'lien  with 
less  to  account  i'or  they  would  collect  from  all  and 
koe|>  the  sur[»his.  The  remedy  HUi;i^ested  l>v  Cortes 
to  check  these  frauds,  and  to  ''  )  away  with  all  undue 
thraldom,  and  at  the  same  time  otler  an  inducement 
to  the  macehual  to  ac(juiro  industrious  habits  and 
iiiiprove  his  fortunes,  was  to  jjfive  eacli  man  or  head  of 
a  family  a  title  for  himself  and  his  li>2fal  heirs,  U)  u 
shall!  of  land,  conditioned  upon  his  faithful  payment 
every  year  of  a  certain  rent,  under  penalty  of  tor- 
feiture  of  the  leasehold.  l>y  this  arrangement  the 
tiihiite  would  be  laid  on  the  land  and  not  on  the 
laborer.  The  surplus  shares  of  land  remaininL?  at  the 
lii'st  n'rants  should  bo  awarded  to  those  born  there- 
alter  in  the  district,  and  (»f  i)roper  ai^e,  who  had  no 
l.iiid  to  culti\ate  because  their  [)arents  had  not  a  sulli- 
cieiit  quantity.'*  This  ])i'o)iosal  met  with  favor  on 
the  j)art  of  the  crown.  JCarly  in  I.IGO  it  was  ordained 
tiiat  all  scattered  natives  should  be  called  to  dwell  in 

'■''  All  almsc  iiijuriotis  to  liotli  tlic  jmycr  ami  tlic  rr)yiil  tvonsury.  Cni-fi's,  in 
I'dr/iii-o  inu\  C(ir/iii((tf,  Col.  J)in\,  iv.  411-"J,  44()-.")-J,  -I.")!!;  Valiirrninti,  in  A/., 
iv.  ;;,'il);  I'd.  Anon.,  in  /(/.,  vi.  l()li-7.  ('i)it('.s  si'cnu'tl,  iiDwevir,  to  liavi; 
thr  intiiustH  of  tlio  crown  mow.  at  heart  than  tiiowc  of  the;  victim.  Jlc  Wiiiitiil 
the  tiiliiitcs  increased  in  niorc^  favored  localities,  where  many  could  make  in 
t\\o  or  tiircu  days  the  anioiint  of  their  yearly  tax,  Imt  lieiiig  too  lazy  to  wmk 
iiiid  ln'iietit  tiieiiiselvcH,  needed  to  1"'  forced  to  it.  In  fact,  they  cIkj.sc  to  jiay 
f"iirorfi\  reals  rather  tlifiii  the  half  faiie^a  of  mai/e,  when  a  whole  fancLTic 
Mas  worth  only  four  or  five  i-fils.  'J'lie  e;raiii  should  lie  demanded,  he  i!i;,'ed, 
ill  lieu  of  nioncyr  otherwise  m  a,  slioi  t  time  there  would  ho  a  famine.  'J'hero 
A^as  another  imposition  the  native's  wire  called  ujion  to  sillier;  that  of  Span- 
ish travellers  liilletiiij,'  themselves  with  their  servants  and  animals  uiion  tiiem. 
A  royal  order  in  l.")(i.'J  rtMjuircd  that  tiavelliiii,'  Spaniards  should  put  ii))  at 
ieiis,  if  theic  were  any,  or  if  not,  to  jiay  for  what  they  hud.  Zamuni,  j.i  j. 

/■".,  ii.  .■".:>(;. 

"  III  loT.")  the  royal  trilnite  continued  at  the  old  rate.  A  number  of  nati\eH 
liiid  liccoiiic  the  owners  of  large  haciendas  anil  otlicr  jiroperty  payiii;.,'  no  other 
t:  X.  A'lirii/iic.,  ('arid  al  Iky  (Sc'iit.  *J3,  1^73),  iu  Cartas  tU  Indian,  'M~  >>; 
llnldiijt's  Voy.,  iii.  403. 


.1    II 


INDIAN  POLICY. 


iX     t 


towns,  wlicro  they  were  to  hold  lands,  and  to  pursue 
tlicir  useful  mode  of  obtainhig  a  livelihood.  This  was 
really  the  reiteration  of  an  order  of  October  1558. 
If  carried  out  in  a  proper  spirit  this  law  wouhl  have 
proved  beneficial;  but  the  avariciousness  of  the  white 
men  charged  with  its  execution  defeated  its  object. 
They  i^ave  the  natives  only  the  more  barren  lands, 
reservincjc  the  best  for  themselves  and  their  friends.'^ 
On  the  other  hand  it  was  true  that  the  natives  did 
not  like  to  work,  and  the  mjvcrnment  felt  oblioed  at 
last  to  compel  them  to  raise  more  grain  than  they 
actually  required  for  their  own  use  and  for  tribute.'" 

The  viceroy  Velasco  attended  faithl'ully  to  the  car- 
rying-out of  these  orders.  Towns  within  five  leagues 
of  Mexico  city  were  to  be  visited  for  the  above  pur- 
poses by  the  oidores.  For  visiting  more  distant  towns, 
and  cnforciuGf  the  measures  for  the  benefit  of  the 
natives,  the  crown  ordered  that  vhe  licentiate  Dic<n) 
Kamirez,  an  uj)right  man,'"  should  be  specially  com- 
missioned. The  audiencia  was  made  to  render  him 
all  possible  aid,  and  to  countenance  no  ap])eals  from 
his  decisions.  Ramirez'  term,  oriijinallv  limited  to  six 
months,  was  afterward  extended  for  as  lonsjj  a  time  as 
he  might  need  to  complete  his  useful  tasks. 

It  was  enjoined  on  the  visitadores,  whether  Ha- 
mirez  or  an  oidor,  to  prevent  among  other  abuses 
that  of  inflicting  corporal  punishment  on  the  natives 
by  friars  who  had  usurped  the  power  of  imprisoning, 
whipping,  and  clipping  the  hair  of  na,tive  ofiendcrs. 
They  were  also  to  cause  the  removal  of  all  herds  cf 
cattle  and  flocks  of  sheep  grazing  on  lands  to  the  in- 
jury of  the  natives;  and  to  see  that  the  latter  had  tlio 
requisite  spiritual  aid. 

"  Tliis  injustice  caused  a  dispersion,  and  the  project  Lad  to  be  abandoned. 
Torquonada,  iii.  203. 

'"I  judge  tliat  was  the  object  in  view  when  the  viceroy  and  andirnri:i 
decreed  December  5,  1578,  in  obedience  to  a  royal  order  of  May  7,  1">77,  that 
the  enconicaderos  should  not  pell  to  or  excliango  with  tiieir  own  Indians  tho 
maize  received  in  tribute.  Moiitcmnior,  An/on  Amrd.,  .IJJ. 

"  From  the  beginning  to  tlic  end  of  liis  rule  Velasco  was  careful  to  appdiiit 
none  to  ullico  but  the  moral  and  upriglit.  Torqucmada,  i.  Mil;  Ikuumvut, 
fix  ..  Mich.,  V.  541),  MS.,  1133. 


TENURE  OF  ENCOMIENDAS. 


m 


IS 


One  of  the  objects  of  Ramirez'  trust  was  to  officially 
a[)|)riso  the  eiicomenderos  tliat  their  tenure  ■would  bo 
only  for  the  natural  life  of  themselves  and  their  next 
legitimate  son  or  dauijhter,  but  at  the  death  of  the 
second  holders  the  repartimientos  were  to  revert  to 
the  crown.  This  was  pursuant  to  (he  royal  decree  of 
April  5,  1552,  providing  the  succession  to  an  encomi 
cnda  in  the  eldest  son  or  direct  heir  lawiully  begotten 
Not  long  afterward  the  succession  was  extended  to 
the  second,  and  later  to  several  more  generations,^'*  so 
that  in  effect  it  became  perpetual. 

The  royal  jrder  giving  preference  to  the  con- 
querors was  extended  to  their  sons,  notably  by  a  law 

''III  the  event  of  liis  inability  or  unwillingness  to  accept  it.  tlien  the  sec- 
(iiiil  son,  and  so  on  to  tlic  last;  if  there  wore  no  sons,  then  the  eldest  duiiglitcr, 
and  in  lur  default,  the  next  in  succession,  under  certiiin  oliligations;  if  tluro 
v.iTc  neither  sons  nor  daughters,  then  tlie  widow.  After  the  death  of  tliis 
sciond  holder,  the  cnconnenda  was  to  revert  to  the  crown.  Under  the  king's 
general  regulauons  no  mulatto,  mestizo,  nor  any  one  of  illegitimate  birth 
I'nidd  hold  an  encomienda.  If  any  was  so  holden,  it  was  to  reveii  at  once  to 
the  erow!'..  The  order  was  subsequently  moditied,  allowing  the  viceroy  of 
I'lrii  in  1")."9  to  legitimise  eliildrcn  born  out  of  wedlock,  even  where  tlio 
mothers  were  Indians,  iqion  the  payment  of  a  sullicient  sum  to  secure  tho 
eiicomicndas  they  were  to  inherit.  That  privilege  was  rescinded  in  1501;  its 
revival  asked  for,  was  refused  in  l.")7."!,  and  had  not  been  allowed  as  late  aa 
Id  J.  It  is  likely  that  tho  same  rule  held  good  in  Mexico.  I'lir/u,  Cidithirio, 
l.'iil. 

''•'The  right  of  transmission  to  the  third  generation  having  lieen  tolerated 
ill  New  iSpaiii  in  15.m,  Viceroy  ^'elaseo  was  in  doubt  if,  in  default  of  children, 
tlie  juivilego  extended  to  wi<)ows  and  otlier  heirs.  This  was  at  lirst  icfiised; 
hilt  on  the  9tli  of  February  l.")(Jl  the  viceroy  ami  audiencia  were  directed  to 
]i(rmit,  when  there  were  no  sons  or  daughters  in  the  third  geiiei'ation,  surviv- 
ing Imsbaiids  to  inherit  the  encomit  ndas  of  their  wives,  and  vie  versa,  until 
tlic  crown  should  enact  some  general  law.  This  led  to  abuses  in  marriages 
hctv.een  old  women  and  young  men,  or  of  old  men  with  young  women,  to 
fccuie  the  iiihcritam.  of  ciiconiiendas,  wiiich  were  frequent  and  continued 
inilil  in  later  years  tho  king  adopted  measures  to  jircvent  such  unequal  alli- 
r.iicis.  February  'JT,  l.">7o,  and  'luly  S,  l(j;)|{,  such  injieritances  were  forbidden 
in  the  second  and  third  gcnenitions,  unless  the  iiarties  hail  been  married  ami 
lived  to;:etlier  at  least  six  months.  I'mja,  Cciliilnrio,  \',]2,  I'M,  K)!),  I  l!t-."iO, 
I'll  (),  I'JJ-H.  Tc^'tinioiiio,  hi  fwlvio  and  Caidcuax,  Col.  JJor.,  xiii.  47S-80. 
Moiilr-irlaro.t,  in  A/.,  vi.  '2S4,  '2S.S- DO.  In  l."i(!;5  the  crown  resolved  that  enco- 
iiiitmlas  should  no  longer  be  transmissiljle  to  heirs  in  tlie  third  gennvilion. 
Tlii^i  jirojeet  exasperated  holders  fif  the  secon<l  generation,  and  mucli  trouble 
ni«is(;  in  consequence.  Piniltfi,  Xol.  Jli.it.,  I'.).").  Dut  it  was  not  carried  out. 
.■\iid  there  were  eases,  on  the  contrary,  in  later  years,  vliere  the  teniiro 
p:iss(d  to  the  fourtli  and  even  to  tne  fifth  generation.  The  encoiiieiidero.< 
Wire  required  by  law  to  dwell  in  the  provinces  where  they  held  their  eiicomi- 
cinhis.  The  provision  was,  however,  often  ilisregarded.  'J'liose  living  in 
Mr\iL'o  with  permission  were  not  authori.^ed  to  compel  their  Indians  to  luring 
the  tributes  thither;  nor  liad  t^iey  the  right  of  taking  from  the  Indians  any 
artitlu  of  food  without  paying  ttierefor.   V '«;/«,  Ccduluriu,  1C4. 


,•  t 


m% 


INDIAN  POLICY. 


of  1553  ordering  that  the  sons  of  the  first  conquerors 
of  Now  Spain  who  were  not  possessed  of  encomion- 
das  should  be  preferred  for  the  position  of  corrcgidor 
and  other  offices,  in  order  that  they  might  derive  a 
support  therefrom.^  The  pension-hst  to  widows  and 
offspring  of  the  old  conquerors  at  the  time  amounted 
to  about  24,000  pesos  per  annum.^^ 

Even  these  broad  and  searching  measures  wore 
deemed  insufficient  by  Friar  Pedro  de  Gante,  for  in 
1552  we  find  him  writinjj  to  the  king  setting  forth 
the  great  suffering  of  the  natives  from  excessive  lal  inl- 
and heavy  taxation."  He  beseeches  the  monarch  t) 
look  with  merciful  eyes  on  his  red  subjects  not  only 
of  New  Spain  but  of  New  Galicia.  Nor  were  thiso 
prayers  disregarded  by  the  crown.  Orders  were  issuer  I 
for  the  benefit  of  the  natives,  and  issued  again,  and 
several  oppugnant  decrees  of  the  viceroy  and  audiencia 
were  repealed  by  roj'al  command.  And  yet  many 
and  gross  evils  continued.  The  archbishop  confirmed 
Gante's  statement,  yd  added  that  the  natives  wiio 
vicious,  given  to  carnal  pleasures,  drinking,  and  gam- 
bling, and  excessively  fond  of  litigation.     They  W(!ro 

'"  The  second  marqut^s  del  Valle,  soon  after  his  arrival  in  Mexico,  sliowcil 
himself  to  be  not  unmindful  of  tlie  old  conquerors,  now  few,  and  most  of 
tlieni  poor.  It  was  true,  ho  said  to  the  monarch,  that  they  received  sniiio 
assistance  from  the  royal  treasury,  but  it  did  not  suflioe  to  support  tliem.  'Jo 
further  aid  tliemhe  wished  that  of  the  400  public  offices  at  least  100  kIiou'jI 
be  given  them;  considering  the  fact  tliat  a  great  many  of  those  offices  existed 
merely  to  afford  a  maintenance  to  some  man;  otherwise  200  miglit  be  al«>l- 
islied.  Cortis,  C'nrtu,  in  Parfwco  and  Cdrdnias,  Col.  Doc,  iv.  4.")!>-G0. 

"  Tliose  pensions  were  paid  out  of  the  fund  of  iiidios  varo^,  or  un;i|i- 
propriatcd  Indians;  the  lowest  was  ;J0  pesos,  and  one,  the  higliest,  of  I  '0 
pesos;  many  were  of  300  pesos;  a  few  of  400  pesos;  the  rest  ranged  from  -ViO 
pesos  downward.  Aijurto,  Penxioms,  i.-  Iil.,  xiv.  '201-20.  In  ir).)4  there  wiio 
18  cncomendcros,  who  were  aged  and  wi'-hout  heirs;  at  their  deatli  tlie  lnili:iiis 
would  revert  to  tlie  crown.  A  list  appears  in  Jielacion,  xiv.  S'JO-'J.  'I  lio 
veedor  of  Kew  Spain,  Santandcr,  in  a  letter  to  the  sovereign  of  July  !.">,  I"i"i7, 
recommended  the  perpetuity  of  the  tenure  of  Indians,  on  the  ground  thnl 
there  would  be  less  warfare  and  niort.'dity;  tlic  Sjianiards  would  lie  bi'tterilis- 
jiosed  to  serve  their  king,  and  the  royal  revenue  would  be  augmented  witli'Ut 
taxing  the  wliite  settlers.  It  seems  that  for  him  the  Indian  had  no  n.lits 
tliat  sliouhl  not  be  made  subservient  forever  to  the  interests  of  the  crown 
and  the  benefit  of  tlie  Spanish  conqueror.  iSantamler,  Citrta,  in  t'ul.  I'm'. 
Jiu'iL,  XX vi.  ;i.")l  et  sc(|. 

'■'-'  Tiiis  condition  of  things  made  it  impossildo,  ho  said,  for  the  natives  to 
advance  morally  or  otherwise.  The  etlect  was  to  debase  tliem  more  muI 
more,  and  to  I'apidly  decrease  tlieir  nundx-r.  (iitiitc,  C<trfa  al  L'mp.,  in  '  ',i,-;'!-"li'- 
Jndias,  02-102;  Zamora,  Lvj.  UU.,  ii.  152  4;  Onleiii-tide  la  Voruiiu,  MS.,  ii.  13. 


FUTILE  EFFORTS  OF  THE  KING. 


673 


(Tround  clown  by  heavy  taxes  and  personal  service,  a 
portion  of  which  went  to  the  priests,  and  the  rest  was 
consumed  by  the  caciques,  governors,  and  chiefs  in 
tatingr  and  drinkin^f.  The  tributes  had  been  lowered, 
hut  the  common  laborers  felt  not  the  benefit  of  the 
decrease,  as  they  were  made  to  pay  at  the  old  rates, 
the  chiefs  reapinjT  the  advantage  of  the  difference. 
They  were  virtually  held  in  slavery.-'  On  the  matter 
reaching  the  ear  of  the  king  the  audiencia  was  directed 
January  19,  1560,  and  again  July  12th,  of  the  same 
year,  to  check  such  abuses. 

It  was  the  audiencia  as  much  as  unprincipled  cnco- 
nienderos  and  infamous  tax-collectors  that  thwarted 
the  beneficent  designs  of  the  king  and  his  viceroy. 
As  a  court  of  a])peal  this  tribunal  would  render 
nugatory  many  of  the  viceroy's  decrees.  Then  the 
affairs  of  the  natives  would  bo  postponed  and  im- 
peded in  sucli  a  manner  as  to  defeat  the  ends  of  justice, 
and  render  of  no  effect  the  beneficent  ro3'al  purposes.-* 
Tliis  was  folly  on  the  part  of  the  high  court,  and  a 
cause  of  inconvenience  to  the  litii^ants.  The  condition 
of  the  natives,  as  a  mntter  of  justice  and  chanty, 
called  for  prompt  despatch  in  their  suits  at  law,  and 
hi'odom  from  costs;  no  pettifoggers  should  have  been 
allowed  to  meddle  with  them.  In  their  ignorance, 
and  for  several  reasons,  the  Indians  permitted  the 
mestizos  and  others  to  exercise  over  them  a  baricful 
iuiluence,  in  inducing  them  to  keep  up  litigatlt)n,  par- 
ticularly about  their  lands.  The  best  course  that 
occurred  to  the  viceroy  was  to  expel  all  mestizos  and 

^'  Arzoh.  de  M^j.,  Carta,  in  Pachrro  nnd  Cdnlciins,  Col.  Doc,  iv.  400, 
ril.V'Ji.  Father  Toral,  who  had  invaiialdy  shown  hhiisrlf  a  waiiu  frieinl  of 
tin-  natives,  did  acknowledge,  however,  that  X'elaseo  had  ihmc  much  toward 
iiiiprovin;-,'  their  condition,  as  he  had  abolislitd  personal  service,  slavery,  and 
i:i;uiy  abuses.   Toral,  Carta  a  S.  M.  <i  /'<;/,  in  (.'arlu.i  ile  Jinlia.i,  I.'IS. 

^'The  oiiipcnir's  attention  was  called  to  tho  matter  hy  the  Fr.inciscan 
coiiiisario  and  other  fathers  of  tliat  order,  among  thenk  Motoliiiia  and  Saiia- 
j;ini,  wiio  complained  that  the  audiencia  s  course  made  much  confusion  he- 
twi'cn  the  Spaniards  and  natives.  liKntamautv  el  al..  Carta  at  L'iii/>.,  in  Carlaa 
do  Iiiilia.i,  121-2,  Tlie  viceroy  told  tho  king  that  were  it  not  lor  his  for- 
I'liiianco  much  trouble  might  have  resulted  from  tiie  insolent  bcliavior  of 
N'Miic  of  tho  oidores;  lie  then  bcg'^ed  for  tho  a])pointnient  of  a  visitador  of  tlio 
audiencia,  and  for  the  removal  of  those  objectiouablc  oidores. 


'ii 


( I 


!    Ml 


I-  R^ 


.'! 


574 


IlfDIAN  POLICY. 


lit'     ':-f-'- 


obnoxious  Spaniards  from  the  Indian  towns.  He 
also  insisted  that  the  authorities,  both  high  and  low, 
should  be  ever  watchful,  in  order  that  the  natives 
might  accept  as  real  the  government's  protection. 

Among  the  measures  favoring  the  natives  the  pro- 
vision of  hospitals  for  the  care  of  their  indigent  f^ick 
was  worthy  of  much  commendation.  Prince  Philip, 
at  the  suggestion  of  Viceroy  Velasco,  decreed  in  laa;} 
the  construction  of  a  suitable  building  for  that  purpose; 
in  the  city  of  Mexico/^  and  other  hospitals  and  inliriii- 
aries  were  founded."" 

Obviously  the  enforcement  of  the  new  laws  soon 
began  to  tell  on  the  royal  revenue.  This  had  been 
predicted  to  Velasco  in  the  beginning  of  his  rule,  but 
he  had  said  that  such  considerations  were  of  littlo 
import;  the  freedom  of  men  was  of  more  importance 
than  all  the  mines  in  the  world.^'  Velasco  was  forced 
to  admit,  however,  that  the  new  laws  had  caused 
trouble  and  poverty,  partly  because  of  exemption  from 
personal  service,  but  in  a  great  measure  owing  to  tliu 
fact  that  the  Spaniards  would  not  exert  themselves. 
He  feared  that  the  royal  treasury  would  long  feel  the 
bad  elf'ccts  of  this  state  of  things,  unless  a  timely  remedy 
was  applied.-'^ 

'■'  It  was  to  cost  2,G0O  pesos  tlo  oro.  An  extra  allowance  of  400  pesos  ilo 
oro yearly  v.aa  also  {.rrantcd.  The  fuiul  having  been  cxhr.iistccl  beloro  tho 
cditieo  waa  linishcd,  the  prince,  now  Kin,'^  Philip  II.,  in  looLi  gave  a  lurtl^cr 
sum  of  'J, 000  pesos  do  oro  from  the  royal  treasury.  This,  tcjcthcr  v.ith  tlio 
aid  the  native.i  tlicniselves  could  all'ord,  was  deemed  all-fmilicient.  This  hos- 
pital, and  oihera  which  were  snbscriucnUy  cstablislicd,  provcil  very  usclnl 
during  t'le  deL^:)lating  epidemics  of  lojj  and  later,  t'avo,  Tren  Sii/fo:!,  Ifi;i.  hi 
l.wO  Fallier  Jos(5  de  Augulo  was  at  Brussels,  v.hcrc  Philip's  court  then  \::is, 
and  heard  from  t!io  royal  lips  high  praise  of  Viceroy  Velasco'a  Indian  ])olicy 
and  of  the  loyalty  of  the  natives.  Velasco  was  commended  in  a  letter  of  J::ii- 
Uiiry  of  that  year.  Fdi/je  II.,  Carta,  in  I'acheco  and  Curdfitan,  Col.  Doc,  iv. 
403-(i.   Ptiija,  Ceilukino,  187. 

2'' Viceroy  I]nriqucz,  who  ruled  the  country  from  lo08  to  IHSO,  saw  thiir 
necessity,  and  mailo  provision  accDrdiugly.  lie  distrusted  his  eounlryiuui, 
who,  lie  feared,  cared  little  for  tho  Indian.  In  his  suggestion  to  Iiis  succesjir 
lie  speaks  clearly:  '  despues  dc  aervirsc  do  los  Indies,  mas  cuidado  tieiien  I'.o 
BUS  pern  13  que  no  dellos.'  llcnrlquez,  I imtruccion ,  in  Pachcco  and  Cdrdcita.'t,  Cvl. 
Doc,  iii.  4oJ-0. 

'■''  Caro,  Trcfi  Sh/Io^,  i.  158-9,  piously  ascribes  Velasco's first  act  of  justiio 
to  the  natives  to  his  anxiety  for  bespeaking  God's  favor  to  his  rule :  'paia 
comci.zar  sii  gobierno  eon  la  bendieiou  de  Dios.' 

'"  I  cLmC",  Cuiiu  ul  L'liqj.,  in  Caitas  dc  Iiidias,  207. 


HARD  TIMES. 


ms 


The  Spanish  population  was  diacontcnted ;  a  consid- 
erable part  of  it  was  in  a  state  of  indigence,  partly 
(iwinix  to  the  number  of  va^^rants  and  to  extravjiLjant 
habits  which  had  acjain  increased  notwithstandini::  the 
i-Lstrictive  sumptuary  laws.  On  the  other  hand,  among 
the  natives  there  was  more  independence  and  comfort; 
;ind  the  viceroy  had  become  apprehensive  of  evils  to 
conic.  He  told  the  king  that  the  land  was  full  of 
negroes  and  mestizos,  greatly  exceeding  the  S])an- 
iards  in  number,  and  all  anxious  to  purchase  their 
tVeedom  with  the  lives  of  their  masters.  To  accom- 
jilish  this  end  there  was  reason  to  fear  they  would  join 
whichever  side  should  rebel,  Indians  or  Spaniards. 
To  avert  revolt  he  recommended  expeditions  to  bo 
made,  the  companies  to  be  formed  of  white  men, 
negroes,  and  mestizos.  No  more  Spaniards  should  be 
allov/ed  to  come  to  the  country,  nmch  less  negroes, 
there  being  twenty  thousand  of  the  latter  present, 
and  their  number  increasing.  It  woukl  be  well  also  to 
.send  to  Spain  as  many  of  the  mestizos  as  possible. 

To  satisfy  the  Spaniards  he  favored  the  jdan  of 
giving  the  conquerors  and  first  settlers  of  their  heirs 
the  })romised  encomiendas,  but  without  political  or 
judicial  powers,  and  making  them  pay  a  portion  of 
the  taxation,  say  one  sixth  or  one  seventh,  for  the 
support  of  the  churcli,  conversion,  and  instruction  of 
the  natives;  connnitting,  at  the  same  time,  the  care 
of  teaching  the  aborigines  to  the  prelates,  which  duty 
hitherto  had  belonged  to  the  encoincnderos.  These 
should  be  required  to  dwell  at  their  encomiendas,  and 
iu  the  town  with  the  prelate.' 


20 


-'■•TIic  council  of  hishops  in  ir),">nlso  paid  to  the  crown  that  the  country 
VMS  fuUof  va;;iMiit3  from  Spain;  nicuwlio  ii.ul  neither  occuixitioii  nor  incansiif 
liviUhood;  anil  it  %va3  necessary  to  stop  the  cmi;Malion  of  more  of  th::t  lIus.s. 
..'/'J'.,  in  Pcclii'co  and  t'drdi'iia-i,  ( 'of.  l)nc.,  lii.  ."iiJti-?.  '\'\\ia  condition  went  on 
from  liad  to  worse  for  several  years.  Tlie  voedor,  Doctor  Santander.  a.  resi- 
di  i;t  of  l(i  ycara  in  America,  recorded  July  \ool,  that  lliere  were  4,030 
Ml:ite  persons  l>orn  in  ^lexico  who  were  nnemployed  and  wi,iiout  support;  to 
wl.ich  numher  were  to  be  added  tlie  white  per.wna  from  Sp-iia,  and  the  ha!f- 
liici  lis.  Sniifaiidcr,  Cartn,  iu  Col.  Dm'.  Inrit.,  xxvi.  ;t")l.  To  chcel;  va'jraney 
u  iiiyal  ordi'r  of  (Jet.  ',\,  l.'ioS,  exacted  tliat  .Spaniards,  Iiuliaiis,  and  mixi'il 
urti  ds  should  dwell  iu  towns.   I'lKjit,  Vedulario,  '20o,     Li  some  parti  of  New 


ill 


*J» 


INDIAN  POLICY. 


fi    • 


With  corruption  present  in  the  ^rand  tribunal,  and 
purity  of  intention  on  tbj  part  of  the  idni^'s  repre- 
sentative, it  was  natural  that  questions  regarding  the 
[)owers  of  the  viceroy  should  arise.  Velasco,  as  well 
as  others,  appealed  to  the  emperor  to  make  clear  his 
duties.  Theoretically,  the  viceroy's  powers  had  been, 
and  continued  to  be  till  15G0,  unlimited  in  matters 
of  government.  As  a  matter  of  form,  Velasco  had, 
on  difficult  affairs,  invariably  asked  the  audiencia's 
advice.  That  body  together  with  some  wealthy 
Spaniards,  whose  abuses  he  had  suppressed,  or  at- 
tempted to  check,  labored  not  only  to  undermine  his 
standing  at  court,  but  to  restrict  his  powers.  Tlioy 
were  aware  that  they  could  not  influence  the  king 
against  Velasco  personally,  whose  pure  motives  and 
good  services  were  much  valued;  still,  th  y  brought 
to  bear  plausible  pretences,  and  won  to  their  views 
:j0me  of  the  king's  counsellors.  Velasco's  health  was 
represented  as  broken,  which  might  aflcct  his  mind, 
and  render  his  decisions  not  always  judicious.  ¥vv 
this  reason  they  claimed  it  was  expedient  to  appoint 
him  a  council  whom  ho  should  consult  upon  state 
affairs  before  adopting  any  resolution.  Such  a  course 
would  insure  the  proper  deliberation,  and  relieve  him 
of  much  responsibility.  By  such  means  the  king  was 
finally  brought  to  accede  to  the  suggestions  of  his 
counsellors,  and  decreed  that  in  future  the  viceroy  of 
New  Spain  should  adopt  no  action  without  the  pic- 
vious  advice  and  consent  of  the  audiencia,  which  be- 
came thus  constituted  as  a  viceregal  council.    All  llio 

Spain  provisions  were  scarce,  and  the  villas  of  Purificacion  and  P;Unico  were 
ill  155;$  already  becoming  depopulated.  I'dnnco,  in  Cartas  dc  fiidian,  '2C>:\-'>. 
Tlic  women  were  so  extravagant  in  the  iiso  of  jewelry  that  the  country  felt  its 
bad  eOects.  No  improvement  was  gained  by  tiic  royal  measures  to  check  vi'  o. 
The  second  niarquOs  del  Vallc  complains  bitterly  of  indolence,  inoicnsiiig 
want,  and  vice;  truth  was  almost  a  stranger  in  the  country;  lying  and  iK-ijuiy 
bad  become  a  staple,  'porqucs  coscclui  desta  tierra.'  Coiic^,  Cartu,  in  I'ach'io 
and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  iv,  4j5-G,  458-9.  Still  later,  in  1570,  vagabomhii^o 
and  lawlessness  were  still  rampart.  ^[<'ndU•ta,  Carta  d  Joan  dc  Viiarjlo,  iu 
J'rov.  dit  Sto  Eraiuj.,  MS. ,  No.  l(i,  '208-9.  An  Englishnum  who  visited  tho  city 
of  Mexico  in  lo7'2,  declared,  'the  men. .  .are  marvellous  vicious;  and  iu  liko 
manner  tho  women  are  dishouest  of  their  bodies.'  Hawks'  lid.,  ui  UukU-ijl's 
Vvy.,  iii.  4U3. 


m 


PHILir,  KING. 


m 


tmtlioi'ltics  who  treat  of  this  suhieot  acrrce  that  tho 
new  system  was  productive  of  confusion  and  evil  cou- 
siquences,  and  that  Spaniards  as  well  as  Indiana 
SLilfered  from  it,^*^ 

A  large  portion  of  the  most  worthy  Spaniards  dis- 
approved of  the  course  adopted  toward  Velasco.  Even 
tlie  ayuntamiento  of  Mexico  objected  to  it  without  , 
showing  any  factious  spirit.  It  chose  two  of  its 
members,  Geronimo  Ruiz  de  la  Mota  and  Bernardino 
Albornoz,  to  represent  at  court  the  evils  arising  from 
the  late  enactment.  They  were  joined  by  three  promi- 
nent fathers  of  the  Franciscan,  Dominican,  and  Aus- 
tin orders,  who  had  been  despatched  on  the  same 
errand,  one  of  whom  was  Francisco  de  Bustamante,  tho 
Fianciecan  comisario  general.  The  viceroy,  on  his 
part,  while  obeying  the  royal  mandate,  reiterated  to 
the  king  his  desire  that  a  visitador  should  be  sent 
out.  The  agents  reached  Spain  in  15G2,  presented 
their  case,  and  the  royal  counsellors,  to  quiet  them  all, 
advised  the  appointment  of  a  visitador.  The  licen- 
ciado  Valderrama  was  accordingly  commissioned  with 
instructions  to  consult  public  exigimcies,  and  promote, 
as  far  as  jiossible,  the  wx'lfare  of  New  Spain.  In  due 
time  will  be  presented  to  the  reader  his  arrival,  and 
the  manner  in  which  he  discharged  his  trust. 

!Most  of  the  measures  enacted  of  late  years  by  tho 
crown  for  the  administration  of  aftairs  in  New  Spain 
emanated  from  Prince  Philip,  who  was  in  charge  of  tho 
government,  owing  to  the  emperor's  failing  health  and 
absence  in  his  German  doininions.^^    In  January  1556 

'"'So  expcrimonti  que  cncallaDan  caJ.i  dia  mas  los  ncgocios  dc  los  Es- 
pafioK's,  y  so  olvidiiban  tie  los  natmalos.'  Caro,  Tns  Sii/lihi,  i.  170.  Moiulii'ta 
B[)iaks  of  the  contempt  that  was  thrown  upon  the  royal  ri'))rest'ntativi's  in  tho 
Cdiintry.  Even  the  natives  hail  learned  to  pay  no  respect  to  their  deci^^ions,  hav- 
ing liccn  prevailed  on  to  look  to  the  audicncia  as  the  real  superior  authority;  '  no 
liayais  euenta  de  lo  que  cste  os  ha  dieho,  ni  dc  lo  que  dexa  mandado,  (|ue  no 
es  siiio  vn  liombre  por  ai,  que  pasa  de  caniino,  y  no  puede  nada,  (jue  alh'i  en 
Mixioii, esti^in  h is  Tlatoipies . .  . que  nos  favoreeen"iu, y  liunui  lo ij^ue  (iuisieremos. ' 
Tiir<innnad(t,  i.  G25-6. 

^' He  wrote  the  audieneia  of  Mexico,  May  10,  1054,  to  announce  his 
approaching;  niai'iiage  with  (^uecn  Mary  of  England,  aud  to  order  that  during 
Uisr.  aiES.,  Vol.    U.    37 


678 


INDIAN  POLICY. 


^ 


n  1a 


'  i 


Philip  was  in  Brussels,  where  he  hatl  come  accoi'diiiL,^ 
to  his  father's  instructions,  to  be  present  at  the  kiui^'s 
abdication,  and  to  receive  the  crown  of  Spain.  Tin; 
official  notification  was  made  by  both  Charles  and  tlio 
new  monarch,  who  assumed  the  name  of  Phili[)  If. 
on  the  day  after  the  ceremony,  but  it  does  not  seem 
to  have  reached  the  city  of  Mexico  till  early  in  15r)7, 
althouijh  rumors  of  tlie  chansje  had  been  rife  duiin.- 
the  year.  The  official  announcement  was  received  by 
the  a^'untamiento  of  the  capital  on  the  5th  of  April 
1558,  and  with  the  approbation  of  Viceroy  Vein  sen, 
tlio  ()th  of  June  was  fixed  for  the  act  of  recoguitinii 
and  of  swearing  allegiance  to  the  new  king,  win  ii 
among  other  ceremonies  the  banner  was  raised,  Arch- 
bishop Montiifar  celebrating  as  pontifical  at  high 
mass. 

On  the  17th  of  June  155G  Philip  had  repeated  to 
the  viceroy  the  notice  of  his  elevation  to  the  throne, 
confirming  him,  the  members  of  the  audicncia,  and 
others  in  their  respective  offices.  He  then  s])()ke  nf 
the  distressed  c(/ndition  of  his  treasury,  directing  the 
viceroy  to  appeal  to  the  wealtliy  Spaniards  for  pe- 
cuniary assistance.  He  was  not  to  use  coercion,  but 
only  most  persistently  to  ask,  and  to  assure  them  th;it 
their  aid  would  be  of  great  service  to  their  king  ami 
country.  The  viceroy  was  to  arrange  with  the  leiidors 
for  the  mode  of  reimbursing  the  loans.  Father  Ju,su 
de  Angulo,  who  had  visited  the  court  at  Brussels  on 
ecclesiastical  aflairs,  was  directed  by  the  king  to  return 
to  New  Spain  without  delay,  and  exert  himself  in 
procuring  the  much  needed  funds. 


his  absence  tlie  commands  of  his  sister,  the  princess  of  Portugal,  should  bo 
obeyed.  Pinjix,  Cedulario,  149. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

VICEROY    VELASCO'S    RULE. 

15dl-15C4. 

Arrival  of  Martix  Cortes,  Skcond  MAngrf^s  del  Vali.e— Visitapor  V al- 

DERRAMA  AND   HIS   RELATIONS   WITH   CoRTES — NkW  PoI.ICV   I'EdAUlUNO 

Encomiendas — Cortes'  Tuohbles — Threatened  Revolt  and  Velas- 
co'a  Wise  Course— Royal  Orders  Akfectino  the  Audiencia — Tub 
Visitador's  Exactions  of  the  1ndl\ns— His  Efforts  to  Check  Arises, 
AND  Proi'osed  Reforms — His  Disagreements  \vi  i  h  the  Viceroy — Con- 
dition andCharacterofVelasco— His  Death,  Burial,  ANDfihNEUAL 
Regret — Public  Education — Floods  in  the  Mexican  Valley— Dis- 
astrous Expedition  to  Florida — Settlements  in  Zacatecvs  and 
Guanajuato — Conquest  of  the  North-western  Region — Kingdom  o» 
Nueva  Viscaya — ExrEDiTioN  TO  the  PuiLirriNES  AND  ITS  Results. 

I  HAVE  statod  fli.nt  Martin  Corti5s,  the  lawful  heir 
of  jMexico's  conqueror,  was  taken  to  Spain  in  lalO, 
being  then  eight  years  of  age.  After  his  father's 
(loath  he  came  into  possession  of  his  title  and  of  its 
\ast  estates.  He  had  received  a  liberal  education  and 
had  been  trained,  as  became  his  rank,  for  the  profes- 
sion of  arms;  he  accompanied  Philip  to  Flanders, 
Avliere  he  served  with  distinction,  and  also  in  tlio 
I'amous  battle  of  Saint  Quentin,  being  the  first  native 
of  Mexico  to  render  service  to  the  Spanish  crown  in 
lun-ope.  He  likewise  was  one  of  Phili})'s  suite  wiien 
that  prince  went  to  England  to  wed  Queen  Mary. 
A  iter  the  Flanders  campaign  he  married  Dona  Ana 
llamirez  de  Arellano,  his  niece,^  for  which  it  is  \n'Q- 
suiued  he  first  obtained  a  special  dispensation  of  the 
}K)j)e. 

He  now  determined  to  return  to  his  native  land. 


•  Clav'ujero,  Sloriu  Mess,,  iii.  236. 


(679) 


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VICEROY  VELASCO'S  RULE. 


]]cf()rc  leaving  Spain,  however,  he  sold  to  the  ldii!L,' 
liis  chief  liouse  in  Mexico,  that  which  has  since  Ijclu 
the  nati(jnal  palace,  with  the  whole  hlock  including' 
the  mint,  harracks,  and  other  offices.  The  deed  of  con- 
ve^ancc,  dated  January  29,  1  5G2,  stipulated  that  the 
(juarters  occupied  by  the  oidores,  that  is  to  say,  the 
niontepi'o  building  of  later  years,  should  be  surren- 
dered to  him.' 

About  this  time  was  brought  to  a  final  decision  the 
suit  left  pending  by  the  old  conqueror  at  his  death 
on  the  countinijc  of  his  vassals.  It  was  ai^ainst  the 
marquis'  claim.  The  court's  rendering  was  that  every 
house  and  hereditament  should  count  for  one  vecino, 
and  young  Cortes  was  condemned  to  restore  to  the 
crown  all  excess  over  the  23,000  vassals  that  Charh  s 
had  granted  his  father;  also  to  pay  all  sums  till  tlRU 
collected  by  his  agents  from  the  vassals  exceeding 
that  number.  This  last  part  of  the  decision  was  tanta- 
mount to  utter  ruin  for  the  young  marquis.  How- 
ever, Philip,  who  held  in  high  esteem  the  great  services 
of  the  conqueror,  and  also  those  of  the  son,  exempted 
the  latter  from  the  payment  of  the  excess  above  men- 
tioned, and,  in  the  cedula  issued  at  Toledo  ]March 
IG,  15G2,  not  only  confirmed  the  grant  made  to  his 
father,  but  also  renewed  it  without  restriction;  that 
is  to  say,  all  vecinos  of  the  twenty-three  towns,  what- 
soever their  number,  were  to  be  reckoned  as  his  vas- 
sals. The  only  exception  was  the  villa  and  port  of 
Tehuantepec,  which  the  crown  reserved  for  govern- 
ment uses,  allowing  in  compensation  therefor  the 
tributes  it  yielded. 

All  his  aftairs  being  thus  advantageously  arranged, 
the  marquis,  now  aged  thirty  years,  embarked  for 
]\Iexico  with  his  family,  excepting  his  eldest  son  and 
heir  presumptive,  wdiora  he  left  in  Seville,  bringinLj 


'  The  property  so  conveyed  the  viceroy  and  andicncia  removed  to  in  1502. 
It  was  destroyed  Juno  8,  1G!)2,  by  a  contla^ration  during  the  riots.  The  oM 
palace  was  also  situated  on  the  plaza,  and  bounded  by  the  streets  of  Taeiilia, 
riateros,  La  Profesa,  and  San  Josii  cl  Ileal,  and  served  for  government  pui- 
poses  till  given  up. 


THE  MARQULS  DEL  VALLE. 


681 


also  Lis  luilf-brotlicr.s  Martin,  Mai'i mi's  son,  and  Luis, 
.son  of  Antonia  Hcrniosilla.^  There  is  notliin:^  to 
sliow  the  date  of  their  embarkation,  hut  in  September 
15G2  they  arrived  atCampeche  in  a  small  shi[),  during 
a  severe  gale,  the  family  having  experienced  much 
.suffering.*  After  a  sojourn  there  of  two  months  they 
continued  their  journey,  and  arrived  safely  in  ^Eexleo 
early  in  the  s[)ring  of  loG3,  there  to  be  received  with 
llie  great  demonstration.s  due  his  rank  and  the  memory 
of  his  father.'' 

The  marcpiis'  high  rank  and  large  income,  united  to 
the  memory  of  his  father's  illustrious  deeds  and  his 
own  honorable  services,  gave  him  the  most  prominent 
standing  in  the  country,  second  only  to  the  chief  \\[)- 
rescntative  of  the  crown.  Indeed,  he  thought  it  but 
due  his  father's  name  that  the  son  .should  .set  up  an 
establishment  on  the  footing  of  a  prince,  where  his 
I'lieiids  were  at  all  times  welcomed  and  entertained 
with  lavish  hospitality.  This  augmented  his  influence 
and  made  him  a  power  in  the  land.  AVhen  he  nnle 
out  he  was  followed  by  a  page  wearing  a  steel  helmet 
and  carrying  a  raised  lance  the  point  of  which  was 
enclosed  in  a  bag  with  small  silken  tassels  for  closing 
it;  and  to  attend  church  he  caused  his  servants  to 
take  there  for  him.self  and  the  marchioness  two  velvet 
prie-dieux  with  two  cu.shions  and  two  chairs.  This 
finild   be  done  in  Spain  by  persons  of  rank  without 


'  M.irtin  had  been  taken  to  Spain  in  l.'iS.  Charles  V.  made  him  a  liniirlit 
of  Siiiitiago;  and  wlicu  old  enoiijili  to  tiittr  the  military  profession  he  served 
i:i  tlu'  (■ampair.'iis  of  Al;j:i('i's  and  (icnnany.  distiii.Lriii-iliiiiL;  iiinist'lf  and  rcreiv- 
in,'  JiLVcral  ■\vounds.  J  lis  fortune  was  scanty,  ;ind  it  may  he  saiil  lliat  h\i 
ili'iived  his  siqiport  almost  entirely  frum  his  lirother,  the  maniiiis.  lie  mar- 
ried iui  cstiniaLle  lady,  Dohti  IJernardina  <le  I'orras. 

'Tiic  alcalde  mayor  and  the  bishop  visiteil  tiieni  and  rendered  all  the  aid 
in  their  power.  The  marchioness  there  _irave  birth  to  a  l)oy.  (Jiii.rai/fi,  ( '(iria 
"'  l.'i  If  (March  1."),  lolili),  'v.  <Jarliu  tie  IiKlia.i,  .'JS,').  The  boy  was  christened 
GeiV.i'iimo.  Pcralta,  Not.  IIM.,  Wi'y-l,  1.S7,  JMO-l. 

^Kv(rywherc  on  the  route  tlie  niarrjiiis  was  greeted  with  marks  of  afTic- 
tiiiii.  The  capital  gave  him  an  enthusi.-astic  welcome.  Upwards  of  ;i!K)  mag- 
iiilinntly  attirtd  and  mounted  gentlemen  escorted  jiim  into  tiie  city;  ancjther 
h  "ly  nf  'JjOOO  horsemen  with  black  cloaks  followed  in  the  procession.  Aftta* 
piniiicnading  the  streets  cheered  liy  tlie  people  and  greeted  witli  the  smiles 
of  the  first  ladies  of  the  country,  the  manaiis  iind  his  friends  vi.-ited  Viceroy 
^l;lasco,  who  gave  him  a  hearty  welcome.  r<.ralta,  Xu.  Hid.,  I'Jl-lJ. 


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C82 


VICEnOY  VELASCO'S  RULE. 


cxf'itinjx  comment,  but  in  !Mcxico  it  awalvcncd  cnvv, 
and  later  was  broimlit  tbrwarcl  as  a  serious  eliar'a'. 

The  friends  and  associates  of  tlie  younLT  nohlcniaii 
■were  among  the  first  families  ol'  the  city,  including 
the  viceroy  and  his  son.  Amonj^  his  most  inliniatc 
ac(|uaintances  were  the  brothers  Gil  (Jonzalez  and 
Alonso  de  Avila,  sons  of  the  con(|Ueror  Gil  Gonxalrz 
do  A  vila  and  his  M'ife  Dona  Leonor  do  Alvarado."  lioin 
in  ^Fexico  of  pure  Castilian  blood,  tliey  were  for  tluir 
liigh  character  and  agreeable  manners  generally  es- 
teemed. The  first-named  was  now  twenty-fcjur  years 
of  ago,  a  widower,  quiet  and  grave  though  allaMc, 
and  held  in  cneomienda  the  town  of  Ixmi(]uili)aii. 
Alonso  was  a  year  younger,  handsome,  elegant,  brave, 
and  jovial,  and  possessed  the  valuable  encomiendas  of 
(j)uautitlan,  Jaltocan,  Zirandaro,  and  Guaineo,  wliiili 
yii'ldetl  him  a  considerable  income.  His  wife,  Doua 
JMari'a  do  Sosa,  was  an  estimable  young  lady.  The 
marquis  was  often  seen  in  company  with  tlie  tw) 
brothers,  and  the  intimacy  brought  upon  them  all 
great  gi'ief,  as  wc  shall  see. 

Society  in  Mexico  had  rapidly  developed  during 
the  last  two  decades,  and  was  now  becoming  in  many 
respects  individual  and  pronounced.  Upon  the  Old 
AVorld  manners  and  customs  was  cast  the  New  WtuM 
inihience,  and  the  result  was  an  order  of  thimj^s  never 
before  witnessed.  While  holding  to  ancient  tradi- 
tions, there  v.'asless  restraint,  more  freedom  of  thought, 
more  room  for  aspiration  an'i  respiration  in  Ameriea.u 
airs  than  in  European,  i^iide  by  side  were  the  de- 
scendants of  the  conquerors  and  the  Spanish  nubility 
uhicli  constituted  the  aristocracy.  The  opening  of 
mines  and  the  slavery  system  in  its  several  motUltetl 
forms  had  brought  on  flush  times.  JMoney  was  abun- 
dant and  freely  spent. 

Banquets,  balls,  and  other  entertainments  Avere  ef 
daily  occurrence  in  high  circles,  all  vying  with  one 

"  Alanian,  D'tscrt.,  ii.  142,  and  others  say  thny  were  the  sons  of  Aluusj  Ju 
Avila. 


TIIK  SILVER  SEAL 


Bti 


nnotlior  in  rcclJcss  expenditure.  ITavinjj^  once  jdared 
tlu.'Hibelves  on  the  sli[)pciy  deelivity  of  human  lolly, 
it  was  diflioult  for  the  yount,'  nobility  to  stoj)  short  of 
ruin.  !Most  of  the  flr«t  families  soon  found  themselves 
deeply  in  debt,  and  with  their  jiroperty  encumberetl. 
A  lai'ge  portion  of  the  debts  had  been  incurred  at  the 
piming-table  and  by  the  practice  of  other  vii'es.  The 
\ouni^  men  were  wont  to  indulu'o  in  masked  ijrome- 
iiades  on  horseback,  and  I'ailed  not  to  take  advantayo 
of  their  position  and  wealth  to  corrupt  women.' 

The  marcjues  del  Valle,  howeve'r,  seems  tcj  have 
])ehaved  well,  never  y^ivinj,^  himself  u[)  to  vi(  lous  prac- 
tices. Like  his  father  he  was  respectl'ul  to  the  church 
and  its  ministers,  /ften  dismounting  to  bend  the  knee 
and  kiss  the  friar's  hand,  which  example  the  natives 
wi'ro  not  slow  to  follow.^  The  fiiendship  between 
the  marquis  and  the  Yelascos  was  not  of  long  dura- 
tion. The  great  dis[)lay  of  wealth  by  the  former  in- 
dicated his  determination  to  hold  the  first  position  in 
the  country,  even  overshadowing  the  viceroy,  who, 
as  the  monarch's  lieutenant,  could  not  brook  such 
jiretensions.  And  when  the  viceroy  sliowed  signs  of 
temper,  Cortes  arrayed  himself  in  yet  greater  ostenta- 
tion, lie  ordered  made  Ibr  himself  a  silver  seal,  some- 
v»  hat  smaller  than  the  one  used  by  the  king,  on  which 
Avas  engraved  the  words  "  ^lartiuus  Cortesus  primus 
luijus  nominis  ]3ux  marchio  secundus." '•'  \\'hen  it 
was  taken  to  the  royal  treasury  oihcials  to  pay  tlie 
tilth  duty,  the  chief  official,  Ilortuilo  de  Ibarra,  con- 
sidering it  too  large  for  a  subject  to  use,  delivered  it 
to  the  viceroy,  who  being  of  the  same  o]>inioa  re- 
t;uned  the  seal,  instituted  i>roceedings,  and  sent  them 
to  the  king.  This  action  of  cour'se  (lis[»leased  Corte's, 
and  widened  the  breach.     Their  feucl  was  so  warm 

'  Viceroy  Vclasco  tried  to  check  it,  but  met  wRli  poor  siicocsa.  Perulia, 
Kot.  UlM.,  193. 

*■  Wlieii  asked  who  taught  them  to  kneel  and  kiss  tlic  priest's  liaml,  tlicy 
vould  answer,  '  El  gran  capitan  Don  ^Martin  Cortes. '  Zev(Ulo.<,  Uixt.  tj  Vkiijc, 
31  ;!•_'. 

".Martin  Cortes,  first  captain  (or  duke)  and  second  maiquis  of  liis  name. 
0;x/:tc)  ij  JJtrni,  2\ot.  JIUt.,  71). 


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584 


VICEROY  VELASCO'S  RULE. 


that  on  the  arrival  of  the  visitatlor,  Vaklerrama,  it 
hrokc  out  (lisgraci'i'iilly.  For  the  rocoptiou  of  tlio 
visitador  the  vieero}-  invited  all  officials  and  persons 
of  rank,  anionj^  them  the  marquis,  who  paid  no  heed 
to  tlie  invitation  and  resolved  not  to  appear  in  the 
viceret,^al  suite.  He  would  go  in  advance  with  some 
friends,  and  l)e  followed  by  the  page  witli  the  lanci', 
his  ol>ject  being  to  meet  the  visitador  in  Cuitlahuac, 
four  leagues  out;  but  he  came  upon  him  in  fact  at 
Itztapalapa,  a  league  and  a  half  from  jMexico. 

Valderrama  was  gratified  at  this  mark  of  attcntioii, 
and  with  the  marquis'  manner,  and  together  they 
rode  toward  the  city.  Thougli  chagrined,  Velasro 
smothered  his  resentment  as  best  he  was  able  until 
he  saw  the  page,  when  he  sent  Antonio  do  Turcios, 
the  sccretar}^  of  the  audiencia,  to  tell  Cortes  that  In; 
should  at  once  send  the  fellow  awny.  Such  an  order, 
now  for  tlic  first  time  given,  and  in  such  comjiany, 
enmged  the  marquis,  who  resolved  to  disregard  it. 
When  the  viceroy  threatened  him  with  arrest,  tin.' 
niarcjuis  turned  to  the  visitador  and  said,  "  Your  woi- 
sliip  lias  now  the  eviden<'e  of  the  vicero3''s  ill-will 
toward  me.  I  am  i>lad  this  has  occurred  that  vou 
may  form  your  own  judgment."  Valderi'ama,  in  ordti' 
to  stop  the  disagreeable  scene,  supported  the  vice- 
roy's authority.  But  not  to  wound  the  marcjuis  too 
de(^})ly,  he  OMiered  the  page  to  keep  himself  at  some 
distance  from  the  suite.  This  reconciled  matters,  and 
the  march  continued  on  to  the  city,  where  all  entered 
on  the  IGth  of  AugusL  15G.').  Valderrama  becai'.K! 
the  guest  of  the  marquis,  and  there  was  soon  an  inti- 
mate friendship  between  them. 

The  marquis  shortly  afterward  caused  his  intendent(^ 
to  i'orm  a  general  statement  of  his  aifairs,  IVom  wliieli 
it  apj)eared  that  the  yearly  income  from  the  enconii- 
endas  amounted  to  150,000  pesos.  It  reached  the 
ears  of  (he  kli!g,  who  thought  the  revenue  almost  too 
roval  ibr  a  subject,  and  directed  the  solicitor  <.''ener;d 
to  notiiy  Cortes  that  the  crown  had  been  deceived 


TETITIOX  OF  THE  ENCOMEXDEROS. 


5S5 


Avith  rcc^ard  to  tlic  value  of  his  oneoiuieiulas.  Doctor 
Zui'ita  v/as  consoquoiitly  dcputud  hy  the  audiuiu-ia  to 
make  the  count  of  the  Inclian>?_,  and  the  report  was 
au'aiust  the  holder.^" 

Tlie  crown  then  resolved  that  cncomiendas  should 
not  bo  transmissible  to  the  third  Lreneration.  This 
measure  was  deemed  unjust  by  the  encomeiidcros, 
whose  wrath  against  the  king  and  his  atlvisers  hfcanie 
hot.'^  Among  the  more  violent  was  Alonso  de  Avila, 
whose  income  it  is  said  was  twenty  thousand  jiesos 
]tfr  annum.  AVith  him  were  his  brother  and  l>altasar 
(le  Aguilar,  who  as  they  talked  of  the  matter  among 
themselves,  and  with  others,  became  more  and  more 
enraged,  and  in  time  it  was  said  that  the  three  were 
at  the  head  of  a  conspirac}-  against  tlie  crown,  and 
l;ist  winning  to  their  plans  inlluential  men  Ijy  the 
(illlr  of  honors  and  ofliees,  of  all  which  the  marijuis 
was  said  to  be  apprised.'"  The  viceroy  hearing  of  it 
sunnnoned  to  his  presence  the  suspected  parlii  s,  and 
sjtoke  to  them  with  his  customary  wisdom  and  kind- 
iiiss.  Little  more  was  heard  of  it  at  the  time  and  it 
w;is  supposed  the  afl'air  was  at  an  end."  The  enct»- 
incnderos,  however,  resolved  to  bring  before  the  crown 
the  m;itter  of  their  holdiuLi's.  IIa\in<''  iirst  t)btained 
have  of  the  audlencia,  on  the  -Ith  of  February  l."j()4 
they  came  before  tlie  city  council  of  ]\rexico  in  a  com- 
iiiittee  composed  of  Francisco  de  Velasco,  Con/.alo  do 
Lis  Casas,  Gonzalo  C'erez'^  and  liodrigo  !^^aldona(lo. 
The  council  a])[>roved  oi'  the  plan,  and  chose  }t>ung 

'''( 'ortt's  Citiiij'liniird  lliat  the  i'iini]'ii(n!iiiii  liad  been  pni'i)0.«;'ly  oxi'i's.  he, 
not  so  iniiuli  to  injure  liim  iis  to  l>lii;il  tlio  l;in;r.  C'lrfn  (Oot.  10,  loll,'!),  in 
I'll- In  rn  nud  CiiAlciiu^',  ('"1.  />or.,  iv.  -Iiiit-l.  Tlio  vioiToy  (III  June  'JJ,  l.'iOt, 
ii  |>"rl(il  lii.s  towns  to  liavt!  upwai'il  of  (;i»,(n()  n.-itivcs  that  iiiu.^t  li:ivi>  yirMt'(l 
M,oS7  pi'sos  aniuuilly,  that  is  to  say,  a  jMijiulaliou  cf  47, "Cd  ,'inil  an  iut'onio 
('f  over -ITi'K'O  iicsoH  in  cxcfi^s  of  the  oiT^inal  ^ra;it  to  his  latht;-.  (Ji-'ccn  1/ 
Ij'i-i-u,  Not.  lli^t.,  •-'!». 

"  }ilai'  .  '  thL'iu  in  thfir  cxfitonirnt  tht-fatcnc'l  to  rupuJiatc  tlio  lan;^'.i 
authority  ;  ■.  ilicso  (loniinions'.  J'<mltii,  Xaf.  Jlint.,  l!i."i. 

'■■'So  hahlo,  (jiic  ha/ian  y;i  inacsc  do  I'anipo  y  olii-iales,  y  titul'^i  cu  I03 
piulilos,  di!  ilu(ni('H  y  ('ou(Ils;  y  pucsto  ya  toilo  t'U  philiai,  (liurvni  parte  ilcllo 
ul  iiian|Ui'S.'  rmilld,  Nof.  liii^t.,  ]'M. 

"Wilson,  notwithstandinj,'.  ivprcscntcil  tho  ni:'ri|iiis'  (viivh.rt  in  dark 
C')i.iis;  h(j  (.'ouhl  not  avoid  inliiutinj  sonic  pnni.shniLnt  un  lii.i  cui  'uy, 


I 


• 


i  }■ 


n 


! 


5S0 


VICEROY  VELASCO'S  RULE. 


Alonso  (Ic  Avila,  one  of  itr  members,  to  reprc- 
8cpt  the  matter  in  Spain.  But  afterward,  at  a  niect- 
'u\<^  held  at  the  house  of  the  marquis,  Diego  Fenvr, 
^^•llo  had  been  his  tutor,  was  selected  for  the  mis- 
sion. 

The  kinof's  instructions  to  Visitador  Valderrania 
were  quite  explicit  as  to  the  course  he  was  to  pur.-iio 
toward  the  audieiicia.  lie  was  to  enforce  the  roval 
decrees  which  forbade  their  engaging  in  cKpediiiwus 
of  discovery  or  in  any  lousiness  foreign  iu  their  ollici;!! 
duties.  They  had,  it  seems,  remonstrated  against  that 
strict  rule,  and  their  recjuests  had  been  refused  liythi. 
crown;  it  was  now  notorious  that  they  engaged  iu 
unlawful  business,  and  from  the  profits  paid  the  i]uv>, 
Vvhen  they  could  not  <^scape  them."  The  vicero}'  was 
empowered  to  tr}''  offences  of  the  oidores,  v/iio  were 


no 


commanded  to  testify  whenever  called  u[)on.  1' 
instructions  provided  that  in  the  event  of  his  death 
or  inability  to  discharge  his  duties,  the  audiciula 
sliovdd  rule  tem})orai'ily.  It  was  certainly  well  to  juo- 
vide  for  the  succession,  but  it  was  not  wise  to  lei  it 
fall  to  corrupt  men. 

After  the  lung's  envoy  had  recovered  from  ilin 
effects  of  his  journe\',  ho  went  to  inspect  the  king's 
towns.  Under  the  impression  that  the  tribute  tlio 
natives  were  paying  was  too  little,  he  doubled  it,  in- 
cluding now  those  who  lived  in  the  city  of  ^.lexix) 
and  had  been  heretofore  exempt  from  tribute.  Umlt  v 
the  new  law  all  nuist  pay  two  pesos  instead  vS  one 
every  year.  The  natives  present'nl  a  petition  to  the 
visitador  against  the  change,  but  it  availed  notliing; 
nor  were  the  viceroy's  representations  in  their  r.i\<a' 
more  successful.     Yalderrama's  heartlessness  and  eb- 

" 'J'lic  w.'iiniiif:  to  lio  i^'iv-^n  tlioin  by  tlic  visitnilor  was  tliat  such 'irtiu'os 
vould  li(>  )  itniilidl  uitli  (li^in)isf;,•ll  from  (ifii('(\  fdifiitinc  of  isiatc,  iMul  i  liiw 
<if  1.0(10  (liH'at.-j;  and  jicrsdiis  aitin^LC  in  C(jpartiirisliilM\  illi  tlicm  woilll  al-"  I'O 
fiul>jtijti'(l  to  conliscatidn  vi  tlRiri.statt  s.  1  lii'  visitadni'  liiinsilf  wasli'i'l  i'i  li^i' 
til  Kciid  any  iclativo  to  vitit  jifiviiuca  in  his  iiann\  llcwas  toUjalic  tm  i-uj 
in  iifisou.  C'liio,  Tns  tiijlofi,  i.  17--3. 


EATES  OF  TAXATIOX. 


5S7 


\    lli^ 
lit,  iu- 

ulcv 
olio 
lo  tlio 

iliinu". 
l';iVur 


stlnacy  dispjustcd  all  classes,  and  won  him  an  unenvi- 
able nanic.'^ 

In  liis  report  to  the  king  on  judicial  matters  Feb- 
ruary 24,  1504,  ho  said  that  tlie  officials  were  not  as 
tlu'Y  should  be,  hinting  that  the  vicoroy  and  his  son 
and  brother,  as  well  as  the  oidores,  had  too  many  rela- 
li\"es  in  the  country,  all  of  whom  were  interested  in 
ailairs  and  aided  one  another;'^  hence  the  quality  of 
ju.-tice  was  not  always  reputable,  lie  had  also  con- 
cluded upon  the  retirement  of  two  of  tlie  oidores,  one 
of  wliom  was  a<j;c(\  and  the  otlier  deaf;  rcconunending 
at  the  same  time  the  appointment  of  alcaldes  to  ])re- 
side  over  the  lower  courts  of  judicature.  He  hinted 
tliat  some  infamous  rascality,  witliout  salving  v.  hat,  was 
])ra('tis(Ml  under  cover  of  authority,  whicli  he  would 
in  due  time  expose  and  punish,  and  endeavor  at  the 
Muue  time  to  clear  the  country  of  such  characters  as 
it, 4  authors,^"  Ilis  interference  was  salutary  in  most 
instances.  In  lieu  of  tlie  tax  of  two  j)esos  some  jKiid 
one  peso,  and  half  a  ianega  of  maize,  or  each  paid 
liis  jiroportion  on  the  fjuantity  of  land  lield.  A  few 
ytars  later  liogroes  and  mulattoes  were  also  required 
tc  pay  a  tril)ute  of  two  pesos  3'early.''^ 

'j  lie  king's  iinancial  ailairs  were  not  in  a  satisfac- 
toiv  (•<.';idition.  ^NTartin  Cortes,  who  had  pii'ha])s 
(vascii  after  his  ]'U[>ture  witli  the  A'elascos  to  be  an 
i::  .^iliid  authority,  suggrsted  tliat  the  counting  and 
ta.\i;i'''  (.'!"  the  ('•'.)wn   Indians  shoidd  n<jt  be   le'ft   to 


'Tliat  (if  'nlligulor  tic  l<is  iiuiios.'  Toi-iphmwht,  i.  C'^l-.".  Caro,  Trea 
^.■.//  >-,  i.  174. 

"' \'iiMLrniiii.i  t'Vcii  ri'jin  scnteil  WlastM  as  an  iiK'(iin|utriit,  wlin,  toirctlur 
villi  lii.s  l'a\c,iri'il  ])iiiiiiiiiraiis,  liail  linm-ht  the  lomitry  to  tlic  In  ink  nl  niiu. 
'Jill'  l>(>iiiiiiii.'aiis,  a  littlo  later,  tmik- siiU-s  in  the  tmulilLS  with  tlu'  aiulicinia 
III.. I  lis  tad  ion,  wliilot  tlio  I'raiKi.scaiis,  tln-ii'  rivals,  ivv  ii  Uiiiu  lavurtil  tlio 
t  "It   s  ilii|Uc. 

''  'A(|iii  liay  cseiibnnos  y  tostipos  para  lo  (|Uo  l(i«  (|uisi(  rtii.'   Viltli  rrauiri, 
•  iirfii.'!,  ill  I'licltccii  and  ('(in/<ii(i'<,  (.'<il.  ]><>'•.,  iv.  .'!.").')-",  IKls-!).    Uis  iiii'lonlitiil 
,     1  and  aliilily,  Ikiwi'MT,  wiTciif  liith'  avail  a;.;ainst  tlio  poMirand  inlluiiico 
!  ''10  ciidoi'fM  and  llic  fdM'c  nf  lunu-cstalili.slicd  usauc 

1 1'  nianu'd  \\itliin  their  (ivmi  ela.'-.s:  if  sint:h',  (iiic  peso.  A  feniale  iicu'io 
>'  ..  lliitti.  liianiod  to  a  Siianiai'il  was  exi  in])t ;  if  loan  Indian,  the  hnsliaiid.s 
)■::•' Was  ])aid.  'I'lu;  oll'siniiiL' of  a  ne;j;ro  !ind  an  Indi.ni  jiaid  as  an  Indian, 
Mi-'iiUnaiiur,  Aiitus  AconL,  14S-!i;  Zaiuoru,  lilh.  Lij.  L'lt.,  iv.  4lJl-'2, 


i 


H 


I 


Ml 


ill 


ii 


;  ■* 


\  !;f 


filr 


'V. 


II''  - 

If; 
i' 

I  I 

! 


S88 


VICEROY  VELASCO'S  RULE. 


tlic  viceroy  if  Lis  Majesty  desired  a  largo  rcvenvio 
i\o\n  them,  but  to  the  visitador  .should  be  j^'iNeii  the 
entire  control/^  lie  also  boldly  asserted  tliat  there 
was  a  manifest  lack  of  integrity  in  the  oiileials  which 
unfavorably  affected  the  royal  treasury.  The  evidence 
ai)|)eared  in  the  fact  that  the  crown  from  upwards  of 
440,000  Indians  drew  only  about  100,000  pesos  yearly, 
and  ho  was  sure  that  more  than  300,000  pesos  re- 
mained in  the  hands  of  certain  officials.  To  support 
this  assert,  m  he  mentioned  a  case  in  point  that  con- 
cerned him  !  ifdly,  by  which  ho  lost  lieavil}'  every 


"vear. 


i;o 


E 


esi(4.i 


the 


savmgs 


from  vacant 


corregnin- 


ontos  there  were  the  quitas,  or  four  months'  jiay  out  uf 
every  sixteen  served,  nuich  of  which  was  taken  from 
those  who  ]-endered  service,  to  give  to  others  who  did 
nothing.  The  fund  was  thus  exhausted,  and  the  really 
needv  U"ot  no  relief.  The  kin-'S  orders  on  the  <lis- 
tribution  of  m(,)neys  appropriated  by  hun  were  iint 
iaitld'ullvobevod,  and  hence  the  nun)erous  comi)lain(-. 
Only  the  old  concpierors  and  their  sons  receivetl  money 
on  the  treasury  drafts. 

A'aldorrama  sought  to  correct  these  abuses,  and 
wroto  the  king,  February  21,  15G4,  of  the  treasury 
otlicials  havinii'  iiotilied  him  that  the  first  outgoing 
fleet  would  convey  to  Spain  but  a  small  sum  of  money, 
and  they  \vould  have  certainly  carried  out  their 
original  intention  but  for  his  timelv  arrival:  in  conse- 
(juence  of  which,  it  wouhl  take  away  a  larger  amount 
than  ever  before,  namely,  not  less  than  40,000  marks 
of  silver.-^     Nor  did  the  visitador  in  his  rejiorts  con- 


"Of  course  lie  gave  pIiinsil)lo  reasons,  to  wit:  the  viceroy  liail  so  iihkIi  to 
nttniil  to  ill  i;oveniiucntal,  jiulici.il,  ami  otlur  allhirs,  tliat  ho  couM  not  l)i'st"\k" 
tlic  proper  cave  1)11  tlio  linaiiCL's.  Corhti,  I'lirta-',  in  I'dcli'Co  and  CdriUiui';  ( 'c'. 
J>or.,  iv.  4,VJ,  4()1--J. 

-"  !  Vtoctintr  in  one  of  lii.s  towns  a  (Ictlcir  of  aliont  S.OCO  pesos  a  year,  ho 
iiuinircil  into  the  matter,  ainl  lianuil  that -tCO  (ir  . ")()!)  iiesn.s  had  .uime  to  tiio 
fi  iar.s,  and  tlie  retiiaiiider  had  lieen  eunsiinifd  in  di  iiikin;4  by  eliicis,  ak'.diK-, 
and  ie;;idnies.  /(/.,  4H-'-J.  'J'lio  veech))-,  Santaiicler,  liad  in  lo.'iT  I't'linitcd 
th.at  tlio  revenno  was  defrauded  to  the  amount  I'f  1,(100,000  pesos,  and  that 
aiiotliir  niillion  wi'iit  ahmad  eanied  awaj' Ijy  l'orei^'uer.s.  tiauluiuhr,  i'lo-i'i, 

in  i;,/.  j)nr,  i/i,,i,  xxvi.  ;;i;!. 

'•'  In  tins  idimection  he  ur^ed  tlie  prompt  remittance  of  (|r.iel;silver,  w!;i'  h 
Uas  uuieii  needed  to  kee^>  the  mines  ^)ryduelivc;  then  money  wuukl  eiixulaie, 


DEATH  OF  VELASCO. 


589 


ivks 


<  J. 

:  1,0 

1  tlio 

.   1 

ll.at 

v!'i  U 


fine  himself  to  financial  matters:  lie  suirixosted  a  rad- 
leal  cliani^e  in  tlie  tenure  of  ollice.  lie  disliked  that 
jiuhlio  (iffioiTs  should  take  root  in  New  Spain,  as  if 
they  expected  to  pass  here  the  rest  of  their  lives.  Ho 
preferred  tliat  the  meritorious  should  have  their  re- 
wards elsewhere:  those  who  had  been  nei>-lectful  or 
ciiminal  should  be  punished.  The  eorregimientos  had 
been  often  improperly  bestowed,  and  the  old  settlers 
therein'  much  ofl'ended.-'-  The  accountinjjf  by  viceroys 
and  oidores  he  ri'commended  to  be  at  short  periotls, 
and  not  as  heret  V'M'e  in  many  instances  at  intervals 
of  sixteen  or  twentv  years.  Thev  should  certainlv  bo 
lii'ld  to  account  before'  thev  died.  He  also  olijet-ted 
to  the  presidency  of  the  audiencia  beiuL,' vested  in  tl>e 
viceroy,  instead  of  in  a  jurist.  The  oidores,  he  said, 
usiiallv  voted  as  the  vicerov  desired.-^ 

Velasco  was  nuich  ann(n"ed  at  this  meddlinuf  of 
Valderi'ama,  as  he  termed  it,  with  viceregal  allairs, 
and  in  the  midst  of  the  dissensions'-'  whicli  followed, 
lie  threatenetl  to  thi'ow  up  the  ollice;  but  A'alderi'ama 
dissuaded  him,  saviuLT  that  he  was  simiily  doiiii;-  his 
(luiv.-^  Death,  that  <'reat  comi\)rter  and  iiual  rest, 
soon  came  to  the  viceroy's  relief.  ] le  had  been  ill  for 
SMUie  time,  when  a  diseased  bladder  suddenly  termi- 
nated his  career  the  olst  of  July  IJtU. 

The  funeral  was  conducted  with  a  pomp  such  aa 

triliutos  would  lie  coUoctctl,  ami  the  treasury  ln'iiofittcl  iucordingly.  Viihkr- 
riiii.d.  ill  l\n'/irro  iiiul  Ciirdi  iia-t,  Cul.  Ij^c,  iv.  .'{Gli-T. 

■•-  U.  had  1  et'ii  i»n>vidod  by  ii'Val  ordfi'  <<(  Sipti'iiilicr  t,  15ri0,  that  no  cnf. 
ii'uiilor  appoiiiti-'d  liy  tlio  audiiiK'ia  for  two  \iar.s  !^lllJ^dd  liavo  aiiolhir  toiu 
Vviilimit  liaviiii;  lir.^t  lii'tii  sulijutcd  tu  a  nr-idoicia  and  chiiil'  uut  vi  it  \jitli  i\ 
cli'ar  rt'oord,   I'lnifi,  ('(itidiirin,  •_'Ui. 

•■''Da  it  jiaiiuiitis,  ami^'os  y  criados  du  Oiilorcs,  y  aiisi  todos  li'  lian 
iiK  lu'stiT.  Yes  eo>-a  reeia  votar  un  Oidor  cdiitra  lo  ([Ut'  el  Mny  :iuiiviy 
ilirr.'  Vahhrriniia,  in /'((•■//( co  ami  i.'iirdi  tin.<,  Ci  I.  Jh". ,iy,  .'i.iT-!',  .'lUt.  'ilio 
a|'|.i.iiitnicnt  ul'  ii  jurist  to  intside  over  the  eourt  lieeame  the  iiiattiee  s-oiiiu 
years  later. 

•'On  announcing  to  tlie  crown  the  visitador's  arrival  ho  spoke  of  him  a^  a 
'l' rsuna  do  tanta  calidad,  letras,  y  cuneem,'ia. '  Carta,  in  C'frtns  di-  ludkis, 
2:('.. 

-'The  old  man  was  poor  and  ovevlmrdened  with  delit.  A  letter  from  hiin 
ill  hi-  sun's  hamlwritini:,  of  Au_<.'Ust  1,  l.")()'_',  to  the  king".s  secretary,  I'lam  isio 
ih  i'.raso,  shows  how  dtjirt^seil  in'  was:  'cstoy  viejo  y  jiolire,  y  eon  poia  saliid, 
V  '|iuui  olvidado  nie  titneS.  M.  para  no  me  hazer  mer(,'ed  ni  a  mis  hijus,  j  ijuu 
u  aiucrtc  eatii  cerca.'    lu  Id.,  •2'Jd. 


i  ■i' 


W 


' 


I  i  I; 


i  rff 


w 

m 

Mr' 

w  ■■'■ 


VICEROY  VELASCO'S  RULE. 

liad  never  before  been  seen  in  !^^exico.  The  remains 
left  the  viceregal  re-sideiice  escorted  by  all  the  civil 
and  ecclesiastical  coiporations,  directed  respectively  by 
the  audiencia,  visitador,  arcliiepiscopal  and  niunicij);!! 
authorities,  and  M'crc  carried  to  tJio  Dominican  con- 
vent on  the  shoulders  of  four  of  the  bishops  who  Iiad 
come  to  attend  tlie  ecclesiastical  synod.  The  troops 
organized  for  the  Pliili[)pines  expedition  termed  part 
t)f  the  i'uneral  cortege.  All  classes  of  the  population 
spontaneously  n)anifested  their  love  by  following  tlie 
remains  to  their  last  resting-place.  jMourning  was 
botli  ollicially  and  publicly  observed  for  a  month.''" 

His  death  fell  as  a  bereavement  upon  the  conunit- 
nitv.  However  jMartin  Cortes  miiilit  scowl,  or  \'al- 
lerrama  write  to  the  king,  the  verdict  of  the  peojdo 
was  "El  prudentisimo,  tutor,  ])adre  de  la  pati'ia,"  anl 
"Libertador  de  los  indios."  He  had  been  indeed  ,i 
father  to  the  oppressed,  a  man  conscientious  in  tiu; 
discharge  of  his  duties.  He  was  never  rich,  pnrtly 
because  he  did  not  pilfer  from  the  king's  cliot, 
and  partly  because  of  improvident  and  extravagant 
habits.  He  had  a  fondness  lor  entertaining;  he  w;is 
a  line  rider,  and  liked  to  display  his  horsemansliip, 
which  often  led  him  into  undue  expense;  but  all  lliis 
oidy  added  to  his  popularity  among  those  having 
similar  tastes." 

It  was  conceded  by  all  that  Valderrama  had  con- 
denmed  Yelasco  too  severely,  and  had  praised  himself 

""Some  yparR  Inter  Iiia  son  Luis  liocninc  virnroy,  mid  the  now  cluiri-li  nf 
tlio  Diiiiiiniinns  1)cinL;  finislieil,  lie  liiul  liia  fiitlicr'.s  Imnos  transt'crrcil  tn  a 
Ijoiiulitul  st'f  uKlirc  built  fxpivssly  to  icrcivc  tliLiii.  Luiricami,  in  JJi^f.  X, 
/.'-■■;i.,  14,  \o;  Turf/iioiKuhi,  i.  0-0-7;  t'uro,  Tirs  .Siijlon,  i.  17j;  Ucmi/ihi  f, 
Croii.  Mich.,  V.  14-J-:J,  558-!). 

'•''  ]\i;iUa  speaks  plowingly  of  him,  anil  of  tlio  cntliusiasm  lie  awaki  iml 
vlu'iu'vcr  lie  look  part  in  the  ganirs;  ']m"i  niuy  limlo  hoiulini  ilc  d  oalp.illn. 
V(i  I'onosc;'!  calialkids  iindar,  qnaiulo  sabiaii  (jue  ol  vinvy  aliia  (k-.  julmv  l^n 
cauas,  ci'hamlo  mil  tcri^cros  jiiira  <juc  lus  nictiiscn  en  el  iTj^oziju;  y  il  i|"i! 
t'utiaha,  le  iiarc(,'ia  toner  un  dbito  en  los  ]ieehos  scLTun  rpiedalia  onrradn.'  Jt 
had  lieen  reinaiked  that  were  Velasco  to  take  away  all  the  towns  and  encu- 
iniendas,  he  could  still  make  the  proprieturs  fin^^'ut  their  loss  by  oausiii'.'  liiJ 
iKji'se  to  sounil  a  breast-stra))  of  bells  in  the  street,  so  great  was  the  era/''  !i'r 
tliissi)eeiesof  annisenieiit.  I'cnilfd,  A'nt.  ///;;<.,  pji.  xiii.-xiv.  173-0.  See,  alsu, 
Turqiumuda,  i.  0l.'3-4;  Gonzalez  JJdcilu,  'l\aliv  Edcs,  i.  33-4. 


FOUNDING  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY. 


591 


{no  lii'jjlily  in  speaking  of  the  royal  revenue  and  otlier 
iiuitters.  In  letters  to  the  erown  from  the  ayunt:i- 
mlento,  the  chapter  of  tlie  aivlidioccse,  and  the  }»ro- 
\iueial  and  council  of  the  Franciscans,  full  justice  is 
done  to  the  memory  of  Velasco."^  lie  had  luidouhtedly 
])i-omoted  the  public  welfare,  and  fuliilled  his  duty  to 
tlie  king  by  carrying  out  the  policy  of  Viceroy  ]\[en- 
doza. 

One  of  the  viceroy's  first  acts  on  assunn'ng  ofTicc  had 
liecn  to  sununon  the  teachers  of  iscliools  and  college's, 
and  to  urge  upon  tliem  the  education  of  tlie  young, 
not  only  in  letters,  but  in  morals,  meanwhile  assuring 
tlicm  of  ]>is  protection.  Shortly  after,  under  royal 
oi'dci'S,  were  estal^Hshed  and  endowed  in  tlu'  city  of 
?>Iexico  one  school  for  poor  girls  and  anothc-r  for  poor 
l)iiys;  and  tlie  authorities  were  enjoined  to  watch  over 
;ind  foster  them.  And  still  later  the  site  on  which  had 
stood  the  house  of  Alonso  de  Avila  was  given  thoni. 
Jiikewisc  tlie  higher  branches  of  education  no  less 
than  Christianity  and  material  inq»rovement  Iiad  been 
tliought  of  by  the  king.  In  fact,  we  know  from 
Ib'ii'era,  tliat  a  dozen  years  previously  tlie  court  had 
iulopted  measui'es  toward  that  end,  which  for  some 
iv;ison  h;i<l  not  been  carried  out.  Xow  all  ibrmcr  re- 
solves culminated  pursuant  to  three  royal  oj'ders  of 
Se]itembei-  21,  15>")l,  in  tluj  founding  of  a  university 
ill  the  city  of  ]Me\ico,  togi  ther  with  tlu>  a[i[)ointmeiit 
III'  professors  and  the  ap[»i'o])riation  of  I'unds  foi'  its 
su|)j)or't,  namely,  one  tlu)usand  pesos  de  oro  annually.''' 

Xo  time  was  lost  in  carrying  out  tlu^  project,  and 
the  institution  was  inaugurated  with  great  cc/of  dan- 
uary  25,  la53,  its  prol'essors  being  at  the  same  time 

'•"This  l;ist  inoniorial,  d.ttoil  August  '2S,  l.'iliO,  tfllH  the  Uiiii,'  lie  woiiM  sunn 
miss  tlu!  wise  rulu  (if  ^'^■l;lsc■()  in  Nl'w  Spain.  Ifis  son  was  Ktri)n;;ly  liri)ii;;lit 
t'liwiiiil  for  pivfLinicnt.  Tunjiiciiintla,  i.  ()'J7-S;  l'<  r<tlln,  yiat.  I/Ik'.,  ;iS()  1; 
Jy<nici.iriiiii,,s,  AI>(iiii/(jno,m  I'roi'.  dd  S.  Evuinj.,  MS.,  No.  I'l,  172;  liiuiunoiit, 

in, II.  Mlr/i.,  V.  iViS. 

•"Philip  J  I.  confinned  it  Oct.  4,  1570,  jind  ik'crccd  nii  iiicrcnse  of  3,fl()0 
pi'sns  .huR'  '_'.'),  ir)ll7.  <SV)c.  Mix.  Gcoij.,  JJulitin,  iv.  "07.  Tho  foiin(hitioii  (/f  a 
luiivnsity  had  htou  ducrced  by  tho  kiuy  us  curly  as  lo.'VJ.  JJtriini,  dLc.  vi, 
lih.  \ii.  tap.  vi. 


■I    '\ 


:  m 


■  -  <i 


602 


VICEROY  VELASCO'S  RULE. 


fonnally  installed.'''^  The  institution  bcini;-  under  rnyal 
patronage  us(>(l  tlio  arms  of  the  crown  of  Ca.stilt>,  and, 
in  fact,  enjoyed  tlio  same  privileges  and  prec^ninenci; 
as  the  famous  university  of  Salamanca.^^ 

A  ealiunity  that  befell  the  city  of  Mexico  in  1550 
was  the  occasion  of  the  display  of  interest,  ability, 
and  onerLTV  so  common  with  Velasco.  Alonijf  drouLiht 
followed  by  heavy  rains  lasting  twenty-four  hours 
resulted  in  a  Hood,  attended  with  great  damage  to 
projjcrty.  It  was  the  iu-st  inundation  since  the  Spaii- 
isli  coiKpiest.  The  Spaniards  became  greatly  alarmed, 
but  the  Indians,  who  were  well  informed  regarding 
several  previous  floods,  took  the  matter  coolly/'"    The 


80 


TIic  site  fixed  upon  was  the  houses  of  Catalina  dc  Jlontejo.  Gnjuhiu,  <' 


S.  Aii'/iisi,  N()-l.  In  l."iSi  thu  irctor,  Doctor  Saiiilicz  de  I'aieilos,  an  oidoi', 
LeiiiL;  ;uit!iori/od  to  select  a  suitable  hiiililin,'^  for  the  university,  ehost'  the 
liroiierty  of  the  niarc|iies  del  \'allc  in  the  plazuela  del  Yolador.  and  seized  it 
jit  tiii>  jirice  li.\ed  hy  apiiraisers.  Xolwithstandin;^  nnieh  ojiiKisitiun  on  t!iu 
jiarl  of  the  ovni'r's  attorney,  (Iiiillen  I'eraza  de  Ayala,  a  Imildini,'  was  erected 
ii|ion  the  j^'round,  and  the  university  broutdit  to  it.     The  suit  was  continued 


and  di 


eci.;ions  issued  from  tlie  suiirenie  goscrnnieii 


t  in  favor  of  thu  niarou 


but  the  viceroy,  \'illainanrii|ue,  for  divers  I'casons,  ordered  the  construction 
to  ^o  on,  ami  the  university  to  hold  possession.  However,  on  the  Hth  of 
duly  K")S',(  the  edilice  fell  to  the  ^'round.  TJie  rector,  J)r  Sanclio  Sanchez  dc 
Munon,  then  ajiplied  to  the  audicncia  for  a  new  buildini;,  and  the  house  of 
tlie  niar(|Uea  del  Valle,  on  Knipedradillo  street,  was  taken  at  the  valuation  of 
$',(!(>(>  jiesos.  Jn  the  course  of  time  a  .second  story  was  added,  the  sal(tt!il 
ij(  iii'i-itl  was  adi)rned  in  the  reiim  of  Carlos  II.,  and  nearly  the  whole  eililii* 
renov,,ted  in  that  of  Cirlos  111.   Ala 


Jil.^iii.,  ii.  'JIO-'-'O,  •_•()!. 


lie  rector  or  president  had  judicial  authority  over  thed 


octoraan 


.lah 


in  lijiht  oli'cnces,  and  in  .all  matters  strictly  within  its  jnovince.  The  aluunu 
■Were  exempt  from  personal  service,  and  had  the  privileges  of  the  nobility. 
'J'he  title  of  I'ontilicia  was  conferred  some  years  later  by  the  po)ie.  At  the 
time  of  its  foundation  the  university  had  seven  endowed  chairs,  the  ajipoint- 
incuts  to  \\  hich  were  made  by  the  vicei'oy.  The  classes  were  of  graiuinar, 
Latin  and  (Ireek,  phihjsophy,  rhetoric,  theology,  and  law  in  all  its  brauciics, 
mathcnuitics,  astronomy,  jihysic  and  mediciiu';  the  Otonu  and  Mexican  l;i 


guages  were  also  taught.  The  lirst  rector  or  prcsieient  was  the  o: 
Antonio  Rodriguez  de  Quesada.  Tiie  chairs  of  civil  law  and  (irecl 
placeil  in  charge  of  ]ir  I'rias;  the  others  had  the  following  teachcn 
scriptures,  the  Austin  friar,  Alonso  de  la  Veracruz;  theoloirv,  the  l)oniiuiian. 


Jir 
ere 
holy 


I'r   Pedlo   1' 


mathematics,  Juan  Nemete;  canon  law,  Doctor  Man 


grannnar,  Juan  ]>ustainante.  The  other  branches  were  also  oonnuitt<d  V< 
eompeti'nt  men.  It  is  said  there  was  also  a  chair  of  Mexican  antiinnti(s. 
j)uring  the  remainder  of  this  century  several  laws  were  cnactc<l  atl'ectiug  t!io 
university  and  its  professors  and  ollicers.  Jttcop.  tic  Iiidids,  lUl-o,  -(d,  -!d; 
l'iiij<i,  Culiihirio,  1;>T-S;  Znmora,  Bib.  Lig.  f7/^,  vi.  lOG-l'J;  (•'oir.ahz  JJiu-'/ii, 
Tiii/ro  AV/,,s-.,  i.  ;)•_>-;!;  dillv,  Mem.  y  iVo/.',  51-'J;  Ordcucti  dc  la  Cori"hi,  M^., 
ii.  10!);  I'lhiiicvrt,  Tnit  J/c.r.,  passim;  Moiitcimn/or,  Sriii(irio!<,  01 -.S;  ^1 /';/''■, 
J/lyf.  I'oniji.  Jcnus,  1.  194-5;  Scdazur,  Ahx.  en  loo.},  1-17;  Caco,  'IVcs  Sijlof, 
loO-(il. 

"^  Three  arc  recorded:  one  in  1419,  during  the  reigu  of  the  first  Miiito- 


TRK  TRKASURE  FLEET. 


593 


cltv  was  iintlor  water  tluve  days,  acccr.d'mj^  to  somo 
autliorities,  and  i'our,  accordiiii^  to  others.  Canoes 
were  used  I'or  transit.  As  soon  as  the  waters  reci'ded 
tlie  viceroy  bestirred  hinisolf  to  prevt^nt,  if  possible, 
tlie  recurrence  of  such  a  cahunity,  and  with  this  view 
he  resolved  to  surround  the  citv  with  a  dike.  The 
caciques  of  the  cities  an<l  towns  of  the  valley  were 
Munnioned  to  brin«j;  their  vassals  and  o-o  to  work. 
All  came  cheerfully  and  promptly  forward.  To  avoid 
confusion  they  were  divided  into  squads,  and  placed 
in  chai"!4'0  of  skilful  i'oremen.  To  <^ive  prestijj^e  and 
excite  enthusiasm  durlnL;-  the  first  da}',  tlie  viceroy 
worked  like  another  man,  spade  in  hand;  ai'terwai'd 
he  superintended  the  o[)erations,  though  often  seen 
with  a  mason's  tools  in  his  hands,  lie  frecjuciitly 
A  isited  tlie  tield  to  praise  those  who  worked  with 
alacrity,  and  to  inspire  with  greater  activity  tlui  lau^- 
j^ard.  The  work  was  finished  in  a  few  days,"'^  and 
made  more  secure  by  chanLiini>;  the  bed  of  a  small 
liver  whose  current  was  doiny*  iniurv. 

Eaily  in  April  lojo  the  treasure  <leet  sailed  from 
A'era  Cruz  I'or  Spain.  When  in  the  Ixihama  channel 
tlie  sliijis  were  tliiown  out  of  their  course  by  the  cur- 
I'ents,  and  finally  experienced  heavy  gales  which  drove 
and  stranded  most  of  them  upon  the  Florida  reefs. 
Out  of  one  thousand  perscjiis,  among  them  many  of 
high  position,"^  only  three  hundred  reached  the  shore. 

zuinn;  the  soonnd  in  ],"00,  in  tlio  roipi  of  Aliuitzotl,  .nnd  tlio  tliinl  in  l.'O!), 
Montt'zunui  11.  tlion  nilinj;  tlio  A/ti't;  finiiiie.  For  full  iiai'ticiiliiis  on  tiicsu 
iiiuiiiliiticnm  iuid  tlio  iiH'Msuns  that  wen"  iul()|itcil,  si'C  A'l/'i'cc  /iV/ci.t,  v.,  this 
^1  rii'S,  4r2-ll?,  4.">.'{-4,  4(iS;  Ah'irc,  /list,  i  'uinp.,  Ji-.<iis,  i.  4;t.");  jHiiiiiJaciuiu:<,  in 
i'ol.  di'  JJiario",  Not.  y  Var.  J'lip.,  MS.,  UMi. 

"^  T'irqii<:ni(uln,  i.  tilS-'J;  Cipalit,  Jul.,  4-G;  Panes,  ]'itri/c^,  in  Mmitnn. 
1)011).  />;).,  MS.,  M>. 

'"One  was  the  general  of  the  fleet;  aiiotlur,  the  hanil.suine  and  rich  ])ori;i, 
("atalina  I'oiicc  do  Leon  ^^llo\\,•ls  (ni  lur  way  to  S]iaiii,  a.->  some  say,  iiiiilcr 
M  iittiiec  of  banishment;  acenidiin;  to  dthcis,  to  elear  iiersclf  of  an  aceusation 
liV aiieu'i'o,  tlio  sole  witness,  of  liaviii:.,'  aided  JJeniardiro  ni.'ea!iei;ra  to  niunlrr 
liir  husband.  1  iierc  i.s  some  disitejiaiiey  in  the  aeeoinits  of  various  autiiors 
ahout  the  loss  of  the  tleet  and  other  jiartieiilars.  One  siiy;i  that  three  of  tin; 
i.iiLjer  and  a  few  of  the  smaller  vessels  (.sealed  shiiiwreeU,  nicntioniiii,'  only 
two  friars,  ^b'ndez  and  Cm?.,  as  aiiionj,'  the  ])assenL;ers,  and  asscrtini;  in 
j-'riioral  terms  that  every  jierson  who  pit  on  shore  afterward  was  niassaered. 
A  Ilia  Version  of  the  total  desti  uetiou  of  life  iieenis  to  be  the  generally  uctepted 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  II.    US 


t,' 


m 


n 


I  ilX 


1 


I 


■  f 


■i 


I 

I 


liti- 


if' 

i 


594 


VICEROY  VELASCO'S  RULE. 


And  those  may  as  well  have  saved  tlicmselvos  llio 
trouble,  for  after  a  few  days  the  natives  appeared, 
behavinij  fi'iendlv  at  first,  but  soon  be<'inninijj  to  kill 
and  rob.  Believini;  Panuco  to  bo  distant  onlv  three 
days'  joui-ncy,  the  survivors  started  thither,  but  they 
were  mostly  massacred,  or  perished  on  tho  way."' 

The  <lisaster  drew  the  attention  of  the  Spanish 
monarch  to  these  natives  who  had  hitherto  main- 
tained their  independence.  lie  now  resolved  upon 
their  subj nidation,  and  gave  orders  to  Velasco  to 
despatch  a  force  for  that  purpose.  Though  disappniv- 
ing  of  the  measure,  Velasco  dared  not  disobey.  Ho 
accordingly  ordered  levies;  but  this  was  almost  an 
unnecessary  measure,  as  there  were  at  the  time  in 
]\Iexico  many  who  imagined  Florida  another  l^>t^^l'. 
Largo  numbers  tendered  their  services.  Two  thou- 
sand wore  enrolled  and  thorouu'hly  drilled  bv  the  end 
of  1558.  One  thousand  Indian  archers  were  also  ac- 
cepted. 

Tho  Spanish  force  was  formed  into  six  squadrons 
of  cavalry  and  six  companies  of  infantry.  Tristan 
do  Luna  y  Arellano,^''  also  called  Acuila,  was  given 
the  ap[)ointment  of  governor  of  Florida  and  tho  chief 
command  of  tho  expedition,  to  which  were  also  at- 
tached eight  Spaniards  who  had  traversed  Florida 
and  acquired  tho  languages.  Accompanying  the  I'ono 
were  a  nund)orof  Floridan  women  who  had  been  some 
time  in  ^Mexico,  and  who  now  returned  to  inform  their 
countrymen  of  the  good  treatment  they  had  received. 
DiHiiinican  and  Franciscan  friars  wont  as  chaplains. 
Velasco  accompanied  tho  army  to  Vera  Cruz,  where 
he    harangued   tho   troops,  and    directed  that   nii!d 

one.  TorqiicmaiJn,  i.  G'20.  A  secoml  states  that  the  'Xavio  del  Corzo  de 
iSevilla,  quo  partia  con  X.  I'.  S.  Francisco  ilc  his  ganancias,'  and  two  othir 
vessels  escapetl  shipwreck.   Vvlaucvrt,  Trat.  Me.i\,  S. 

^•'One  snu.U  craft  returne<l  to  Vera  (.'ruz  with  the  sad  news;  the  friar 
^liircos  de  Mena,  wlio  had  been  left  for  dead  by  the  Indians,  recovercil.  and 
reached  Tanipico  and  Alexico.  JJdvila  Padilla,  Hist.  Fend.,  '272-00;  Cam, 
Ties  SUjhs,  i.  lUl-'2. 

•"'Had  been  a  captiiin  under  Vasqucz  de  Coronadoin  the  expedition  to  tiiu 
valley  de  los  C'oi'azones  in  Sonora,  Beaumont,  C'rdii.  Mich.,  v.  41)1. 


IMPORTANT  MINES. 


SOS 


Tiionns  slioiild  1)0  used  before  rosortlivjf  to  violence. 
Aib-r  seeiiiLj  tlie  expedition  enibtnked  on  tliirteeii 
siiijxs  in  June  15;31>,  lie  returned  to  ^lexico.  Arrived 
Jit  Santa  Elena  they  suflered  Ironi  heavy  weatlier  at 
the  anehoraj^c;  and,  on  landinf,',  the  natives  harassed 
them  so  that  they  had  to  send  to  ^Mexico  for  hcl}). 
Some  companies  came,  one  under  Captain  IJiedna, 
and  another  under  Anjjjel  Villafane,  whom  the  vieei'ov 
a|)[)ointed  as  Luna's  successor.  But  it  all  pi'oved 
of  no  avail.  It  was  ini))ossible  for  those  Spanish 
soldiers,  already  becoming  etfeniinate  from  hnv^  inac- 
tivity, to  maintain  any  hold  on  the  country,  and  nuich 
kss  to  accomplish  its  subjugati()n  in  the  face  of  the 
powerful  warlike  tribes  that  had  banded  to  dif»  nd 
themselves.  The  undertaking  was  consequently  aban- 
doned, and  tlie  few  who  had  escaped  destruction  were 
conveved  to  Habana  and  thence  restored  to  ^Mexico."'' 

Xor  did  Velasco  confine  his  attention  within  the 
former  limits  of  New  Spain.  His  term  of  ofKco  was 
marked  by  conquest  and  the  opening  of  rich  mines 
as  well  as  by  progress  in  agiiculture,  arts,  and  manu- 
factures. l*ursuing  the  policy  of  his  sovereign,  lie 
encouraged  and  fitted  out  expeditit)ns  for  the  suliju- 
gation  of  the  vast  countries  then  bearing  the  name 
of  the  Gran  Chicliimeca,  and  a  little  later  of  the 
territory  called  at  tliat  time  Copala.  His  first  meas- 
ures secured  the  further  pacification  of  Queretaro, 
Zacatecas,  and  Guanajuato,  and  were  followed  by  the 
fcul)jection  of  the  whole  north-western  region. 

An  account  has  been  already  given  of  the  towns  of 
San  Felipe  and  San  ^liguel.  These  garrisoned  places 
in'oved  very  useful  for  the  protection  of  travclK  is, 
aiul  led  to  the  discovery  of  rich  mines  and  the  founda- 

'■  A  letter  of  Vcl;isco  to  tlic  kiiijj,  of  >raroh  ITi.'O,  speaks  of  500  men— '2."0 
horsemen  and  '250  foot— as  accomjicUiyiny;  Luna  to  Iiis  governineiit.  All  otlier 
authorities  ulio  mention  nnnitiers  are  aLiiced  upon  those  given  in  the  text. 
IV/((.s'0,  Carta,  in  Cartas  (h  Indian,  '27-;  IV/wwo,  Rduvioii,  m  Fiorli/a,  Cul. 
Dor.,  i.  lO-lS;  /(/.,  in  Parhvro  and  Cdnlcna'--,  Col.  Doc,  iv.  l.'>tJ-40;  Valilcr- 
ramn,  CartaK,  in  /</.,  iv.  3(i.'?;  Torijumiada,  i.  G'JO- 1 ;  Vrtntirrrt,  Trat.  Mi.r.^ 
9:  f,iiiriir.aiia,  in  Corti'.i,  Hid.  N.  E^p.,  15;  JJdrUa  Paililln,  IliM.  Fviid., 
177-S,  189-'2'2i);  I'aiu\<,  ririi/c,  in  Mouum.  Jjom.  Exp.,  ilS.,  S"2. 


■iii 


5  I  ,l« 


i  lil 


11 


non 


VICKr.OY  VKLASCO'S  KULE. 


tioii  (){'  oflicr  SpMiiisli  set tlt'iucnts.  As  n  iiiaftci'  of 
flirt,  tho  Sjtaiiiiirds  hccninc  ncqiiainlod  willi  tlu' wealth 
(if  lliis  jtai'l  i>f'  tlic  couiiti'v  stton  aCtcr  its  discovcrx . 
'riic  city  of  Saiiia,  Fv  dc  ( Jiianajuato,  ilio  vcrilali' 
A'illa  l^ica  of  ^fi^xico,  liad  its  \nvi\\  in  l.ly-l,  and  in  or 
aliout  I.I.IS  tlio  Vc'ta  ]\[adro  was  founded.''^  In  the 
]a[)so  of  tiuK'  that  town  provixl  to  bo  tlio  centre  of  tlic 
marvellons  deposits  on  the  i)or]ili3'ritie  range  of  thf 
siorrji  de  Santa  Uosa,  perliaps  the  ricliest  gr-oiip  of 
silvei--ininos  u\)  to  tliat  time  (hseoveml,  and  (jluaiiii- 
iuato  itself  heeame  the  most  singularly  situated  of  all 
cities.  If  the  sjtirit  of  charity  revealed  the  mines  of 
]vspiritu  Santo,  it  might  well  seem  as  if  the  genius 
of  evil  had  chosen  this  lahyrinth  of  mountain  ravines 
as  its  seat.  From  the  extraordinary  shaix-s  assmneil 
I)y  the  oigantic  masses  of  itorphyi'y  in  form  of  I'umi  d 
fortresses,  one  niiu^ht  easilv  iniauino  this  the  l)at(li'- 
gi'ound  of  impalpahle  intelligences,  as  though  tlie 
secri>t  had  ])een  wrung  from  nature*  at  a  fearful  cost;' 
In  anv  event  th(>v  provi'd  the  most  iniiiortant  of  aiiv 
found  during  this  iirst  jieriod  of  discovery  of  mines, 
and  of  inunense  wealth,  yielding  large  levemies  Id 
the  crown. 

The  ])rior  discovery  of  the  mines  of  San  Lucas, 
Avino,  Sond)rer(*te,  llanchos,  Chalchihuites,  Nieves, 
and  others  should  be  awarded  to  Francisco  de  Ihana, 
a  lu^phew  of  Diego  de  Ibarra,  son-in-law  to  Viceioy 
A\'lasco,  who,  starting  in  1  i)F}4:  from  the  mines  of  Zaea- 
tecas  witli  a  company  of  soldiers,  all  at  his  own  cost, 

■■"^  r!pL'ov<ls  (if  extict  dates  arc  very  meagre  and  conflicting  in  this  and  the 
fcilldwin,!,' decade.  Tiie  founding  lias  been  iilaced  even  as  early  as  i.ito  and 
l."i4S.  Jfc  is  said  that  some  nndeteers  discovcreil  the  mine  of  San  Jiernai^' 
'111  the  ("nliilete  lilU  in  1.">1S,  and  tln^  jdace  was  called  IJeal  do  Miuas,  and 
later  Santa  Fe,  but  retained  the  Indian  appellation  of  (iuanajuato.  Soc.  M'.r. 
(•'mil.,  Jlvliliii,  ix.  !t"2-3.  The  giowtli  was  slow.  Its  title  of  a  villa  was 
not  eonlirmed  till  KiT!).  Ifnliiia,  ('/iron.  iSan  I'injo,  '2,")S.  The  iirst  shafts  w-w 
si'.nk  in  that  lode  in  April  ].V)8,  but  it  does  not  seem  to  have  been  worked  In 
advantage  till  17l>0.  llnmhoklt,  Essal  Pol.,  ii.  41)1);  C'avo,  Tres  t'iiijluK,  i.  bil; 
(n!<l(rs  I'cep  at  Mr. v.,  'iOl-'J. 

^^  ITnnd)oldt  estimated,  in  1820,  that  the  Vcta  !Madrc  of  fluanajuato  liml 
yielded  more  than  a  fourth  part  of  the  silver  of  Mexico,  and  a  sixth  part  nt 
t!ic  proiluce  of  all  A.uerica.  The  jiroductiun  in  later  years  has  been  snuir- 
thing  truly  wonderful.  As  they  have  sunk  deeper  the  lode  of  ore  has  hcwniu 
lichcr. 


rAciriCATiox  of  copal  a. 


m 


•  luictfd  llii>  natives,  making'  it  safo  loi*  si^tilcrs.*'^  l»iit 
ill  I  A.kS  the  aiKtifiicia  (»!'  Xiicva  ( Jalicia  drspatclird  (ho 
alcalde  mayor,  Martin  IV'rez,  at  the  lirad  oTan  aniud 
(■.\|H'diti()n  t(»  the  same  region,  who  took  I'ormal  j)os- 


sess 


ion  of  it;  hciiec  the  t-laiin  that  he  d 


isroNcii'd  the 

iiiiiu'sorFr(.'siii]I(»,SaM^rai'tiii,Soml)n'iiti',aiid  Xirvcs. 
1  )ie,n'()  Carei'a  C'olio,  or  Cilio,  was  suhsrcjueiitly  made 


d.al.l 


e  ma  vol'  o 


ftl 


ttk 


le  new  setilcnu'iiis 


According-  to  ]*i>auniont  tlu;  miiu's  of  San  !^^a^■till 
wci'c;  <liscoviied  toward  the  end  of  l.').')S,  and  so 
named  hecauso  i'oiind  on  the  <lay  oj'  (liat  saint.  Tlie 
discoveries  l»ronL;'ht  many  lahorci's  of  \aiions  races 
and  colors;  on  tlicir  way  they  canu;  npon  Ml  l-'rcsnillo, 
hut  liastened  forwai'd.  So  many  Sjianiards  ahout 
that  time  were  rnshinL;'  to  tlic  mines  that  soon  weri; 
found  the  deposits  of  Chalchihuites,  Siunlirerete, 
Sahino,  Santiago,  and  Nieves,  over  which  ilie  alcalde 
mayor  of  Zacatetvis  assumed  authority/'  Jiut  if  the 
claim  of  Jharra  is  disputi'd  in  some  instances  it  is  cer- 
tain that  lie  was  tlu.'  iirst  discovei'er  of  many  of  thoso 
mines  whoso  rich  deposits  so  (piickly  depoj)ula<ed  not 
oidy  the  city  of  ( 'ompostehi,  but  the  minim;'  distiict 
of  Zacatecas.  To  maintain  continuous  possession  of 
the  mines  was,  howevei',  a  dillicult  matter,  owini;"  to 
the  fre(juent  attacks  of  hostile  hands  from  the  ]\Ii.\tnii 
and  Zacatecas  mountains.  The  settlements  (o  the 
cast  and  south  of  Zacatecas  seem  to  liave  fared  hettei', 
pi'otected  as  they  were  hy  the  hacivndas  in  that  \  i- 
cinity,  which  soon  hecanie  tliickly  populated. 

As  it  was  im])ossil)le  for  tl;e  lorei^n  inhabitants  of 
Xew  Galicia  to  hold  in  suhju^ation  all  its  new  terri- 
tories, Velasco  resolvcnl  in   laaS   to  take  the  malt(  r 


into  1 


lis  own 


hands.     First  he  +^'..jiiL;ht  of  seiidiii'''  an 


'.  M 


TIo  cliiimcil  it  in  a  ropri'siiifiitioii  to  tlic  kin:.',  .•issfrtint;  tliiit  mt  S])a 

"  '     ■  '      ■      "      /',(r/;. 

it.    v, 


i.ii'il  li;i(l  set  foot  ill  those  rcirioiis  till  lie  wen 


t  tli^ 


//.. 


A'./. 


ami  ( 'lirili- 


(  ol.  ]><!(■.,  xiv.  40;!,  Jhitd.-i  Ilioj.,  in  <  'iirtn-s  lii'  I.nlh 


lii'iiorof  IxIml;  the  iiist  settler  of  Sonilirei'eto,  S;ni  Miirtin,  an<l  hinroumlin.; 
ci.iiiitiy  liiis  heen  iiWJiriled,  however,  to,)ii:ui  de  'I'olosa,  one  of  the  ei)n(|Uei- 
I'l- imil  fo'.mdei-s  of  Zaeateeiis,  iiided  hy  Cristilial  de  Oiiate,  eartaiii  yeiicial 
ot  Niieva  (lalieia,  and  settler  of  Zacatceas, 
^^  JJciiuiiwiit,  L'lOii.  Mall.,  V.  -Ibl--. 


m  'U'l 


?' 


COS 


VICEROY  VELASCO'S  RULE. 


expctlition  under  Ibarra,  from  the  mines  of  Zacateeas 
to  pacify  Ct)pala.*'^ 

This  was  a  favorite  project  of  the  king's,  but  Florida 
affairs  prevented  it  for  a  time.  Meanwhile  the  viceroy 
concluded  to  send  three  I  ranciscan  friars  to  the  mines 
of  San  IMartin,  which  were  between  those  of  Zacateeas 
and  the  province  to  be  brought  under  rule.  The  fri- 
ars were  to  engage  in  missionary  work,  ascertain  all 
the}'-  could  about  the  coveted  province,  and  prepaio 
the  field;  his  intention  being  to  despatch  thither  a 
.small  expedition,  at  little  expense  to  the  crown,  +o 
occu[)y  the  country  and  make  Spanish  settlements. 
It  was  expected  to  find  valuable  mines  in  that  region. 
When  the  time  arrived  for  military  operations,  the 
rranciscnns  had  made  considerable  progress  in  tlicir 
labors.  Francisco  de  Ibarra  was  then  commissioned  as 
the  governor,  captain  general  of  the  so-called  province 
of  Copala,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Reino  de  la 
Nueva  Vizcaya,  and  which  embraced  the  country  lying 
to  the  cast  and  north  of  existing  settlements,  though 
he  did  not  confine  himself  to  that  region.  His  efforts 
proved  successful,  as  he  established  friendly  relations 
with  the  several  native  nations,  seldom  havins:  to 
resort  to  force.  He  founded  the  villas  of  Nombre  tic 
Dios,  Durango,  San  Juan  de  Sinaloa,  and  others,  and 
discovered  many  mines  and  agricultural  tracts  en 
which  he  established  permanent  settlements  of  Span- 
iards, a  full  account  of  which  is  found  in  my  Ilistvi'ii 
of  the  North  ]\[exican  States.  In  his  famous  expedi- 
tions he  visited  Durango,  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  and  Clii- 
liuahua;  and  on  his  return,  availing  himself  of  the 
jiowers  granted  him  to  bring  into  liii:'.  government  all 
towns  thai  were  not  provided  with  a  church  and  mis- 
sionary, he  despoiled  many  encomenderos,  and  sii/.* d 
their  holdings.  The  terrible  hardships  Ibarra  was 
called  on  to  endure  brought  on  consumption,  to  wlii<  li 

**Thc  «ler)artnrc  of  the  cxpcclilion  was  siispciidod  Ity  a  viocrcpal  onlif  in 
Srptciiihri"  of  the  sanio  year,  na  n  niorc  pressing  one  liutl  to  he  ilttcil  oii(  IT 
I'-aiitii  I'^U'iiii  in  rioriila.  '''Ms  explains  the  cliunge  of  plau  above  slatnl. 
Wludco,  Carta  al  liii/,  iaSqukrn  Jif^'ib'.,  x.  4,  5. 


THE  PHILIPriNE  ISLANDS. 


009 


ho  succumbed  some  time  after  1570,  tliough  the  date 
and  place  of  his  death  do  not  appear  in  the  records. 
Ills  remains  found  their  last  resting-place  in  the  city 
of  Durango.  From  all  accounts  his  scivi^os  were 
never  rewarded;  his  estate  dwindled  away,  and  after 
his  death  hardly  yielded  enough  to  pay  oft*  the  large 
debts  he  had  contracted  in  fitting  out  and  supporting 
his  great  enterprises. 

The  Philippine  Islands  had  now  been  in  the  hands 
of  the  Spaniards  for  more  than  ten  years.  Acting 
on  tlie  glowing  accounts  of  Andres  de  Urdaneta,  a 
soldier  and  a  famous  navigator  and  cosmograj.her, 
who  had  been  with  Garcia  de  Loaisa,  and  of  his  com- 
panions, Garcn'a  de  Escalante  and  Guido  de  Labazares, 
M'lio  had  visited  those  parts,  the  Spanish  sovereign 
directed  Velasco  to  f:t  out  an  expedition  for  t!'.e 
Philippines,  with  the  view  of  making  settlements 
there,  to  which  were  to  be  sent  as  many  colonists  as 
could  be  procured.''^  In  15G3  the  expedition  M'as 
ready  to  depart  the  following  year.^*  After  consulta- 
tion with  Urdaneta,  the  command  was  given  to 
Miguel  Gomez  de  Legazpi,  a  resident  of  Mexico,  who 
made  jSIateo  de  Sai'iz  his  maestro  de  campo,  and  the 
young  Basque  Juan  de  Lezcano,  his  secretary.  Guido 
de  Labazares  was  appointed  the  king's  factor.  The 
missionary  part  of  the  adventure  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  Austin  order,  and  six  fathers  were  chosen.*^ 

*'  The  captain  was  now  Friar  An(li'(''3  de  Urdiiiicta.  Viceroy  Mciuloza  had 
IfnilcrL'd  him  the  coiiiiiiaml  of  Alvarado's  ilect,  Imt  lie  dtcliiicd  it,  and  noon 
aiitiward,  tiring  of  tlic  world,  joined  tlie  Austin  order  in  Mexico;  ami  yet  ho 
Mont  to  the  I'hilippiiiea  aa  a  luisiionary  with  uiueh  alacrity,  iliijulua,  t'rdii, 
i<.  AiimisL,  l()9-l-_'. 

*'Thei'e  has  Iwen  some  discrepancy  as  to  the  strengtii  of  the  military  force, 
V  hii'h  is  stated  by  one  at  000  men,  hy  another  at  700,  liy  a  third  at  4J0,  and 
1>\  a  fonrtli  at  400.  The  crews  are  a!"''  j^'ivt'n  at  various  limires.  Cnvo,  I'r'-.i 
H'.'jloa,  i,  170;  Clnjalua,  C'rdii.  S,  Auijii"'.,  lOO-'JO;  Ji'iirm y'.i  1114.  JJiscoi: 
i^'iiith  Sat,  i.  'JoO,  '272.  '  La  grita  era  (jue  yean  it  la  ("liina.  .  .y  (^ue  alH  aliiau 
il<-  eurn(^uc9cr,  y  asi  so  hizo  muy  buena  urniaiia.'  I'lrallu,  A'o/.  JlUt.,  lS">-7, 
oU). 

*'  Fathers  L^rdaneta,  JIartin  do  Rada,  Diego  de  llerrora,  Andn's  do 
A;_'nirre,  Ijorenzo  Jimenez,  and  Pedro  de  iJamboa.  Jimenez  die<l  before  tho 
tiiiliaikation.  Lezcano,  the  secretary,  in  later  years  In^eaine  a  Franciscan  in 
Mixiiii,  and  rose  to  the  lieail  of  the  order  in  his  ^irovince.  Torqio  niada,  i, 
U.'l;  Ciille,  Mem.  y  Svt.,  lo'>4. 


|U:J 


coo 


VICEROY  YELASCO'S  RULE. 


Tlic  fleet  consisted  of  four  ships,  and  lay  at  Navi- 
dad,  in  Colinia,  icady  for  sea,  when  the  viceroy  fell 
ill,  which  caused  further  delay.  Finally  on  the  21st 
of  November  15(54  the  squadron  sailed,  and  after  a 
j)rospcrous  voyage  reached  Luzon,  where  Legazpi 
founded  the  city  of  Manila,  which  in  after  years  l)c- 
canio  one  of  the  great  emporiums  of  the  east.*"  TIio 
audiencia's  orders  required  that  as  soon  as  a  settle- 
ment was  effected  the  commander  should  trv  to  dis- 
cover  a  practicable  route  back  to  America.  Where- 
fore the  flag-ship  San  Pedro,  Captain  Salcedo,  sailed 
from  Zcbi'i,  June  1,  1565,  having  on  board  fathers 
Urdaneta  and  Acruirrc.  After  jjfoinjjf  eastward  to  i\w 
Ladrones  the  course  was  north  to  Japan,  and  still 
northward  to  latitude  38°,  w!^ence  the  prevailiiiL,'- 
winds  bore  her  across  to  New  Spain.  The  voyngc^ 
was  a  long  and  severe  one.  She  had  started  short  of 
nien;  the  master  and  pilot  died  early  in  the  voyage, 
and  fourteen  others  before  it  ended.  Urdaneta  and 
his  companion  had  to  sail  the  shi[),  to  look  after  tiio 
sick,  and  to  prepare  a  chart.  On  their  arrival  at 
Aca[)ulco  they  had  not  men  onough  to  cast  anchor. 

Captain  Alonso  de  Arellano  with  the  San  Lucas  had 
deserted,  and  sailed  from  the  Philippines  to  the  lati- 
tude of  Cape  IMendocino,  arriving  at  Acapulco  tlireo 
months  before  Urdaneta.  The  two  men  mot  at  court 
in  Spain.  Arellano  had  reported  the  rest  of  tlie  flee  t 
as  lost,  and  was  claiming  the  reward  offered  for  tlii! 
shortest  route;  but  instead  of  receiving  it  he  was  sent 
l)ack  to  Mexico  to  bo  subjected  to  a  court-martial 
for  his  desertion.  Urdanota's  chart  was  used  by  tin- 
]\Ianila  galleons  for  many  years.  The  route  was  tedi- 
ous in  one  part  and  cold  in  another,  but  without  great 

*•  According!  to  Visitador  Yaldorraiim  .^OCOOO  pesos  -wcro  expended  in 
Mexii'o  on  the  IMiilipiiines  expeditioiiH  during  tlic  last  six  years,  '..csidea  tl  u 
e\p('rulitnre  at  Seville  for  arms.  \Vritiiig  i)cfore  the  simHiil',  in  \'M,  le 
tiiouLrlit  if  it  were  not  to  eost  uhovo  ltK),(K)0  pesos  more  it  woukl  lie  well,  lie 
slroniily  objeeted  to  tlio  seleetion  for  niaestre  de  eanipo  of  Sai'iz  or  Saz,  wlii'iii 
lie  called  a  pardoned  traitor.  Cnrta.<,  in  I'nclurn  anvl  CiirdcnaH,  Col.  y.'ec.  i^'. 
;!().■!.  'File  iniiy  enstosa.'  Mdiilcza,  lli-f.  (  /liini,  i:>'J->'{.  Sic  ;dsi>.  Muti"", 
Vhrdii.ti.  JJiiijit,  Ahx.,S-U);  ]'claiicrrt,  Tint,  M(X.,i);  Mii/'iUii,£.qilui:,i,V'. 


THE  MANILA  GALEONS. 


601 


difficulty  or  danger  save  from  scurvy,  scant}'  stores, 
and  a  little  later,  from  corsairs.  Each  year  after  this 
tlie  rich  products  of  the  cast  were  received  in  Mexico 
in  one  or  more  ships,  but  there  is  no  record  extant,*'' 
for  the  government  loved  to  shroud  her  commerce  in 
mystery,  which  course  was,  indeed,  to  vsome  extent 
justified,  as  subsequent  events  made  apparent.  Expe- 
ditions on  private  account  for  the  discovery  of  new 
countries,  whether  by  land  or  sea,  were  now  forbidden 
l)y  royal  cedula  of  July  13,  1573,  unless  by  express 
permission  of  the  sovereign. 

^'Tho  !^nn  Qcrdnhno  is  mentioned  as  having  sailed  for  the  Pliilippines  in 
l.")GG;  tho  San  Juan  for  New  Spain  in  15G7;  the  arrival  of  two  vessels  from 
New  Spain  tho  enmo  year,  and  others  in  1572  to  take  a  course  further  north 
tlian  usual  for  purposes  of  exploration.  Biiniri/'H  JIht.  y^i.sror.  South  Sen,  i. 
'J7I-2.  Tho  ship  Kynritii  Suiito  from  Aeapuleo  for  tho  Western  Islands 
witli  11  friars,  Diego  do  Herrera  at  their  head,  and  some  soldiLTS  on  hoard, 
siiilcd  January  0,  1070,  and  arrived  there  April  2oth;  about  100  niilosfrDia 
Manila  sho  was  wrecked;  thobo  who  reached  tho  shore  were  s'.uin  hy  tho 
natives.  One  Indian  boy  was  tho  only  pcrwon  left  with  life.  Tho  nuinlnT 
Inst,  passengers,  olliccrs,  and  crew  exceeded  100.  Eiiriqiicz,  Curia  al  Hoj, 
Oot.  31,  \'y'S,  in  Cartas  de  Indias,  328.  In  tho  spring  of  1JG3  arrived  iu 
Mexico  Alvaro  do  Mcndano,  who  had  been  despatched  in  l.')G7  by  tlio 
viceroy  of  Peru  to  discover  the  Solomon  Islands  near  New  Guinea;  ho 
returned  to  Mexico  by  way  of  Lower  Cidiforaia,  and  anchored  near  Ccdros 
Iskuid  in  December. 


h 


f  1 


CHAPTEK  XXIX. 


THE  AVILA-C0RT]!:S  CONSPIRACY. 

1504-15C8. 

The  Aitdiencia's  Weak  Rule — Ill-feelinq  toward  the  JIarqc£s  del 
Valle — Encomiexda  Policy — Alonso  de  Avila's  Masqcerade — Plot 
/GAINST  the  Crown — Valderrama  Returns  to  Spain — CoNsnuArv 
Reported — Great  Curistenino  op  tue  Marqc^*  Twins— Arrest  ov 
THE  Marques  and  Others — Trial  and  Execution  of  the  Brotiieks 
AviLA— AlARQuiis  de  Falces,  Third  Viceroy— Marqc£s  del  Vai.i.e 
Sent  to  Spain — Falces  Deposed  by  MuSoz  and  Carrillo — Tiieiu 
Crcel  Course  —  Maiitin  Cortes  Tortured — His  Courage— Com- 
plaints Reach  the  Crown  —  Summary  Removal  of  Mui^oz  and 
Carrillo— Their  Fate — Falces  Vindicated— Second  Rule  of  tui; 
AuDiENciA — Sufferings  of  the  Marques — Final  Acquittal — Luss 
of  Domain  and  Property— His  Death — Retubm  of  Luis  Cortes- 
Later  Life  of  Martin  Cortes. 

Upon  the  death  of  Velasco  the  city  council  of  INIex- 
ico  was  seized  with  a  brilliant  idea.  Would  the  kiii;^' 
please  send  them  no  more  viceroys  1  For  howsoev<  r 
good  they  might  be  in  theory',  they  were  sure  to  brin;^' 
friends  and  dependents,  to  whom  they  would  give  tliu 
offices  rightly  belonging  to  the  conquerors  and  tiicir 
sons.^  This  request  was  sent  the  emperor  on  motion 
of  Salazar,  by  resolution  of  August  21,  15G4,  Ami 
they  desired  further  that  A^alderrama  should  be  made 
the  governor,  and  the  njarques  del  Valle  the  captain- 
general;  and  that  his  Majesty  should  not  regard  the 
clamor  of  certain  friars  for  an  increase  of  the  revenue, 
as  they  had  only  their  own  interests  in  view.'' 

''Pucs  traen  A  criados  d  quicn  hacer  las  merccJcs.'  Mcx.  Col  L<  ;i'-; 
(Mcx.  1801),  li.-lii.  ValilciTnnia  urged  the  pronipt  njnio'iiiiiK'nt  oi  a  ^^|'• 
ci'ssor  who  should  not  have  the  pres>idcni'y  of  the  ai'.iliencia;  tliis,  he  saicl, 
could  bo  given  to  the  archbishoii,  and  at  liis  death  io  a  jurist.  CVw/'-,  in 
Pachi'co  and  Cdnlnioji,  Col.  Doc,  iv.  .304-0,  371-'2. 

^'Fraih's  bulliciosos  quo  por  conse;,'uir  obispados  dan  arbitrios  pam  ;iu- 

meiito  do  lus  Ivuutus  liealos,  con  peijuicio  de  la  tieriu.' 

(.002) 


THE  MARQU£S  DEL  VALLE. 


603 


It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that  the  petition  was 
disregarded  by  the  crown  with  whose  prerogatives  it 
attempted  to  interfere.  As  the  members  of  the 
council  were  mostly  holders  of  encomiendas,  the  con- 
clusion to  be  drawn  from  their  unusual  and  rather 
bold  proceeding  was  that,  anxious  to  secure  the  per- 
petuity of  their  privilege,  they  looked  to  the  possible 
rule  of  the  marquis,  the  chief  man  among  the  enco- 
menderos,  and  of  Valderrama,  his  warm  friend,  as  the 
best  means  of  attaining  their  object.  The  death  of 
the  viceroy  having  occurred  while  the  audiencia  was 
still  under  investigation,  the  government  of  New  Spain 
virtually  devolved  on  the  visitador,  although  under 
the  instruction  lately  issued  by  the  king  in  council 
the  succession  belonged  to  the  audiencia.  This  body^ 
was,  however,  restrained  by  the  authority  held  over 
it  by  their  visitador. 

On  the  whole  Martin  Cortds,  the  marquis,  was  a 
worthy  son  of  his  father.  In  physique,  or  I  might 
pay  in  physical  development,  he  was  a  trifle  more 
delicate,  of  finer  form  but  not  so  robust,  as  tctive  but 
less  enduring,  as  good  a  soldier,  as  ready,  as  brave, 
but  less  suited  to  the  ragged  life  of  a  conqueror,  less 
ready  in  resource,  preferring  the  pleasures  of  refined 
society  to  the  privations  and  self-denials  of  the  colonist. 
In  him  the  father's  liner  feelings  were  intensified,  some 
of  the  father's  less  worthy  qualities,  his  pride  and  love 
of  ostciiLation,  were  more  pronounced. 

But  comparisons  of  traits  in  parent  and  child  can- 
not after  all  lead  to  much  increase  of  knowledge  as  to 
their  real  differences  of  character.  It  is  not  jiossiblo 
so  to  reverse  their  situations  as  to  tell  what  would  bo 
the  character  of  the  one  in  the  position  of  the  other. 
Wo  may  not  determine  the  quality  of  the  high-born 
Ix'V  in  the  home  of  the  humble  Hernan,  or  how  ho 
\V(juld  have  conducted  hiniwclf  at  school,  or  how  he 

'  Then  composed  of  the  oitlorcs  PcJi'o  de  Villaloboa,  Villauucva,  Vasco  do 

I'll -a,  uud  thu  sfuior  Ceiuos. 


004 


THE  AVILACORT£s  CONSPIRACY. 


>''  it 


would  liavc  won  his  way  on  reaching  Espanola,  or  if 
he  would  have  succeeded  as  farmer  or  lawyer,  or 
would  have  made  money  or  love,  or  how  he  would 
have  carried  himself  with  the  crusty  old  Velazquez 
on  Cuba  Island,  or  what  would  have  been  his  line  of 
action  when  the  men  mutinied  at  Villa  Rica,  at  the 
meeting  with  Montezuma,  on  the  arrival  of  Narvaez, 
after  the  Nochc  Triste,  and  in  a  hundred  other  cases 
where  one  mistake  would  have  been  fatal.  On  the 
other  hand,  had  the  hero  of  a  hundred  battles,  tlio 
winner  in  a  hundred  desperate  adventures,  been  denied 
the  poverty,  the  labor,  the  hardships,  and  the  disci- 
pline which  he  experienced,  and  had  he  been  born 
on  a  pinnacle  of  glory,  there  is  no  telling  whether  ho 
would  have  remained  there  even  for  these  few  years. 
Whosoever  is  hi<i'h  must  be  brought  low;  and  fortu- 
nately  it  is  so;  for  were  it  not  for  the  certain  follies  of 
successive  generations,  nine  tenths  of  mankind  would 
be  in  a  state  of  slavery. 

Look  at  this  high  favorite  of  fortune!  Little 
dreamed  the  Estremaduran  as  he  passed  from  Es- 
panola to  Cuba  that  an  heir  of  his  should  ever  occupy 
so  proud  a  position.  Cortes,  the  father,  complained 
to  the  king  that  he  had  not  enough:  for  all  his  great 
services  and  out  of  all  his  great  conquests  there  was 
next  to  nothing  for  him;  and  he  made  his  old  age  a 
burden  in  brooding  over  the  injustice  done  him,  and  in 
begging  for  greater  rewards.  lie  would  have  added 
to  his  fame  wealth  and  authority;  he  would  have  for 
his  heir  wealth  and  position.  And  the  heir  had  it. 
At  one  time  he  received  from  the  New  World  almost 
as  much  as  the  crown,  one  hundred  and  fifty  tbousund 
pesos  per  annum,  and  he  had  from  forty  thousand  to 
sixty  thousand  vassals.  In  his  way  he  was  the  lirst 
man  in  America,  the  most  famous,  the  wealthiest, 
occupying  the  highest  social  position.  He  could  not 
be  viceroy;  he  could  not  hold  important  office.  It 
was  too  dangerous  to  Spanish  monarchy.  But  lio 
could  be  the  social  sovereiirn  of  Mexico.     He  could 


STREET  BRAWLS. 


C05 


Little 
1  Es- 


(Treat 

[•0  was 

age  a 


romc  and  go  on  fcrnjs  of  cqualit}'  with  the  viceroy — 
this  son  of  the  Cuban  adventurer;  ho  could  bo  on 
terms  of  intimacy  with  the  visitador,  who  for  a  time 
was  above  the  viceroy.  The  oidorcs,  archbishop,  and 
all  other  dignitaries,  state  and  church,  high  and  low, 
were  profuse  and  constant  in  their  marks  of  respect. 

The  void  left  by  Velasco's  death  was  painfully  felt. 
The  members  of  the  audiencia  failed  to  command 
respect;  they  overlooked  small  offences,  and  greater 
ones  were  engendered  thereby.  An  occurrence  on 
the  5th  of  April  15G5  showed  how'  slow  the  audi- 
encia was  to  punish  offences  committed  by  persons 
in  high  position.  For  some  unimportant  cause  the 
brothers  Bernardino  and  Hernando  de  Bocanegra 
had  an  altercation  in  a  public  street  with  several 
other  gentlemen.  Swords  were  drawn,  and  the  police 
stopped  the  fight  with  some  difficulty,  and  only  after 
one  Cervantes  had  been  wounded.  The  audiencia 
jiaid  little  attention  to  the  affair;  the  Bocanegras 
were  arrested,  but  were  allowed  to  remain  at  home, 
where  the  marquis  often  visited  them.  He  also  used 
Lis  influence  to  obtain  their  acquittal,  which  was  an 
oflcnce  to  the  others,  one  of  whom  was  Juan  do  Val- 
divioso,  tlie  brother  of  his  brother  Luis'  wife.  From 
that  time  they  became  his  mortal  enemies,  and  offered 
liini  public  affront.  On  one  occasion  they  formed 
tliemselvcs  in  groups,  Agustin  do  Villanucva  and 
I'altasar  de  Aguilar  beinfj  of  the  number,  and  laid 
ill  wait  to  insult  the  marquis  as  he  passed  from  one 
to  another.  Hearing  of  it  the  marquis  armed  his 
servants  with  cudgels  concealed  under  their  cloaks, 
and  with  his  brothers  and  friends  went  out  to  face 
liis  foes.  The  first  time  they  met,  the  Cortes  party 
was  passed  without  recognition;  at  other  times  the 
marquis  was  coldly  saluted,  the  others  then  going 
their  way.  It  must  be  borne  n  mind  that  hitherto 
it  liad  been  customary  for  every  gentleman  meeting 
the  marquis  in  the  street  to  doff  his  hat,  turn  back, 


!l 


,L '  U  1 


f"\r 


COG 


THE  AVILA-CORTfiS  COXSPIRACY. 


and  escort  him  on  his  way.  Among  the  prominent 
men  who  would  not  pay  him  this  courtesy,  thouj^li 
remonstrated  with  by  Luis  Cortes  on  his  brother's 
behalf,  were  Juan  de  Valdivieso,  and  the  high-sheritr, 
Juan  de  Sdmano.  The  breach  between  the  brothers- 
in-law  widened,  and  Valdivieso  had  on  one  occasion 
to  iight  his  way  down  stairs  in  Luis  Cortes'  house,  to 
which  he  had  been  invited  for  an  interview.  All  this 
greatly  incensed  the  marquis  and  his  retainers,  and 
open  war  between  the  factions  was  prevented  oidy  by 
the  efforts  of  the  archbishop.* 


*  Scurrilous  epistles  were  sent  anonymously,  among  them  this  quartette: 

'  Tor  Mnrlna,  soy  fpstipo, 
guild  ustii  ticrra  iiit  liiK.'n  humbro, 
y  pnr  (itni,  lUwto  nomliro 
itt  perdera  <iuien  jo  digo.' 

The  marquis  had,  it  seems,  laid  himself  open  to  criticism  by  his  relations  vith 
a  lady  of  the  same  name  as  the  great  Corti's'  famoua  mistress,  and  by  favoriiiL; 
licr  relatives,  who  were  the  sons  of  his  father's  bitter  enemies,  to  the  uttir 
neglect  of  the  offspring  of  his  warmest  friends.  These  likewise  became  Ikis- 
tilo  to  tlio  marquis,  and  were  afterward  found  among  his  accusers.  Pcralt'i, 

Juan  Suarez  Peralta's  Noticlas  Histtiricas  de  la  Kueva  Et^patla,  Madrid, 
187H,  folio,  i.-xxiv.  l-39'2,  the  work  last  cited,  was  published  under  tho 
nuspicL'S  of  the  minister  of  Fomcnto  of  iSpain,  and  as  a  part  of  the  Curins 
de  liiiliaK,  by  Justo  Zaragoza,  who  changed  its  title  from  tliat  given  by  tlio 
writer,  which  was  long  and  not  so  appropriate.  The  author  was  an  eye- 
witness of  most  of  the  events  that  he  relates.  What  he  says  of  things  tlmt 
happened  before  this  is  of  little  weight;  but  his  descriptions  of  the  con- 
spiracy of  tho  second  marqu<53  del  Viulo  and  its  consequences;  of  the  expe- 
ditions carried  out  during  tho  rules  of  Mcndoza  and  Velasco;  of  gencial 
affairs  in  Xew  Spain  from  the  induction  into  oflicc  of  the  latter;  of  the  land- 
ing of  Hawkins  and  fighting  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  treatment  of  the  English  j)!  is- 
oners  in  Mexico;  of  the  acts  of  tho  several  rulers  down  to  the  administration 
of  tho  marques  do  Villamanrique,  including  the  wars  with  England  ami 
Drake's  career — these  are  intercstuig  and  valuable.  The  style  is  careless, 
unpretentious,  but  witli.'d  superior  to  that  of  some  writers  of  reputation. 
From  page  287  to  tho  end  are  given  notes. 

The  Cartas  de  Indkis,  Madrid,  1877,  large  folio,  i.-xiv.  1-877,  and  -OS 
nunnmbcrcd,  with  fac-similes,  cuts,  maps,  indexes,  and  three  chromo-litho- 
graphic  charts,  was  issued  imder  the  auspices  of  the  department  of  Foinrnto 
of  .Spain  and  dedicated  to  King  Alfonso  XII.  It  contains  letters  from  CdIuiii- 
bus,  Vespucci,  Las  Casas,  and  Bernal  Diaz;  a  collection  of  letters  fi'oni  New 
Spain,  Central  America,  Peru,  Rio  de  la  Plata,  and  the  Philippine  Islands- 
all  such  letters  being  of  tliB  loth  and  IGth  centuries.  Several  of  tlieininid 
a  considerable  number  of  wgnatures  of  the  men  that  figured  in  those  tiuiej 
are  also  given  in  fac-simile.  To  the  above  are  added  about  224  pages  of 
geographical  notes,  vocabulary,  biographical  data,  a  glossary,  and  cut.s,  niai's, 
and  indexes.  The  letters  and  fac-similes,  from  the  livst  to  the  last,  are  valu- 
able in  a  h  storic  sense,  and  the  vocabulary  is  useful;  but  the  biograpliical 
and  historical  data  are  not  always  reliable,  numerous  errors  having  been  ile- 
tected  in  comparing  their  contents  with  official  records,  and  with  the  memo- 
londa  of  witnesses  of  the  events  related. 


THE  KING'S  DECISION. 


607 


(((•'"■1 
by  tl>o 
cyc- 
tluit 
cou- 

l;\uil- 
1  pvis- 
vaticin 
1  iiu<l 
reloss, 
tation. 

Ill  '^tS 

i-litUo- 

liuu-iito 

laiuls— 

L'lU  iiiul 

tiincJ 

lo  valu- 
L'on  '^^' 


I  will  mention  another  incident  of  outlawrj'  reflect- 
inu  on  the  audiencia.  On  the  niffht  of  the  17th  of 
June  15G5  the  alcalde  Julian  Salazar  while  patrolling 
the  city  came  upon  an  armed  servant  of  the  marquis, 
;uk1  relieved  him  of  his  sword.  The  servant  reported 
it  to  his  master,  who  despatched  two  others  to  claim 
the  sword;  they  went  armed  and  haughtily  made  a 
demand,  which  the  alcalde  met  by  disarming  them; 
hut  on  learning  that  they  were  retainers  of  the  mar- 
quis ho  offered  to  give  back  the  weapons,  which  the 
men  refused  to  receive,  and  on  returning  home  gave 
a  false  account  of  the  affair.  Cortes  became  very 
angry  and  hurried  away  to  Salazar,  whom  he  grossly 
insulted  and  disarmed.  The  alcalde  complained  to 
the  audiencia;  but  after  long  and  tiresome  proceedings 
the  marquis  triumphed.  The  truth  is  the  audiencia 
was  hardly  a  free  agent  in  the  matter,  because  of  the 
intimacy  between  the  visitador  and  the  marquis. 

Velasco's  letter  of  June  22,  1504,  had  the  desired 
cft'ect.  The  king  on  the  Gth  of  May  15G5  summoned 
the  marquis  to  answer  within  six  months  the  charges 
})n'ferred  by  the  royal  fiscal,  Ger6nimo  de  Ulloa,  upon 
\\hich  he  based  a  demand  for  the  repeal  of  the  grant 
to  llernan  Cortes;  his  grounds  being  that  it  was  both 
surreptitious  and  arroptitious,  inasmuch  as  it  had  been 
obtained  without  stating  the  correct  number  of  vassals, 
or  the  revenue  and  jurisdiction,  and  through  a  repre- 
sentation that  it  was  of  little  value  to  the  royal  patri- 
mony. On  being  notified  the  28th  of  September  by 
Sancho  Lopez  do  Agurto,  escribano  de  camara  of  the 
audiencia,  Cortes  took  the  cedula  and  placed  it  on  his 
lioad,  as  became  a  dutiful  subject.  Only  a  few  da}*3 
hct'ore  he  had  been  enjoined  by  a  royal  order  from 
using  a  seal  larger  than  a  half  dollar,  or  having  any 
ducal  device  thereon. 

A  few  days  later  there  arrived  at  Vera  Cri..  Podro 
de  la  Roelas'  fleet  from  Spain,  and  rumor  soon  had  it 
that  the  king's  final  decision  on  encomiendas  had  been 
uula\  orable  to  holders.     Without  ascertainin<jc  if  the 


.' .  'f 


COS 


THE  AVILA-CORTl'S  CONSPIRACY. 


ropoit  was  well  founded,  the  cncomenderos  bccaino 
excited,  and  used  strong  language  in  expressing  tlu  ir 
discontent.  The  fact  that  neither  the  audiencia  nor 
the  visitador  spoke  of  the  matter  made  it  look  worse 
to  them;  the  authorities  were  going  to  spring  upon 
them  some  great  injustice,  they  thought.  Complain- 
ants began  secretly  to  declare  that  a  vassal's  allegiaiK^c 
Avas  binding  only  so  long  as  the  sovereign  respected 
his  i)ledges;  and  as  they  had  humbly  laid  before  jiis 
^Majesty  their  grievances,  claiming  only  their  i-iglits, 
^vhicll  were  denied  to  them,  they  should  fall  back  upon 
force,  not  in  the  spirit  of  rebellion,  but  by  way  of  de- 
fence. 

Among  the  more  angry  and  active  were  the  brothers 
Avila.  In  expressing  their  views  they  failed  to  ol)- 
serve  common  prudence.  They  had  no  regular  })];ue 
of  meeting,  and  held  no  formal  conferences.  A  num- 
ber of  those  most  in  earnest  assembled  a  few  times 
at  the  house  of  Alonso  de  Avila,  but  for  a  while  tlicv 
arrived  at  no  line  of  action;  they  talked  over  the 
j)roposcd  movement,  and  welcomed  any  one  disj^osed  to 
join  them.  With  those  who  were  truly  friendly  came 
sjjics,  })retending  to  bo  on  their  side,  but  in  truth 
wishing  only  to  learn  their  secrets  in  order  to  destroy 
them.  Thanks  to  the  stupidity  of  Alonso  de  Avila, 
enough  knowledge  was  in  the  hands  of  the  opposing' 
faction  to  bring  the  necks  of  the  encomeuderos  very 
near  the  halter. 

As  reported  by  these  same  enemies,  the  plan  was  to 
proclaim  as  king  of  New  Spain  the  marques  del  Yalle, 
whose  father  had  conquered  the  country  v/ithout  aid 
irom  the  sovereign  of  Castile;  then  to  call  together 
in  parliament  the  proxies  of  the  cities  and  villas  to 
recognize  and  swear  allegiance  to  the  new  king;  to 
despatch  to  Rome  as  envoy  a  prelate  to  ask  the  itojH' 
for  the  investiture  of  the  kingdom;  and  to  solicit  iVnia 
the  French  sovereign  a  free  pass  through  his  domin- 
ions whenever  the  new  government  desired  to  send  a 
messenger  to  the  holy  city,  oflfering  in  return  to  ()i)eii 


THE  MASQUERADE. 


600 


the  ports  of  New  Spain  to  trade  ami  intercourse  with 
uU  nations. 

The  persons  who  with  Alonso  do  Avila  appeared  as 
cliicfs  in  the  j)lan  were  Baltasar  and  Pedro  de  Que- 
sada,  Cristobal  de  Onate,  the  younger,  and  the  [preb- 
endary of  the  cathedral,  Ayala  de  Espinosa.  They 
now  resolved  to  invite  the  marques  del  Yalle  to  tlieir 
leadership,  and  Alonso  de  Avila  was  to  bring  thuir 
jilan  to  his  knowledge;  he  felt  certain  that  Cortes  in 
iiis  present  state  of  mind  would  readily  assent  to  it. 
In  the  process  afterward  instituted  against  the  brothers 
Avila,  there  is  nothing  to  show  how  Cortes  received 
the  proposal.  But  Alonso  de  Avila's  last  confession 
dearly  indicates  that  the  marquis  pronounced  the  plan 
impracticable,  one  evidently  devised  by  hot-headed 
men,  a  "cosa  de  burla,"  one  which  would  not  only 
Itring  upon  its  authors  the  vengeance  of  Philip,  but 
tlie  ill-will  of  the  natives  whose  servitude  they  wero 
tlius  striving  to  perpetuate.  Thus  far  the  revolu- 
tionists could  count  only  on  their  own  limited  resources, 
and  the  aid  of  a  few  adventurers  from  Peru. 

In  truth,  Cortes  had  no  thought  of  joining  the 
insurgents.  There  was  present  first  of  all  too  much 
of  the  father's  innate  loyalty  for  the  son  to  turn  traitor. 
Ifc  would  add  nothing  to  the  glory  of  the  name  to 
seize  the  government  of  the  land  won  by  his  father 
for  the  crown;  and  above  all  the  marquis  was  clever 
enough  to  sec  that  it  would  be  madness  for  him  to 
risk  his  present  proud  position,  second  in  this  country 
only  to  royalty,  and  cast  his  wealth  an*d  destiny  in  with 
a  band  of  adventurers  having  comparatively  little  to 
lose  in  case  of  failure.  But  for  all  this  there  were 
those  who  from  this  hour  did  not  cease  to  proclaim 
the  disloyalty  of  the  marques  del  Valle.'^ 

Ayala  de  Espinosa,  during  a  short  absence  of  Avila, 


h\  " 


'  Some  say  that  he  temporized  with  them  in  order  to  learn  their  secrets 

tliat  he  might  divulge  them  to  the  king,  and  thus,  like  his  father,  secure  tho 

country  to  the  Castilian  crown.     But  by  a  strange  fatality  the  authorities 

after  a  time  began  to  feel  hostile  to  the  marquia.  FeraUa,  Aot.  Hint.,  11)8-9. 

Uui.  M£S.,  Vol.  II.    39 


GIO 


THE  AVILACORTES  CGNSriKACY. 


in  October,  on  his  own  business,  won  over  to  llicir 
party  IV^h'o  do  Aguiltir,  and  wrote  Avila  to  retuiii 
at  once.  His  letter  remained  unanswered;  but  soiiio 
days  later,  on  a  Sunday,  and  just  before  sunset, 
Alonso  de  Avila  entered  the  city  at  the  head  of  a 
fantastic  cavalcade,  consisting  of  twenty-four  nicu 
richly  clad  as  Indian  lords,  and  with  masks  in  rcpic- 
sentation  of  divers  personages.  Thus  Avila  appeaixd 
as  Montezuma,  and  his  attendants  as  members  of  the 
royal  family  and  subordinate  rulers.  Riding  through 
the  town  they  reined  up  at  the  house  of  the  marquis, 
where  the  sound  of  music  was  heard  as  at  an  enter- 
tainment. Dismounting,  they  entered  and  found 
present  many  ladies  and  gentlemen,  invited  guests, 
among  whom  was  the  visitador.  The  table  cleared 
of  European  articles,  the  room  was  quickly  trans- 
formed into  the  hall  of  a  native  prince,  with  native 
food,  and  furniture,  and  pottery,  the  performanco 
assuming  in  every  particular  the  clmracter  of  an  Az- 
tec fete  before  the  conquest.  Thea  the  marquis  as 
his  father,  Hernan  Cortes,  and  Alonso  do  Avila  as 
IMontezuma,  reenacted  the  first  entry  of  the  S})an- 
iards  into  the  Aztec  capital,  and  passing  the  bouiuls 
of  history  in  doing  honor  to  the  conqueror,  they 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  marquis  and  marchionof?s 
feather  garlands  in  imitation  of  the  copilU,  or  Aztec 
crown,  saying,  "  This  is  indeed  becoming  to  your 
seiioria!"  and  "Accept  the  crown,  raarcliioness ! "  la 
their  hands  Montezuma's  attendants  held  flowers  with 
couplets  conspicuous,  some  on  gallantry  and  love, 
others  hinting  at  intended  revolt.  The  motto  on  tlio 
xochitl  given  to  Cortes  bore  words  of  encouragement, 
saving  "  Fear  not."" 

In  this  way  the  conspirators  might  test  the  ground 
on  which  they  stood;  but  it  was  dangerous  sport, 
when  taken  in  connection  with  the  times,  the  disalUc- 

* '  No  tcmas  la  cayda  pues  es  para  mayor  subida.'  Avila  confessed  lie  liail 
done  it  to  allord  pleasure,  and  without  other  intention.  Orozco  y  Utrni,  A  ot 
CoiiJ.,  JJoc,  8,  3S-9. 


now  IT  SHOULD  be  done. 


cu 


Hon  concerning  cncomiondas:  (Lingcrous  for  Cortes; 
cxccodingly  dangerous  for  Avilii.' 

Two  days  altorward  the  conspii'ators  hold  a  moct- 
ji)g  at  Avila's  house  to  perfect  their  plans.  Accord- 
ing to  the  report  of  the  informers  it  was  then  arranged 
tiiut  on  Friday,  the  audiencia's  government  council 
(lay,  they  would  divide  themselves  into  groups,  each 
under  a  determined  leader;  and  that  while  one  hand 
posted  themselves  at  the  door  of  the  council-chamher 
to  prevent  ingress,  another  would  go  into  the  hall  and 
seize  the  arms;  a  third  rush  into  the  chamher  and 
slay  the  oidores  and  visitador;  after  which  one  of  tlieir 
number  was  to  make  a  sign  from  the  corridor  to 
another  standing  by  the  fountain  in  the  court-yard, 
who  in  his  turn  would  repeat  the  signal  to  ix  third 
))osted  at  the  outlet  into  the  square;  this  last  person 
M  as  to  wave  a  red  cloak,  at  the  sight  of  which  Ayala 
dc  ICspinosa  would  strike  twice  one  of  the  bells  of  tho 
cat  ledral,  this  being  the  signal  for  the  conspirators 
. -ci.tered  throughout  the  city  to  massacre  Francisco 
and  Luis  do  Velasco,  and  every  one  known  for  or  sus- 
l)ccted  of  hostility  to  tlieir  plan.  The  bodies  of  the 
(lidores  were  to  be  thrown  into  the  square,  which  was 
to  bo  held  by  the  marquis  with  as  large  a  foico  as  ho 


'  Avila  that  evening  told  Espinosa  and  Aguilar,  'todo  era  aplicado  para 
lo  que  cstaba  concertado,' according  to  Zamnro'x,  lUxf.  ^f'J.,  80.  Torquc- 
iiiiula,  i.  0'2'J-30,  wrongly  places  this  fi-ast  latci,  after  tlio  birtli  of  twins  to 
tho  nianjuis.  He  lia8  been  followed  by  Aliimnn,  Divert.,  ii.  Ill;  t'avo,  Tirs 
S:j[im,  i.  178-9;  Mora,  Mcj.  L'rr.,  in.  '20S-!),  and  others.  ]bit  the  proceed- 
ings against  tho  conspirators  fix  the  time  plainly  enciigli.  I'eralta,  Not.  Jli.if. , 
'2u."i,  agrees  with  Torquemada,  bnt  speaks  of  the  birth  of  one  .^on,  L'edro,  now 
eliristcned.  Ho  adds  that  neither  Luis  de  Velasco  nor  his  friends  were  at  tho 
festival,  which  was  something  very  line;  that  on  some  of  the  earthen  vases 
Was  tho  letter  R  under  a  crown;  and  that  Avila  gave  tho  marchioness  ono 
blaring  a  cro^^•n  over  ?,  which  the  informer  at  once  interpreted  as  /'lin'irii^, 
tliDii  wilt  .eign.  This,  if  true,  would  signify  prearrangement,  which  cuuhl 
liunlly  have  been  the  case.  During  the  feasts  Dr  Orozco,  he  concludes,  .sallied 
out  with  a  number  of  followers,  carrying  concealed  arms  to  prevent  a  possii)lo 
revolt.  The  real  fact  was  that  tho  feast  in  question  was  long  before  tho 
iiKiiLliioness  bore  twins,  which  occurred  in  lotUi,  their  christening  taking 
I'lr.oe  with  great  pomp  on  the  .%th  of  June.  This  was  sub.si'quent  to  tho 
receipt  of  the  supremo  government's  final  decision,  unfavorable  to  the  per- 
Jii'tiuition  of  the  cncomiendas.  It  is  possilile  that  Tonpieniada  and  his  fol- 
I'Avcrs  have  unwittingly  confounded  the  two  feasts,  and  (piite  probable  that 
the  follies  of  the  first  were  wholly  or  pai-tially  repeated  at  the  second. 


C1-. 


THE  AVILA-CORTKS  CONSPIRACY. 


could  got  together,  in  order  to  awe  the  populace  into 
acquiescence.  The  ucao  step  was  to  burn  all  the  gov- 
ernment archives  so  as  to  entirely  eradicate  the  name 
ot"  the  king  of  Castile  from  their  government.  Money 
out  of  the  royal  treasury  would  be  liberally  used  to 
gain  adherents.  Luis  Cortes  was  to  take  possession  of 
A'era  Cruz,  San  Juan  do  Ulua,  and  the  fleet  which  was 
tlien  getting  ready  to  sail  for  Spain,  and  every  means 
must  be  used  for  preventing  knowledge  of  the  insur- 
rection from  reaching  the  king's  ear.  Martin  Cortes, 
the  half-breed,  with  a  strong  mounted  force  was  to 
advance  into  Zacatccas  and  adjoining  regions,  and 
liiiiio-  them  under  subjection  to  the  new  jxovernment. 
Ine  capture  of  Puebla  was  to  be  intrusted  to  Fran- 
cisco do  Iieinoso,  and  that  of  other  more  or  less  ini- 
jiortant  places  to  commanders  chosen  for  that  purpose. 
-Vfter  the  proclamation  of  the  marques  del  Valle  as 
king,  and  the  assend)ling  of  the  parliament.  Dean 
(  'hieo  de  ]\Iolina  would  take  his  departure  for  Europe 
with  v;dual)le  presents  for  the  king  of  Franco  and  the 
jiope,  to  win  iVom  them  the  favors  beti)re  mentioneJ. 
At  the  same  time  Es[)inosa  was  to  secretly  visit  Seville 
and  bring  away  the  marquis'  eldest  son  and  heir.  The 
I'evolution  achieved,  the  new  king  would  make  grants 
of  the  wliole  territory,  create  titles  of  nobility,  ami 
sni'round  his  throne  with  tlic  nobles,  that  is  to  say 
S[)aniards  and  half-breeds  born  in  Mexico. 

Economic  measures  were  likewise  considered.  The 
(.utward  How  of  precious  metals  would  be  checked: 
vith  tlie  s})ecie  which  otherwise  would  go  to  S}>aiii, 
and  the  cochineal,  Avax,  hides,  sugar,  and  wool,  and 
the  ])ro(lucts  of  the  Spice  Islands,  migl.'t  be  built  up 
a  magnificent  commerce,  inlinitely  supericn'  to  any 
thing  possible  under  the  auspices  of  the  avaricious  old 
])arent.  And  throughout  all  time  New  Spain  should 
never  again  l)e  placed  under  the  Castilian  yoke.  Ot 
the  insurgent  party  w<  re  several  learned  men  and 
ecclesiastics,  ^  ho  gave  courage  to  the  timid  and  chai- 
acter  to  the  movement;  and  it  is  said  that  one  fiiar 


DErARTURE  OF  VALDl-.RRAMA. 


613 


nctnally  suppcn'teJ  the  measure  from  tlie  pulpit.  Avila 
k('l)t  open  house  and  encoui-agod  games  of  ball,  dlot^, 
and  cards;  by  this  means  the  cons])irators  could  meet 
lively  without  attracting  attention,  and  fresh  adhcr- 
iiits  were  thus  won  to  the  cause.  Xeither  Cortes 
nor  his  brothers  attended  the  u-amcs,  alihoULrh  thcv 
were  sometimes  at  tl;o  secret  conferences;  the  mind  of 
tlie  marquis  vacillated,  and  notwithstanding  Avila's 
(florts  Cortes  deenied  it  expedient  to  await  the  arrival 
(if  a  new  \iceroy,  iiud  if  he  attempted  to  enforce  the 
last  ceduia  on  encomiendas,  then  strike  the  blow  and 
tlie  people  would  .support  them.  At  another  time  he 
said  ho  would  wait  ill  the  authorities  should  attein])t 
to  shi]>  him  off  to  S^iain;  and  still  again  he  wouM 
jiivve  the  whwl"  matter  to  his  supporters,  promising 
the  cooperation  of  himself  and  his  most  intimate 
friends  at  the  hour  of  dan<j'er;  and  linallv,  he  bei-an 
to  manifest  a  fear  of  trusting  the  Creoles.  At  the 
last  meeting  in  laGa  the  marcjuis  had  not  thi'own  (4f 
liis  irresolution.  80  it  was  said  of  him.  In  the  eai'ly 
jiai't  of  15(3()  Avila  fell  seriously  ill  and  the  })lot  ])as.>e  I 
almost  out  of  mind.  The  result  of  the  maripiis'  lac!: 
et"  conviction,  (jr  courage,  whichever  it  was,  cooled  the 
enthusiasm  of  the  l«.'adiiig  conspii'ators;  tlie  oppor- 
tunity was  lost,  and  the  government  lound  itself  in  a 
position  to  investigate,  prev(Mit,  and  punisli. 

^[uch  was  said  on  both  sides  that  was  false;  but  it 
is  quite  certain  th;it,  if  the  martjuis  did  not  hims.  If 
'li\ulge  the  plot,  he  spoke  of  it  to  his  friend  the  \\>\- 
tador,  who  as  we  ha\e  seen  was  numl)(.'red  among 
those  to  be  assassinated.  .After  tliat  he  endeavored 
to  soothe  the  discontented,  and  prevent  an  outbrea!;. 
The  visitador  nv3ver  really  believed  tho  atl'air  to  b,'  of 
sriious  import,  as  he  attributed  the  words  utteied  in 
jinblic  to  childishness.  Then  i\\r.  mai'([uis  went  t'ui-thor, 
and  charged  the  cons])iracy,  if  there  was  a  conspii'ai'V, 
on  his  (>nemies,  te'lling  the  visitador  that  in  Te/cueo, 
en  tlie  day  after  the  wedthng  of.Monso  de  ('er\aMlos 
w  ith  a  dauu'hter  of  Dieyo  de  Guevara,  at  the  house  of 


.1! 


'1*1  f'l 


H>  s 


614 


THE  AviLA-CORTfiS  CONSPIRACY. 


Ilortuuo  tic  Ibarra,  the  ro^'al  factor,  the  guests  under 
pretence  of  a  tournament,  intended  to  revolt  and 
make  themselves  masters  of  the  country'.  No  action 
seems  to  have  been  taken  by  the  audiencia  on  this 
charge. 

The  marquis  made  preparations  in  February  to 
leave  INIcxico  for  Toluca,  but  was  induced  by  both  the 
audiencia  and  the  visitador  to  remain  in  the  capital; 
the  authorities  still  continuini*-  to  show  him  hij-h  ctju- 
sideration. 

About  this  time  Valderrama,  his  duties  finishod, 
prepared  to  depart  for  Spain.  Ho  had  already  dis- 
missed the  oidores  Villanueva  and  Puga.sendinu'  tin  in 
away  to  Spain,  and  filling  one  of  the  vacancies  a\  itli 
Doctor  Orozco.  The  marquis  was  afraid  there  might 
be  trouble  if  affairs  were  left  to  the  audiencia,  and  ho 
cn(!javored  to  keep  the  visitador  in  Mexico  until  tlio 
arrival  of  a  viceroy,  but  was  unable  to  do  so. 

After  the  departure  of  Valderrama,  at  which  the 
Indians  were  scarcely  less  pleased  than  the  oidores 
whom  he  held  in  check,  the  matter  of  the  cons])iracy 
was  more  openly  talked  about,  and  the  audiencia  began 
to  investigate.  A  secret  inquiry  was  started  by 
Oidor  Villalobos  to  ascertain  wlu.t  it  was  that  the 
mai-quis  had  said  to  the  visitador.  Friar  j\Iiguel  dr. 
Alvarado,  a  kinsman  of  the  Avilas,  heard  of  it,  and 
succeeded  in  drawing  from  the  oidor  a  promise  to  take 
no  further  action  in  the  matter,  on  tlie  plea  that  the 
country  was  at  peace,  and  that  the  objectionable  le- 
marlvs  had  been  uttered  by  unimportant  persons  ami 
]i;id  not  been  followed  by  any  overt  act.  The  inai- 
quis  had  renewed  his  usual  pleasant  relations  witii  llio 
oi(h)rcs,  and  he  ol)served  toward  them  the  same  lino 
of  conduct  pursued  with  Valderrama,  and  secoiiihd 
Fatlier  Alv^arado  in  his  good  work.  Not  long  ai'tei- 
v.ard  Pedro  de  Aguilar  visited  the  friar  and  asked  him 
to  apprise  Alonso  do  Avila  that  ViUulobos  had  l»eguii 
liroeeedings  against  him.  The  friar  could  hardlv  he- 
hove  this  report,  in  view  of  the  oidor's  solenni  j)ltdge, 


CRITIC^VL  SITUATION  OF  THE  MArvQUl!:S. 


Clo 


and  he  even  accused  Aj^uilar  of  liavin<Tf  turned  in- 
jurnier,  which  tlie  latter  stoutly  denied.  However, 
lie  made  the  matter  known  to  his  kinsman  and  to  the 
marquis.  Avila  called  on  A^illalobos  to  assure  him  of 
his  innocence,  which  he  offered  to  prove  with  a  sworn 
.-tatemcut  by  Aguilar.  The  oidor  went  through  the 
i'oi'm  of  taking  the  affidavit,  and  pretended  to  be  satis- 
li"'l.  This  was  the  beginning  of  a  lonji'  line  of  dis- 
Simulation  by  the  authorities  on  the  one  hand,  and 
tlie  conspirators  on  the  other. 

The  marquis  found  himself  in  a  disagreeable  posi- 
tion;  indeed  he  now  began  to  realize  that  his  situation 
was  critical.  Threatened  by  the  loss  of  his  father's 
estate  at  the  hand  of  the  sovereign  power  which  was 
(K.rivincf  vast  benefits  from  the  results  of  his  lather's 
lite,  he  could  not  but  sympathize  with  the  encomeii- 
(liros.  Further  than  that  the  conspirators  were  his 
i'lieiids  and  sought  to  do  him  honor:  he  would  save 
himself;  he  would  save  them  at  any  cost;  and  yet  if  he 
ap[)eared  too  warmly  their  defender  they  miglit  drag 
liim  into  the  pit.  Above  all  he  must  a[)i)ear  vigilant 
in  the  royal  interests.  The  sky  was  threatening;  over 
the  house  of  Avila  it  was  dark  indeed.  To  escape 
the  coming  storm  he  wrote  his  former  tutor,  Dieu'o 
I'rirer,  then  in  ISpam,  to  propose  to  the  crown  an 
exchange  of  his  marquisate  and  estates  tor  others  in 
Castile,  even  if  he  thereby  sustained  heavy  loss.*^ 

On  the  r)th  of  A[)ril  IjGG  a  formal  charge  was  pre- 
f  rred  by  the  audieiicia  in  writing,  Luis  tic  Vtlasco, 
Alonso  de  Villanuova,  and  Agustin  de  A'illaniuva 
divantes  bein'>;  the  chief  movers  in  the  matti  r. 
This  was  not  acted  on  at  once,  as  the  oidores  well 
kiKW  that  they  had  not  strength  to  carry  it  through. 
The  arrest  of  the  leadei's  of  the  faction,  wliocver  they 
iiii-^ht  be,  would  probal^ly  Cf)st  them  their  lives.  They 
A^oiildwait  and  watch  their  op[»ortunity,  still  contiim- 


fi 


i 


I 


!  '5 

!       11 


^l| 


'^  •  I'iira  tratiir  con  la  vvA  jw r.^r^ia  nuc  Ic  Iii/ieso  de  Ic  dar  ( ii  lo.-t  i(  ynoa 
ill'  la.slillii,  eu  trufijui'  do  su  liiiiniui'siulij  la  niita  y  vasallns  ijuc  la  I'aiiLifsu 
Uun'iUu  f  111.80  la  iiiiiad  mcuos.'  Uio-cu  tf  Ikrni,  Svl.  L\j,ij.,  'M. 


H 
* 


kh 


,ir- 


av 


■I.',* 


016 


THE  AVILA-C0RT£S  CONSPIRACY. 


\ua:  the  secret  scarcli  for  evidence  such  as  avouIJ  con- 
vict.  In  the  mean  tnne,  as  tho  days  went  by,  to  tliu 
now  awakening  inhabitants  the  atmosphere  of  the  city 
seemed  thick  with  treason.  Certain  illegible  lines  in 
the  scroll  of  their  destiny,  on  exposure  to  the  con- 
stant light,  began  to  show  color,  and  soon  the  char;u;- 
tL'i's  could  be  all  too  easily  read.  The  weaker  of  the 
wicked  ones  trembled,  and  hastened  to  save  their  livi.s 
by  turning  informers. 

Amoni;  the  first  of  these  was  the  infamous  Pedro 
de  Auuilar,''  who  after  confession  and  communion  on 
palm-Sunday  and  the  next  day,  the  8th  of  April, 
asked  the  Dominican  friars  Cristobal  de  la  Cruz  anil 
Andres  Ubilla  to  take  his  statement  to  the  audieneia. 
He  did  not,  however,  produce  it  in  writing  until  tlit; 
23d  of  May.  The  marquis  had  gone  to  pass  liulv 
week  at  the  Dominican  convent  of  Santiairo,  wliiio 
he  heard  from  Baltasar  de  Aguilar  on  the  evenintr  of 
April  10th  wliat  had  occurred.  Ho  then  demaudi  1 
the  keys  of  the  convent,  locked  its  oates,  and  toiretlii  r 
with  Bernardino  de  Bocanegra  visited  the  city  to  si  o 
if  all  was  quit't.  After  satisfying  himself  on  this 
point  he  went  to  his  own  palace,  to  hold  a  consultati-.n 
with  his  brothers;  these  steps  betokened  a  troublnl 
siiirit.  On  Saturday  Baltasar  de  Aiiuilar  and  Airusl  in 
de  Villanueva  visited  tho  marquis,  and  opened  lils 
eyes  to  his  perilous  position.     Upon  one  of  the  f>'l- 

"  Tlic  marquis'  cnomios  learned  tl'c  facts  from  Ealtasi.T  do  Aguilar  (V  r- 
vaiites,  tlio  mail  fluitiiu  liy  the  coaspiiatoix  fur  macstie  ik  taiiijMj.  He  l;ad 
near  relatives  among  the  former,  und  was  advised  to  secine  liis  pruiieiiy 
uilliout  delay  and  tlieii  inform  the  government  of  all  lie  know  of  tlio  \'\t>{,  and 
the  r.ames  of  tlii'  [larties  imiilicated,  liiiii-elf  iuchiiled:  'y  ( 3  veidail,  luir '■) 
(|iie  vi,  (jUC  file  Uevalle  eomo  jior  los  taljt  Host,  y  a.-i  fuu  y  liizo  sii  ileiiuui  ia- 
eioii.'  J'c-itllii,  A'cl^  JJi-t.,  'Jt)l.  This  same  authority,  p.  '207,  cays  tl.,  t 
A;;ustiii  de  \"illainieva  Cervantes,  vlio  had  liten  at  tlio  liead  of  the  n.anir.i^' 
enemies,  mama'od  to  olitain  an  intirview  with  jiim  011  tin;  iircteneo  of  ji  in- 
iiig  tlio  plot,  iii  fore  doinj,'  this,  liowi  vir,  hi'  oKtaiiud  lia\  e  of  the  andiiii'  i.v 
nndir  its  seal,  witli  wiittiii  instruetions.  'i  iun  lie  iiartook  of  the  coiaiiUKi- 
ion  and  went  to  tho  man |iiis' house,  kisstd  his  hand,  and  teiidiieil  his  mi- 
vieis.  The  mani'-is  talkeil  freely aliout  tho  eoii.^[iiraey,  and  tlie  eonvei>ati  a 
was  reported  to  (he  audiviijia.  It  is  unlikely  that  tiic  niar(iuis  jiland  any 
eonlhlcnee  in  N'illalilieva,  and  yet  it  is  po.-.silde  that  lu;  indoavoied  10  d;  nv 
hiiii  out.  Th's  man  \'illainiev,i,  liyured  laier  at  an  important  event  in  \  I'.i 
Civu,  wiiieh  will  be  duly  related. 


ARREST  OF  THE  MARQUIS. 


017 


lowincj  cas^tcr  davs  he  called  on  Oidor  Yillalobos  to 
renew  the  assurances  of  his  fealty  to  the  crown. 

Again  the  spirit  of  rebellion  was  manifest  on  re- 
ceipt of  information  from  Diego  Ferrer  that  the  India 
Council  had  not  assented  to  the  perpetuity  of  the 
encomiendas,  and  had  peremptorily  refused  to  hear 
any  more  on  the  subject.  The  eneomenderos  vented 
their  wrath  in  violent  lanijuaixe,  and  the  rebel  leaders 
icnewed  their  exertions  more  openly.  Avila  bestirred 
liimself  amont>'  retainers,  who  determined  to  sj:o  for- 
ward  even  if  they  must  nuu-der  the  oidores  in  the 
street.  At  this  juncture  in  the  affairs  of  state,  the 
niarcliioness  presented  her  husband  with  twins.  The 
])aptisnial  feasts  that  followed  were  regal. ^^  "Wine 
ilowed  freely  and  toasts  significant  of  revolution  were 
repeatedly  and  boldly  uttered. 

Thus  it  seemed  tiiat  rebellion  was  indeed  at  hand. 
The  eneomenderos  were  ready  for  action,  and  the  pop- 
ulace wore  with  the  proposed  new  government.  The 
;;U(liencia hesitated;  but  tinallv  gathering  cour;)i''e  thev 
took  a  stand,  organized  a  plan  of  defei.ee,  part  of  which 
^\as  to  arrest  the  leaders,"  the  marquis  among  tho 
number.  First  of  all  they  caused  it  to  be  reported 
tlirough  Ayala  Espinosa,  an  unsuspected  iulbrnjcr, 
tliat  important  des[)atclies  had  reached  them  by  a  ves- 
sel just  arrived  from  Spain;  and  the  marquis  was 
invited  to  attend  at  the  opening.  Anxious  to  loaru 
their  contents,  with  cool  couiidence  he  entered  tho 

"'A  raised  •wooden  nassagc-way  four  yards  wide  was  constnictcd  lictwoiti 
t!ir  inanjuia'  liouso  and  tho  iiaiduii-gatc  of  tho  cathodfal.  On  liolli  smith's  his 
l.iilii'n  vnssals  had  jilacid  ].latl'iiiins  \\ilh  Hiil'h  and  showy  (irnamcr.ts.  Laid 
i!  ■  (astillaand  .Jnana  <le  Sot^a,  hia  vifo,  lu-Ud  as  spoiisura,  and  tho  chiMrcu 
v.'vo  taken  to  the  ehurth  in  the  arms  (=f  two  fjontliiiun,  C.irh's  do  /lifiiu'fl 
(Hid  I'ldio  do  Luna.  I'eatl  CliiiD  da  Mnlina  t.lheiated.  Salvd^i  of  artillery 
V.  10  liri'd  as  tlie  eortt'ge  cnten  d  and  left  tho  ehureli;  a  toui'naiiuiit.  ^'amcs, 
.md  hanijuet  followeil,  Tho  ei'niniiai  ]>c<i[dc  \s ere  also  nuu:'.liei.ntly  renuni- 
iMid.  Dioxo  y  lUi-ra,  2^'nf.  t'oiij.,  40  -tT. 

"  Luis  Cortes,  kni^rht  <if  Calalrava,  Martin  Corti's,  knij.dit  of  Santia'jo,  and 
tl;.'  hnitiier.s  Avihi.  P,  ml'tu  Xot.  //'>;'.,  -OT  Vahkirania.  thv  vi-itador,  in 
l.Mii  tnad  .;  Martin  alguaril  mayor,  and  Ins  h.dl'dirothi  r,  Juaii  •lavaMiiUo,  htiauio 
t'ie  same  yiar  ouc  ol  Iho  two  ukuldes  do  Li  inebiu  of  Mexico,  (.'aco,  Tna 
Sijh,'<,  i.  17o. 


1; 


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4  '|: 


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CIS 


THE  AVILA-CORTtS  CONSPIRACY. 


council-chamber  in  the  afternoon  of  the  IGth  of  July, 
obsorvinj:^,  however,  that  the  oidores  had  placed  guards 
and  artillery  at  the  outlets  of  the  building,  under  tlie 
supervision  of  Francisco  de  Velasco,  brother  of  the 
late  viceroy,  who  was  acting  as  captain  general;  and 
that  though  he  was  offered  a  seat  no  mark  of  distinc- 
tion was  extended  to  him." 

All  sat  down,  and  one  of  the  oidores  addressed 
the  ])resident  to  learn  his  orders.  Ceinos  then  said: 
"Marquis,  hold  3'ourself  under  arrest  by  the  king."'^ 
Upon  his  asking  the  reason,  Ceinos  answered,  "As  a 
traitor  to  his  Majesty."  Cortes  seized  his  sword  and 
indignantly  gave  his  accuser  the  lie.^*  But  seeing  the 
usclessness  of  resistance,  he  soon  surrendered  and  was 
conveyed  to  a  room  prepared  in  the  royal  buildings, 
where  were  confined  Luis  and  Martin  Cortes,  who  luul 
been  arrested  by  the  high -sheriff,  Juan  de  Samano. 

Alonso  and  Gil  Gonzalez  de  Avila  were  taken  to 
the  connnon  juil.^^  Nor  did  the  oidores  stop  there; 
many  others  were  arrested  and  imprisoned.  The  peoj  ile 
were  panic-stricken;  every  man  bethought  himself  of 
wliat  he  had  said.  Certain  friars  were  seized  and  con- 
fined in  their  convents,  and  clergymen  in  the  arclii- 

"IIc  wore  a  summer  ilress  of  damask,  a  black  clonk,  and  a  pword.  The 
nutlior  (jiioted  saw  him  enter  and  licai'd  liim  exclaim:  'Ea,  que  biienaa  nuevas 
emos  do  tenor.'  I'erulta,  Aof.  Hint.,  "JOS. 

'^ '  Maniiu'.s,  aed  prcso  por  cl  Key.'  Orozco  y  Berra,  Not.  Coiij.,  48;  Tor- 
qucmaihi,  i.  (J31. 

"  'Mentis,  (juc  yono  sol  traidor  h,  mi  Rei,  ni  loslia  avidocn  mi  linage.'  /■/. 
Accnrilin<5  to  I'cniltn,  Not.  J/ist.,  'J08-0,  tiic  marquis  was  commanded  !■> 
deliver  Ills  Bword,  and  on  askini;  the  reason,  was  answered,  'luejio  so  dii:i:' 
and  that  ('oi'tes  did  not  t'.ien  learn  the  cause  of  Ids  arrest,  but  believed  the 
order  for  it  liad  eomc  in  the  denjiatehes  just  received  from  the  kiiiL:. 

'•'Dean  (.'hico  de  Molina  and  another  clerj^'yman  Daiiied  Maldonado,  mil 
I'" liar  l^ins  Cal,  guardian  of  the  convent  of  Santiago  Tlutelulco,  appear  aiimiu 
t!ie  inimber.  Tiiose  iilaced  under  arrest  in  their  own  houses,  under  penalty  of 
death  should  escape  bo  attempted,  were  Luis  and  Pedro  Lorenzo  de  t'astiila, 
Ileruaii  ( iutierrez  Altaniirano,  Lope  de  Sosa,  Alonso  J']^>trada  and  his  liiof  in  is, 
Juande  (iuzman,  IJernardino  Pacheeo  de  JJoeanegra,  Die^o  Rodriguez  Orozc'ii, 
.luiin  do  \'aldivicso,  Nuno  de  (.,'ha.vez,  J.,ui8  I'oneo  de  Leon,  Antonio  deCar- 
b:ijal,  Fernando  de  Cordoba,  Juan  Villafaua,  Juan  de  hi  1'orre,  and  siV'  i\.l 
otiiers.  All  these  were  of  the  nobility  and  gentry.^  'J'lieir  papers  wei'e  seardird, 
and  abundance  of  evidence  was  found  against  Avila.  According  to  Tnri|ia- 
iiiada,  i.  (i;!l-'i,  tionie  of  tlie  stroii'jest  e\i<hnce  was  in  ladies'  liilKt.s  to  liiiii. 
(//■■-.rni/  licrra,  Nut.  CuiJ.,  41);  Vetaiicvrt,  'J'nil.  Mc.c,  9;  Cufo,  Tren  Hijluf, 
i.  160. 


EXECUTION  OF  THE  AVILAS. 


619 


c[)iscopal  prison.  Soldiers,  both  mounted  and  on  foot, 
patrolled  the  streets,  and  every  precaution  was  taken 
to  prevent  an  uprising.'"  Among  the  organized  foree.s 
were  many  cncomenderos,  who  presented  themselves 
in  obedience  to  an  order  of  the  audiencia,  and  the 
Tlascaltecs  also  tendered  their  services. 

Charges  of  high  treason  were  preferred  against  the 
brothers  Avila,  and  a  limited  time  was  allowed  them 
to  answer.  They  denied  the  accusation,  made  ex- 
planations on  doubtful  points,  and  produced  witnesses 
to  testify  on  their  behalf  They  pleaded  the  great 
services  of  their  father  and  his  ancestors.  Alonso 
do  Avila  laid  stress  on  the  mildness  he  had  alwa^'s 
manifested  to  his  Indians,  in  not  distressing  then\  for 
their  tributes:  his  wife  begged  in  the  nauie  of  God 
that  more  time  might  be  granted  for  her  husband 
to  prove  his  innocence.  Nothing  availed,  and  both 
brothers  were  sentenced  to  death  by  decapitation.  xVn 
a])pcal  to  the  crown  and  a  petition  of  the  city  couneil 
were  disregarded,  and  the  sentence  was  executed 
the  3d  of  August,  eighteen  days  from  tlie  date  of 
tlieir  arrest.  They  were  conveyed  from  the  jail  t(j 
the  scaffold  at  7  p.  m.,  mounted  on  mules.'^  The  scaf- 
f  lid  stood  in  the  chief  square,  which  was  strongly 
guarded.  Around  were  the  friends  of  the  prisoners, 
and  a  crowd  of  people.  Alonso  de  Avila  at  the  last 
moment  confessed  the  conspiracy;  his  brother,  it  is 
alleged,  never  ceased  to  maintain  his  innocence.  It 
M  as  reported  that  the  friar  who  attended  them  loudly 
jii'oelaimed  him  an  innocent  man.  This  has  been 
denied,  but  the  people  believed  him  not  guilty,  and 
a  <  (Used  the  audiencia  of  having  sacriliced  him  out 
uT  hatred  to  Alonso.^^ 

'"Soldiers  attondccl  divino  service  at  cliurch  with  tlic  matdips  for  their 
ni-'Hichusos  hiiniiiiir,  to  the  great  scaiulal  of  worshippfis.  Thu  excileiiuiit 
vas  such  as  liiul  iitvcr  hei'ii  v  itnos.--.id  in  McxIlo.   I'tnilln.  Xnt.  Hi'.,  'JIJ. 

'"  Alonso  do  Avila  was  dressi'd  in  Mack,  and  had  on  a'J'uiki.NJi  rohcdf  gray 
dani;isk,  a  velvet  cap  witli  a  gold  pliinie,  and  a  gold  ciiain  round  iii.s  nicl;, 
this  being  the  sanio  apparel  he  wore  when  taken  to  prioon.   'Turqtii  niatn,  i. 

'^  I'cralta,  after  describing  the  scene  when  the  seutcuce  was  read  to  Alonso 


1 

i 

.  il 

1 

'4 

1 

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El 

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II 

4 


C20 


THE  AVILA-C0RT£S  CONSPIRACY. 


Tlic  bodies  were  removed  between  11  and  12  o'clock 
fit  ni^'lit  by  a  [)riest  and  tlie  two  Velaseos  to  the  chuicli 
of  Saint  Augustine,  where  they  were  subsequently 
buried,  the  first  men  of  the  city  being  present  at  tlio 
funeral  ceremony.  The  heads  were  discovered  next 
morning  on  poles  upon  the  top  of  the  city  council's 
building.  This  drew  a  [)rotest  from  the  council,  coupkd 
with  a  demand  for  their  removal,^"  which  was  com- 
plied with,  and  tlic  heads  were  then  nailed  to  the 
pillory  as  a  warning. 

Alonso  de  Avila's  house  was  demolished,  according 
to  the  usage  of  the  age  in  Latin  countries;  the  ground 
was  sown  with  salt,  and  a  pillar  erected  there  bearing 
an  inscription  conmiemorativc  of  the  crime  for  which 
the  late  proprietor  had  suffered  death.-"  The  bett(  r 
class  of  the  connnunity  declared  the  sentence  unjust. 
The  provincial  of  th  Santo  Evangelio  for  himself  .n id 
the  council  of  the  Franciscans  in  that  province  in  a 
long  letter  of  August  8,  15GG,  to  the  king  pronoun<(.s 
the  charges  frivolous."^    The  audiencia  was  generally 

do  Avila  in  his  cell,  positively  claims  that  both  brothers  made  confession  of 
their  guilt,  ;uid  iuiplicateil  tlie  marquis,  'y  comlciiaron  al  imu'fjUes  y  ;i  otms, 
foiuo  consta  por  sus  coulisinnes.'  Tliis  author,  as  he  says,  uas  auioug  tlio 
n.eii  vlu)  under  Francisco  tie  Velasco  guarded  tlic  square,  and  hid  liDrsc's 
head  ahiioat  tuuehed  tlio  seaf'.'old ;  ho  saw  and  heard  all  that  passed;  tlio 
unsliillid  executioner  severed  tho  heads  only  after  several  strokes,  and  thr.s 
inado  tho  prisoners  suU'i-r  greatly.  As  to  the  words  uttered  by  the  friar, 
]>uniiuL:o  do  iSalazar,  who  later  beeanie  bishop  of  the  riiiliiipines,  he  distiiuUy 
beard  them  to  lie:  'Senores,  cncjinienden  a  Dios  A  estos  caballeros,  f|iull.d 
dizen  (Hio  nnieren  jiistaniente, .  .y  ijuo  lo  (juo  .".bian  jurado  eu  sus  eoniisioiie!) 
era  vcrdad,'  which  Alonso,  on  being  interrogated,  eontirnied  then  and  tlici''. 
U'hc  friar's  words  were  purposely  mitireprcseiited  by  many;  Init  the  auditiuiii 
{.avc  an  iiutlieniioated  copy  of  them  to  any  ono  who  desired  it.  l\ndla,  Ak'. 
Jli-^t.,  'Jll-i;?,  'J-J7-S. 

''■•Toniuemada,  followed  by  others,  asserts  that  tho  council  threatened  to 
remove  them  by  force  if  its  ihniaud  was  not  forihwilh  attended  to,  as  the  eity 
vas  not  traitorous.  Oroxr.'O,  however,  throws  tlie  entiie  responsibility  "n  tie 
lirst  named  fur  these  details,  tho  protest  alluded  to  ntit  a]ipearing  on  tliecmui- 
til'ti  books.  Torqiuiiiada,  i.  ij'ol;  L'uro,  Ti\.i  H^iijlos,  i.  Ibl;  Orozco  y  Jji.n, 
AoLCoi'j.,51. 

•"  It  was  on  lieloj  street,  comer  of  Santa  Teresa.  Ahunun,  iJimrt.,  ii.   1 1-. 
'  I'nr  ijiiii  luiiiia  \m  anoi 
Y  do  I'suril  bill  las  Kiiiuliran 

Pil  cinci'l  on  una  pioilia 
I'aillpU  arrilitii>o  rii^'i'.' 

Zopat",  ril.  /I'liiclrr,  in  Oncro  y  JUriv,  Xof.  Covj.,  r)01-2. 

'-'  'T(.do  (irbia  de  ser  ]ialal!ias  de  Moeos  livianos,  y  nial  rceatado«.  eu  sn 
liablar,  y  tmlosin  fundauanto,  y  sin  medios  ninyunos,  pani  poner  uuda  lU 
obra.'   'I'orqutmadti,  i.  Uo--4. 


VICEROY  FALCES. 


C-21 


censured,  find  tlicre  would  have  been  serious  uisturlt- 
anco  had  not  the  streets  been  so  t]iorout:fldy  jxitrolled. 
Some  of  the  encomenderos,  pulliivjf  tlieir  beards,  swore 
to  revon<ji:c  the  innocent  blood  of  Gil  Gonzalez.^'^ 


In  a  measure  appeased  by  what  it  had  thus  far 
aoconiplished,  the  audiencia  \vas  }n'oceeding  more 
kisnrely  with  the  trial  of  the  other  prisoners,  whun 
on  the  17th  of  Septendjer  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  tlie 
third  viceroy,  Don  Gaston  de  Peralta,  marques  do 
l-'alees.  He  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  Alonso  Car- 
rillo  de  Peralta,  first  Juarques  de  Falces  and  second 
constable  of  Navarre,  under  appointment  of  the  kinij, 
in  1455.  The  new  viceroy  was  known  as  a  man  of 
generous  sentiments,  who  had  rendered  valuablo  ser- 
vices in  the  field  and  council,  and  was  also  a  i^ood  ju- 
list."^  He  was  accompanied  by  his  wife,  Doha  Leonor 
A'ico,  an  estimable  lady.  The  title  of  excellency  was 
given  him;  his  predecessors  had  been  addressed  only 
us  senoria. 

Jx'foro  arrivinsf  at  Vera  Cruz  the  new  viceroy 
learned  from  the  master  of  a  ship  of  the  occurrences 
fit  tlie  capital,  the  imprisonment  of  the  marques  del 
A'alle  and  others,  the  beheading  of  the  brothers  Avila, 
find  the  grounds  on  whieh  the  audiencia  had  based  its 
(Kurse.  On  reaching  port  he  ascertained  that  no  rev- 
ohitionary  movements  existed  or  were  comtenqjlated. 
He  passed  the  first  night  on  board,  and  landed  at  10 
A.  M.  the  next  dav,  there  beinu'  no  sin-n  of  disturbance, 
lu  the  evening  messenu'ers  arrived  from  ^fexico  to 
greet  him  and  deliver  letters.  Some  assured  him 
that  all  was  quiet,  others  thought  he  should  have  a 
strong  guard  during  his  journey  to  the  capittd.    After 

■-'Antonio  Ruiz  do  Castancila  full  of  wrath  swore  to  revenge  Oira  death 
if  it  tost  liim  his  vliule  esstato.  I'or  this  lie  was  hrouj^'ht  to  trial,  when  ho 
(jualiiicil  the  remark,  sayinj,'  he  meant  '  juriilically,'  even  if  he  spent  his  estate, 
ouil  had  to  go  from  door  to  door  lieg;.'ing  for  funds  to  carry  an  appeal  to  tho 
Clown.   Orozco  y  Utrra,  A'ot.  CohJ.,  401 

•^  '  Sugeto  de  particularcs  prendas,  y  virtud.'  Lorrmaim,  in  Corlrx,  lfis>. 
X.  K-i>.,  1.").  '  liombre  prudente  y  eneniigo  dc  persecucioues.'  Mora,  McJ. 
AVc,  iii.  210. 


»    -;*  'i 


imn' 
i 

i 


i.-h 


THE  AVILA-CORTtS  CONSriRACY. 

ordering  the  works  of  San  Juan  do  Ulna  cnlir^^cd,  lio 
sot  out  for  ^[exlco  with  a  liglit  escort  of  twcnty-livo 
or  Ihirty  halbertliers,  and  his  tweh-o  servants  armed 
with  pikes.  In  Jalapa  he  rested  eij^dit  days,  and  l)e- 
eanie  satisfied  that  the  country  was  jJoacefuL  At 
Tlascala  and  PuebL;  he  Wf.s  accorded  a  warm  recep- 
tion, and  in  return  lie  thanked  the  caciques  and  the 
people  for  their  loyalty,  in  the  king's  name.  On  the 
19th  of  October  he  arrived  at  the  capital,  and  took 
formal  possession  of  his  offices. 

After  due  investi^fation  hr  became  convinced  tliat 
the  audlencia  had  acted  with  severity,  and  ho  so 
wrote  the  crown.  On  the  day  of  his  arrival  ho 
ordered  away  the  military  force  at  the  royal  buildings, 
leaving  a  lew  men  to  guard  the  prisonors.'* 

jSIeanwhile,  contrarj'-  to  the  viceroy's  orders  sent 
them  from  Puebla  to  stop  proceedings  in  the  con- 
spiracy cases,  the  oidores  had  hurried  them  forward, 
and  now  Cespedes  do  Cardenas,  fiscal  of  the  audiencia, 
demanded  the  sequestration  of  the  marques  del  Vallo's 
estates.  This  the  viceroy  and  a  majority  of  the  coun- 
cil refused  to  grant,  and  Falces  resolved  to  send  the 
marquis  to  Spain."  As  regards  Luis  Cortes,  the  court 
sentenced  him  for  high  treason  to  be  beheaded,  and  to 
forfeit  his  estate.  The  viceroy  at  first  affixed  his  sig- 
nature to  the  sentence;  there  may  have  been  treason 
in  the  heart  of  the  accused;  but  in  the  review  of  the 
case  it  was  modified,  and  the  prisoner  was  condemned 
to  loss  of  property  and  ten  years'  service  in  the  north 
of  Africa  at  his  own  cost.  Most  of  the  other  pris- 
oners were  released. 


IS; 


'•  Aocordina;  to  his  report  the  monthly  cost  of  the  giianl  was  2,000  prsos 
vitliont  inclmliiii,'  the  captain's  pay,  tlic  powder,  and  other  necessary  expense'^, 
I'd/rci,  Jiifarmc,  in  .l/o/-«,  Mrj.  J'lf.,  iii.  4'2[).  Ceinos,  the  senior  oidoi',  ;iimI 
othei's  tried  to  persuade  him  that  a  revohition  was  certain,  and  referred  to 
the  Fianuiscan  fiiar  Diego  Conicjo  to  corroborate  their  statement,  but  ho 
felt  sntislied  that  no  revolt  was  intended.  /</.,  4U1-4. 

-'•'  Mueli  kind  attention  was  paid  (fortes  by  Fakes,  who  allowed  his  friends 
to  see  him  at  all  hours,  day  and  night,  and  even  visited  and  was  viisitx'd  liy 
liim.  This  oH'ended  the  oidores.  The  marquis  also  became  reconciled  \\  it li 
Baltiisar  de  Aguilar  Cervantes  and  others  of  his  former  enemies  who  inadu 
advances  ou  heariny  that  jueccs  pesiiukidures  would  soou  come  out  from  Spuin. 


PUNISHMENTS  OF  THE  OTHERS. 


C23 


Falecs  made  much  of  Baltasar  <le  Aguilar,  with  tlio 
view  of  obtaining'  the  facts  rospcctinj^  tlic  allogcjtl  con- 
spiracy, and  finally  Aguilar  told  him  that  Cortes  h;»d 
no  hand  in  it,""  Falcos  then  wrote  the  crown  that  in 
his  opinion  there  had  been  no  conspiracy;  the  oidorrs, 
on  the  other  hand,  accused  the  viceroy  of  apathy  and 
disloyalty,  and  thereafter  they  did  all  they  could  io 
annoy  hini.'^'' 

It  was  a  great  monster  of  rebellion  the  oidor<  ,  had 
crushed — so  they  would  have  the  king  believe,  and  so 
they  wrote  to  all  8[)ain  about  it.  They  went  further, 
even  accusing  Falces  of  favoring  the  plot,  and  of  hav- 
ing a  plan  of  his  own  to  separate  New  Spain  from  the 
crown  of  Castile,  in  support  of  which  he  had  already 
thirty  thousand  men  enrolled.^  Xot  satisfied  with 
this,  by  collusion  with  the  factor  Ibarra,  who  had 
cliarge  of  forwarding  the  official  correspondence,  they 
succeeded  in  keeping  back  the  viceroy's  report,  so  that 
the  tales  of  his  enemies  alone  might  reach  the  court.'-'' 
Yet  more  and  more  the  people  felt  that  the  condii'-t 
of  the  oidores  had  been  infamous,  and  the  informers 
were  held  in  contem[)t.^'' 

"'Later  on,  being  tortured  l)y  order  of  the  visitador  Mufioz,  lie  retracted 
tlint  dcL'laiatiou,  suyiii;,'  tliiii  liis  lir.st  stiUiineut  Iwid  heeii  the  correct  one,  ami 
inlding  that  liis  deposition  to  the  contrary  had  been  instigated  by  Falces. 
l\niihi,  Xof.  JIUt.,  'J.-JO-'-',  'J;}8. 

"'  The  annoyance  liail  lie^un  even  earlier,  as  may  be  judged  bj-  the  conduct 
of  the  oidores  X'illalobos  and  Orozco,  win)  oecupieii  the  viceregal  apartnicnt.i 
ill  tlio  royal  Imildings,  and  only  vacated  tlieui  upon  a  peremptory  demand 
by  I'alces,  This  gave  rise,  as  may  be  f^een,  to  ilisagreeable  ccirnspondcncc, 
uiiicli  Falecs  alluded  to  in  his  report  to  the  government.  J'erul/a,  liij'onnv,  iit 
Muni.  Mrj.  Ji'(i:,  iii.  4i.'!». 

-"  Falecs  as  a  lover  of  the  fine  art-i  had  caused  a  battle  scene  to  be  jiaintcd  in 
one  (if  the  halls  of  the  palace,  which  rciirescntcd  men  in  action.  Tor/in  mfid'i, 
i.  (i;U.  The  king  (jf  France  at  one  time  had  shown  nmcli  regard  lor  the  niar- 
(jiics  del  Valle,  and  as  the  viceroy  had  ichitivcs  at  the  French  court  and  in 
Navarre,  these  facts  were  adiluccd  and  made  much  of  by  the  eiien\ies  of  tho 
two  accused  nianpiises.   J'tralid,  An'.  I  list.,  'IWl  W. 

'"•' '  Las  cartas,  que  el  Virrei  esciivii'>.  y  canvas,  (pie  en  su  descargo  embiaba, 
las  hi/o  dctener  Ortuno  de  Ibarra,  (juc  era  Factor  del  lUi,  y  llombre  p(Micriis(», 
y  lavurcciilo. '  Torque  men  I  a,  i.  OIJ.T;  l\ndla,  2\<jt.  Hid.,  'loo;  Caro,  Tn-i  ^ujlox, 
i.  Is;;-S;  Uro'.fo  11  J}(  mi,  Aot.  Conj.,  oT. 

''"  Ayala  de  F-spinosji  said  to  the  audieneiii  that  society  was  treating  him 
with  contumely  for  what  he  had  done,  and  tluit  the  oliject  was  to  make  tlio 
cxiilence  of  himself  and  others  apjiear  as  unworthy  of  ciedcnce.  I'edro  do 
AL'uilar  was  allowed  to  leave  for  Sjiain.  Uro-^i:o  y  Ucrru,  JV'l/^  L'vuj.,  JJuc,  101; 
I'\dc<j,<,  III/.,  iu  Mora,  MtJ.  licv.,  iii.  445-0. 


i3 


'  m 


1     * 

■  i 

' 

■'■l 

;            ;        ,       V 

C24 


THE  AVILACORTES  CONSPIRACY. 


It  \vas  rinally  agrood  to  sciul  tlic  iiiaiT|nIs  to  Spain; 
bill  iliffeieiicc  of  o|)inioii  arose  as  to  tho  best  way  uf 
gc'ttiiij^  lihn  to  Vera  Cruz.  The  oidores,  in  furtli(  r- 
aiK'o  of  their  j)lans  of  eoinpromisini^  Falces,  tln-cw 
the  rcsj)onsibihty  upon  him.  Reilectin^L,''  that  a  lai^o 
iniHtary  eseort  inin'ht  create  alai'ui,  and  a  small  (.lie 
be  useless  if  the  iViends  of  Cortes  should  attem[it  a 
ivscue,  tho  viceroy  concluded  to  let  him  go  on  })ar(ilc 
to  Vera  Cruz,  and  deliver  himself  up  to  the  geiu  r.il 
of  the  lleet,  Juan  Velasco  de  Lairio,^'  who  was  to  take 
him  to  Spain  to  be  surrendered  to  the  royal  authmi- 
ties.  This  was  done.  The  marquis  was  at  Vera  Cvv,/. 
on  the  day  stiiHilated,  the  20th  of  March,  having,' 
[)laced  his  children  under  Falces'  protection,  who  ac- 
cepted the  trust,  but  not  that  of  looking  after  his 
estates,  as  the  manjuis  had  also  asked  him. 

Together  with  the  marquis  were  sent  to  Spain  liis 
half-brother  Luis,  Doan  J  aan  Chico  de  Molina,"- and 
a  Franciscan  friar.  The  informer  Cristul)al  Ayala  (!.■ 
Espinosa  also  went  in  the  lleet  to  seek  preferment  fur 
])i'etended  services.  Philip  was  ready  enough  to  dis- 
trust his  agents  in  America,  yet  he  disliked  to  believe 
evil  of  the  marques  de  Falces.  But  why  did  not  his 
viceroy  write  if  he  was  innocent  of  the  charges  ad- 
vanced  by  liis   brother  officials?    Probably  it  wiie 


"  IIo  bascil  Jiis  .notion  not  solelj'  on  tho  reasons  given  in  tho  text,  hut  n\«^ 
on  the  fact  that  CortOd'  high  rank  entitled  him  to  trust;  'pucsprineipcs,  <.'alL- 
liis,  I'ortaiezas,  oliLins,  y  otras  cosaa  do  gian  calidad  so  tiahan  y  eutie;_Mlpaii  d 
eahallcros  liijos  dalgo  con  un  pleyto  Iiomcnago,  el  eual  tenia  tanta  fiaiva  do 
lidelidad  y  ohligacion.'  The  old  chivah-inis  spirit  animated  liim  it  fici'ins. 
J'alici,  Iiij'orme  at  J'cy,  in  Mora,  Mi  J.  Jtiv.,  4i'-l-48;  and  /a/rt'-',  Pronfo,  in 
Orozfo  y  Jierra,  Xof.  Coiij.  411-40.  The  ollieial  report  of  tlie  marqai's  de 
Falees,  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  on  tlic  alleged  conspiracy  of  the  second  niari|iiis 
del  ^'alle  and  others  to  wrest  the  country  from  the  Spanish  crown,  is  u  clrar 
nnd  detailed  account  of  political  ali'airs  as  he  found  them  on  his  arrival,  and 
as  they  continued  to  the  time  it  was  written  in  io'JT.  As  such  it  is,  jiiil.in^ 
from  the  writer's  character,  well  deserving  of  conside.-ation  and  credcmc.  It 
was  tho  same  document,  wilfully  kept  back  by  the  king's  factor,  from  whiih 
resulted  Falces'  temporary  disgrace  and  untold  evils  to  Mexico.  In  the  /.'■  ■ 
(jiiftro  Ti-lmentre,  and  also  in  Monti  Mcj.  Hev.,  it  is  stated  that  the  mciiu'iid 
was  delivered  to  the  king.  JJut  as  a  matter  of  fact  it  wtvs  ])resented  t'>  tho 
royal  commissioners  Dec.  G,  l.")G7,  when  the  fiscal  of  the  a.idicucia  in  Mc.xioo 
preferred  charges  against  Falces. 

^■-  In  Madrid  he  was  subjected  to  tho  torture,  by  which  ho  lost  the  use  of 
one  arm.    lie  was  also  deprived  of  his  rank.  Pcralta,  Not.  Jliu.,  2JJ. 


TWO  ATROCIOUS  JUDGES. 


023 


better  the  viceroy  should  bo  deposed;  and  so  the 
lieeiK'iados  Jiirava,  Alouso  Miifioz,  and  Luis  Carrillo 
were  despatched  to  ^lexico  as  jucccs  ^>c.s'</i»^/,s'/(/o/'c.v,  or 
I'oyal  counnissioners,  arned  with  a  peremptory  order 
to  I^'alces  to  turn  over  the  goveriunent  to  tlicm,  and 
lorthwlth  proceed  to  Spain, there  to  answer  tlie  charjjfes 
]>re<'erred  a;jfainst  him.  Jarava  died  at  sea;  the  other 
two  entered  the  capital  early  in  ()etol)er  ir)(j7,"'' and 
demanded  the  govermnent  i'rom  Falces.  We  may  well 
imau^ine  his  iiulignation  at  this  insult  so  unjustly  and 
cruelly  inllicted;  but  he  oheyetl  the  royal  command, 
and  then  labored  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  it.  Jle  soon 
(hscovei'ed  the  trick  thutOrtunodc  Ibarra  had  played 
liim,  and  at  once  made  it  j)ublic.  ^Nluch  re^ivt  was 
Irlt  at  his  deposal.  The  so  lately  dreadl'ul  conspiracy 
was  bv  this  time  almost  for'n)tten. 

Munoz,  a  man  of  advanced  age,  benic^  senior  in  rank 
as  well  as  in  years,  took  charge  of  all'airs.  Flushed 
\\ith  ])v  wer,  Munoz  began  to  show  his  character,  that 
of  an  inilexible,  haughty,  and  cruel  man.  He  a[)ed 
loyalty,  ignored  the  audicncia,  (hstrusted  the  oiJorcs, 
and  treated  wii/i  discourtesy  all  having  business  with 
liiui.  His  subordinates  he  regarded  with  contempt, 
iMid  a  distant  bow  was  all  ho  deigned  to  gentlemen  of 
liigh  position.  AVhcn  riding  out  he  v.'as  escorted  by 
tweniy-ibur  halberdiers.''* 

Faily  in  Xovember  !Muuoz  and  Carrillo  devoted 
tlieir  v.Iiole  attention  to  the  proceedings  in  the  political 
l/ials.  2Iuuoz  as  a  councillor  of  the  Indies  ha<l  already 
aited  at  ^Jadrld  in  the  cases  orueilng  torture  to  be 
i;ilhc!cd  on  Crlst'^bal  de  Oriate,  Vv-h(-ui  the  audiencia 
nf  ^lexico  had  sent  tliero.  This  man,  to  escape  the 
]niri'!;i's  of  the  torture,  iiKuIe  confessions  Implicating 
;>  number  of  innocent  persons.  1  [o  was  brought  back 
til  be  used  both  as  witness  and  \letlm. 


1 1, 


;i  ff 


'"  All  llic  authorities  agree  upon  tlic  time  excopt  Vctancvrf,  Trat.  Mex.,  9, 
vli'i  ^ives  I'.ieir  arrival  in  March  13CS. 

"•   (^ .;(.:  ia  Laccr  gueiia  al  (itlo.  .  .no  saliia  haxar  la  cahe^a  ii  la  Tiurra, . . 
iklji.i  dc  (.;\i  r,  (jue  lot)  lloiiiLitd  eraii  Lcsaas.'  Toi  qui.iii:Mia,  i.  Go7. 
Uisi.  Mtx.,  Vol.  II.    io 


6fit 


THE  AVILA  CORTtS  COXSPIRACY. 


Munoz,  taking  upon  himself  control  of  the  case, 
ordercci  the  rearrest  of  those  the  viceroy  had  re- 
leased on  bail,  and  doubled  the  guards.^'^  Any  sus- 
j)i('ion,  however  slight,  against  any  person  would  in- 
sure incarceration.  To  save  themselves  from  possiblt; 
accusation  many  turned  informers.  The  infamous  (jld 
man  became  ral)id  on  the  sul)ject,  and  as  he  moved 
from  place  to  place  he  saw  conspirators  everywhere. 
The  jails  becoming  insufficient  he  had  some  dungeons 
built,  damp  dark  horrible  places  for  hu.man  beings, 
and  which  still  existed  and  bore  his  hated  name  in  the 
seventeenth  century.^^ 

The  criminal  trials  were  prosecuted  with  activity. 
Ever}'  circumstance,  however  trifling,  was  brouglit  fO 
bear  heavily  against  the  victims.  Th^  time  allowed 
them  f  >r  defence  was  short.  The  result  of  it  was 
that  the  pi-isoners  deemed  it  useless  to  attem[»t  a 
defence,  and  an  unjust  sentence  and  its  execution  usu- 
ally ended  the  case.  On  the  7th  of  J;nniary  15G8 
were  sentenced  to  be  hanged  and  (juartereil  f  )r  treasoii 
and  attem[)ted  rebellion  Juan  Gomez  de  Victori.i, 
(lonzalo  Nunez,  and  Cristobal  de  Onatc,  the  last 
named  beiiig  tlie  one  taken  to  and  brought  back  frc  in 
Spain.  It  was  believed  that  the  other  two  were  inim- 
eent."'  On  the  8th  the  three  were  executed,  Nuiicz 
and  Victoria  conl'essing  their  guilt,  antl  Ouate  I'l^tract- 
ing  the  falsehoods  he  had  uttered  in  jMadrid  under 
fear  A'  torture.     lie  declared  just  before  his  exccu- 

"'■'' Anions  the  jirisomrs  the  following  names  nppear:  Martin  Cort(''3,  lliilt.i 
sar  anil  I'ic;,'o  Arias  ilr  ,s»)tulo,  I'laiicisco,  I'crnaniio,  anil  liurnanliiio  r.-icliwo 
<!(•  lliii'iini  j^ia,  Xiino  iK;  tllu'i.iz,  Luis  I'onco  do  Leon,  Agustin  ilu  Sotoniayor, 
Ik'iiiaiiilo  lie  Iki/au,  Diego  Itoiliigue;;  Orozoo,  reilro  (luniez  ilo  (J/kiiih, 
Antoni'i  ih' ( 'ai'tiajiil,  ]5altasar  anil  I'eilro  do  (^>ne;:'ila,  ,lii;in  do  Valili\  i-sn, 
Antonio  Jfuiz  di  i  astaArda,  flariia  do  Allionioz,  '  inzulo  Ni,'"ioz,  anil  .liuiii 
(Joniezde  N'ietoiiii  (tlietfe  last  two  were  servants  of  ,10  late  Alonso  di!  A\ilal, 
('ri>tiil>al  lie  Ouate,  iVili-o  (loiizale;,,  a  son  of  tin:  »;(  i(]urror  Andn  s  de  'rapia, 
iNtdrigo  lie  t'arbajal,  ekrgynian.  Many  otluTs  a  ijieir  ineidentaily  in  tlio 
general  proeeedings,  fliose  of  '''eir  own  trials  not  luiving  reaelied  us.  'I'ii'i 
jiroperiy  of  sticli  as  liad  any  w.  s  m.|ii<  -  'ivd.  Om:,  1  1/  A".  /  ;i,  Atit.  CoiiJ.,  .V.i; 
iJiic.,  in  /(/.,  i;17-470;   'J'liniiie.Knla,  i.  (ilJO;  Cuvo,   1  rm.  Siij/os,  i.  \K\. 

"•"One  thousand  workmen  were  employed,  completing  thcni  in  lii  davs. 
Pn-nlln,  Nut.  //i.,t.,  'SM. 

'■^' '  Uieeij,  (]Uo  niurieron  sin  eulpa.'  TcniiinniKht,  i.  (l,^(i.  Orozco  y  Uerra, 
2i(jl,  CoiiJ.,  DO,  givcii  unly  the  cxccutiuuti  uf  Vietuiiuund  Uuulu. 


TORTURE  OF  M  \RTIX  CORTES. 


C27 


tion  that  all  he  had  said  about  the  marque's  del  V.-illo 
having  given  hira  a  couiinission  to  France  and  to 
certain  high  officials  was  untrue.  The  next  day, 
mounted  on  mules  and  bound  hands  and  feet,  the 
brothers  BaPasar  and  Pedro  de  Quesada,  sexagena- 
rians, were  t  .ken  to  the  scaffold  to  be  beheaded;  they 
uv-knowledged  having  taken  part  in  a  plot  against  the 
king.     Bahasarde  Sotelo  met  with  the  same  fate.^' 

It  becomes  my  duty  here  to  record  one  of  those 
hellish  acts  which  makes  o!ie  blu,  ii  for  one's  race, 
which  makes  one  wonder  how  superior  powers  can  sit 
and  smile  on  theni.  Sapient  philosophers  may  charge 
it  to  the  thnes,  and  there  leave  it,  scarcely  knowing 
what  tlu;y  say;  religionists  would  place  it  among  the 
mysteries  of  providence  and  exi)ect  us  to  be  satisfied; 
there  still  remains  the  fact,  a  i^ost  ignoble  and  worse 
than  beastly  one, and  where-n  man  u)ay  see  something 
of  himself  as  he  is  to-day. 

While  the  executions  of  the  8th  were  going  on  in 
(lie  presence  of  tJie  ])eopie,  there  lay  in  one  of  the 
rooms  of  the  royal  buildings  Martin  Cortes,  Marina's 
son,  undergoing  bodily  torture.  The  father  had  con- 
(juered  the  country  for  Spain,  and  the  mother  had 
been  his  most  devoted  Iriend  and  helper;  and  here  now 
was  the  son,  stretched  on  a  bed  of  mortal  agony,  be- 
cause to  his  grizzly  judge  at  the  trial  he  would  di- 
vulge nothing  of  the  secrets  of  his  confederates,  were 
any  such  secrets  in  his  keeping. 

Happy  inv  ntion  !  that  of  water  and  cord,'"'  as  atl- 
iiiinisterod  at  the  hands  of  Pero  ]}aca  r.rid  .luan  Na- 
varro, by  order  of  jNlunoz.     It  does  not  add  t(i  the 

'"'Joi-n,  ^frj.  J?ri\,  iii.  'JlS-10,  says  tlint  liia  brother  ItipTO  Sotolo  wasi  also 
piit  to  (loiith.  Tonjuciiiatla,  i.  •);!(►,  f^ivos  imly  tl)i'  I'Ni'c-ition  nt'  lialtasar  ■'•' 
Si'Ulo.  Aucori'iiiij^  to  Oro/ii)  y  Hurra,  J\'ot.  ('nnj.,  (il,  lliu  brotliii.^  wuru 
itiirc'ly  liaiii.slu'd. 

■■*  l')i  ill.;  a  kni;;lit  of  Saiiti:i;;o,  nnd  tlio  rules  of  tlio  onlcr  rtMiuiriiif,'  the 
]ii(S('ncc  of  otlu'r  liKiiili' ■rs  :it  tho  act,  !'"rancise'o  (hi  ^'(•las^cl  ami  tlio  liisliop 
il  I'uclla,  Antonio  ilc  Moridos  y  Molina,  a  're  suninioniil  to  witness  it.  'J'he 
litter  lias  lieen  lilanieil  tor  taliin.^;  jiai't  in  an  act  ho  unlieeoiniii;:  a  t'hii.stian 
I'lclate;  lint  it  .seeim  that  he  mipcurcd  ut  thu  spceiul  rcqiieat  of  Muitin  Cortcs, 
i'lniuiiauda,  i.  UiJli, 


THE  AVILA-CORTfeS  CONSPIRACY. 


merits  of  the  case  to  know  that  Martin  was  oonvii- 
Icscing  from  serious  illness.  "  I  have  spoken  tin; 
truth  and  have  nothing  further  to  add,"  Martin  said, 
as  tliey  stripped  him  and  laid  him  on  the  rack.  BiiiiL,^ 
again  urged  to  speak  the  truth,  he  replied,  "  It  is 
spoken."  The  executioners  then  proceeded  to  hind 
with  cords  the  fleshy  parts  of  the  arms,  thighs,  cahis, 
and  large  toes,  and  gradu:i:iy  to  tighten  them  all  at 
once.  "  Speak  the  truth,"  they  said.  "It  is  spoken," 
was  ever  the  reply.  Six  times  they  poured  a  quait 
of  water  down  his  throat,  demanding  each  time  a 
truthful  declaration.  With  wonderful  firmness  the 
poor  fellow  held  to  his  first  position.  "Kill  mo  it 
you  will,  I  can  tell  you  nothing  more."*"  And  tln^ 
judges  at  last  believed  him,  and  allowed  a  little  icst, 
intending  to  continue  after  the  sufferer  should  liavt; 
recovered  sufficient  strength.  Strange  that  m  any  a  .(c 
men  in  the  possession  of  common  rer.son  could  hope 
Ity  such  means  to  arrive  at  the  truth  !  But  after  all 
in  the  affairs  of  men  there  is  a  happy  compensation. 
^Martin's  mother  is  sold  into  slavery;  ^lartin's  latlicr 
tortures  the  Indians;  Martin  himself  enslaves  and 
tortures  ad  libitum;  Munoz  imprisons  and  tortniis 
[Martin;  death  and  the  devil  seize  and  torture  Munoz. 
It  was  not  convenient  to  torture  jMartin  furtlur. 
Eighteen  days  afterward  he  was  sentenced  to  exili- 
lor  life  from  all  the  Indies,  and  from  within  livo 
leagues  of  the  court  of  Spain,  and  to  pay  a  line  of 
live  hundred  gold  ducats.  Others  were  exiled;  some 
from  New  Spain,  some  fnmi  the  city  of  ^Mexico,  and 
all  must  pay  money  into  the  king's  treasury.*^ 

*"  '  Ya  lie  lUi.'lio  l;i  vrrdad,  y  por  cl  Sacratisimo  iiombro  ilu  Dirts  que  so 
duclau  ilo  nil,  ((uc  no  <V\v6  mas  de  lujui  Aijiiu  nic  imiora.'  Ornzfoi/  JJi  rra,  Xa'. 
I'oiiJ.,  (il;  J)or.  in  Jil.,  'SM-'2. 

*' Ainiiii;4  tin-  iiioHt  niiti'il  were:  Diego  Arias  Sotolo,  tranaportetl  to  Or.iii 
on  t)io  north  lonHt  of  Atrica.  The  tlireo  lirotlicrs  Hooancirra  sufl'i  rod  ti>i'!iii(', 
coiit'i'ssi'd  nothing',  mid  wore  sontenoed  to  Oraii.  Hcriiardiiio  do  Ikn'am  ;:i:i 
liad  been  first  CMiinU'inned  to  death  for  tho  murder  of  .Tiian  I'oiiee  de  Lion, 
lii;t  was  H.ived  tiiroujjh  family  intluence  and  tinallv  senttoOian.  Of  th"-i' 
exileil  1  lind  tlui  following':  IVdro  (lomez,  son  of  (  aptain  Andn''*  Tapia,  An- 
tiiuio  IJiii/.  do  < 'Mstarieda,  (laivia  de  Alhonio/,  ami  .luaii  de  Viddi\  ico.  Oii'y 
oiu'  of  tliose  sent  to  Uran  ever  left,  tliut  place.    Torquemada,  i.  030.   I'tm'in, 


til 


THE  VICEROY  SUSPECTED. 


020 


Even  tlic  nuirques  dc  Falccs  was  brought  before 
tlie  dread  court  of  the  royal  cuiissaries;  charges  of 
(hsloyalty  as  well  as  oflfcnces  of  omission  were  made 
against  him,  to  which  he  pleaded  that  his  conscience 
was  at  peace,  for  he  had  done  nothing  incompatible  with 
tlie  duties  of  a  loyal  subject  and  servant  of  the  crown. 
]u  view  of  his  rank  the  judges  abstained  from  reii- 
dcrin  '  a  decision  in  his  case,  and  referred  it  to  the 
Idiig.  This  was  all  Falces  asked,  and  a  few  days  later 
lie  went  down  to  Vera  Cruz  to  embark  on  the  first 
ship  for  Spain. 

Muiioz  continued  his  abuse  of  power  almost  witli- 
out  a  limit.  The  jails  as  well  as  his  pestilence-breed- 
ing dungeons  were  fdled  with  inncent  victims,  whose 
sous  and  wives  dare  not  move  in  wheir  lelease  lest 
worse  befall  them.  For  once  in  their  battered  ex- 
istence the  Indians  wore  saved  by  their  insignificance 
from  the  horrid  notice  of  their  present  rulers.  It  was 
the  Spaniards  and  their  descendants,  and  [)articularly 
those  of  high  position,  conquerors  and  sons  of  con- 
(|uerors,  who  had  themselves  gloried  in  practising 
enormities  on  others,  even  as  they  were  now  wrought 
upon  by  liends  of  injustice;  it  was  these  who  were  now 
the  sulferers,  and  at  the  hands  of  those  of  their  own 
race.*' 


"  '  Xo  .avia  Ilomljrc  con  ITombre  en  la  Ticrra,  y  do  tal  modo  vivian  todos, 
c|ii(-'  no  tJubiau  de  bi,  ni  cciino  dufeiidcrse,  iiifuiipanirso  do  tautiia  iTUcUladcs,  y 
tiiaiiia.s,  cniuo  liacia.'  TcrqiioiHtilii,  i.  ()o().  It  must  bo  lioro  stated,  bowLVt'i', 
that  t!io  Franciscan  jirovinco  of  tlio  Santo  Evangclio,  to  which  Torrjucniada 
iiturward  bclon^'cd,  had  by  this  time  chan;;cd  its  opinion  rcspcctin.,'  tlio 
[■"litical  condition  of  the  countiy.  It  niiiy  have  been  from  an  honest  belief, 
III-  from  a  feeling  of  pratitudo  to  Muiioz  for  favi^rs  received,  that  fatliers  Mi- 
>;ii<l  Navarro,  provincial,  and  Diego  <lo  Mendoza,  Juan  Focher,  and  Joan 
b  iniircz,  ddhiiilorcs,  in  a  letter  of  May  '2i,  1.">()S,  commend  in  glow  ini,'  terms 
lii-'  rule,  nilding  that  if  he  could  have  retained  his  powers  two  or  three  years, 
tlie  country  would  be  in  nmcli  better  state  than  it  ever  had  been  since  tiio 
<nij(|uest.  lie  had  already  set  every  thing  in  onler  in  lioth  spiritual  and  tem- 
l«'i:il  concerns,  and  his  name  stood  iii  w  very  high.  In  the  jirosccution  of  tiio 
iMiiniues  del  \'alle  an<l  others,  both  Muno/  and  Carrillo  had  done  theii'  duty 
like  good  Christians,  using  no  inoic  severity  than  was  needful,  and  tlio 
e\idcnce  produced  at  the  trial.^  should  bo  considered  disi)asai(jnately:  'si  cn- 
s.iugrentaron  algo  las  manos  no  <levia  conuenir  otra  cosa  jiara  la  entera  jiaciti- 
cijon  destos  reinos.'  Tiiey  conclude  wishing  for  Muuoz'  return,  or  the 
e  lining  of  some  one  possessed  of  his  spirit,  and  with  freedom  of  action. 
^lu'urro  el  ul.,  iu  Vurtiis  ik  Indins,  lal). 


m 


630 


THE  AVILA-CORTfiS  CONSPIRACY. 


Mexico  could  no  longer  patiently  endure  the  yoke. 
The  remedy  was  worse  than  the  disease;  if  anythiiii^' 
could  make  traitors  it  was  Mufioz'  conduct.  Public  dis- 
content had  by  this  time  reached  such  a  point  that  the 
country's  peace  was  reaDv  in  danger,  far  more  in  ilaii- 
ger  that  at  any  time  previous.  Measures  were  taken 
by  the  best  men  to  rid  New  Spain  of  the  crown  agent; 
if  the  king  would  do  it,  well;  if  not,  they  would  do 
it  themselves.  Evadinj?  the  watchfulness  of  IMunoz 
and  his  minions,  they  forwarded  to  Madrid  correct 
accounts  of  the  past  and  present  condition  of  things 
over  their  own  signatures.  Petitions  went  to  the 
king  from  all  quarters  in  Mexico,  showing  the  wliolo 
country  to  be  in  mourning,  in  dread,  and  constant 
alarm,  and  in  actual  danger  of  revolution.  And  this 
would  cease,  the  writers  said,  if  Mufioz  and  Ciinillo 
were  at  once  removed;  not  otherwise.  The  cial'ty 
and  cruel,  cold  and  unscrupulous  Philip,  saw  at  onco 
that  this  was  no  case  of  iron-heel  justice;  moreover, 
he  was  really  indignant  at  the  conduct  of  Munoz,  who 
had  so  infamously  misrepresented  him.  Ho  then- 
fore  immediately  despatched  to  Mexico  the  oidores 
Villanucva  and  Puga,  the  same  persons  whom  Val- 
derrama  had  dismissed,  with  orders  to  depose  Munoz 
and  Carrillo,  and  compel  them  to  quit  the  ca}»ital 
within  three  hours.  The  two  dismissed  rulers  were 
to  repair  to  Madrid  and  explain  their  acts. 

The  oidores  arrived  the  13th  of  April  15G8,  wliiih 
was  holy  Tuesday.  These  officials  knew  what  it  was 
to  be  up,  and  what  it  was  to  be  down.  They  liad 
been  displaced,  and  they  knew  how  to  displace  an- 
other. The  other  members  of  the  audieneia  weie 
pleased  to  receive  them;  nothing  could  be  worse  than 
as  it  had  been.  Munoz  was  a  pious  man;  for  so  ol  I 
and  so  rank  a  sinner  he  was  exceedingly  pious.  1I<' 
was  spending  holy  week  at  the  convent  of  Santo  Do- 
mingo, deep  in  kingcraft;  for  as  he  had  ruled  heiv, 
so  would  he  if  possible  rule  hereafter.  The  oidores  wviv. 
all  a  little  afraid  of  him;   nevertheless  it  was  not  an 


MUNOZ  AND  CARRILLO  DEPOSED. 


an 


imploasing  task  to  depose  the  old  tyrant;  so  plucking 
up  courage  the  two  commissioners,  with  tlu;  secrotarv 
Sanchez  Lopez  de  Agurto,  early  next  morning  re- 
l)aired  to  the  convent  and  asked  ibr  Muiloz.  The 
page  hesitated  to  disturb  his  master's  rest  or  devo- 
tions, but  finally  conducted  the  visitors  to  his  room, 
^lunoz  received  them  sitting,  and  barely  returned  their 
salutation.  Without  further  preamble  Villanuev  a  drew 
forth  the  royal  cedula  and  directed  Agurto"  to  read  it. 
The  effect  on  Muiioz  was  as  if  he  had  been  struck. 
Without  uttering  a  word  his  head  fell  heavily  on  hi^ 
breast,  and  after  a  time  he  signified  his  acquiescence. 
,The  news  that  the  t^'rant  had  been  deposed  s[)read 
through  the  city,  and  the  jubilant  inhabitants  appeared 
upon  the  streets  just  in  time  to  see  the  so  lately  proud 
and  haughty  representative  of  royalty,  now  a  poor 
and  trembling  old  man,  friendless  and  comparatively 
alone,  wending  his  way  out  of  the  country,  an  object 
of  scorn  and  execration.  His  weaker  but  scarce!  v  less 
detested  colleague  Carrillo  was  with  hin);  and  it  i.s 
said,  though  probably  with  exaggeration,  that  had  it 
not  been  for  the  compassion  of  certain  citizens  thc-y 
would  have  been  obliged  to  perform  the  journ.  y  to 
Vera  Cruz  on  foot.  However  this  may  have  been, 
they  received  marked  demonstrations  of  antipathy 
everywhere  on  their  journey.  Sharp  corners  of  f«  Ttune 
were  th-jse  which  the  kin<;-servers  and  kinij-defiers  used 
to  turn  then  in  the  Indies.  Going  on  board  the  vessel 
which  was  to  carry  them  to  Spain,  these  who  had  been 

"  It  is  prosiimctl  he  was  the  same  known  ;ilso  as  Saneho  Lopez  dc  RccaMc, 
ttlio  was  secretary  of  the  roy.il  oouncil  in  Spain  in  1.V14,  and  aftcrwanl 
a  notary  jniblio  in  the  city  <if  Mexico,  where  he  ilieil  in  \7u'>,  having 
two  sons,  Saneho  Lopez  and  Pii\;o;  the  hitter  of  whom  i)eo:iinc  a  tunon  of 
tin;  cathedral;  tho  tornier  was  a  nohiry  iiul)lio  l)eforu  1571?,  and  in  1>'»7."> 
V,  ,13  made  not;iry  and  gecret;iry  nf  the  ain'loncia,  hoMin\;  tlie  ollice  tid  Xovein- 
lier  !),  l.")S'.!,  on  wiiich  date  he  wrote  a  letter  to  the  I;in;,'  in  council.  It  seems 
111'  iiad  often  writtm  the  l.iu;j;  on  puh'.ic  .iHair.s.  Duriii,'  tlie  di.itiirhanee;)  of 
the  s«)-ialled  C'nisi)  nicy  of  tlio  ni:in[Ut  s  d  1  Valle,  ho  ciin'.riljuti'd  v.  ilh  his 
I  state  and  personal  services,  togctiicr  witii  thimo  of  his  relativcd  and  suhor- 
diiiatos,  to  tho  preservation  of  peace  and  guarding  of  the  city,  la  Oetoher 
l."7(')  the  seo-.vti; y  of  the  civil  department  was  Juan  de  Ciieva.s.  'Till  lately 
hi'  had  a  ciJlvague,  Saneho  Lopez  th^  liccaldc,  who  died  recently.'  Litriquvz, 
<  uilacU  i.^^,  iu  CatUm  dc  Iiidiu)!,  333. 


I  Kf 


«<i, 


THE  AVILACORTfiS  CONSPIRACY. 

tlrivfii  forth  found  there  him  whom  they  had  driven 
forth,  Falces,  but  for  them  viceroy,  and  now  a  king 
beside  them. 

Carrillo  died  at  sea.**  On  arrival  at  ^Indrid,  Falces 
at  once  went  to  the  hing  and  told  him  all.  Philip 
listened,  believed,  and  gave  the  faithful  servant  kind 
ti-eatment — that  is  for  a  king.  INIunoz  also  went  to 
his  master  and  was  received  very  sternly.  "I  sent 
you  to  nourish,  not  to  destroy,"  said  the  king.  IMunoz 
tried  to  exi)lain,  but  Philip  turned  his  back  upon  him. 
It  was  enough;  disgraced,  driven  forth,  spurned,  the 
old  man  went  liis  way,  and  that  same  night  was  found 
dead,  sitting  on  a  chair  with  his  head  resting  on  his 
hand.*'' 


It  was  not  generally  believed  then,  nor  has  it  been 
since,  that  any  plan  of  independence  really  had  exist- 
ence at  the  time.  The  chief  encomenderos,  it  was 
explained,  angry  at  the  systematic  provocation,  the 
arbitrary  persecution  by  the  ministers  and  delegates 
of  the  king,  in  their  fear  and  wrath  had  endeavored  to 
find  some  means  to  defend  their  threatened  interests; 
but  there  was  no  evidence  of  their  ever  liavinLT  ceased 
to  be  loyal  subjects,  their  only  offence  being  that 
some  of  tl)em  squandered  their  estates.  The  so-called 
conspiracy  was  declared  to  bo  nothing  more  than  an 
invention  of  tiie  enemies  of  the  marques  del  Valle, 
his  brothers,  and  their  friends,  to  bring  them  to  ruin. 
Some  thought  it  a  jdan  concocted  at  Mach'id  i'er 
despoiling  the  encomenderos.  Juan  Suar-ez  Pei'alta, 
one  of  the  victims,  who  left  Iiis  view«  ju  wrirni;^', 
throws  out  hints  in  this  direction,  but  m/fjiing  nioi<  ; 
it  was  dangerous  in  those  days  to  speak  oik/h  miiil 

"  JT  ,  death  was  caused  by  a  stroke  of  apoplexy.  Tli#  body  WM  <;irri»l 
to  Hal»ana.  Pcralta,  Aof.  llixt.,  '2o'i,  ."547. 

*'•'  M  iinoK  was  cruel  «s  well  as  pious,  an<l  Carrillo  was  pious  as  well  as  enn  I : 
at  the  tortures  the  former  sliowcd  greater  pity,  a  softer  heart;  wIk  reus  tlie 
otiier  being  weaker  was  more  iiarsh  The  jjeople,  however,  had  an  i<l<  a  tli;it 
IMiinoz  was  the  more  monstrous  di  the  two,  and  thi  y  feared  iiim  l»  ycnd 
cumpare.  One  man  actually  took  a  fever  and  .Jiuil  j#  ijyy  ilujs  u^u  receiv- 
ing a  harsh  mcssa!;o  from  Muiiuz.  Jtl.,2M'l. 


LITERATURE  OF  THE  DAY. 


C33 


on  New  Spain  government  policy.  Tlic  impudent 
utterances  of  Alonso  de  Avila  cost  him  his  hie. 

Many  effusions  in  prose  and  verse  were  written  to 
commemorate  this  bloody  episode,  the  most  notablo 
hcing  the  funeral  narrative  by  the  Mexican  poet,  his- 
torian, and  political  Mriter,  Luis  de  Sandoval  Zapata, 
who  lived  early  in  the  seventeenth  century.  A  notice 
of  this  composition  will  be  given  elsewhere.  Its 
autlior  exonerates  both  the  Avilas  from  any  treason- 
able intent,  and  assures  us  that  the  king's  council 
also  did  so  at  a  later  time.*"  He  lays  to  the  malice 
of  informers  and  the  envy  and  'Mindness  of  judges 
the  deaths  of  many  innocent  men.  We  must  admit, 
liowcver,  that  during  the  epoch  under  consideration  a 
]ilot  to  bring  about  the  secession  of  New  Spain  from 
tlio  mother  country  was  brewing,  so  much  having 
been  confessed  by  Alonso  de  Avila  first,  and  by  the 
brothers  (^uesada  later;  though  it  certainly  was  not 
worthy  of  the  consideration  given  it  by  the  oidores  in 
their  zeal  or  animosity.  Indeed,  the  depositions  of 
the  ixrsons  havini:;  knowleduje  of  the  circumstances 
.  liow  that  treason  had  not  been  seriously  considered. 
Tlie  viceroy,  who  carefully  read  the  evidence,  could 
Hot  believe  that  criminality  had  been  intended,*^  and 
tliis  se<niis  to  have  been  the  conclusion  arrived  at  by 
the  king  in  approving  the  course  of  Falces  and  con- 
<lt  iimiiig  that  of  Muhoz  and  Carrillo, 

IJut,  whatever  opinion  we  niisy  hold  of  the  conduct 
of  the  Avilas  and  others,  it  is  (juite  certain  tliat  the 
iiiar(|uis,  ^lurtin  Cortes,  tt)ok  no  part  in  any  |»lut 
ii'_;ainst  the  crown.  N<>t  that  there  was  wanting  cause 
or  inducement,  but  tlae  risk   was  too  great.     With 

^"Bit'ii  (|Uo  ili'S|ni('3  (1  <>onsejo 
Du  lu.  2klu>jeutuil  excl.ta 


Dcclttroctm  8U  clotii- »i'-ia 

No  huho  iHilpa  il-'  tirtnlores 

En  li>8  Aviliis 

Ill  Oror.co  y  Bfrra,  Not.  Con/.,  oOl!. 

'Ilia  words  in  one  place  iviic  '  I'l  ;il/.ii)ii('nto  qup  en  psti  tiorra  diccn  ae 
)iii'Uili('.  havr;'  and  in  anotliiT,  '  ika[mi  s  ilu  la  sixi^jcclia  ilu  alzauiicuto.' 
1..  .l/o/-</,  M<J.  licv.,  iii.  4-.'4,  -lHo  ii. 


ri  t 


634 


THE  AVILAC0IIT1^:3  CONSPIRACY. 


Spain  and  so  many  Spaniards  and  the  native  Amer- 
icans against  tliem,  the  insurgents  could  not  possiMy 
have  sustained  themselves.  And  then  his  name,  his 
proud  position,  his  pi-incoly  estates:  failure  would  in- 
volve the  forfeiture  of  all  these.  Yet  here  there  was 
little  to  choose;  if  the  godly  Philip  desired  any  one's 
property  he  usually  took  it  if  he  could.  For  an  inno- 
cent man  the  penalties  inflicted  on  the  marquis  by  tlio 
king  and  council  were  grievous;  but  they  assi.sted  to 
foster  suspicion  until  a  good  share  of  his  wealth  was 
secured.''*  Ilis  case  was  not  terminated  for  several 
yeai-s.  Whether  it  was  that  nothing  could  bo  proved 
against  him,  or  that  he  paid  over  sufficient  money,  or 
that  the  court  deemed  him  no  Ioniser  danwrous,  lie 
was  finally  acquitted,  and  the  family  reinstated  in  all 
its  honors,  rights,  and  privileges,  but  not  till  a  lar^e 
fine  had  been  exacted.^''  !Most  of  the  sequestered 
property  was  restored  in  1574.  Tehuantepec  was 
taken  by  the  crown  on  the  pretext  of  its  being  needed 
for  a  port  and  navy-yard,  and  as  a  point  from  wliicli 
to  make  discoveries.^^    During  the  period  of  seques- 

*'Tho  marquis  was  sentenced  to  serve  in  Omnond  to  perpetual  lianialinii'iit 
from  the  Iinlio3,  to  tlio  payment  of  many  tljousand  ducats,  and  tliu  jari^aic- 
tion  in  iiis  estate  was  also  taken  from  liim.  PcrnU'i,  Not,  Hint.,  '2j.">-(i. 

*^  I'ifty  thousand  ducats  and  to  lualio  a  forced  loan  to  the  crown  of  100,000 
more  fi>r  wnr  exponios.  lie  must  have  been  kept  confined.  lie  certainly  v.ns 
ill  custody  fium  January  1  to  October  13,  157-,  at  tho  fortress  of  Torrejnn  ilo 
Vclasco,  (huinj(  which  time  73,863  maravedis  wero  expended  for  hla  Kup^Ki! t, 
which  wero  p:'.id  to  tho  (jfIi(;or3  holding  him,  by  tho  ti'casurcr-;,'cncral  vt  t!  o 
kingdom,  under  an  oidcr  of  tho  roval  council.  I'aldaractic,  Pcddoii,  in  I'd- 
duco  und  Curdciiun,  (.'ul.  Doc,  xiii.  4oG-S;  Conacjo  lieal,  Manddiniado,  iu 
/(/.,  458-01. 

'"  The  deprivation  of  tho  privilege  to  appoint  governors  and  alcaldes  m\\\- 
ores  was  repealed  nuich  later,  when  reniando,  tho  third  marquis,  m.iiri'd 
Mencia  do  la  Cerda  y  Kiil)adilla,  a  Luly  of  honor  of  the  princess  I  ;;li(l. 
The  Cortes  family  remained  in  Spain  till  I'cdro,  the  fourth  iii:\n|r,is.  a 
brother  of  hii  predecessor  and  whose  wife  was  Ana  dc  Pachceo  do  la  t-  I'li 
a  sister  of  tlic  coikIc  dij  Moutalvnn,  came  to  Mexico,  where  ho  ilitd  .I:.:n::  :>' 
30,  1(J:2'.),  wi(.!i()ut  issue.  It  is  said  that  at  hi.^  funeral  v.cro  in  atttndiau  .■ ; '  0 
Franciscan  fri:Ms  from  the  city  of  Mexico  and  neiirhboriiig  towns.  1'ho  e:t!  :1 
went  to  his  niece  Kstefania  Cortes,  wit'u  of  tho  Neajiolitan  noblemnn  drkv' '  f 
'\'i  rr,uiov;iand  Monteleone.  The  estates  and  seignoiiul  rights  remained  i.i  tho 
hoiipo  till  tho  war  of  sueeessinn  to  t!;o  h-'paniyli  crown,  \ilieu,  the  duke  li:;\  i!.,' 
taken  slides  with  tlio  house  of  Austria,  they  were  jdaceil  under  Ecqucfitratiiii. 
Tliis\va;f  laised  after  tho  peace  of  Utrecht  conlirn^cd  relipe  V.,  the  iir>t  I'.-.n- 
boil  to  wear  tho  Spanish  crown.  They  wero  again  sequestered  at  tho  t:::o 
of  the  invasion  of  \.qiol(>on  and  restoixd  to  the  t;unily  after  l''<  riiuml.)  \  11- 
recovered  his  throuc.     The  family  rcluiued  the  estates  till  lS-0,  wi'li  Uio 


DEATH  OF  THE  M.VIIQU£S  DEL  V^VLLE. 

tration,  the  government  had  paid  the  pensions  of 
Dona  Juana  de  Zufiiga,  the  dowager  marchioness, 
and  of  her  brother  the  friar  Antonio. 

The  marquis  died  the  13th  of  August  1589.  It  is 
behc'ved  that  the  sentence  of  exile  in  the  case  of  Mar- 
tin, Dona  ^Marina's  son,  was  never  carried  out.  On 
the  17th  of  March,  15G8,he  was  still  living  in  his  own 
house,  as  appears  in  a  petition  asking  for  an  extension 
of  the  time  he  was  allowed  to  enjoy  that  i)lace  as  his 
j)rison.  As  he  was  in  bad  health  it  is  likely  the  peti- 
tion was  granted,  and  he  was  troubled  no  more  after 
Munoz  was  dismissed.  Nothing  further  is  known  of 
him  or  his  family.  It  is  probable  that  he  left  no  legit- 
imate descendants.  Luis  Cortes  returned  to  INIexico 
after  the  acquittal  of  the  marquis  in  1574,  and  lived 
almost  in  obscurity.  lie  never  took  part  again  in 
public  affairs,  and  at  his  death  left  to  his  descendants 
the  name  of  Cortes  do  Herraosilla. 

exception  of  the  soignorial  privileges,  the  Spanish  cortes  having  alwlished 
iilltitich.  Upuii  tlio  iiulcpcnilcnco  of  Mexico  tiic  estates  were  seijuesteicd  a 
fiiirth  time,  lur  a  while,  <liiring  Iturbitlo's  short  imperial  sway.  In  183."l  tiiey 
wero  ileehired  national  proper' y,  and  in  1834  restored  to  tlic  owner.  Such 
li:i3  been  the  devious  emirso  of  tenure  in  the  Cortcs  estates.  Tcrmnurn  1/ 
Moiiii'liniic,  J'-'j)0'<.,  ti.'J:  Morn,  M<j.  licv.,  iii.  2'JG-7;  Datos  Uiofj.,  in  Cartas  de 
Ltd.,  bJS;  Aluman,  Dlmrl.,  ii.  171. 


I  wouUl  here  offer  my  tribute  of  res'.ect  for  the  prominent  writer  and 
nceoni2>liHhcd  scholar  Manuel  Orozoo  y  Bena.  Probably  no  Mexican  historian 
of  modern  times  has  been  so  generally  held  in  hiyh  citeem,  both  by  his  coun- 
trymen and  by  scholars  everywhere.  Knjoying  the  fullest  facilities,  with  tho 
eunfidencc  of  the  govennnont,  and  i)f  all  who  held  in  possession  materials  fur 
history;  with  a  sound  mind,  a  facile  pen,  and  a  generous  sympathy  for  tho 
just  and  humane  on  all  (piestions  relating  to  society  and  civilization,  he  was 
a  man  of  whoso  name  his  country  may  well  be  proud. 

Most  important  in  writing  the  present  chapter,  and  a  work  I  have  freely 
used,  is  his  Kotkia  Ilisldrica  d<'  la  Co'ijurnrion  dil  Mctr'jiKU  th  I  Vid'r,  Ai'ioh  iIa 
loOo-liiOS,  Mex.  ISj;}.  8vo,  xii.  72,  oOo  pp.  It  contains  an  historical  ac- 
count of  the  uQ'air  which  has  hitherto  somewhat  impnjpeily  been  known  as  tiio 
Martin  Corti's  conspiracy,  stime  having  attributed  it  to  the  second  manjiir's  di  I 
A  alio.  A  sketch  of  his  (arly  life  is  also  given,  accompanied  by  co]:ies  of  tho 
1  gal  ]irocesses  against  the  pel-sons  imjilicatcd,  inch  ding  the  <1(  posed  viceroy, 
the  marques  de  Falces.  I  notice  that  the  greater  part  of  the  legal  proceed- 
ings, many  of  the  answers  of  witnesses,  and  tiie  pleadings  of  the  accusation 
and  defence  are  omitted,   probably  on  the  ground  that   they  would  havo 


CSC 


THE  AVILACORTLS  CONSPIRACY. 


thrown  but  little  light  upon  the  subject.  ^loro  viiluablc  h  an  extract  giving 
the  confes.sions  of  the  prisoners  and  the  sentences  dcoreed  against  tlKMii, 
together  with  interesting  acts  and  documents,  in  wiiich  the  original  ortiio- 
graphy  and  punctuation  are  retained.  The  editor  also  gives  foot-uotos  wher- 
ever he  regarded  thcni  necessary.  At  the  end  of  the  volume  is  a  ballad  or 
roniuncc  in  verse,  the  subject  of  whiih  in  the  execution  of  the  two  brotlais 
Avila,  written  about  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Subsequently  Orozco  y  Berra's  studies  were  directed  to  scientific  subjocta, 
and  ho  published  several  valuable  treatises  on  ethnogriiphy,  hydrograpiiy, 
anil  kindred  topics.  Still  later,  however,  as  the  fruit  of  many  years  of  dili- 
{.'cnt  researches  during  his  leisure  hours,  a  work  appeared  which  entitles  jiiiii 
to  bo  nuni1)i!red  among  the  distinguished  historians  of  bis  country.  It  bears 
the  title  Jfixtoria  Antirjiia  y  de  la  ('omjiiisld  tie  Mi':x',co,  Jlexico,  1880,  8vii,  4 
vols.,  pp.  ix.  584,  G03,  527,  G94,  and  comprises  four  parts:  La  Civilizacion, 
Kl  Ilombrc  rrehistorico  en  Mexico,  llistoria  Antigua,  anil  Conijuii-Aade  .Mex- 
ico, ba.sed  tin  the  best  authorities  extant.  The  lirst  tiiree  divisions  give  au 
interesting  description  of  the  general  condition  of  ancient  Mexico  and  jart 
of  Central  America,  of  the  rites,  religion,  social  and  intellectual  standing:  tiio 
prchistorical  inhabitants,  their  relations  to  those  of  the  old  world;  tlie  liis- 
tory  of  the  difl'crcnt  regions,  beginning  with  the  early  traditions  of  tiie  Mayas, 
and  ending  with  the  Aniihuac  empire  previous  to  its  overthrow  by  the  .Span- 
iard.s.  Xumcroua  foot-notes  are  given  in  support  of  the  text;  also  interesting 
bibliographical  notices,  and  essays  on  ancient  laws,  taken  from  unpubli-lied 
documents,  and  on  hieroglyphic  writings  and  chronology  of  the  Aztecs  and 
JIayas,  all  of  which  gives  indubitable  evidence  of  the  au'hor'a  painstaking 
labor.  The  fourth  volume,  remarkable,  like  the  third  part,  ."or  a  great  num- 
ber of  explanatory  notes,  begins  with  the  earliest  expeditions,  from  \\hieh 
originated  the  final  conquest  of  the  Mexican  empire,  and  concludes  with  tlm 
departure  of  Cristobal  do  Tapia. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  narrative  of  this  eventful  period  should  havo 
been  given  so  largely  in  extracts,  rather  than  in  the  author's  own  words.  His 
interpretations  are  usually  fair,  and  his  criticisms  on  Prescott  and  otliers 
searching  and  pertinent.  Perhaps  for  the  early  part  of  the  conquest  he  is  in- 
clined to  favor  unduly  the  somewhat  prejudiced  narrative  of  Las  Casas,  and 
the  statements  of  various  persons  made  during  the  rcsidencia  of  Cortes  ani 
frequently  given  more  credit  than  they  deserve,  though  here  the  letters  of 
the  conipicror  himself  and  the  versions  of  Bernal  Diaz,  Ilcrrera,  Gomara,  auil 
other  standard  chroniclers  have  been  uscel,  and  also  the  native  records.  Taken 
as  a  whole,  it  is  a  work  reflecting  the  highest  credit  both  on  the  author,  and 
on  the  government  which  in  just  appreciation  facilitated  its  publication. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 


RULE  OF  VICEROY  ENRIQUEZ. 
loCS-loSO. 

IEMPORART    GOVEIINMEN-T    OF    TIIK    ArOIENCIA — JoiIH    II.VWKINS    IxVADES 

VtuA  Cklz — IIi.s  Dkkeat  a.nu  ExriLHiox— Kate  of  tiik  EN(iLi.>ii 
Prisoners— VicEuoY  Mahtix  EMugcEZ  de  Almansa— Drake's  On:ii- 
ATioxa — FouEioN  Raids — Yivatax,  Its  Govkunmknt  and  Im>i\v 
Affairs — First  Acts  of  Esriqi'kz  —  Oroanization  op  Mii.itauy 
Forces — Campaigns  aoainst  the  Ciucuimecs — Presidios  and  Mova- 
ble IJLOCK-HOrsES — MVTLALZAUL'ATL  Ll'IDEMIC  AND  ITS  IIaVOC— FAM- 
INE—InLXDATION — Recall  of  E.suiyOEZ— His  Goveunme.nt  Polici  — 
llis  Death. 

The  tyrannical  visitadoros  having  boon  divcstcfl  of 
power,  the  an(hcncia  rcsurnod  the  reins  of  g-ovornnicnt, 
!inrl  profiting  liy  P«'^st  expori<^ncc  adopted  a  mild  p<)h<-y 
wliieh  gradiudly  alloyed  puhlie  fears.  With  restored 
confidoiiee  the  people  returned  to  their  vocations,  nn<l 
soon  nothing  was  left  to  remind  them  of  the  late  horrors 
but  the  black  dungeons  of  Muiioz  and  the  pillar  on  tlie 
s;ilt-so\vn  ground  where  Alonso  do  Avila's  house  had 
stood.  This  happy  state  of  things  continued  until  the 
arrival  of  the  fourth  viceroy.  Previous  to  the  coining 
of  this  ofiicinl,  however,  th'-ro  was  rpiitc  a  flutter  of 
excitement  at  the  cnpital,  owing  to  the  seizure  of  the 
island  of  Sacrificios,  opposite  the  castle  of  San  Juan 
(!''  Ulua,  by  the  fjimous  ICnglish  corsair,  John  Haw- 
kins, with  nine  armed  ships,  on  the  14th  of  .Sei>t(nnl)cr 
].)(J8.^  Hawkins  surprised  the  garrison  and  captured 
the  fort.  Among  the  prisoners  were  the  king's  treas- 
urer and  factor.     He  then  removed  the  artillery  and 

'  Miles  Philips,  one  of  the  men,  gives  the  IGth  as  the  date  of  their  uuttr- 
ii]^'  the  port.  DitiCQUide,  in  lluklciiCis  Votj.,  iii.  471. 

(037) 


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633 


RULE  OF  VICEROY  ENRIQUEZ. 


fortified  his  camp  without  opposition.^  His  ships 
wore  much  damaged,  having  been  long  from  homo 
trading  on  the  coasts  of  Spanish  America.  Needing 
water  and  stores  he  resolved  to  take  this  port,  after 
first  securing  every  vessel  in  the  vicinity,  that  the 
people  of  Vera  Cruz  might  not  receive  warning  of  liis 
approach.  The  gentle  pirate  was  at  present  fatigued 
and  desired  rest.  He  would  hurt  no  one  if  left  alone. 
Indeed,  he  assured  the  commandant  of  the  port,  Her- 
nando Delgadillo,  and  the  other  officials  that  lie 
intended  them  no  harm,  having  captured  the  place 
only  as  a  matter  of  form.  He  wished  them  to  supply 
him  with  water  and  provisions,  promising  to  pay  in 
money  and  merchandise.  The  king's  officials,  how- 
ever, declined  these  irregular  overtures,  and  would 
make  no  arranijements  without  orders  from  Mexico. 
The  audiencia  Ihially  agreed  to  furnish  Hawkins  wlmt 
he  required  on  the  terms  proposed,  with  the  under- 
standing that  none  of  Plawkins'  men  should  enter 
Vera  Cruz,  or  leave  Sacrificios  for  the  interior. 

Thus  all  was  going  on  well  with  Captain  Hawkins, 
who  could  ride  up  and  down  the  ocean's  highways  and 
rob  at  pleasure,  never  w.niting  for  cover  of  the  niglit, 
and  who   now  demai  charity  from   the   injured 

nation  with  an  air  ol  ^  ace  and  innocence  truly  re- 
freshinc:.  But  alasl  the  darinof  navigjator  was  in  sonic 
way  so  out  of  his  reckoning  that  he  could  not  calcu- 
late his  eclipse.  His  negotiations  with  the  Vera  Cruz 
officials  were  scarcely  ended  when  a  Spanish  fleet  of 
thirteen  vessels  came  in  sight.  The  poor  pirate  was 
taken  at  a  terrible  disadvantaijc.  His  carccocs  were 
valued  at  £1,800,000;  he  had  beached  several  of  his 
ships  for  repairs,  and  was  in  no  humor  to  kill  the 
people  who  were  coming  toward  him;  yet  he  must 
open  fire  on  the  Spanish  fleet. 

Now  it  happened  that  the  new  arrival  had  on  boa  d 

"He  was  'muy  grnn  soldado  y  mnrincro,  y  en  ru  proccdcr  tmiy  liiil;il,',''i;' 
with  libn  wns  his  relative  Francis  DraUe.  l'<nilla,  Not.  Il'n't.,  'J.')",  .'unl  in'to 
40.  For  a  full  uccount  of  the  jjiratical  expeditious,  see  Hist.  Cent,  Am.,  ii. 
this  aeries. 


PIRATES  AT  VERA  CRUZ. 


639 


the  last  appointed  viceroy  of  Xew  Spain,  Martin 
Enriqucz  de  Almansa,  knight  of  Santiago,  brother  of 
tlie  marquds  de  Alcailices  and  the  marchioness  do 
Poza.  He  was,  moreover,  connected  with  the  highest 
nobihty  of  Spain,  among  whom  was  the  famous  duquc 
tie  Candia,  who  became  the  second  general  of  the 
Jesuits,  as  successor  to  Ignatius  de  Loyola,  and  after 
his  death  was  canonized  as  St  Francis  Borgia.  Ho  bore 
the  reputation  of  a  man  of  sterling  character,  whose 
amiable  and  charitable  disposition^  was  united  with 
iirmness,  and  who  possessed  good  administrative  abil- 
ities. Enriquez  was  much  alarmed  at  seeing  his  mas- 
ter's dominion  in  the  hands  of  a  foreigner.  He  wished 
to  bring  the  fleet  into  port;  he  had  been  long  confined 
on  shipboard  and  he  desired  to  land.  Moreover  he 
liad  come  to  rule  at  Mexico,  and  not  to  be  shot  at 
Vera  Cruz.  Hence,  when  Hawkins  sent  the  Spanish 
oonmiander  word  that  he  had  no  intention  of  inilicting 
injury  on  any  one,  least  of  all  on  honest  and  courteous 
Spanish  gentlemen;  that  he  liad  only  fired  from  habit, 
or  by  way  of  bull-dog  salute;  that  he  had  permission 
of  the  audiencia  to  purchase  at  that  port  certain  nec- 
essaries, and  that  as  soon  as  his  ships  were  repaired 
he  would  gladly  depart,  Eiiriqucz  listened.  The 
commander  answered  bluntly  that  he  would  hold  no 
intercourse  whatever  with  Hav.kins  until  he  should 
be  allowed  peaceably  to  enter  the  port.*  Enriquez, 
however,  who  thought  a  viceroy's  wits  should  equal  at 
least  those  of  a  pirate,  was  quite  ready  to  enter  into 
negotiations.  Then  Hawlcins  said  that  if  the  Sjian- 
iards  would  pledge  him  their  honor  and  good  iaitli  to 
liermit  him  to  dejjart  in  peace  as  soon  as  he  should 
have  completed  his  repairs,  they  might  enter  unmo- 
lested.    The  viceroy  agreed,  and  an  exchange  of  host- 

'  During  his  residence  in  Mexico  lie  won  liiinsclf  tlic  nnme  of  a  good 
f'liristian,  (.'iving  alma  to  the  poor  willioiit  cHtciitution.  I'trctltn,  Xu/.  J I  int., 
-Tit;  Tori>iiriiuuln,  i.  (IDA;  Mir.  No',  ("luilail,  70;  Datns  lUoij.,  in  C'lrtrtx  tir 
J^filiK.i,  7''>4-r).  lie  was  very  strict,  and  exalted  the  viceregal  ollice,  whicli  till 
liis  time  had  been  a  plain,  nnassumiiiL;  one.   Torquvmudn,  i.  ()47. 

*  •  i;n  lo  ikniiia  lo  hariau  ccjniodidad  y  lo  deapacharian.'  Pcralla,  A'ot. 
J I  int.,  'JU3. 


'1 


I  m 


C40 


BULE  OF  VICEROY  EXRIQUEZ. 


ages  was  made.  Hawkins  selected  ten  of  his  cliiof 
oilicers  and  sent  them  elegantly  attired  to  the  Spanisli 
flag-ship.''  The  viceroy  dressed  up  as  gentlemen  uu 
equal  number  of  men  of  the  lowest  class  and  de- 
spatched them  to  Hawkins'  quarters.  After  the  stip- 
ulations had  been  concluded  and  proclaimed,  tlio 
Spaniards  entered  the  port,  and  the  two  fleets,  as 
Hawkins  tells  us,  saluted  one  another,  according  to 
naval  custom." 

This  was  the  24th  of  September.  All  right  now, 
thought  Hawkins:  the  word  of  a  Spanish  nobleman 
is  as  good  as  his  bond,  if  either  is  worth  anything. 
Agustin  do  Villanueva  Cervantes,  however,  he  of 
whom  I  have  often  spoken  in  connection  with  the 
late  troubles  of  Mexico,  and  who  was  now  a  prisomr 
in  the  hands  of  the  English,  well  knowing  tlie  quality 
of  Spanish  honor  and  good  faith  when  pledged  to  a 
pirate,  on  seeing  the  kind  of  hostages  given  by  his 
countrymen  trembled  for  his  own  safety,  it  being  c\  i- 
tlent  that  the  Spaniards  were  determined  on  treaclieiy. 
y^et  when  Hawkins  for  some  purpose  sent  to  11  lo 
Spanish  commander  Ilobert  Barret,  master  of  one  of 
his  vessels,  a  gentleman  of  line  api)earance,  and  oiio 
who  understood  Castilian,  and  he  did  not  return  Ix- 
cause  the  viceroy  detained  him,  Hawkins'  suspicions 
were  not  even  then  aroused,  for  he  thought  that 
Barret  perhaps  had  been  ke[)t  to  dinner.  Presently, 
however,  he  was  enlightenetl,  as  there  slowly  dro[)i)cJ 
down  u[)on  him  a  Spanish  store-ship,  passing  the  lino 
agreed  uj)on  beyond  which  no  vessel  of  the  viceroy's 
fleet  was  to  cross,  and  opened  a  lively  fire  on  his  camp. 
Turning  to  the  Spanish  hostages,  who  expected  to  lu' 
inunediately  cut  in  pieces,  he  asked  with  an  air  ol" 
injured  innocence,  "Is  this  the  way  Spaniards  ]ivv\) 
their  word?"  Then  to  Villanueva,  "I  tell  you  tlii^ 
act  of  your  commander  will  cost  your  people  more 


'  Poraltn,  N'nf.  fflM.,  20.",  says  he  kiiRW  two  of  tlio  ofTiocrs,  one  being  a 
rrlative  of  the  earl  of  York,  nml  the  other  a  conucctioii  of  the  (jueeii. 
*  Ilawkiim,  iu  UakluijCs  Voy.,  iii.  524. 


ESCAPE  OF  HAWKINS. 


G41 


tlinn  nil  v\y  ships  and  tlicir  conl.nl..s  are  worth." 
And  lu)  nuidc  j^'ood  Ills  v/oi'd,  thniip;h  I  doubt  not  ho 
would  have  rol)bcd  and  murdered  all  the  same  in  any 
event.  Other  vessels  {bllowod  closely  the  store-ship; 
]la\vl;ius  1)rought  all  his  guns  to  bear,  and  a  bloody 
en'n!'"enK'nt  ensued,  in  wlii'jh  there  was  Q'reat  loss  of 
life  on  both  sidos.  The  Englislnnen  had  the  better 
of  it  for  a  time,  it  was  said,  and  until  the  Sjianiards 
employed  ai^ainst  them  fire-slnYs.  The  actual  position 
of  the  En^;lish  vessels,  how  many  v/ere  on  the  beach, 
and  how  many  afloat,  is  not  stated;  but  it  is  certain 
that  after  all  the  depredations  of  the  Spaniards  thei 


o 


were  two  left,  the  ilag-ship  J/?';//o/;  and  tlie  JiuJitJi,  on 
board  of  wliicdi  took  refuge  those  of  the  renmant  of 
the  English  force  who  M'ere  aide  in  the  end  to  eft'ect 
their  esca])e.  About  tliree  hundivd  thus  saved  them- 
selves. ]  lawhins  lel't  the  Spani.di  hostages  unharmed, 
knov.ir:r;  tliat  if  ho  killed  tliem  his  own,  worth  ten  to 
one  of  the  others,  nmst  die  also.  Luckily  the  flag- 
ship, which  carried  all  the  silver  and  the  most  valu- 


)i;ie  a'eeds 


d;l 


er> 


was  not  destroyed,  and  on  her  I[a^vki]l^ 


mat 


le   1 


lis   esca 


,1 


pe 


tl 


U'ou'.'li  a 


h 


wnere   no  vesse 


I  had 


I 


r 


:if 


l.ietw 


een 


ever  oeen   Deiore 


b 


foil 


reef 
1  1. 


owed   l>v 


the  Ji'(l'tJ),  in  command  of  I'^i-ancis  Dralce.     In  hi? 


cam])  were 


tal 


rl 


ecu  mj 
d 


captured  vessels  only  negroes,  o 


»y 


Eu'dish  iirisoners,  but  in  the 


pi 

.f  wl 


lom 


thei 


0    V*C1'0 


many.  These  were  distributed  among  the  captors, 
and  r.rL(-r\vard  sold  at  the  rate  of  three  hundred  ducats 
each.  Tlie  store-ship  that  headed  the  attack  was  de- 
stroyed; also  some  other  S[)anihdi  vessels  and  (juitc  a 
number  of  soldiers  on  shii»-board  perished. '^ 

'  'Two  ;,rcat  fliippcs  of  tlio  Spniiiaid-i  fuiiIco,  nntl  oiii'liurnt.'  The  Span- 
invds  <ei.".il  not  ilo  inr.cli  l.iiiiu  v.iili  i\^Cv  LLij..s,  Liil  did  iiun-Ii  liavoc  wiLli  Uio 
in-tilkry  ( i  tlic  1-aiglisli.  Tl.o  Mlitlvii  !'Liriiil  fur  lici.silJ',  unci  llav.lciii.s  wiili 
jrvcat  (hiik'ultj'  got  on  licr;  must  of  tlit-  iiiui  i  u  liii'  Jixux  folliAVKl  tlio  Miiiivii, 
ill  the  l,i,;ii,  and  tlioisc  who  tuuld  not  wtro  th.in.  Of  Uic  ^hijia  only  Uiu  Miii- 
■h  II,  J<Ln  lli.niptou  nuutcr,  and  (ho  .fn!!:/,,  i  f  r.O  (unr.,  i.'on;n:iiu(U  d  l.y  Fraii- 
ris  Dii  kc,  getaway.  All  Iko  l'r.;,]iili  U.i.t  v.no  not  hkdn  (,v  did  nut  niaiiayu 
to  oscaiic  were  tulirn  jirisonos,  and  cnully  tn  .I'lLd.  Siiue  who  ucio 
(-.•iptuit'd  (11  shore,  'tluy  louke  and  liunj,'  thcni  \i\)  by  the  ainies  uf^on  lii^di 
p  steii  until  till'  lilood  liiii;-t  out  of  tlicir  laigiis  cndri.'  Of  tliu.se  bulluixis 
one  Copcti  !i  and  otInrp,  vhtn  the  iianator  wrote  hid  uceouat,  were  still 
Uisr.  Mex.,  Vul.  II.    41 


fSO 


.  ,v.\ 


'III 


G42 


RULE  OF  VICEROY  EXRIQUEZ. 


K'O. 


Tho  Ei)glish  prisoners  wore  forwarded  to  !Mexi( 
whore  they  arrived  wounded  and  in  sorry  phi^lit. 
Being  Protestants,  and  therefore  proi'ane,  the;  goveni- 
rnent  confined  tliem  in  a  house  outside  the  sacred  pvi- 
cincts  of  the  city.  A  few  boys  among  them  wci'c 
sent  to  convents  to  bo  converted.  Some  time  after- 
ward, at  tho  petition  of  certain  persons  in  Mexico,  ;i 
i'ew  of  the  prisoners  w'cre  distributed.'* 

A  few  months  later  there  were  brouufht  to  IMoxico 


living  in  England,  bearing  on  their  persona  tlic  marks  of  llic  cruelties  (Imv 
liati  sutlered  at  tliu  hands  of  the  Si)aniards.   I'/iiJi/m'  Diicnin-nc,   in  llal-li-iii's 
Vui/.,    iii.  47--U.     Aecunling  to  John  llortop,   one  of  the  expediiioii,  tho 
Sjianisli  viee-a(hiiirar.s  ship  liad  most  of  800  men  killed  C)r  1)1(A\  n  ovci  li^nid 
vilh  ))(jwder.     'J'ho  admiral's  was  also  on  lire  half  an  hour,  and  w;is  stn"  k 
over  (>()  times;  many  of  her  men  were  killed  and  wounded;  four  otiier  Span- 
ish ships  were  sunk.     The  number  of  fighting  men  that  eanie  in  the  S]i:iiii>h 
fleet,  and  that  joined  them  from  the  mainland,   nuido  togetlier  1,.'>(M»,  nf 
whom  .")l()  Mere  slain,  as  apjieai'ed  in  a  h'lter  sent  to  .Me\ict>.     Captain  lilaiid 
ntteiujited  to  sail  out  with  liis  ship, but  lier  muin-iiiastwas  struck  down;  lie 
then  with  his  men  took  to  the  jiinuaee,   set  lire  to  his  vess<'l,  and  went  nii 
boai'd  the  ./(•■•iis  to  join  Hawkins,  whom  lie  told  that  he  had  intended  tn  111 
1)aek  and  attempt  to  lire  the  Spanisii  lleet.     Xight  eame  on,  m  lien  Hawkins 
onlei'ed  the  Ji'iiiioii  to  come  under  tlie  lee  of  the  JrsiiK,  and  l)rake  to  eouie  iu 
with  the  ,/i((l!l/i,  and  lay  the  Mln'ioii  aboard  to  take  iu  men  and  ev(;ryiliiii',' 
lieedfi',1  and  to  go  out,  whieli  was  done.     As  soon  as  the  wind  came  oil'  tliu 
bhoie  liav.kins  set  sail  and  passed  out  of  the  port,      lie  went  in  search  of  llie 
]';iuueo  Kiver.     l'"rom  want  (jf  provisions  the  men  su(rer(>(l,  and  became  (li>- 
fatislied.     Finally  a  portion  of  them  Mere  landed  Mith  some  money  anil  ,1 
(juantity  of  Kouen  cloth.  J/or/ajt'it  'J'iriii(i'J( s,  in   J/a/dri/l'ti   Toy.,  iii.  4^'7-'.'l. 
Anotiier  account  lias  it  that  Viceroy  I'lnrique/.  landetl,  anil  went  fin  tt)  McNi-n 
Avitiiout  fear  of  fraud  on   tlie  jiart  of  the   Knglish.     Ihit   Lujan,  mIio  ci.ni- 
maiided  tlie  ih'ct,  believe.d  them   t<j  l)e  pirates,  M'hen  he  saw  the  nun, her  tiiat 
with  irms  in  their  hands  ran  about  tho  sti'eets;  he  then  ordered  acharuciii  uu 
the  crowd  on  tlie  beach,  Mhich  caused  a.  great  slaug'.iter  aniung  tiieui,  and  \\\.->. 
ships  ojicned  lii'e  upon  those  of  the  enemy,  who  Miiile  unprepared  for  a  liulii, 
made  a  brave  defence.    During  the  action  the  famous  Francis  Drake  eseapul. 
and  embarking  on  a  ship  that  held  the  greater  part  of  the  gold  jilunilrivd 
by  those  jiirates,  he  hurriedly  lied  to  tho  ocean.     Hawkins  resisted  ihs- 
perately  almost  the  mIioIo  day,  until  ennvinced  that  lie  enuld  hold  out  no 
longi'r  he  set  lire  to  his  flag-shij),  and  under  cover  of  the  darkness  lied  in  the 
vice-admirars  ship,  M'hieh  Mas  followed  by  another,  leaving  the  rest  of  his 
8i|uadrun  to  become  a  pri/.e  to  the  Spaniards.  Marrh  i/  Ldharis,  I ll-t.  Marii"!, 
ii.   lild.     'J'he  other  authorities  that  I   have  seen,    inchiding  Hawkins,  and 
excepting,'  Fanes,  are  agreed  that  \'ieeroy  F.nri(|uez  conducted  the  nigotiatinui 
Mith,  and  the  military  operations  against,  Hawkins,  before  deiiarting  In' 
Mexico.     Ica/halcita  leans  to  the  belief  that  I'nricjuez  had  departed  for  the 
eajiital  M'ithin  seven  days  after  his  arrival  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  that  it  Mas  tlie 
g(  neial  of  the  fleet  M'ho  ordered  and  diicded  the  attack.  Doc.  J/iitl.,  in  .''•"■. 
Jli.r.  (''roi),,  Bolclin,  'Jdat'p.,  ii.  4!)S.     Hawkins  uses  these  Mords:  'Willi  a 
Miitiiig  from  the  viceroy  signed  Mith  his  liando  and  s(,aled  Mith  his  scale  nt 
all  the  conditions  concluded.'    In  llaUvyt'x  Voi/.,  iii.  .VJ!!. 

•*  '  Y'o  Ueve  a  mi  easa  seis,  cntrellos  el  ipie  di/.ian  era  parientc  de  la  reyiia 
y  el  maest"'^;  tuvelos  niuchos  dias,  y  \:ierto  (pio  lo  de  uoblea  se  les  cchul  ii 
Lieu  do  ver. '  I'crullu,  A'ot.  Jliist.,  '271. 


FATE  OF  THE  PIRATES. 


643 


from  tlic  port  of  Piimico  upward  of  one  hundred  En- 
^iishnicn,  who  liad  l)ecn  ca[>turcd  in  a  liostilu  re^'ioii 
l)y  the  people  of  tlie  country.  SiiiLjularly  enou<j;U 
they  were  of  those  who  hatl  lied  with  Hawkins  on  hi.s 
ilaLj-sliip.  AVlicn  after  his  narrow  escape  the  EnL;hsh- 
nian  liad  reached  a  point  twenty-five  leai^ues  north  of 
IViiuico  Iviver,  he  found  his  overh)a(k;d  ship  in  chuiger 
of  sinkini^.  So  he  huided  one  hundred  and  lil'ty  men, 
among  wliom  were  Miles  Philii)s  and  Jcjh  llortop, 
and  twenty  boys,  besides  a  consideralde  portion  of  tliu 
cari^o.  It  was  the  8th  of  October.  The  men  wo'o 
I'urnislied  witli  arms,  and  directed  to  stay  tliere  until 
]  [awkins  could  return  for  them  with  seaworthy  ves- 
sels.     Thence  he  went  to  England.'' 

After  much  sufl'ei-ini^  fi-om  luniger  and  diseases, 
find  losses  at  the  hands  of  natives,  tlic  men  left  by 
I  lawkins  (;oncluded  to  change  their  (piarters.  Tui/ning 
soutliward  they  marched  seven  days  and  nights  till 
1  licy  reached  Panuco,in  a  deplorable  condition.  "Jliere 
a  force  came  out  against  them,  to  which  they  offered 
no  I'csistance,  It  is  said  tliatthe  captors  treated  them 
most  cruelly,^'^  and  finally  sent  them  to  Mexico  to 
join  their  former  comrades. 

^  '  Este,  (lizcn,  fu^  cl  prin';ipio  del  Draquc,  A  quit'n  fipidii  con  diiiniTis  para 
vciiir  ;'i  veil  car  cl  a^ravio  cjiie  Ins  fsj)anolcs  Ic  aliiaii  lirclio.'  /'rnt/'n,  AV;<. 
//I's/.,  •272.  Alarcli  y  Liiljovcs,  Jli^f.  Mdrhia,  ii.  .'}!(),  in  this  connection  Kay.H 
t':at  the  ship  Avliioli  followed  ll.'wkiim  went  to  jjicica  in  tlio  raiiuco  ]]ivrr 
!'.nd  lii>r  crew  of  70  men  was  taken  to  Mexico  and  liumanely  treated.  ] law- 
kins,  after  losing  many  of  liis  sliipinates,  from  'wounds  and  liimgef,  escaped 
throii'rh  tho  IJahama  ('liaiintd  lietueeu  I'lnvida  and  the  I-iicayas,  and  .soi'row- 
fitricken  arrived  in  iMi^I/ind,  where  Drake  had  preceded  liini.  Asaeliniax 
to  his  misfortunes  lie  Could  not  recover  from  Diakc  any  ]iortion  of  the  j;i'l(l 
intrusted  to  him.  1'hero  was  little  honor  auKjiig  tlie.so  thieves.  J)ia!.o 
tl;oULrht  ho  could  better  emjiloy  it  in  lilting  out  the  vessels  wherewith  ho 
111  came  afterward  the  ter"or  of  the  S|!ani>h  American  coasts  in  hotli  the  At- 
lantic and  I'acilic  seas.  If  there  ho  truth  in  the  latter  part  of  this  statement, 
time  must  have  ohliterated  in  Hawkins  all  ill-feeling  towaiil  J )rake,  lor  in 
I'll).")  they  planned  a  joint e\pe<litiou  against  the  S[ianish  ccjlonies  in  Ani<  rica, 
imntioned  ahove  liy  I'eralta,  and  of  \\  hii  h  an  account  is  givtn  elsev.heie. 
See  also,  J'lnirn,  \'ii\,  in  JluHiuiu,  J>o)n.  L''<j'.,  ilS.,  83-!);  JJuIoh  Uio'j.,  u\ 
Ciirtd.i  (le  Jiitliit-1,  T">-1-. 

'"  '  Ataiidoles  las  manos  y  llevfindolos  al  pueblo  atropellando  con  lo9 
caballos..  .losmetieron  en  ciirceles  y  prisiones,  y  dieron  il  uno  (')  ados  tor- 
inento.'  i'lrnltd,  Xi'f.  Ilisf.,  274-,").  Hortup,  one  (jf  the  jiarty,  Kays  nothing 
(if  cruel  treatment  afc  I'iinuco.  ]>ut  he  does  state  that  the  viceroy  iti  .Me.\i(;a 
wanted  to  hang  tlieui,  luid  was  disbuudud  from  it.  lluklvijt's  Voij.,  iii.  'i\i'i. 


\  ■  ■& 


C44 


RULE  OF  VICEROY  ENRIQUEZ. 


Several  of  the  members  of  Hawkins'  expeflitloii 
were  traiisporteil  to  Spain."  Some  were  kept  in  !^[«'\- 
ico  in  a  state  of  worse  than  bondage,  and  were  bror.Li'lit 
under  tlie  tender  meroics  of  the  inquisition,  after  it 
was  formally  established  there,  and  made  to  under.;" 
most  terrible  sufterin<Tf:"  a  number  were  burned  to 
death.     What  could  savages  do  more? 

"Thoy  were  followed  within  a  year  by  Job  Hortop  anil  several  otlicrs. 
Aftur  cscapihj,'  duatli  Ijy  Blu|)\vieck  and  hau;^ii\g,  tho  latter  wciu  siii  rciidt  red 
to  tliu  oasa  di!  contratauion  of  Seville.  //o/Vi/y/a  TrauaUm,  in  JlalJri/t's  I'l  </., 
iii.  4!)4. 

'-t)f  tho  inisoncia  in  Spain,  Barret,  ITortop,  Gilbert,  and  two  others  diit 
of  Kcveii,  who  had  attempted  to  eseape,  weie  retaken.  Aftt'r  li(irri!>le  enu!- 
ties  IJarret  and  Gilbert  were  burned  alive,  and  tiic  otliers  sentenced  to  di'.Ur- 
ent  terms  of  service  iu  the  galleys;  Ilortop  served  12  years  in  the  pilhyj 
and  seven  more  of  common  imprisonment,  till  l.")f)0,  when  he  made  his 
escape  to  England.  Tlie  others  in  Mexico  were  kept  in  close  solitary  iiju- 
lineiaent  about  18  months,  and  toituivd  on  tlio  I'ack,  or  otheruise  tu- 
mented.  Several  died  under  tlie  inflictions.  Finally  the  day  of  their  tiial 
arrived,  when  they  were  carried  to  the  ecnirt  wearing  sambenitos,  a  ro[)i; 
nmnil  th(!  neck,  a  tajier  in  the  haml,  and  there  sentenced,  one  to  r(('(i\e 
.SOO  lashes  on  the  bare  back  and  10  years  in  the  galleys,  the  rest  to  b.- 
given  from  '200  to  100  lashes,  and  service  in  the  galleys  iimn  eight  tn  ;-ix 
years.  A  few,  among  them  Miles  Philips,  escaped  the  lash,  but  la;d  to  swerve 
in  the  convents  from  tln'ce  to  live  years,  wearing  the  .sambenitos.  Three  were 
sentenced  to  death  by  bin'uiug,  and  suil'ercd  their  penalty  publicly.  The  llog- 
ejngs  above  spciken  of  wi're  inflicted  on  good  Friday,  in  ]57">.  The  victims 
■were  paraded  through  the  principal  .streets  on  horseback  ami  called  F,!)glisli 
dogs,  Lutherans,  hei'eties,  enemies  of  (Jod,  and  the  like.  The  titiipcs  weie 
laid  I'll  with  all  the  fierceness  that  bigotry  and  brutality  could  prompt.  Later 
they  were  sent  to  the  galleys  of  Spain.  Philips  and  six  companions  served 
only  part  of  their  terms,  and  managed  to  escape  to  .Spain,  and  t'.ience  t  > 
England.  Ifortop'ti  Tramillt'ti,  in  IfuUv>/l\i  Voi/.,  iii.  404;  P/i!lij>s'  J)l>iroiir>:' , 
in  Jd.,  iii.  47D-S7.  Spanish  hibloriana,  with  the  exception  of  Juan  Suarez  do 
I'eralta,  from  whoso  apparently  impartial  account  I  have  copiously  diawii, 
and  Mareli  y  Labores,  whose  information  is  meagre  and  evidently  biassed  '  y 
a  spirit  of  nationality,  have  omitted  to  give  a  detailed  narrative  of  llawkin-,' 
vi.'^it  to  Vera  Cruz.  One  of  the  Spanish  -writers,  wlio  could  not  have  been 
ignorant  of  the  particulars,  disposes  of  the  subject  in  a  few  words:  'llcg()  al 
puerto  de  San  Juan  de  Ulva'-  —Viceroy  Enri(juez — 'donde  tuvo  dares,  y  toni  i- 
res  eon  vn  ingles  llamado  Juan  do  Acle.'  Torqiicmnda,  i.  ()"8.  Anotlier  ;;iv<s 
Hawkins'  name  fli  one  place  Juan  dc  Arpiincs,  and  in  another  Juan  de  Af|ni- 
nes  Acle.  lie  is  not  very  positive  as  io  the  nund)er  of  ships  on  either  sile, 
and  disposes  of  the  whole  thing  in  a  very  ofrdian<l  manner:  '  lo  desbirato  v 
ech()  de  la  Isla.'  Vc/an,-vrt,  Trat.  J/cr.,  10,  IiL  Tcatm  Mex.,  77.  This  l:i-t 
Vi  riter,  however,  adds  that  the  200  prisoners  were  sent  to  tho  Santa  Marta 
quarries  to  «'ork  in  getting  stone  for  Mexico,  which  does  not  exactly  bear  cut 
the  assertion  of  ^larch  y  Labores  that  the  prisoners  from  Piinuco  were  tre;iti  d 
'con  liumanidad.'  Another  misnames  the  English  chief  Jaween.  Ah'jfi ■, 
Hist.  Comp.  yr.s'H.s',  i.  \')0.  Cavo,  Trcif  Siijlon,  i.  1S8,  speaks  of  tho  viceroy's 
course  in  the  matter  as  on  j  hat  did  honor  to  the  inception  of  his  rule,  'i'lie 
name  of  Acpiines  is  ele;-  ly  a  corruption  of  Hawkins,  Juan  Aquincs  A'  In 
meaning  perhaps  John  llav.kins  E.«qiiire!  See,  ako,  Ircr.h<tlcitci.  l)oc.  IJisf.,  in 
Sor.  Mcy.  (noij,,  /.'o/;// /, 'Jda  ep.,  ii.  40.1.  Luther-loving  corsairs  .-ind  .'^mi:  :- 
glers  in  whom  no  faitl)  could  be  placed  deserve  to  have  little  said  of  them.    A 


ADVENTURES  OF  FRANXIS  DRAKE. 


645 


Lifo   on  tlio  ocean;  how  o'loiio.is  it  was  all  alonsj 
tln'<inL;li  the  sixteenth  coiitMry!    So  litthj  of"  the  world 


k 


ill 


was  i;uown;all  was  so  niagmlioent}}'  straiij:^c;  one  might 
at  any  moment  stumble  u]»on  pearl  islands,  golden 
shoi'cs,  Amazon  lands,  and  lil'e-rostoiinnr  waters.  J^,.nd 
then  morals  were  so  easy,  and  liberty  so  broad.  Talk 
about  the  iron  inqui^ition,  the  coercion  of  opinion, 
and  the  restrictions  laid  on  commerce.  Were  there 
not  islands  and  continents,  wealthy,  defenceless  [daces, 
that  the  strono-  miii'lit  rob,  and  have  the  learned  and 
inous  to  find  excuses  for  them  in  return  for  a  sliare? 
And  then  might  not  the  robbers  be  rightoousl}-  robbed ; 
just  as  the  big  fish  eat  the  little  fish,  to  tlie  eternal 
glory  of  the  creator?  Such  was  the  order  of  thini'-s, 
and  Francis  Drake  availed  himself  of  his  high  priv- 
ileges. Xarrowly  escaping  with  his  head  from  Vera 
CnvA  in  15G8,  in  1572  he  successfully  attempted  the* 
capture  of  some  silver  on  its  way  from  Vera  Cmz  to 
Nombre  de  Dios.  He  also  attacked  the  latter  town 
and  obtained  a  little  plunder,  after  which  ho  sailed  for 
] England. ^'^  A  few  years  later  he  fitted  out  an  expedi- 
tion at  Falmouth,  and  sailed  in  Decend>er  1577  to 
l)I('k  up  what  he  could  find  of  anybody's  propcrt}-  any- 
here.  In  1578,  after  having  played  havoc  on  the 
Spaniards  in  the  suutli  Atlantic,  he  entered  the  Pa- 
cific, captured  vessels  off  the  Central  American  coast, 
and  about  the  middle  of  April  made  his  appearance 
in  the  Gulden  Ilind  at  Huatulco,  in  Oajaca,  which 
[tlace  he  sacked."     This  accomplished,  he  sailed  the 

modem  Mexican  writer  has  accused  Hawkins  of  depredations  in  Vera  Cvw/.i 
'etsigicndo  fuertcs  tributos  d  sus  liatdtantes,  y  aun  safjucando  las  iirineipalts 
r.Ki.a  dc  coniercio.'  Lcrdo  dc  Tijtula,  Ajunitt'-i  Hist.  I'.  C'nr.,  2(i4.  1  eauiiot 
liiid  tlie  anlhority  on  wliieli  lie  Ijases  his  assertion.  As  .a  matter  of  fact,  tho 
luu;libh  luid  neither  time  before,  nor  opportunity  after,  the  arrival  of  tlio 
S;';nii;h  fleet  to  .sack  the  town.  Rivera,  (A/).  .Mcc,  i.  -14,  merely  s;iys  that 
Knriqucz  ditdodgcd  from  Sacrilicios  some  English  corsairs  that  had  occupied 
it  to  injure  vessels  aiTiving  and  departing. 

"  l>r<ike'a  Life,  6,  7. 

"  'Nut  forgetting  to  take  with  them  a  Pot  ns  big  as  a  Bushel  full  of  Ryals 
of  riate,  with  a  Chain  of  (^(jld,  and  other  Jewels  that  they  found  in  tlie  Town.' 
/'/.,  )0{).  Cooke's  account,  brake's  World  L' ii com jxi surd,  ISU,  says  they  al:-o 
tiMik  away  Iwo  negroes  of  three  that  were  being  tried,  on  Drake's  arrival,  for 
a'l  attempt  to  burn  the  town. 


W 


.1 


C4G 


RULE  OF  VICEROY  EXRIQUEZ. 


next  clay  for  the  north  witli  a  view  of  disooveriiiLj  ,i 
northern  passage  to  the  Atlantic.  Finthni,^  tluit  iiii- 
])0ssibl(',  he  returned  south,  crossed  to  the  Asiatic  son, 
doubled  the  Capo  of  (Jood  Hope,  and  in  Novenil)ir 
1580  reached  Plvmouth,  En^dand.  IJesides  his  sci- 
vices  to  his  country  on  European  coasts,  and  at  tlw 
destruction  of  the  invincible  armada,  Drake  made  otlici' 
voyai^es  to  the  Spanish  maiu  after  booty.  So  that  it 
may  be  safely  said  that  the  punishment  inflicted  on 
Hawkins  and  Drake  in  15G8  at  Vera  Cruz  was  eifcc- 
tively  avenged  on  Spain  and  her  subjects." 

French  pirates  also  made  raids  on  the  coasts  of  Xcw 
Spain,^"  notably  that  of  Yucatan.  In  1 5G 1  the  French 
attacked  the  town  of  Campeche  and  plundered  it,  doing 
also  other  damage;  but  thev  were  soon  after  driven 
away  and  the  plunder  was  recovered.^''  Soon  after- 
ward came  rumors  of  fresh  preparations  by  the  French 
for  a  descent.  The  governor,  Diego  do  Santillan,  on 
receipt  of  orders  from  the  crown  to  be  on  the  watcli 
for  a  powerful  expedition,  which,  according  to  a  report 
from  the  Spanish  ambassador  at  Paris,  was  fitting  out 
to  raid  upon  the  Spanish  coasts  iji  the  Indies,  lost  n(j 
time  in  visiting  all  the  ports  within  his  government, 
and  making  every  possible  preparation  to  meet  tlio 
filibusters,  should  they  come.  Some  part  of  tlie  ex- 
pedition, if  not  the  whole  of  it,  made  its  appearance 
off  the  coast,  for  in  May  1571  some  Frenchmen  landed 
at  the  port  of  Sisal,  and  meeting  with  no  resistance 
the}^  went  as  far  as  the  town  of  Hunucma,  four  leagues 
inland  and  on  the  road  to  Merida.  There  being  n.ono 
but  the  natives  to  oppose  them,  they  secured  the 
plaza  and  then  plundered  the  Franciscan  convent  of 

'•^  Drake's  acts  against  Spain,  her  American  colonics  and  commerce,  me 
fully  detailed  in  IliM.  Veiit.  Am.,  ii.,  of  this  series. 

'"It  may  be  that  Spain  invited  aggression.  June  0,  1550,  the  crown  f'H- 
liade  its  sulijccts  to  trade  with  French  corsairs  under  heavy  penalties.  Pi".!", 
Cii/tiUirio,  1S7.  Apprehensions  of  French  cncroaclinients  had  e.\istcd  iriii'i; 
l.')ll,  and  the  court  then  adopted  measures  to  meet  the  eniergcncv.  F/orhl'!, 
Col.  Due,  103-11,  114-18. 

''The  king  was  in  l.'idG  asked  for  protection  against  'los  eneniigos  fi;in- 
ceses  luteranos'  and  other  possible  assailants.  Carta  ikl  Cubildu  al  la>j,  iu 
Cartas  de  Indian,  o'JT, 


FILIBUSTERS  IN  YUCATAN. 


C47 


its  silver  plate  and  oriuiinents/''  and  oonunitted  other 
outi'au'es.  Tliev  did  not  venture  farther  into  the  in- 
terior,  but  took  the  caei(|ue  and  other  chief's  away  lor 
ransom.  The  news  reached  !Merida,  whereujton  the 
•Jl'overnor  at  once  desi)atehed  to  llunucnui  Captain 
Juan  Arevalo  de  Loaisa  with  a  company  of  soldiers, 
who  on  arrival  found  that  the  raiders  had  already 
retired  with  the  plunder  and  prisont-rs  to  their  shi[>, 
and  i)ut  to  sea.  The  Sj)aniards  followed  the  coast, 
and  o'uarded  the  port  eighteen  days,  the  eujmy  stand- 
ing oif,  though  in  sight.  Upon  reporting  this  to  the 
governor,  Arevalo  and  Juan  Garzou  were  ordered  to 
embark  on  a  vessel  in  pursuit;  seeing  M'hich,  the 
enemy  went  away  to  the  island  of  Cozumel.  Tlu; 
governor  then  despatched  against  them  Gomez  <le 
Castrillo,  one  of  the  old  conquerors  of  Yucatan,  who 
approached  the  island  cautiously,  surprised  the  French, 
and  after  a  hard  fight  in  which  many  were  killed  the 
Spaniards  took  the  remainder  prisoners.  This  hap- 
j>ened  on  the  eve  of  corpus  christi.  Castrillo  took 
his  prisoners  and  the  rescued  silver  to  Mei  ida,  thence 
sending  the  Frenchmen  to  Mexico,  wdiere  tlxe  govern- 
ment did  not  deal  leniently  with  them." 

In  1575  English  filibusters  landed  on  the  coast 
near  Merida,  marched  into  the  interior  as  far  as  the 
town  of  Dzmul,  and  after  sacking,  set  fire  to  the 
place.  In  159G  William  Parker,  or  Park,  after  leav- 
ing his  ship  at  anchor  six  leagues  from  Campeche, 
landed  with  a  force  of  fifty-six  men,  as  he  aflirmed, 
i'rom  a  pirogue,  at  3  a.  m.,  near  the  convent  of  San 
Francisco,  and  took  the  town.     Some  of  the  inhabi- 

'^  'Franceses  hcregea. . . profanaron  cl  Santo  Cali?,  LoLicndo  sacrileganicnto 
cii  I'l,  y  vltrajarun  las  imagiiics.'  C'(>iinlhu/o,  lH<t.  Yuc,  '■i"A. 

''■•It  uaa  baul  that  in  Mexico  'auian  (jueuiado  algiU'os  per  Lutcranos.' 
Cuijollialo,  lllst.  Yuc,  .3u4.  Sonic  of  the  piisoneis  were  C'ulvinists.  Aiicoiki, 
J/iil.  !'«('.,  ii.  94-0,  Such  raiJers,  wiicn  their  governnients  were  at  \var  with 
that  of  Sjiain,  elailiicd  to  1)C  privateers,  and  were  pn/Lceted  l)y  t!ie  laws  <<i 
nations.  i>ut  if  their  sovereigns  were  at  peace  tluii  they  v.ero  piiates  ami 
treated  as  sueli,  that  in  to  say,  hanged.  In  I.jT-  was  captured  at  (,'ainpeeho 
and  hanged  at  \'era  Cruz,  in  San  .luan  dc  Ulna,  the  famous  freebooter,  tliu 
(.'ount  de  Santi  J']stevau.  Curr'dlu,  OiiijtudeUttkc,  iu.S't/f.  J/tx'.  Uco<j.,  Boldin, 
aa  ep.,  iv.  •loi,  'Ziji. 


I  '  % 


■n 


1:1 


t  ■  I  Vi 


''-'\ 


048 


RULE  OF  VICEROY  EXRIQUEZ. 


tants  escaped,  and  some  wore  taken  pi-isoners.  Hut 
the  f'onnei'soon  rallied,  and  by  10  o'elock  fell  upon  the 
raiders,'^'*  whose  eoninmndcr,  hiekily  ioi"  the  town,  \v;is 
S(!Verely  wounded,  and  .severed  ol'liis  men  were  kilk'd. 
Indeed,  It  would  ha\e  gone  liai'd  with  him  had  ho 
not  bound  his  prisoners  arm  to  arm,  and  used  them 
as  a  barricade,  under  cover  of  which  to  retreat  to  his 
boat.'-'  lie  then  boarded  a  Spanisli  vessel  laden  v.itli 
<;'oods  and  the  king's  trilnite  in  silver,  anil  took:  all 
the  valuables,  worth  £r),000,  to  his  ship.  The  maraud- 
ers after  tliat  visitcid  an  Indian  town,  v.diero  they 
captured  a  rjuantity  of  logv.'ood.  They  then  departed; 
l)utwere  not  lonij;  afterward,  ovei-hauled  by  two  ^!pan- 
isli  armed  ships,  when  one  of  their  vessels,  v/ith  a 
captain  Iless  and  tliirteeu  others,  was  taken,  the  c;ip- 
tivcs  being  executed. 

In  1507  a  powerful  British  siniadron  made  a  descent 
on  the  island  of  Co.-riimel,  and  held  it  for  a  time,  but, 
findin<> 


the   8])aniards   prepared  for  defence,  it  v. 


lis 


obliged  to  withdraw."^  A  second  attempt  in  Kloi) 
and  a  third  in  IGOl  failed.  In  1G02  a  Spanish  vessi  1 
was  ca})tured.  No  further  attacks  were  made  i'er 
fcicveral  years. '*^' 


Before  closing  with  Yucatan  I  will  give  briefly  the 
history  of  the  ])rovinco  di  ing  the  second  half  of  the 
sixteenth  century.  Under  the  present  government 
was  an  area  of  about  one  hundred  leagues  from  east 

'-'"It  is  claimed  tliat  there  were  500  Spaniards  in  the  place,  and  in  two 
towns  close  by,  8,000  Indians.  Parhr,  in  J/a!.li\i/t\t  Voi/.,  iii.  CvJ-.">.  Tin,' 
estimate  of  the  former  was  doubtless  an  error,  for  the  Spanioh  population  w  iis 
then  small. 

'■"TIk!  lilibuRtprs  ungenerously  told  the  Spaniards  that  their  townf.niaii, 
Juan  Venturate,  had  been  their  ij;uidc.  Without  other  evidence  the  man  v,;;s 
Bentcnccd  to  death.  One  author  says  he  v.as  shot  on  the  spot;  i'.notlicr  thut 
lie  'eon  teiii'zas  cncendidas  fue  de::ped:izndo;'  a  third  has  it,  '  ;i  inoi'ir  atnia- 
zm\o.'  Cuijollndo,  Hint.  Yiic,  4i!0,  4-J'2;  Valero,  hiDlcc.  Uniu.,  x.l'M;  Aiicoiiu, 
Jlixt.  Yiic,  ii.  1 ;};.!;  Yitr.  lUtwL,  1SJ3,  '248-9. 

^-  A  party  of  J'nglish  freebooters  on  the  4tli  of  March  l."97  landed  at 
Cape  Catoche,  and  bunie<l  all  the  establishments  and  houses  of  thefliairi  hin; 
town  of  Chancenote,  having  first  plundered  it.  Cairillo,  Uriijiu  di'  JJcl.'t, 
in  iS'oc.  Mcx.  Ocor/.,  Doldin,  ;!»  ep.,  iv.  S.xS. 

-'■'  15y  l.-iOy  the  coast  of  Campeche  liad  become  a  general  rendezvous  ami 
hiding-place  for  English  anil  Dutch  pirates.  Ancona/UUt.  y«c.,  ii.  IIJI-O. 


ANNALS  OF  YUCATAN. 


649 


to  west,  includliii^  all  the  peninsula,  togctlior  with 
Tabasco,  and  nari'owinin"  to  t\wnty-tivu  IcaLjiies  m 
width  in  the  south-wcstcin  jiart." 

The  civil  j^^overnnicnt,  after  Adelantado  ^.lontejo's 
departure  for  S[Kiin,  and  tlie  discontinuauco  of  his 
jirivileges,  was  in  er  irgc  of  alcaldes  niayores,  [irovided 
iirst  by  the  aiidiencia  i..^  ?.Ie.\ico,  next  by  that  of  Los 
Confines,  and  then  agai»;  by  that  of  }.[exi(;o,  eni- 
braeiiig  the  period  betwcer.  1550  and  15G1,  till  llio 
arrival  of  Doctor  Quijada'-"'  on  the  lOdi  of  Januaiy 
15G2,  conimissioii-'u  direct  from  the  crown.  'Jlie  I'ulo 
of  this  ollicial  was  one  of  continued  tn  j' 1?^  wi(h 
his  subjects  and  the  chui'ch  about  enconiiei/1  .s  and 
alleged  ill-treatment  of  the  Indians  by  the  friars. 
Coniplaiuts  v.'ere  lodged  against  him  ri,  coi;;l,  an<l 
though  he  had  been  appointed  for  six  years,  a  urxes- 
sor  pn '.;(': 'ted  himself  in  ^lerida  when  Quijuda  Iciast 
expected  liini.  History  hr.s  no  great  virfue  n)r  vico 
{  >  attach  to  his  name.     He  was  succeedeil  bv  Luis 

^*  There  were  in  it,  toward  the  end  of  this  period,  five  towns  cif  .'<[)aniiirdM, 
iiiini'jly,  t!.e  uity  vi  Mirida,  the  capital  of  the  tivil  and  cjiii^cup:;!  goveiii- 
nicnts,  with  from  ^00  to  40t)  vccinoa,  a  cathedral,  and  a  Fi'anci.-iLan  convi'iit; 
tlie  villa  do  Valladolid,  or  Vallid,  with  some  oU  vei,ino«,  a  paricih  clmrcli,  and 
a  I'unvcut  of  Franciscans.  In  tliia  and  tlni  proccdin,^'  tliorc  wer'.;  fine  Mi'x- 
icans  that  came  with  the  coufjucors;  the  villa  do  San  Francisco  de  Canipcche, 
\\ith  about  SO  vccino.s;  the  villa  do  Salaniauca,  near  the  gull  of  liondiira.;, 
with  ahor.t  'JO  vccinos,  and  Victoria  do  'J'idjasco  w  it!i  al);)nt  .".!)  vccin'.s.  'i'lio 
lunnher  of  principal  Indian  towns  was  ahont  -00,  besides  the  smaller  ones 
under  thcr.i.  In  IM3  tlic  total  nundicr  of  tribute-payers  was  oiiii.ialiy  com- 
imted  at  5 J.OOO.  (Jiii.L-a'la,  Cart'i  id  /'<;/,  in  (,'urffis  (h  Ind'ia-!,  MS!i-7.  IV.bas- 
cci's  large  population  at  the  time  of  the  contpiest  had  become  I'cduced  to 
iil)(jut  l.CtiJ  tiibuti'.ries  in  the  latter  p;u  t  (jf  tue  century.  J/tx'.  liij\,riitc-<,  ia 
J'ar/iero  and  t'drdenns,  Col.  JJor..  xv.  -lyAl. 

'^■'  The  following  were  the  alcaldes  niayorcs,  in  the  order  given :  1.  f  laspar 
Juarez  de  Avila,  sent  out  about  ir/."i2  from  Mexico,  who  ruled  some  two  years. 
I'uring  his  tern\  there  came  fron\  Fcru  a  mmdjcr  of  (iouzalo  I'iauro's  rebels, 
M  ho  committed  some  depredations,  Ijutwerc  llnallj' captured  and  punished. 
-.  Alvaio  dc  Caravajal,  apiiointcd  from  Guatemala,  served  fruni  l.~j,j4  to 
i'.'iX.  .3.  Alonso  Ortiz  do  Ar!;eta,  or  Argucta,  who  ruled  aliout  18  nmnths. 
4.  Juan  de  Faredcs,  who  governed  two  years.  Jofre  de  L'saisa  cauic  f:oni  tho 
Ai'.diencia  de  Los  Confines  as  viaitador,  and  the  government  reverted  to  tho 
all  aide  of  Merida  in  loC2.  There  are  a  few  discrepancies  in  the  authoiitica 
iiliout  the  roppcctivo  periods  of  service,  which  are  of  no  s;  ccial  importance. 
Ti.  Doctor  Diego  dc  Quijada.  Purci/en,  lid.,  in  Pac/wco  and  Curdcmi-i,  Col. 
J>'"\,  xiv.  -JOl;  Co!/td/iido,  Hist.  Yiic,  2-12;  CiMlh.  Vic,  llhl.  Yii.:,  i.  G!». 
Tibasco  was  many  years  governed  directly  from  Yucatan,  till  the  king  ap- 
)"'iutcd  an  alcalde  mayor  for  that  district;  but  v  .en  then  the  governe^r  of 
1  licatan  retained  a  certain  authority  over  that  oflieer.  Coijullndo,  Jllst.  Yuc, 
i-o;  Police,  lid,,  in  Col.  Doc.  Incd.,  Iviii.  4o3. 


C50 


RULE  OF  VICEROY  ENRIQUEZ. 


Cespcdes  dc  Ovicdo,  tlio  first  of  the  Spanish  nobility 
sent  to  riilo  the  peninsula,  with  the  title  of  governor. 
He  added  no  honor  to  his  name  or  station.  The  power 
of  the  ruler  was  made  superior  to  what  it  had  been 
under  the  alcaldes  mayores,  even  to  the  appointing  of 
a  lieutenant-general  Ictnido,  or  one  versed  in  law.-" 

The  acts  of  the  several  governors  present  little  of 
general  interest.  With  rare  exceptions  they  were  in 
a  chronic  state  of  dissension  with  the  church,  arising 
from  the  undue  assumption  of  power  by  the  friars  or 
the  episcopal  authority,  and  at  times  with  the  enco- 
mcnderos  in  regard  to  the  tenure  of  their  Indians. 
The  same  troubles  were  experienced  here  on  this  sub- 
ject as  in  Mexico.  Of  the  first  governor,  Cespedes, 
it  was  said,  however,  that  by  his  malignant  tongue  iio 
had  created  ill-feeling  in  the  community,  and  ])artl(n- 
larly  between  the  ayuntamiento  of  Merida  and  the 
bishop.-'' 

""  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  governors  to  the  end  of  the  ccntniy  iiiid 
the  respective  terms,  in  the  order  they  rre  named:  Luis  CY'spcdcs  de  Oviedn, 
1505-71;  Diego  do  Santillan,  1571--,  who  resigned  the  olDcc  in  ilisuiist, 
and  was  sent  to  a  better  posilion;  Francisco  Velazquez  Cuijon,  l."7-  7; 
Guillen  de  las  Casas,  1577-83;  Francisco  Solis,  otherwise  appearing,'  ;n 
Francisco  Sales  Osorio,  formerly  governor  of  Porto  Rico,  1583-0;  Antmiio 
do  Voz  Mediano,  against  the  four  years  term,  1580-93;  Alouso  Ordofie/  i!o 
Nevares,  1503  to  July  7,  1594,  when  he  died,  and  Diego  de  la  Ccrda  \v;is 
appointed  by  the  ayuntamiento  of  Merida  alcalde  and  justicia  mayor  to  ImKl 
the  govei'muont  ad  interim;  Carlos  do  Sitmano  y  Quiuoues,  appointed  by  tin) 
viceroy  of  Mexico,  ruled  from  June  15,  15%,  to  15'J7;  Diego  Fernandez  do 
Vclasco,  a  sou  of  the  condo  do  Niebla,  1597  to  August  11,  lOOi.  Cojuluulo, 
Hid.  Yiir.,  333-442;  Aiicona,  IIH.  Yiic,  ii.  80-130. 

A  word  with  regard  to  Fray  Diego  Lopez  de  CogoUudo,  author  of  Ilixfori'i 
lie  Yucatliaii,  iladrid,  10S8,  1  vol.  fob,  700  pages,  so  often  quoted  in  tliis 
history.  He  was  one  of  the  old  monkish  chroniclers  wlio  carefully  rccunli'l 
every  circumstance,  however  minute,  that  came  to  their  knowledge,  liis 
history  bcgius  with  the  concjuest  aud  is  brought  down  to  1055.  IleA\a.-5  .v 
Franciscan  friar  and  lillcd  hiuli  positions  of  his  order  in  the  jirovincc  of  Yiii.i- 
tan.  Ilia  facilities  for  acquiring  facts  on  the  civil  and  religious  history  if 
that  country  were  great.  The  results  of  his  researches  among  the  pai)er.i  it' 
the  different  Franciscan  convents  arc  very  valuable,  for  except  the  govern- 
luent  archives  there  are  no  otlier  records  of  Yucatan  allairs.  llehadacctso 
to  these  areliivcs  also,  and  frequently  made  use  of  them.  At  the  time  !'.o 
consulted  them  both  sets  of  documents  must  have  been,  to  a  certain  extent, 
incomplete,  for  not  infrequently  he  speaks  of  his  inability  to  tix  dates,  iint- 
■witlistnnding  a  careful  search.  The  v.nrk  is  therefore  both  valuable  and  le- 
liable,  although  f  onio  allowance  must  be  made  for  the  jirejudices  of  a  Fraii- 
cisean  in  favor  of  hi;j  order  when  he  dcscriljcs  the  dillcreuees  that  frc(|ueiiily 
p?;it,ted  betv.cen  it  and  the  episcopal  authority,  ai'.d  constantly  between  the 
clnneh  in  general,  and  his  order  in  particular,  and  the  civil  power. 

'"  Tiiral,  ('(trta  (d  J'ni,  in  Ccutaa  dc  ludUia,  'J42-5;  Mirida,  Carta  ikl 
Cahildo  al  lieij,  iu  Id.,  397-0. 


OIDOR  LOPEZ 


m 


Governor  Santillan's  short  term  deserves  a  passing 
notice.  To  his  efficiency  was  due  the  defence  of  the 
territory  at  the  critical  period  described  elsewhere  in 
this  chapter.  He  left  a  g'ood  name  in  the  country.-^ 
The  chief  Spanish  authority  was  aided  in  the  several 
districts,  at  first  by  the  caciques  sulyect  to  his  com- 
mission, and  in  later  times  by  such  officials  as  the 
chief  provincial  ruler  appointed,  and  by  the  respective 
local  alcaldes  and  ayuntamientos.  The  code  of  laws 
under  which  they  ruled  and  administered  justice  was 
strict  and  harsh;  flogging  and  branding  for  adultery, 
bigamy,  and  other  offences  were  in  order.  Religious 
rites  were  never  neglected. 

It  is  said  that  the  natives  in  many  localities,  not- 
withstanding all  the  efforts  of  the  government  and 
church  toward  their  conversion,  still  clung  to  their 
idolatrous  rites.  Little  progress  would  have  been 
attained  but  for  the  timely  arrival  in  1552  of  Oidor 
Tomas  Lopez,  sent  as  visitador  by  the  audiencia  of 
Guatemala.  He  enacted  in  the  king's  name  certain 
laws  for  the  protection  of  the  natives  from  abuse  by 
the  secular  authorities,  enjoining  on  the  Spaniards, 
particularly  the  encomenderos,  the  conduct  f)roper 
among  themselves,  and  toward  the  natives,  for  whoso 
government  special  rules  were  laid  down.  The  code, 
taken  as  a  whole,  was  iv  confused  mixture  of  civil  and 
religious  prescripts  in  which  the  missionaries  were 
given  an  undue  authority  over  the  natives,  and  ev(Mi 
a  superiority  over  the  encomenderos.  It  authorized 
them  to  lower  the  tributes,  placed  the  frinrs  over  tlie 
caciques,  making  them  the  official  advisers  of  tlie 
nyuntamientos;  in  a  word,  the  civil  authorities  were 
[)owerless  i)  adopt  any  actic^n  without  tlie  consent  of 
the  friars.     His  ordinances  on  police  and  other  civil 

'''The  Balnricf!  now  paid  by  flio  kins  were  as  follov/s:  ffovci-nor,  1,000 
pesos  do  miiins,  (Kjuivalont  to  l.'JOO  dollars,  and  ."iOO  ducitH  for  conliiiu'iiit 
oxpcnseM;  tenicnto  ^'cncral,  500  ducats;  contador  and  trcasuivr,  'JllO,0(Hi  niiua- 
vt'dis  each.  A  niuidicr  of  the  hcst  oiiconiicndas  liccomin;,'  vacant  n  vortcd  to 
the  ci'dwn.  Call',  Mem.  i/  \ot..  Si-ri.  In  1571  the  [icoijIc  sutliivd  i-vvcrdy 
Ironi  famine,  laiivourt's  JJiet.  Yuc,  173. 


C52 


RULE  OF  VICEROY  EXRIQUEZ. 


inaticr.s  wore,  however,  very  beneficial  to  the  natives, 
Avlio  were  to  be  taiiglit  to  raise  cattle  and  learn  trades. 
But  there  was  one  injunction,  which  though  well 
meant,  tended  to  isolate  the  Mayas  from  the  other 
racL-.i  in  the  country,  namely,  that  negroes,  mestizos, 
and  even  Spaniards  might  not  settle  in  the  native 
towns,  or  mix  with  the  inhabitants  in  passing  tlirougli 
them.-'*  During  Governor  Solis'  term  a  cacique  of 
Campeche,  named  Don  Francisco,  revolted.  Solis 
marched  against  him,  and  captured  him  and  two  of  his 
lieutenants,  v.dio  were  tried,  convicted,  and  executed. 
In  1583  Oidor  Diego  Garcia  de  Dalacio  came  to 
Yucatan  clothed  v/ith  plenary  powers  from  the  audi- 
encia  of  Mexico,  as  visitador  for  Yucatan,  Cozumel, 
and  Tabasco.  He  was  to  act  inde[)eadently  of  the 
governor,  and  to  correct  existing  abuses,  chielly  those 
against  the  natives,  and  which  tended  to  kee[)  alive  in 
them  the  spirit  of  discontent.  It  is  said  that  he  acted 
with  nmch  [)rudence  and  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
audiencia.  Some  Indian  chiefs,  accused  of  relapse  into 
idolatry',  he  sentenced  to  hard  labor  in  Ilabana  and 
San  Juan  do  Ulua.  One  of  those  assigned  to  the  last- 
named  place,  Andres  Cocom,  escaped  and  took  refuge 
in  the  forests  of  Campeche.  Here  he  incited  the 
natives  to  revolt,  calling  himself  king  and  exacting 
tributes.  The  governor  hastened  to  the  spot  with  his 
lieutenant  and  a  strong  force.  Coconi  and  his  chiefs 
were  taken  and  put  to  death,  whereupon  peace  was 
restored.  In  1597  Juan  do  Contreras  made  a  second 
raid  on  Contoy  Island,  aided  by  Juan  Chan,  cacique 
of  Cliancenote,  and  his  people,  to  bring  away  some 
fugitives  and  idolaters.^^  The  same  year  Palomar,  lieu- 
tenant-governor, sentenced  to  death  the  chief,  Anchcs 
Chi,  who  had  been  acting  the  part  of  a  new  ]\Ioses 

" That  system,  •whicli  later  obtained  the  royal  sanction,  added  to  otlur 
measures,  iierpctuated  the  antip;ithy  so  natural  lietwecn  the  conqunrin^'  ra'') 
and  tiic  concjucred.  Tuti  un  obstiiculo  constanto  jxira  su  anuii^'auiieuto.' 
Aiicoiifi,  Hist.  Yii<\^\i.  74.  Lopez'  ordinances  may  bo  found  in  ('ujolliii/'>, 
nut.  }'«<•.,  •J!)-_'-:i().3. 

'"His  first  expedition,  also  successful,  was  in  lo!)2.  Co<joUudo,  1114.  Yuc, 
40!). 


RETURX  OF  VICEROY  TO  SPAIX. 


Go3 


with  tl^.c  vicnv  of  bringing  about  the  independence  of 
the  region  of  Xachi  Coc(jin,  but  his  sehenie  failed,  and 
he  became  a  victim  of  the  rutldess  European. 

The  decree  of  Governor  ^lediano,  that  no  advance 
exceeding  twelve  reals  should  be  made  to  any  native, 
was  made  stronger  by  Governor  Ordonez  who  ordered 
that  no  advance  whatever  should  be  allowed,^^  The 
measure  met  with  n)uch  opposition,  but  the  governor 
refused  to  repeal  his  order.  The  enforcement  of  it  was 
indeed  necessary,  because  under  the  then  existing  sys- 
tem the  Indians  would  receive  advances  from  several 
speculators  at  once,  and  when  the  time  came  they 
could  not  pay;  and  to  avoid  the  consequences  tlicy 
would  either  hide  in  the  woods  or  emigrate  to  Peten, 
and  never  return.  AVidi  all  those  drawbacks  the  busi- 
nei-s  had  been  a  profitable  one,  and  its  suppression 
caused  a  great  excitement,  which  ended  in  a  manner 
unexpected.  Governor  Ordonez  expired  on  the  7th 
of  July,  1591. 

Fernandez  de  Bracamonto  discovered  the  indigo 
plant  in  Yucatan  in  1550,  and  the  Spaniards  soon 
devoted  themselves  to  its  cultivation,  as  a  staple  ibr 
tradc.-''^ 

The  natives  held  in  cncomienda  by  the  king  in  l.")")! 
yielded  only  three  thousand  pesos  de  minas  yearly, 
and  tlie  expenses  of  collection  slightly  exceeded  that 
anK)unt.""' 

Scrofulous  maladies  had  become  wide-spread  among 

"This  adviinco  N\ag  j.iivcn  tlic  Indians  a.'i  tlic  value  of  several  prodiu-t.s 
tu  1)0  (k'livi'iT(l  at  tlio  tiii'.o  llicy  {;aili'i(il  tlio  <.rt)jis,  or  at  the  time  ii;-;rcc'l 
on.  The  value  was  rated  liy  the  .siicculaturs  vei-y  low,  on  the  pretext  that 
tliuy  Lad  to  wait  one  or  tv,o  ye:',rs  to  bo  reindjurted;  lieneo  the  nii.sory  nf 
the  natives  lieeanu;  greater  with  eviry  year.  The  governor's  nu-asurc  raised 
a  gieat  clamor,  and  he  was  aceUi^eil  by  the  speculators,  in  which  they  nre  par- 
tially supported  by  Cogollr.do,  lll<t.  Yi:''.,  -ll.'i,  of  attenip'.iiig  to  kill  by  laii:- 
ino  the  'j't>!:res  espafioles,'  who  bad  no  other  means  of  obtaining  a  liveliliood. 
Ancoiiu,  Jli.sf.  Yur.,  ii.  ]'2C). 

'•''^  It  flourished  several  years  under  royal  rnconragcnicnt;  l)ut  later  it  was 
nucdo  to  appear  that  the  preparation  was  injurious  tf)  the  health  of  tlio 
natives,  whereupon  the  king  forbade  the  enqdoyinent  of  them  at  tin;  indi;'o 
works.  Tlie  cultivation  thereafter  was  continued  only  upon  a  small  scab'. 
Cvijolhdla,  Ill.-f.  Yiic,  ;!T''>. 

''  The  collection  was  very  difEcult.  Parcdcs,lal  ■  iu  rachico  and  Cdrdtiiax, 
Cvl.  JJoc,  .\iv.  i;j3-l20O. 


illi'l 


J I 


Cd4 


RULE  OF  VICEROY  ENRIQUEZ. 


the  natives,  and  coukl  not  be  eradicated.  The  Indians 
called  them  caMcllanzoh,  accusing  the  Spaniards  of 
liaving  imported  thera.^*  According  to  a  report  of  tlio 
Franciscan  comisario,  there  was  in  1588,  at  Mani,  a 
liospital  at  which  sufferers  from  scrofula  and  other 
diseases  were  attended  by  a  brotherhood.^® 

After  having  given  orders  for  the  better  protection 
of  Vera  Cruz  Viceroy  Enriqucz  do  Almansa  pro- 
ceeded to  the  city  of  Mexico  on  the  5th  of  November 
15G8,  and  at  once  took  formal  possession  of  his  office 
with  the  usual  pomp  and  royal  display.  He  had 
entered  the  capital  Avith  some  suspicion  caused  by 
certain  reports  sent  to  Spain,  but  soon  became  aware 
that  there  was  no  ground  for  apprehension,""  and  ho 
now  took  steps  to  afford  consolation  to  the  numerous 
families  that  had  suffered  so  severely  at  the  hands  of 
Munoz.^' 

Owing  to  the  attacks  on  the  coasts  by  pirates,  whidi 
were  likely  to  be  repeated,  and  the  raids  of  the  hostile 
(^hichimecs,  the  need  of  a  regularly  organized  ai'iny 
became  apparent.  New  Spain  up  to  this  time  had 
maintained  \io  permanent  force  under  arms,  rel^'ing  (ui 
the  encomciideros  and  other  Spaniards,  and  on  the 
friendly  Indian  auxiliaries,  called  into  active  service 
as  emergencies  required.  In  15G8  a  company  of 
halberdiers  was  organized,  which  proved  no  more  than 
able  to  support  the  viceroy's  authority.  A  little  later 
were  formed  two  compahias  de  palacio,  to  uphold 
his  dignity.     There  were  also  detached  companies  in 

'*It  socma  the  Spaniards  gave  it  to  the  natives,  'con  todos  sus  mucbles  y 
raici's.'  J'oncc,  lid.,  in  Col.  Doc.  Iiu'il.,  Iviii.  (i'J-70. 

'^'^  Additional  nutlioritioa  considtcd  on  Yucatan,  arc  Casus,  Car/a  <il  lU;i, 
in  C(trluH  (Ic.  IiaVms,  \\M;  Slf/i/wiix'  Yiir,,  ii.  '2()4-7;  Ccrvrra,  Apnn/'tc,  in  Sue, 
J/r.r.  C'(0(j.,  lic/f.lin,  '2da  ('■p.  iv.  ',]'.)~;  licijif/ro  Yiic,  ii.  52-9. 

""^  N'ovoitlR'loss,  lie  .speaiis  April  'J8,  \'>~'2,  of  the  false  nlaniia  eonstandy 
pjiioad  alxiut  revolts;  son\etiinc3  the  Indians  were  on  the  eve  of  an  outhiiMk; 
at  other  times  the  mestizos  and  niulattoes,  or  the  iief,'roe3  threatened  troiitilc 
In  s(jnie  instances  tliey  had  it  tiiat  the  Indians  to(,'i'tlier  with  the  niestizu.s  iiiid 
niulattoes  wi're  plottini,'  an  uprising.  Cttrtitsi/e Indiu,'),  'JSH. 

^'  '  Apajfo  las  cenizas  (jue  aun  estaban  culicutcs,  de  los  disturbius  y  luuccs 
pasados.    (Jranados,  Tankn,  'JbD-'JO. 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  CIIICIIIMECS. 


65S 


Vera  Cruz,  Isla  del  Carmen,  Aoapulco,  and  San  Bias, 
to  check  smuggling,  and  for  defence  against  piratical 
assaults.  Other  forces  were  specially  organized  and 
emploved  in  guarding  tlio  northern  frontier  afjainst 
the  Chichimecs."**  Through  the  regions  occupied  by 
those  wild  tribes  was  the  highway  to  Nueva  Galicia, 
Nueva  Vizeaya,  and  the  other  districts  operated  on 
by  the  Spanish  trading  expeditions.  The  Chichimecs 
often  plundered  the  wagons  laden  with  silver,  killing 
numbers  of  white  persons  and  their  Indian  friends. 
For  many  j-ears  these  marauders  had  carried  things 
with  a  high  hand.  To  check  them  a  strong  force  was 
organized  by  Viceroy  Enriquez  and  despatclied  under 
Alcalde  Mayor  Juan  Torre  do  Lagunas,  and  tiio 
viceroy  in  person  with  another  force  marched  to  his 
assistance.  The  results  of  the  campaign  were  wholly 
satisfactory;  the  Chichimecs  l)cing  routed  from  their 
stronu'liokis  with  heavy  casualties  were  obli^'ed  to 
seek  a  rol'uge  in  the  extensive  deserts  of  the  interior. 
A  large  number  of  their  cliildren  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  victors,  and  were  taken  to  Mexico  and  given 
in  charge  of  families  to  rear. 

Several  presidios  or  military  outposts  were  placed 
at  proper  distances  on  the  road  northward,  so  that 
by  1570  had  been  established,  besides  the  towns  of 
San  ]\liguel  and  Lagos,  the  presidios  f)f  Ojuelos,  Por- 
tozuelo,  San  Feli})e,  Jerez,  and  Celaya,  and  the  for- 
mation of  settlements  round  them  was  encouraged.'''* 
J'jnri(][uez  wrote  the  king*' that  the  mode  pro[)osed  by 

^^  A  royal  order  of  ir)74  cnjoiiKil  that  rctrular  accounts  bIiouM  bo  kcjit, 
oml  no  charge  made  on  Koiuier.s' drafts.  Zuitwrd,  Blh.  L;i.  L'l/.,  v.  liJS.V-S. 
'  LT  of  l.").SS,  reiterated  in  KUl',  lOIS,  and  lOJI,  forl)ade  tlie  enlisiinenb 
i^  eruiikiynient  in  any  presidio  of  ni(>n  or  olliccrs  horn  or  residing;  in  tlic  eity 
or  town  where  tlio  presidio  was.  The  niiniher  of  ollieer.s  and  men  to  bo 
elleetiveauu  serviceable.  Hccop.  Iiid.,  i.  o'.l'.l. 

^"Unless  tlio  Indian.-i  were  kept  in  t;ul)jietion  by  armed  forces  the  mis- 
si maries  lul)ored  in  vain;  tlicy  eiUhr  faikil,  or  became  martyrs;  aiidwheio 
tln'V  made  any  progress  it  was  very  slow,  ami  amid  luucli  h;irdship  and  loss 
ct  life.  Arrtch'ita,  (rdii.  Si  raj.,  441$.  Tlio  [iresence  (jf  soldiers  was  to  biiiii; 
tlic  natives  together  in  towns,  wliorc  tlicy  eonld  be  taught  clciirinir,  and  iiii- 
t-'iting  lields.  and  building.  L'^jiiuosa,  ('riiii.,  4."i!).  Arlegui,  Cliion.  /Mr.,  i.  liiKH, 
i.l,Lims  truly  that  the  presidios  established  before  1")'.)4  availed  but  little  to 
piiitect  the  road  to  the  Zacatecas  minis. 

■*"  Letter  of  October  31,  lo7o,  in  Cartas  dc  Indkia,  32o-7. 


666 


RULE  OF  VICEROY  ENRIQUEZ. 


the  crown  for  making  settlements  was  impracticable 
unless  the  settlers  were  given  Indians  to  serve  tlicni. 
The  settlers  could  not  live  otherwise,  for  the  Indians 
would  not  go  of  their  own  will,  or,  if  they  did,  they 
would  neglect  to  cultivate  the  soil.  All  efforts  to  biiii"- 
tlie  wild  northern  nomads  to  a  civilized  life  had  bLtii 
unsuccessful.  Before  long  it  became  evident  tliat  the 
measures  ado[)tcd  were  of  little  avail.  The  Chichl- 
mecs  were  soon  again  overrunning  the  country,  mur- 
dering and  driving  off  stock  from  places  but  one  or 
two  leagues  distant  i'rom  Zacatecas.  The  town  of 
Llerena,  in  the  Sombrerete  mines,  would  have  been 
defenceless  and  the  mines  abandoned  but  for  the  force 
of  soldiers  furnished  by  the  government. 

After  a  consultation  with  the  audiencia  it  was  con- 
cluded that  the  only  means  of  stopping  the  di>preda- 
tions  was  to  carry  the  war  to  the  camp  of  the  enemy, 
and  by  fire  and  sword  to  destroy  all  male  natives  over 
fifteen  years  of  ag(>.  Heretofore  only  the  leaders 
when  captured  had  been  killed,  the  others  having  ]kx']\ 
Sentenced  to  service,  from  whirli  they  soon  cscapi'd 
and  became  worse  than  before,  llegular soldiers  vvith 
sufiicient  pay  would  be  needed,  and  three  hundred  and 
fii'ty  pesos  per  annum  i'or  a  private  v/as  not  enough  to 
feed  and  clothe  him,  and  enable  him  to  keep  the  re([- 
uisite  number  of  horses,  that  is,  more  than  three  i^v,]- 
each  man.  Tiie  thincc  to  do  was  to  tax  the  mines  of 
Guanajuato,  Guadalajara,  Zacatecas,  Sombrerete,  and 
San  ]\iartin,  all  of  Mhich  were  in  the  tierra  de  guci'm. 
The  prisoners  of  fu'teen  years  and  under,  the  viceroy 
suggested,  should  be  trani^^ported  to  Campeclie  or 
llabana,  so  that  they  could  never  return.  A  few  had 
been  already  despatched  to  Campechc  to  be  utilized 
in  the  quarries." 


^' If  Jill  till!  Spniiiiirds  in  the  country  were  to  jointly  attack  tlio  liostilc 
tribes,  the  subjution  could  not  be  iieconiplisihed.  NothinL;  Imt  a  w;ir  il 
extermination  v.inild  do.  In  the  mean  time  the  only  eourne  left  Miis  to  ^'iiM.l 
the  highways,  and  peverely  juinii  li  all  f;iiilty  of  iiostile  acts.  Still,  tlie  h.  t 
miana  would  be  to  maiiitain  frieiully  relatitHM  if  j^os^ihle.  Letter uf  Sejit.  'S>. 
1550,  in  y'dc/itcc*  und  Cunliitus,  CoL,  Lor.,  iii.  4[J0-1. 


PORTABLE  FORTS. 


m 


The  plan  finally  adopted  proved  partially  effective, 
though  expensive.  Strong  houses  were  ere(;ted  at 
convenient  distances,  where  travellers  and  their  stock 
and  goods  could  rest  securely.  A  military  escort  was 
furnished  to  each  train,  and  each  party,  armed  with  a 
lew  arquebuses,  was  provided  with  a  fortified  wagon, 
or  small  movable  block-house,  to  which  the  women 
and  children  retreated  in  case  of  attack.  Even  this 
mode  of  protection  was  insufficient  in  some  instances. 
There  was  one  case  which  deserves  mention.  A  train 
of  sixty  wagons  carrying  $30,000  worth  of  cloth  was 
attacked  and  the  escort  defeated.  A  Spanish  girl, 
])retcnding  to  be  pleased  with  her  capture,  told  the 
Indians  that  there  was  another  wagon  behind  con- 
taining more  cloth.  No  sooner  had  they  turned  to  go 
in  search  of  it  than  she  sprang  into  a  movable  fort 
which  belonged  to  the  train,  and  in  which  were  two 
arquebuses  and  a  sick  man,  and  after  starting  the  team 
she  managed  the  guns  so  effectually  as  to  escape.*' 

The  chief  difficulty  in  the  way  of  a  satisfactory 
arrangement  with  the  Chichimecs,  and  a  serious  one, 
lay  in  their  division  into  so  many  bands,  without  a 
general  leader.  A  religious  writer,  Ribas,  assures  us 
that  recourse  was  had  at  last  to  the  missionaries  to 
reduce  some  of  them  to  friendship. 

The  valley  of  Andhuac  was  not  to  be  spared  for  any 
length  of  time  from  one  calamity  or  another.  Within 
ti  few  years  pestilence,  floods,  and  famine  had  visited 
it,  and  again,  from  1575  to  1580,  the  evils  continued. 
'J'he  relentless  matlalzahuatl,  tlie  greatest  scourge  that 
ever  assailed  any  community,  broke  out  in  the  first- 
named  year,  for  the  fourth  time  since  the  Spanish 
conquest,  in  the  city  of  ISfexico,  M'hencc  it  spread 
over  the  whole  kingdom  of  New  Spain.  The  Indians 
were  tlie  only  direct  victims;  priests  and  nurses  suc- 
cumbed from  fatigue  and  other  causes.     The  general 

"Ihrnm,  ilcc.  viii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xxii. 
Hist.  Hex.,  Tol.  II.    12 


i '  m 


658 


RULE  OF  VICEROY  EXRIQUEZ. 


jWl 


syliiptoms  wero:  violent  hoatlacho  followed  by  a  tena- 
cious fever,  and  a  burning  internal  heat.  The  patient 
could  bear  no  covering,  the  lightest  sheet  causing 
great  torment.  The  only  relief  was  to  roll  on  the 
cold  ground,  until  death  ended  the  suffering,  about  the 
seventh  day.  The  medical  profession  was  unable  to 
control  the  unknown  malady.  Bleeding  was  usually 
resorted  to.**  As  the  churches  could  not  afford  sufH- 
cient  graves,  it  became  necessary  to  open  great  ditclies, 
and  to  consecrate  entire  fields  for  that  purpose.  Kot 
only  houses  but  whole  towns  were  left  without  inhabi- 
tants. Many  thousands  of  all  ages  and  both  sexes 
could  procure  no  attendance,  and  perished  from  hun- 
ger, thirst,  and  the  effects  of  the  cruel  disease. 

The  viceroy  and  archbishop,  as  well  as  the  other 
authorities,  the  clergy,  both  secular  and  regular,  and 
the  people,  particularly  the  rich,  exerted  thcmselvi  .s 
in  providing  infirmaries,  medicines,  food,  and  clothing. 
Archbishop  Moya  was  tireless  in  his  efforts,  con- 
stantly visiting  the  sick,  and  seeing  that  they  hail 
spiritual  consolation;  for  this  he  permitted  the  priests 
of  the  religious  orders  to  administer  the  sacrament, 
notwithstanding  which  many  thousands  died  without 
receiving  the  rite,  their  bodies  being  left  in  the  huts, 
or  on  the  fields  and  public  roads,  until  some  charitaMo 
person  came  to  inter  them.  In  the  months  of  August 
and  September  the  disease  was  most  virulent. 

The  year  1576  began  without  any  prospect  df 
abatement;  nor  did  the  epidemic  at  all  diminisli 
throughout  that  year,  nor  during  a  part  of  1577. 
Prayers  wero  constantly  made,  privately  and  publirly, 
and  every  device  that  the  clergy  could  think  of  a\;is 
resorted  to  in\  vain.  At  last,  in  their  despair,  the 
image  of  the  virgon  de  los  Remedies  was  brought  to 
the  city  in  solemn  procession  from  its  shrine  in  Ta- 
cuba,  by  the  viceroy,  the  audiencia,  ayuntamiento,  and 

*' Viceroy  Enriqncz  in  his  report  to  the  king  of  August  .SI,  1370,  s.ijs,  the 
disease  was  still  raging,  and  attributes  it  to  scanty  rains  ami  severe  lioiit;  tlio 
epidemic  was  the  same  as  that  which  prevailed  in  1544  and  1555,  wlicn  the 
luivuc  had  becu  feaii'ul.    No  Spaiiiards  wero  affected.  Carlua  de  Jiidiua,  ool. 


r 


"'.'/'•", 


FLOODS  AND  EPIDEMICS. 

the  most  prominent  citizens,  all  with  lip^htcd  tapers 
ill  their  hands.  For  nine  days  consecutively  masses 
were  chanted,  prayers  sent  up,  and  offerings  made  to 
the  virgin  invoking  her  intercession  with  the  son,  for 
mercy  upon  the  anguished  community."  When  tho 
disease  had  spent  itself,  and  half  the  natives  were 
dead,  then  it  was  affirmed  that  the  prayers  had  been 
heard.  In  Michoacan  the  suffering  was  not  so  great 
owing  to  the  hospitals  already  provided  by  Bishop 
Quiroga  and  others.  In  some  cases  the  Indians 
were  accused  of  attempting  v/ilfully  to  contaminate 
the  Spaniards  with  the  disease,  either  by  throwing 
dead  bodies  into  the  ditches  of  running  water,  or  by 
mixing  diseased  blood  with  the  bread  they  made  for 
the  white  families.  The  Indians  were  furious  because 
only  they  were  taken.  The  mortality  is  said  to  have 
exceeded  2,000,000  souls.*' 

After  the  disappearance  of  the  epidemic  there  was 
a  scarcity  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  the  fields  having 
been  so  long  deserted,  and  the  survivors  amono-  the 
poor  would  have  suffered  from  famine  but  for  the 
efforts  of  the  more  favored.  The  viceroy  temporarily 
exempted  the  Indians  from  the  payment  of  tributes, 
and  caused  the  public  granaries  to  be  as  well  supplied 
as  possible,  in  order  that  the  poor  might  purchase 
their  corn  and  wheat  at  reasonable  prices. 

In  1580,  after  a  succession  of  heavy  rains,  the  lake  of 
Mexico  flooded  a  large  portion  of  the  valley,  including 
the  capital.  The  viceroy,  after  a  consultation  with  the 
uyuntamicnto  and  with  persons  having  a  knowledge 
of  hydrostatics,  ordered  the  drainage  of  the  lakes  sur- 

**We  arc  told  that  those  prayers  wei-e  heard;  tho  pestilence  soon  after 
lio^iin  to  diminish,  and  iinally  disappeared.  Alcjre,  JllH.  Com]).  Jisiis,  i.  110. 
'  Y  luego  ceso  la  peste.*  y<;taiicvrt,  t'hrOn.  Proo.  S.  Ecnmj.,  VM. 

*'•'  iJiirila  PadlUa,  Ilift.  FnuL,  510-18.  Tliis  same  autliority  says  that  in 
the  city  of  Tlascala  died  100,000.  The  Jesuit  priest,  Juan  Sancliez,  an  eye- 
A\  i  iiKss,  asserted  that  more  than  two  thirds  of  the  Indian  popuKation  perished. 
Jfdjri',  IllH.  Comp.  Jesus,  i.  30,  107.  Sec  also  tSahuiinu,  Jlisf.  O'cn.,  iii.  3l2S; 
■Mtiidieta,  JJint.  L'cles.,  3'J'2-3,  515;  Torquemada,  i.  G42-3;  Flmciiriay  Hist. 
J'rui:  Jcsjiii,  '2o'2-9;  Monum.  Dom.  Eep.,  MS.,  30'2;  Pams,  Vinryo',  in  /(/., 
^'■).  Zamacois,  Hist.  M<'j.,  x.  1152,  estimates  that  tho  Indian  population  of 
New  Spain  was  now  reduced  to  about  1,700,000  souls. 


!,■;   ) 


GGO 


RULE  OP  VICEROY  ENRIQUEZ. 


rounding  the  city;  and  the  lowlands  of  the  Huoliuo- 
toca,  distant  about  ten  leagues,  were  chosen  as  tlio 
most  suitable  place  into  which  to  carry  the  water/" 
In  the  midst  of  the  viceroy's  efforts  at  drainai^c, 
orders  arrived  from  the  court  at  Madrid  rolieviii^- 
liim  of  his  office,  pursuant  to  his  repeated  requists, 
during  the  past  four  years,  on  the  plea  of  ill-hcaltli, 
and  transferring  him  to  Peru  with  the  same  rank  and 
powers.*^  He  surrendered  the  government  to  his  suc- 
cessor October  4,  ]  580. 

Suggestions  had  been  made  between  1570  and  1580 
to  Philip  and  his  -ouncil,  probably  by  commaiul, 
for  the  better  government  of  the  Indies.  It  was 
urged  that  viceroys  should  hold  office  no  longer  than 
twelve  years,  and  oidores,  alcaldes  de  corte,  and  other 
judicial  officers,  as  well  as  the  chief  treasury  officials, 
only  six;  and  that  all,  without  exception,  should  liavi- 
their  official  conduct  strictly  investigated  at  the  end 
of  their  respective  terms.*'*  No  more  corrcgidorcs  ( »r 
lieutenants  of  such  officers  should  be  appointed,^"  but 
in  place  of  them  twelve  alcaldes  may  ores,  to  reside  in 
the  chief  cities,  and  yearly  visit  the  towns  in  their 
respective  districts,  without  ostentation  and  without 
laying  burdens  on  the  inhabitants.'^'^ 


*' Nothing  more  was  done  toward  it.  Cepeda,  lid.,  i.  6.  The  Indians 
were  accused  of  attempting  some  time  before  1572  to  overflow  the  city:  '  but 
they  which  should  haue  bene  the  doers  of  it  were  hanged:  and  cucr  since  tlio 
city  hath  bene  well  watched  both  day  and  night.'  IJaivks'  licL,  in  llaklv^ii'.i 
Voij.,  iii.  40.3. 

"  A  previous  request  having  been  denied  him,  he  repeated  it  in  Oct(^lii  i' 
1576,  alleging  the  same  cause.  Enriquez,  Carta  al  liey,  in  Cartas  de  IitdUh, 
335  and  fae-sim.  T. 

**In  1570  it  was  Tirged  among  other  things  that  the  viceroy  should  lic 
directed  to  visit  in  person  the  chief  town  of  each  district  or  province,  to  iimku 
Bure  that  the  local  authorities  were  true  to  their  duties,  for  residcncias,  an 
then  practised,  were  mere  farces;  the  officials  who  had  robbed  the  IiKli:iiis 
always  used  the  friars  and  others  to  intercede  with  the  victims  tliat  thi  y 
might  prefer  no  charges;  restitution  was  therefore  never  made:  'li'auclii.u 
frailes  6  ahutatos  6  ctraa  personas,  para  que  les  nieguen  que  no  Ics  pidaii 
cosa  alguna  en  residencia.'  Rohlea,  Memorla/es,  in  Pacheco  and  Cdrdenu>>,  Cul. 
Doc,  xi.  5. 

**  They  were  in  the  habit  of  robbing  the  natives.  Escobar,  Carta,  Felipe  II., 
in  /(/.,  xi.  194. 

**  A  royal  order  of  October  2,  1575,  forbade  the  oidores  to  take  with  thiiii 
on  such  visits  their  wives,  members  of  theii-  own  or  of  other  families;  or  muio 


1   liO 


DUTIES  OF  A  VICEROY. 


6GI 


In  a  memorandum  for  the  guidance  of  his  successor, 
Eni'iqucz  sets  forth  the  difficulties  to  he  encountered 
l>y  the  viceroy.  Tlie  work  that  in  Spain  is  (Hvided 
among  several  officers,  in  Mexico  has  to  be  done  hy 
the  viceroy,  both  in  secular  and  ecclesiastic  ali'airs. 
He  may  not  ignore  any  portion  nor  intrust  it  to 
another  without  incurring  obloquy  or  giving  rise  to 
complaint.  All  look  to  him  for  the  promotion  of 
their  interests  and  the  redress  of  their  grievances; 
even  their  family  bickerings  are  brought  to  hini,  and 
nothing  but  his  personal  action  in  eacli  case  seems  to 
avail.  Indeed,  he  is  expected  to  be  the  father  of  tho 
peo})le,  the  patron  of  monasteries  and  hospitals,  tho 
protector  of  the  poor,  and  particularly  of  the  widows 
and  or[)hans  of  the  conquerors  and  the  old  servants 
of  the  king,  all  of  whom  would  sufier  were  it  not  for 
tho  relief  aflforded  them  by  the  viceroy.''^  The  office 
was  by  no  means  the  sinecure  that  in  Spain  it  was 
supposed  to  be. 

Experience  had  taught  him  the  necessity  of  exact- 
ing obedience  fro;  the  governed,  respect  from  the 
officers,  and  of  tolerating  no  bad  example  among  the 
officials.  To  hold  public  office  in  Mexico,  he  declared, 
had  come  to  be  unbefitting  an  honest  man.'"  Enri- 
(juez  himself  had  done  fairly  well.  He  maintained 
at  all  times  cordial  relations  with  the  oidores,  and 
recommended  the  same  course  to  his  successor,  to 
strengthen  the  hands  of  the  government.''^     He  fos- 

SLTvauta  than  were  actually  indispensable.  Prov.  Real.,  in  Pacheco  anil  Cur- 
ilcncts.  Col.  Doc,  xix.  32-5. 

^'  In  1570  much  stress  was  laid  on  the  situation  of  Bernardino  do  Alhornoz, 
70  years  old,  very  poor,  and  vitli  many  marriageahlc  daugliters;  he  had  been 
niany  j-ears  a  faitliful  servant  of  tlie  crown,  as  eommandtr  of  tlie  arsenal  and 
as  royal  treasurer.  It  was  thought  the  king  should  reward  the  old  man  so 
that  he  could  marry  off  one  or  more  of  his  daughters.  The  viceroy  uses  (juaiiit 
language.  '  V.  M.  serii  seruido  do  hazelle  alguna  merced  con  (jue  juieda  echar 
alguua  liija  dc  sii  casa.'  Eiiriqiuz,  Carta  al  lity,  in  Carlus  de  Iiididft,  332. 

"'^ '  Tor  lo  cual  suelo  yo  decir,  que,  gobeniar  il  esta  tierra,  lo  tengo  por 
iufolicidad  en  un  honibre  lionrado.'  JJenriquez,  hutruc,  in  Pacheco  and  Cur- 
dt„a.%  Col.  Doc,  iii.  480-99. 

^^  The  crown  had,  July  4,  1570,  directed  the  oidores  to  obey  all  orders  of 
the  viceroy,  even  if  not  meeting  with  their  approval,  unless  they  were  evi- 
i'ii;utly  of  a  nature  to  bring  on  a  revolt  or  other  disturbance  in  the  country. 
i'acheco  and  Cdrdtiias,  Col.  Doc,  xviii.  435-7. 


TIT 


GG2 


RULE  OF  \1CER0Y  EXRIQUEZ. 


tcrctl  public  instruction  in  every  possible  way.  Oiio 
of  the  peculiarities  of  his  policy  was  the  consideration 
he  always  extended  to  Spaniards  born  in  Mexico,  con- 
trary to  traditional  ideas,  believing  them  entitled  to 
liold  positions  of  trust  in  the  government,  recogni/iiiLj 
the  fact  that  to  refuse  them  was  an  insult  to  tlitir 
integrity  and  patriotism.  Indeed,  when  their  claims 
were  ignored,  they  invariably  carried  their  grievances 
to  the  foot  of  the  throne.  Ho  wished  his  policy  in 
this  respect  to  be  continued. 

During  the  rule  of  Enriqucz  the  semi-centennial  of 
the  Aztec  empire's  destruction  was  celebrated  with 
great  pomp  and  rejoicing  by  all  classes,  more  particu- 
larly by  the  natives,  all  but  the  Aztecs  themsclvos.'' 

The  same  year  part  of  the  fleet  from  Spain  was 
wrecked  in  passing  the  sound  to  enter  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  Four  of  the  ships  were  stranded  on  the 
coast  of  Tabasco.^' 

The  outgoing  ruler  met  his  successor  at  Otumba, 
where  they  held  conferences  on  the  general  affairs  ot' 
the  country,  after  which  the  latter  repaired  to  jMoxico, 
Enriquez  tarrying  in  Otumba  several  months  until  the 
season  arrived  for  his  departure." 


60 


**  They  spontaneously  added  to  the  amusements  of  Spnnisli  origin  ni.iny 
others  that  had  been  in  vogue  in  ancient  Mexico.  C'nro,  Trc  Hvjhn,  i.  l!);>-4. 

''>'^  Tlio  crews  and  passengci's  and  most  of  the  cargoes  were  saved.  Co'io- 
lludo,  Hist.  Yuc,  334-5. 

*"  lie  presided  at  Peru  until  about  1583,  when  he  died,  and  his  rcmniiis 
■were  interred  in  the  convent  of  San  Francisco  at  Lima.  At  his  death,  s;i\  s 
Torquemada,  many  birils  of  prey  appeared  over  his  house,  whicli  was  iic- 
counted  for  by  each  one  to  suit  himselt:  'No  sb  ciu6  quiso  significar  este  acto; 
Dios  lo  sabe,  quo  sabe  todus  las  cosas.'  Possibly  lorquemada  could  not  f(irj:i\o 
Enriquez'  sternness  toward  the  chief  of  the  Franciscans  in  Mexico  upuii  a 
certain  occasion. 


CHAPTER    XXXI 


CHURCH  GOVEKlMMENT. 

luoO-lOOO. 

Ancnmsiior  Alonso  de  Montltar— JK.\i.orsY  nrTwr.EK  the  Sr-.cri^n  and 

KECiTLAIl  CLrnOY — IlOYAL  Sri'POUT  OP  THE  I'llIARS  — DlKFEUKXCES  UK- 
TWEEN  THE  FltlAnS  ANIi  THE  CiVIL  POWEI'.    -I'^.'^HEU  (;EU6m.M0  1)F,  MkS- 

DiETA  Defends  THE  Relk;io(  s— His  Wokks — 1'ositio.v  ok  the  FuiAits 

AND  THEIR  l.NFLfENCE  WITH  THE  NATIVES— PERSONS  EXCLCDED  FROM 
THK  ruiE^THOOD — ReLIGIOI'S  RiOT  IN  MEXICO — TlIE  SaCRAMi :NT\L  PlS- 

ruTE— Fir.sT  and  Second  Ecclesiastic  CorNCiLs  of  Mexico— Arch- 
bishop Monti' par's  Death — The  Inquisition — Its  Establishment, 
Privileges,  Objects,  and  Acts — Father  Landa's  Treatment  of  Idol- 
aters— Archbishop  Moya  de  Contreras — Third  Ecclesiastic  L'oin- 
ciL  AND  ITS  Acts — Archbishop  Montifar's  Departtre— Alonso  Fer- 
nandez DE  BoNii.L.\  Succeeds  Him — Other  Dioceses  in  the  Country 
AND  theib  History. 


1 

I 


The  vacancy  in  the  see  of  jNIcxico  caused  by  the 
death  of  Ziumirraga  was  on  the  13th  of  June  1551 
filled  by  the  appointment  of  Alonso  do  Monti'ifar  as 
archbishop.^  He  vas  a  prominent  Dominican,  twice 
prior  of  the  convent  of  Santa  Cruz  de  Granada;  like- 
wise a  doctor  of  the  university  there  and  a  censor  of 
the  inquisition.^  It  is  said  that  his  acceptance  of  this 
see  was  solely  with  the  view  to  benelit  the  native 
races,  and  to  that  end  he  brought  out  with  him  tan 
Franciscan   friars  and   as  many  of  his   own   order, 

'  This  appointment  was  made  by  Charles  V.  at  the  recommendation  of  tlio 
marqii(5s  do  Alondojar,  to  whom  Montiifar  had  l)cen  father-confessor.  It  was 
ollicially  made  known  to  the  audiuncia  of  Mexico,  Sept.  4,  l.wl.  The  conse- 
cration took  place  in  1533,  and  the  archbishop  came  out  to  Mexico  the  follow- 
ing year.  Gonzalez  Dun(a,  Teatro  Ecles.,  i.  .31-2. 

'^  lie  was  a  native  of  Loja,  and  took  the  habit  of  his  order  in  May,  1512, 
at  the  age  of  fifteen.  Ddvila  Padilla,  llist,  Frnd.,  510-12;  Connlios  Prov., 
MS.,  1°  y  2'  214;  Fi'.rnmulez,  Hist.  Ecka.,  114-15;  Panes,  in  Man.  Domin. 
L'sij.,  MS.,  82;  Akedo,  v.  540. 


•il 


GC4 


CIIURCn  GOVERNMENT. 


amonsf  whom  two  wore  eminent.  Notwitlistandiii"" 
his  good-will  toward  this  as  well  as  other  ordei's,  tlic 
fact  remains  that  he  was  a  Dominican,  of  whom  the 
Franciscans  in  particular  were  very  jealous. 

Further  than  this,  the  time  had  come  when  tlio 
interests  of  the  secular  clergy  must  clash  with  thoso 
of  the  reufular  orders.  Owing  to  the  scarcitv  of 
ecclesiastics  during  the  earlier  occu[)ation  of  Xcw 
Spain,  the  monastic  orders  acquired  undue  powtrs 
and  privileges.  When  the  number  of  bishoprics  wiis 
increased,  and  a  more  thorough  ecclesiastical  govern- 
merit  organized,  the  church  viewed  with  jealousy  tliis 
encroaclnnent  on  her  prerogatives,  and  was  displeased 
that  Franciscans, Dominicans, and  Augustinians  should 
exercise  jurisdiction  independent  of  her  authw'ity.  ( )ii 
the  other  liand,  the  orders  tenaciously  maintained  v,  hat 
they  claimed  to  be  their  rights,  and  by  their  assertion 
of  judicial  authority,  especially  in  the  prohibition  or 
sanction  of  marriages,''  OL-casi-ufHl  the  church  mucli 
annoyance.  Thus  arose  dissensi(»n  between  the  two 
])arties  which  in  time  developed  into  a  bitter  lend, 
(luring  which  aci'imonious  recriminations,  scandals, 
and  an  unchristian  spirit  too  frequently  disgraced  the 
action  of  both  sides.  Clergymen  and  friars  each 
accused  the  other  of  neglect  of  duty;  bishops  were 
charged  with  abandoning  their  posts,*  and  members 

■'' At  tlic  solicitation  of  the  bishop  the  crown  had,  in  XmI — not  ].").')4  ns 
llcaniuont  has  it— forbidden  friars  from  exorcising  judicial  authority  in  111:11- 
1  iagc  cases,  and  at  the  saiiio  time  accused  them  of  usurpation  of  powers.  'I'ho 
Mexican  provincial  comicilof  Ij,")")  decreed  the  above  prohibition,  and  lnrliailo 
the  foumling  of  convents  and  eiiurches  by  the  religious  orders.  This  ga\o 
rise  to  much  disturl)aiicc  in  the  church,  stopjied  only  in  l.'i,")?  by  tlii^  jHiwciful 
arm  of  the  royal  autlioritv,  favoi'ing  the  claims  of  those  orders.  J!<tiiiiii"i^f, 
Croii.  Mich.,  V.  ;}S0-;{,  4.">L'-;i,  4ti;?-8;  I'wja,  Ccdtilario,  19;j-'21l2;  CJida,  in 
J'ror.  (hi  S.  Krawj.,  No.  4,  MS.,  l()8-l-.>. 

*  The  Fi'anciscan  comisario  genei'al  for  the  Indies  complained  to  the  king 
that  the  iigcd  bisliop  of  Michoacaii  passed  nuich  of  his  time  in  Mexico  ca  '■• 
ing  disturbances,  and  during  the  15  j-ears  of  his  episcopalo  he  li;id  iieilhrr 
onlained  any  priests,  nor  preached,  confessed,  liajiti/ed,  or  coiitirnud  any 
Indian.  Mom,  Goh.,  in  J'lirficro  and  Cdrdi  iins.  Vol.  Di'C,  xi.  100-1.  I'ndcr  a 
brief  of  I'opo  Gregory  XLIf.,  Feb.  '28,  1508,  issued  by  tlu^  king's  nqucst, 
))islioi)s  elect  for  the  Indii'S  were  not  to  receive  emoluments  of  olHce  till  thi  y 
actually  resided  in  their  dioceses;  tin;  emoluments  during  vacancies  were  t>i 
accrue  to  the  respective  churches.  I'pon  the  king's  authorities  was  eiiji  iiinl 
the  exact  fuUilment  of  the  brief;  and  deans  and  chapters  of  cathedrals  were 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  FRIARS. 


CG5 


of  the  orders,  witli  returning  to  Spain,  rich  in  silver 
and  p;()l(l,  to  buy  [)re ferment. 

The  treatment  of  the  natives,  the  questions  of 
tribute  and  tithes,  and  the  administering  of  the  sac- 
raments ahke  afforded  ground  for  angry  dispute,''  l)ut 
of  these  the  bitterest  was  the  question  of  tithes.  Tlie 
churcli  demanded  the  payment  of  tithes  to  the  l)ish()p 
of  each  (hoccse,  by  all  residents  within  its  limits,  Ind- 
ians inclusive.  The  archbishop  of  ^Mexico  in  a  letter 
of  ^lay  If),  155G,  to  the  royal  council,  had  asked  that 
Indians  should  pay  tithes,  or  rather  a  tax,  i'or  the 
time  beinir,  to  be  levied  at  the  rate  of  one  out  of  everv 
iiftoen.  out  the  crown  would  allow  no  such  taxation 
oi' natives.*'  The  regular  orilers,  while  not  o[iposed  to 
such  a  som'ce  of  revenue,  objected  to  the  bishojis  re- 
ceiving income  thus  derived,  and  claimed  it  for  tl  em- 
selves  as  Levites  serving  with  the  pojte's  lii-ense — ;i 
doctrine  which  the  ecclesiastical  pivlates  abhorred.^ 
They  endeavored,  however,  to  explain  the  origin  of 
their  dilferences  with  the  church  in  this  res])ect,'*  and 
})roposed  to  leave  the  question  of  tithes  to  the  judg- 
ment of  the  king,  and  their  right  to  protect  Indians 
from  abuses,  as  well  as  their  privileges  generally,  to 
arbitrators,  but  these  proposals  were  not  regarded.'' 

specially  requested  not  to  give  the  Lisliops  elect  jiiiy  of  the  oinoliiiupiits  col- 
k'ctcd  till  tiny  liiid  •■ictually  entered  U[)oii  the  (li.i(Iiar;,'e  of  their  ejiiseopal 
duties.  This  saino  thijig  had  been  deereed  in  \')(')\.  No  iirciiliisliop  or  liishop 
M.is  to  {.'<)  to  Spain  \\  ithoiit  tlie  king's  perniia.siun.  Zuiiinni,  li'th.  Lij.  Ult.,  iv. 
4SM!,  4!)1:  Uio'p.  th'  Im/.,  i.  'tl-ru 

^  In  lojl)  the  ('oniplaint.s  of  tlie  archbishop  of  Mexieo  were  lond  and  bitter 
nc.''ii'ist  the  rr"gion3  tirders,  for  their  assumption  of  power  in  the  treatment  of 
Indian?,  and  tor  their  disreuard  (-1  liis  aulliority.  I!u  asserted  tiiat  the  t!uio 
ovdcrs  ha<l  baniled  to  ell'eet  their  piu'poses  of  layinL'  before  the  court  f.dso 
charges  a^'aiust  liim,  theiiishnpq,  and  tlieoidores.  The  4lemands<)t'  tiu'orih'rs, 
he  Kaid,  M-ere  iwth  nnrcnsoiialile  and  unjust.  'I'he  same  y<'ar  the  kin;,' re[iri- 
iManded  tlio  three  religious  orders  for  their  disputes.  Arr.uhisjKii/o,  J',  I.,  iu 
y'((.7i(ro  am'  Ctirdrnas-,  ('■>/.  Dnc,  iv.  41)1 -.■)■'!(). 

"I'hilipll.  on  pronudgatirig  the  order  of  the  council  of  Ti'ent  upon  pay- 
ment of  tithes  by  the  faiiliful,  expressly  exempted  the  Indians.  J'mjd,  Ccilii- 
/((/■(,i,  191-5:  Tor([i'nna(lii,  iii.  '-'(j;}. 

'  Mii-h.  I'ror.  S.  A'/ro/as,  ;W. 

••  l'"eb.  •..'."),  IdOl.     Pt  iin  it  (il..  Cartel,  at  /!<•>/,  in  Cartux  ih'  //«^Vw,  147-.">1. 

'  Martin  Cortes,  the  maripli<,  I'econnui'licled  in  \M',\  that  tithes  simuld  bo 
nbolished,  mid  that  the  Kini^  .■•iimilil  sup;>ort  the  friars  in  gciieral.  <'\ceptiML; 
tho-.o  living  in  toNcns  given  ir^  eneomicnchi,  wlio  shmUd  be  supported  l)y  the 
rcopuctive  enconiendtTi.'  ,  on  condition  that  none  of  them  should  receive  other 


G6G 


CHURCH  GOVERXMEXT. 


Nor  did  the  pertinacious  and  meddlesome  friars  con- 
fine themselves  to  throwing  down  the  gauntlet  to  tlie 
church.  In  political  matters  also  they  hccame  aggres- 
sive, and  consequent  hostility  arose  between  them 
and  the  local  authorities.  In  Indian  towns  tlicv 
attempted  to  control  elections  and  thereby  the  muni- 
ci[)al  governments ;  but  above  all  they  devoted  their 
anxious  care  and  attention  to  the  question  of  tributes, 
and  the  distribution  of  the  surplus  proceeds,  of  whieli 
they  were  eager  to  have  a  share.  It  is  true  that  they 
had  often  winked  at  the  rascalities  of  alcaldes  mayores 
and  corregidores;  but  then  tlio}^  hoped  to  have  their 
reward,  and  when  this  did  not  correspond  with  their 
expectations,  wrath  and  enmity  were  dis})la_yed  on  both 
sides.^"  Nevertheless,  the  foothold  they  had  gained 
M'as  strong,  and  they  struggled  to  maintain  it.  Jn 
15G4  the  visitador  Valderrania  represented  to  Pliilip 
that  the  orders  were  striving  to  keep  the  control  they 
had  hitherto  possessed  not  only  in  spiritual  but  in 
temporal  aftairs,  which  would  be  no  difficult  matter, 
since  their  influence  with  the  viceroy  was  so  great 
he  expressed  fears  that  whatever  he  might  arrange 
about  Indians  and  tributes  would,  after  he  left  ]\Ie\- 
ico,  be  undone  by  the  artful  friars  concealing  tribute- 
])ayers  or  reporting  them  as  dead."  The  trial's,  lie 
added,  decidedly  o})posed  the  counting  of  the  Ind- 
ians, and  went  so  far  as  to  proclaim  from  the  pulpit 
that  the  epidemic  then  raging^- was  a  punishment  lor 

einolmncnt  for  services.  ^lany  of  the  loss  scrnpuloiis  secured  a  maintcnaiu  o 
fdi'tlieir  lelaiivcsout  of  what  they  obtaiiicil  from  the  Indians.  The  vi-sitailor, 
N'aldeirania,  conlirnied  the  statL'nent  with  these  words,  '  y  tauibiun  algo  tu 
IKirientcs  y  otraa  eosillas. '  Corti's  quaintly  remarks,  'esta  inveneiun,  de  euhiar 
do  trihutos,  la  iiiveutii  al,^'lln  fraile.'  According  to  liia  conijiutatlon  tlie  wiiiilc 
expense  the  king  wotdd  incur  conld  not  much  exceed  70,()00  pesos,  allow  in.,' 
each  friar  100  pesos  a  year — 70  jiesos  really  sulheed — and  also  a  small  addi- 
tional sum  to  cover  the  cost  of  wine,  oil,  and  church  cITects,  Cortrs,  Carhi.  \n 
J'achcct)  and  Curdcnan,  Cul.  Doc,  iv.  454-7;  Vnl'Urramn,  t'ariun,  Id.,  iv.  .'j(i0. 

'"  Crtr/a,  in  I'lirlii'co  and  Vdnli'iin^,  Col.  Doc,  iv.  4r)5-(i. 

'^  'Ora  sea  diciendo  que  sou  niuo'tos  los  trihutarios,  ora  cscondit5ndoloH,  I'l 
por  otros  muchos  cannnos  que  ellos  sahcn.'  \'aliltrram<i,  (JartuK,  (I'ch.  ,."/, 
luG.'i),  iu  Pacheco  and  Cdrdciicui,  Col.  hoc.  iv.  30."),  .'57-. 

'-  it  was  not  a  dangerous  one.  Mendieta attributed  itto  the  nn-^'crof  (!i»l, 
wlieu  the  visitador  hail  the  Indians  counted,  and  their  trilmte  aui^ir.rntcd. 
VaUltrraina,  Cartas,  Id.,  iv,  3G0;  Mcndkta,  Cailu,  iu  Jccakitceta,  ii.  iilo. 


oer6nimo  de  mendieta. 


CG7 


cnforcin2f  that  measure.  Indians  scrvinjj  in  convents 
and  churches  were  exempt  from  tribute;  and  if  the 
iiiars  could  have  their  way  the  king  would  soon  have 
no  tributaries.  They  did  not  openly  say  that  the  king 
had  no  ricjlit  to  collect  tributes,  but  they  believed  it 
all  the  same.  Some  of  the  friars  were  indeed  good, 
intelligent  men;  but  the  ignorant,  whose  number  was 
large,  claimed  that  all  the  benefits  accruing  from  Ind- 
ians belonged  by  right  to  the  church  and  orders,  and 
they  did  not  scruple  at  tricks  to  sustain  this  view. 

Amonix  the  defenders  of  the  relitjious  orders  none 
was  more  distinguished  than  the  Franciscan  father, 
Geronimo  de  Mendieta.  This  eminent  personage  was 
a  native  of  Victoria  in  the  Basque  province  of  Gui- 
])i'izcoa,  and  one  of  forty  brothers  all  by  the  same 
father.  He  took  the  habit  in  Bilbao  and  came  to  New 
S])ain  in  1554;  com|»leted  his  studies  in  Xochimilco, 
and  learned  the  Mexican  language.  He  never  preached, 
being  a  stutterer;  but  with  his  pen  he  was  a  master 
of  eloquence  and  sound  reasoning,  and  was  regarded 
by  his  brethren  and  others  as  the  Cicero  of  the  prov- 
ince. Whensoever  an  address  had  to  be  prepared  to 
the  king  or  his  council,  the  viceroy  or  other  person- 
ages, or  to  the  superiors  of  his  order,  the  preparation 
Mas  invariably  intrusted  to  him.  He  thus  won  the 
regard  of  many  prelates,  who  sought  his  companiou- 
sliip.  He  accom[)anied  Father  !^Iiguel  Navarro  in 
15G1)  to  the  general  chapter  of  his  order  held  in 
France,  and  suffered  nuich  hardship  on  the  journey. 
In  1573  he  returned  with  a  reenforcement  of  IViars. 
During  his  stay  in  Spain  he  dwelt  in  Castro  de  Urdia- 
les,  and  had  resolved  to  end  his  days  there,  but  holy 
obedience  demanded  his  return.  lie  filled  several  of 
the  higlu.'st  offices  of  trust,  and  was  remarkable  lor 
the  strict  performance  of  his  dutic^s,  his  ceaseless 
efibrts  for  the  better  government  of  the  Indies,  and 
his  humilitv.^' 

'■'  lie  (lii'il  nftor  jv  liiiijorin.Lr  illness  at  the  Franciscan  convent  in  Mexico, 
May  \),  1(JU4.    Tonjiicjuadd,  iii.  001-3;  Mendkla,  Carta,  in  Jcuzbulcita,  Cut. 


il»  ■  i1„« 


4 


608 


CHURCH  GOVERNiMENT. 


In  15G2  Father  Mendieta  addressed  a  leitcr  to 
Padre  Frailcisco  de  Bustaiuantc,  the  comisario  general 
of  his  order,"  in  which  he  makes  a  vigorous  defence 
of  the  regular  orders,  and  attributes  the  evils  cxistiiig 
in  the  country  to  the  interference  with  the  authority 
and  privileges  of  friars  by  bishops  and  oidores. 
Auainst  the  audiencia  he  inveiiihs  with  much  sever- 
and  considers  that  the  viceregal  power  should  bo 


itv,*^ 

n.r. ,  ii. ;  Mend'wfa,  in  Prov.  S.  Evann.,  MS.,  No.  10,  201-20;  Dlcr.  Uiuv.  lIUi. 
(.'( !('/.,  V.  2158.  Fray  Gci'iniiino  tlo  Alemliota  v>as  tlio  author oi  several  Mork.s, 
of  wliiili  I  iiuimcratc  the  following:  Carta  'd  Urn  Don  Fd'ipe.  (In-dv  Toluni  i  ii 
tV  ih.  Ocinhre  de  loG5,  mhte  (lohcriiadoii  dr  /«■•<  Jtidius,  JLS.,  fol.  !t  pp.  Tlii.s 
letter  ia  said  to  Lave  been  forwarded  ia  (lupiic:ite  or  tiii)licate  by  dilllrc  nt 
conveyances.  The  jircsent  copy  i.s  specially  rcconnnended,  January  20,  !.")7't, 
by  the  provincial  and  dctinitorio  of  the  Santo  ]']van,;,'clio  (Franci.scan  jiroviiicel, 
to  which  t'.io  author  belonged.  It  contains  24  articles  expiessivo  of  t!ic  kiag'.s 
duty  to  jirovide  the  best  po.ssiblc  government  for  tlio  Indians,  including  tho 
religious  instruction  of  tho  natives  and  their  amelioration  in  general.  .Aside 
from  tlio  autlior's  cxcossivo  preference  for  t'lo  religiouri,  aud  manifest  pr.  ju- 
di.o  .".gainst  the  secular  clergy,  his  letter  is  conniiendablc  as  cinbodyiiig  nnicli 
wisdom.  Corrcupoiidi'iiriu  roa  V(.rios  jterKoiia'jcs  d^.•<d(:  15^0  a  lo',.J  xalt/v, 
ri-HiiloK  tic  Xi'cva  Lspana  6  Iiidhis,  MS.,  fol.  2U  pp.,  contains  si\  letters  fi'oiu 
Fr.ther  Mendieta  to  Liccnciado  Juan  do  Ovando,  of  the  royal  coiuicil  in  tho 
lio'y  and  general  inquisition,  and  visitador  of  the  said  royal  council;  one  from 
Ovando  to  him;  and  one  from  Mendieta  to  the  comisario  general  of  the  Indies 
f  1  r  tiic  Franciscan  order.  The  first  letter  is  highly  important,  ■wherein  liu 
gives  his  views  on  three  points  upon  which  Ovando  had  doubts,  namely: 
1.  How  to  bring  about  liarmony  and  good  understanding  between  bishops  and 
f  1  lars  in  the  Indies.  2.  How  to  get  tithes  from  the  Inilians  without  oppress- 
ing them.  3.  llovv  Spaniards  were  to  form  settlements  in  the  Indies  witliout 
injuring  the  n.itivcs.  His  views  arc  expressed  in  a  clear,  unbiassed  maimer. 
Another  letter,  the  third  alluded  to,  sets  forth  the  best  mode,  in  his  opinion, 
to  rule  tlie  religious  order  of  Saint  Francis  in  the  Indies,  for  obtaining  tlio 
greatest  good  from  it.  Ovando's  letter  expresses  his  high  regard  fcjr  Men- 
tlieta's  advice,  and  calls  for  more  of  it.  IJut  his  most  noted  work  was  IliM'irUt, 
Kchiild-tlica  Indiana,  Mexico,  1870,  1  vol.  Svo,  790  pp.,  preceded  by  4,")  p;i.:e3 
of  matter  pertinent  to  the  author  and  his  work,  tlic  whole  carefully  echtt  d 
by  Joaquin  Garcia  Icazbalccta.  It  is  properly  a  history  of  the  conversion  of  tlie 
Indiana  of  New  Spain,  from  tho  time  of  the  concpicst  to  about  the  close  of  tlio 
Bixtconth  century;  but  as  the  earlier  friars  and  prelates  played  so  important  a 
part  in  public  aft'airs,  tho  volume  also  gives  much  valuable  information  on  such 
matters  not  to  bo  found  elsewhere  except,  perhaps,  at  second  hand.  Iiarhal- 
ceta  added  to  the  value  of  the  book  by  a  notice  of  the  author  and  )n"s  work, 
careful  aud  cxliaustive  as  are  all  such  notices  by  him;  .ind  by  an  elaborate  col- 
lation of  Mendieta's  ///.stor/n  and  Torqucmada's  Mounniuia  /ndlaiin,  .showing 
how  extensively  and  openly  the  latter  plagiarized  from  the  former.  Memlicta's 
production,  finished  in  l.V.Hi,  remained  in  obscurity  27i  years.  lie  had  sent 
the  manuscript  to  Spain  for  publication,  but  it  never  appeared  till  Icni:l)a!ieta, 
lis  h<^  tells  us,  di.-iC0vercd  it  in  the  library  of  I'artolome  Jose  (Jallardo  just 
deceased,  aiul  issued  it  at  his  own  expense,  for  which  he  should  receive  due 
credit.  The  editor  gives,  moreover,  tlie  authorities  that  Meudiita  availed 
himself  of  in  the  ))reparaiion  of  his  work,  some  of  whom  iiave  reacheil  us  only 
in  name,  and  the  later  ones  that  took  advantage  of  his  laljors,  among  whom 
the  most  noted  is  Torqnemnda. 

'*  J/c/aZ/f/n,  Carta,  in  IcaJialcetn,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  ."il.VI-t. 

IS  i  I'ori^uo  03  verdad  (coram  Deo)  quo  ea  tuutti  la  desorJcn,  y  tantos  los 


POSITION  OF  THE  FRIAKS. 


CC9 


;1- 
■k, 
..1- 
111;-; 
la's 
Tilt 
\U\, 
h>t 

La 
Illy 

nil 


lud 


supreme,  subject  only  to  tlie  throne.^"  Carried  away 
by  excessive  zeal  in  the  friars'  cause,  lie  exhibits 
likewise  ij^reat  animosity  toward  the  public  officials 
in  general — Viceroy  Velasco  only  excepted — and  all 
Spaniards  living  in  Mexico  who  were  not  friars.  He 
speaks  of  the  discontent  prevailing  among  the  religious 
orders,  all  members  of  whom,  he  assorts,  were  anxious 
to  abandon  a  field  in  which  their  services  were  consid- 
ered no  longer  useful.  Things  had  come  to  such  a 
pass,  in  his  opinion,  that  the  friar  had  lost  all  heart 
for  his  work,^'  the  old  fervor  having  died  away,  both 
on  the  part  of  the  missionaries  and  the  recently  con- 
verted natives. 

The  position  of  the  friars  during  this  period  was, 
indeed,  an  unenviable  one,  and  so  elfectively  had  the 
church  and  audiencia  represented  them  to  the  throne 
that  certain  cedulas  were  issued  against  them  which 
caused  serious  loss  of  influence.  In  fact  both  8[)an- 
iards  and  Indians  openly  displayed  their  lack  of  rev- 
erence.^^ Even  Bishop  Quiroga,  who  had  been  a 
warm  supporter  of  the  orders,  now  as  warmly  dt;- 
fended  his  prerogatives  in  this  ecclesiastical  warfare, 
and   would   have   closed   the  Augustiniau   convents 

males  que  de  clla  se  sigueii,  que  yo  tuvicra  por  mas  scguro  para  la  conoiciicia 

(Ic  S.  il.  dcjar  il  cstos  uatuialcs  jiciiitiiii  sin  justicia  ni  liombro  qiiu  la  iulininis- 

ti'ura,  que  liabi'isola  dacK)  do  la  arte  y  inaiu'ra  (juc  ahora  la  ticiicii.'  /i/.,  .'I'.Vl. 

"' '  No  sea  rciuo  diviso  con  niuclias  ealidZiis. .  .Quioro  decir  quo  su  visoriy, 

}iucs  su  noniljic  y  titulo  doiiota  ijuo  es  iiii;igi.'n  del  rey  y  que  ticno  lag  vows  y 
uirar  del  rev,  de  faeti)  lo  sea,  y  no  lo  supcdite,  ni  apoque,  ni  dcshaga  lo  (|Uu 
tjl  liaee. .  .otro  que  el  niisiiKj  ley.'  Jd.,  TjIJO. 

"  'Diceii  quo  ya  ni  ami  emilVsar  ni  prcdicar,  sino  mcterse  en  un  rincon,  y 
lo  poncn  por  obra.'  /(/.,  ."ilT;  Proi:  <frl  S.  Enuiij.,  MS,,  Xo.  1(»,  •201-(!.  'I'lio 
Franeiacan  friar  Mcna  also  reported  to  tlio  king,  relative  to  tiie  existing  niaii- 
ageinent  of  alVairs,  that  'si  en  osto  no  so  pone  remedio,  teiigasc  por  eierio, 
que  los  reliLjiososdejuran  la  ti.'rra. '  ^f(lln,  G'ohienin,  in  Purhcru  and  <  'dnli  n^.i^ 
Col.  ])(jt\,  xi.  1!)0,  i',)'2.  And  lie  adds  that  it  would  be  well  if  tlie  king  sent 
for  the  archbishop  and  retained  Iiini  in  Spain,  as  liad  been  done  with  I.as 
Casas,  and  tlius  prevent  iiiin  from  doing  fiirtlier  niiseliief, 

'"  Martin  Corti's  writing  in  Uctolier  b')(J.S,  says;  'l)esdo  que  conienzaron  ;l 
venir  cstas  ci'dulas,  estal)an  loa  espafiolcs  tan  contentos,  }'  Ics  habiiui  pi  rdido 
el  respeto.  .  .dieiendo  y  diuido  il  entender  j'l  los  indios  que  Iiabian  de  qiiit.ir 
todos  los  frailea  desta  tierra, '  and  adds  tliat  the  consequenec  was  tli:it  many 
Indians  '  les  perdian  el  respeto  y  revcreneia  que  lea  solian  tener.'  Cciiu.  in 
J'uc/ieco  and  Cdvdciuin,  (.'u/.  Doc,  iv.  404-5.  'Aora  estan  tiin  jiredieados 
que  el  fraile  no  tienc  <]  entrenieterse  en  sus  negocios,  ni  que  dezirles  eonio 
ban  de  viuir.'  I'ntuciicauos,  Abaudo>io,m  Pruv.  .b'.  L'vu>ig.,rio.  1'2,  lUD-TO. 


m 


CHURCH  GOVERXMENT. 


.•.  r 


^vitll^n  his  cHoccsc  but  for  the  interference  of  the 
king,^''  One  of  the  greatest  grievances  which  the  reg- 
ular orders  complained  of  was  the  refusal  of  tlie  arch- 
bishop and  bishops  to  ordain  members  of  their  orders. 
Efficient  priests  were  becoming  scarce  in  the  religious 
orders,  and  aged  men,  whoso  mental  faculties  and 
physical  strength  were  unequal  to  the  task,  had  almost 
exclusive  charge  of  Indian  conversion.  The  provin- 
cials of  the  orders  brought  their  complaints  before  the 
crown,  which  expressed  its  displeasure  to  the  secular 
prelates  and  ordered  the  ordination  of  friars  when 
required,  except  such  as  were  mestizos  or  persons 
who  should  not  bo  considered  suitable.-"  Nor  was 
this  last  prohibition  unnecessary.  Although  as  a  body 
the  friars  were  exemplary  in  their  moral  conduct, 
there  were  unfortunately  among  their  number  mem- 
bers wdiosc  behavior  brought  opprobrium  upon  the 
orders  and  required  efficacious  treatment.^^ 

Another  ground  of  complaint  on  the  part  of  tlie 

"A  royal  ci'dula  of  July  11,  l")(i'2,  directed  the  bishop  not  to  molest  tlio 
Auc;u.stini;iii9  in  the  possession  of  their  convents.  Beaumont,  dun.  2Iic/i.,  v. 
40t»-71,  5-Jl,  574-89. 

-"in  ir).M  tiio  king  forbade  the  indiscriminate  ordaining  of  Spaniards  iuid 
lialf-biccds.  Pu(ia,  Vedulurio,  Ij.l,  I'JO;  Uoniero,  Not.  Mich.,  in  Sor.  Mix. 
Ci'co;/.,  Bolrtii),  viii.  540,  states  that  Pablo  Caltzontzin,  a  son  of  the  last  iiinc; 
of  Michoacan,  was  the  iirst  Indian  wlio  received  f   cred  orders  in  Jlexico. 

''  Yet,  it  was  deemed  expedient,  for  the  honor  of  the  churcli,  that  repri- 
mands or  punishments  of  otl'endcrs  of  the  cloth  should  bo  secretly  inllictud, 
BO  that  not  even  the  Spaniards  should  know  of  them.  This  had  been  recom- 
mended by  JIartin  Cortes  in  1303.  Tlie  king  went  further  in  l.-|(j.'i,  fc.v  by 
his  ctjdnla  of  June  Cth,  received  the  next  year  in  Mexico,  it  was  ordered  tli.if; 
the  re;;ular  orders  should  bo  respected,  and  the  investigation  and  piinishimiit 
of  their  olTenees,  unless  they  had  been  committed  with  great  publicity  and 
scandal,  bo  left  to  their  own  prelates;  and  only  in  the  event  of  the  laitvr 
refusing  to  heed  the  complaint  of  the  royal  judicial  authorities  should  tho 
cases  be  sent  to  the  crown.  Cortv>i,  Carta,  in  Prt(7«'coand  Cardenas,  Col.  Due, 
iv.  457;  lireop.  Iml.,  1.  1'23;  Gon'Mhz  Diivila,  Teatro  Ecles.,  1.  31);  Zinnor:i, 
Bib.  Lp<j.  Ult.,  V.  33*2;  Beaumont,  Crdn.  Mich.,  v.  509-78.  Tho  archbishup, 
Moya,  at  n  later  date,  furnished  the  crown  with  a  listof  the  elergymcn  of  all 
ranks  existing  in  his  diocese,  accompanied  with  a  memorandum  of  tho  (piali- 
fications,  character,  and  conduct  of  each.  Some  of  them  were  set  down  as 
■imworthy  of  the  priesthood  for  immorality,  misbehavior,  or  ignorance ;  otlu  r-i 
were  praised.  A  number  were  natives  of  Jlcxico,  even  among  the  dignitarii--, 
canons,  .-.nd  stijicndiaries  of  the  crown.  There  were  then  3  dignitaries,  b) 
canons,  G  full  stipendiaries,  and  one  who  received  only  a  half  I'ation.  Mni/'i  >! 
Conlreras,  in  Cartas  ile  Indias,  195-218.  In  15S8  archbishojis  and  bisliop^i  cf 
the  Indies  were  permitted  to  ordain  as  priests  mestizos  residing  in  their  m'- 
speetive  dioceses  and  having  a  moral  character  and  education.  Women  of  the 
same  class,  cf  approved  moral  conduct,  were  allowed  to  enter  as  nuns. 


ECCLESIASTIC.-VL  FACTIONS. 


671 


rcj^ular  orders  was  tlio  exclusion  of  their  ordained 
members  from  the  right  of  adniinistcrin<»"  the  sacra- 
ments, and  their  being  hniitcd  to  the  celebration  of 
mass  and  the  instruction  of  the  Indians.  Their  con- 
sciousness of  the  prominent  part  they  had  taken  in 
conversion,  their  sincere  zeal,  and  their  ardent  desire 
to  maintain  the  superior  infiucncc  over  the  natives 
which  tliey  had  once  possessed,  naturally  combined 
to  make  them  claim  the  privilege  of  administering  the 
most  solemn  rites.  Apart  from  what  they  deemed 
injustice,  to  be  debarred  from  the  performance  of  tho 
higher  ceremonies  lowered  their  position  in  the  eyes 
of  converts.  Their  representations  to  the  throne  with 
regard  to  this  matter  had  the  desired  effect,  and  at  the 
request  of  Philip,  Pope  Pius  issued  a  bull,  on  the  24th 
of  March  15G7,  granting  to  the  religious  orders  the 
privilege  of  administering  the  sacraments  in  Indian 
towns.'"^ 

I  may  further  illustrate  the  feeling  which  existed 
at  this  time  between  the  ecclesiastical  factions  and 
their  respective  supporters,  by  describing  a  tumult 
which  occurred  in  the  city  of  Mexico  in  15G9,  occa- 
sit)ncd  by  the  interference  of  the  clergymen  at  a  pro- 
cess'on  of  tlie  Franciscan  friars.  On  tho  virgin's  day 
it  had  long  been  the  custom  of  this  order  to  march  in 
solemn  procession  to  the  church  of  Santa  !Man'a  do  la 
lledonda,  and  there  celebrate  mass;  but  in  this  year 
the  secular  clergy  op[)osed  the  performance.  Tlio 
Indian  followers  of  the  friars,  becoming  incensed, 
began  to  throw  stones  at  those  Vvho  interrupted  their 
])roccssion,  which  led  to  a  volley  of  similar  missiles 
from  natives  on  the  other  side.  The  result  was  a 
general  disturbance,  in  which  stones  and  other  wea[)- 

*-  Having  passed  tho  council,  it  ■nas,  1)y  royal  order  of  Junnary  1."),  l.'jfiS, 
pidjlishtd  ill  ^Icxico,  tlioiigh  it  had  lieeii  made  known  to  the  clLr;:y  tiie  ynv.- 
vious  year.  Ti.rul,  Carftis  ul  L'cal  Conn.  (May  1,"),  looS,  Feb.  •JO,  iri.'''.l),  ia 
fJiirtas'  (k  IiuL,  ]:)'2-4,  and  fae-sini.  M.  I'ina,  <l  ul..  Carta  al  /.'<//,  in  J'/., 
I44-(>  and  fac-!^im.  5s';  Pikju,  Cdlulaiio,  189-00,  '211;  'Jon/itriiHulc,  iii.  -<5.")-S; 
jMUiimonl,  L'nu).  il'ti-h.,  v.  51'J-'20;  Bvhi  Cvnjirm.  it  ^onw,  \-'ll;  l^rro/i. 
IikL,  i.  IKi;  /.'('('(/(O.-os  cfr.,  in  Proc.  t/c>  S.  L'niifj.,  MS.,  No.  3,  93-4;  Urdenea 
dc  la  Corona,  MS.,  ii.  -7;  Dij'cnsu  de  la  Vcrdad,  0,  7. 


i 


C72 


CIIURCn  GOVERNMENT. 


ons  were  fieoly  used,  and  several  j^ersons  serioiislv 
injured.  The  clerj^ynien  and  tlieir  del'ender.s  weio 
defeated.  The  public  excitement  l>ecanie  j.j'reat,  and 
the  viceroy  had  to  exercise  all  his  prudence.-^ 

IJut  with  reji^ard  to  tlie  sacraments,  the  seculai- 
clergy  would  not  yet  yield  the  point,  and  so  steady  a 
j)ressure  was  maintained,  that  on  the  3 1st  of  ^March 
1583  the  kin<jj  issued  an  order  commandinj'  tlie  friais 
to  surrender.  Archbishop  Moya,  to  cnlbrce  tlie  order 
and  at  the  same  time  show  proper  resj)ect  for  the 
orders,  invited  their  prelates  to  meet  him  at  his  house, 
where  he  courteously  reminded  them  of  the  kind's 
l)enevolent  intentions,  and  asked  them  to  choose  such 
houses  as  they  would  prefer  for  tlieii'  conventual 
abodes;  to  which  they  answered  that  they  wished 
iirst  to  hear  further  from  the  k\v<j;  and  their  supeiiois, 
and  begged  for  time  to  ascertain  the  views  of  the 
other  mendiers  of  their  orders.  Their  I'cquest  was 
granted.'"*  On  the  23d  of  October  the  three  orders 
ibrmally  made  known  their  ])urj)ose  of  apj)ealing  to 
the  crown.  The  archbishop  then  resolved  to  sus[)iiid 
the  execution  of  the  roj'al  cedula,  except  in  urgent 
cases,  till  the  king's  pleasure  was  again  learned  on  tlie 
subject.  The  nudiencia  did  the  same  upon  the  petition 
of  the  three  orders,  who  forthwith  appointed  proctors 
to  present  tlieir  case  to  the  king.-'^  The  result  of 
their  jileadings  appeared  in  a  royal  decree  of  1585,  to 
the  effect  that  friars  acting  as  curates  were  to  admin- 
ister the  sacraments  to  both  Indians  and  Spaniards 

"  Torqucmada,  i.  C3S-40!  Zamacoia,  Hid.  Mrj.,  v.  150-1;  /;/  Musco  M<j:, 
4S-2. 

*'S(mio  of  tlic  friars  well  uiidorstootl  the  justice  of  tlio  royal  ineasuros,  Ic.it 
found  it  diltieiilt  to  yield.  'l*or  coii<les(,'ender  eon  l;i  maior  eaiitidad  naeidns 
en  et-tas  jiartcs,  y  venidos  de  e.sas,  <juu  guslaii  de  mandar  siendo  jirelados  y 
Mniendo  lieeneiosanieute  eonio  liasta  a(|ui,  no  osau  |)nliliear  sii  sentiniieiito.' 
Jldi/n  !i  Coii/ra'dn,  Carta  al  Jki/  (Oet.  ll(i,  l.")>si5),  in  <  ai/a.s  de  Iii'l.,  ',VM-~. 

■■''' Tiie  Donunieana,  friars  IJabriel  tie  San  Jo.st;  and  C'ristolial  de  Si|)id- 
veda,  wlio  were  then  in  Sjiain;  tlic  I'l-aneiseans,  friars  IJuenaventiira  de  Pare- 
des  and  IVili'o  Mellendes;  tlic  Augnstinians,  friars  ])iigo  do  Soiia  and 
( iernninio  do  Moi'anto.  The  last  four  named  eniliarkeil,  and  aft(  r  liein^'  slii|i- 
wi'eeked,  iinally  reached  their  destination  in  the  New  Spain  lleet  of  l"iM. 
AVitli  the  aid  of  the  abhe  of  Uur^undy,  who  had  lieen  visitadur  in  New 
Spain,  the  proctors  were  presented  at  court,  li'rijui'uii,  C/uou.  S.  AiijU'^tin, 
17-'-U. 


ARCHBISHOP  MOXTIFAR. 


C73 


(Iwolliiinf  with  tLcrn.^  This  docTcc  was  to  have  a 
tc'innoijirv  oH't'ct  until  the  issue  of  a  liiial  (Iccision. 

It  was  (hirinuf  ]\Iontu(ar's  occnipatioii  of  tho  archi- 
ojtiscopal  scat,  and  undor  his  direction,  tliat  tlic  lirst 
occlesiastioal  council  proper  was  held  in  i\rexico.-' 
The  eilorts  of  the  missionary  friars  at  their  conven- 
tion in  152(5  to  estahlish  rules  for  the  t^uidance  of 
ecclesiastics  had,  from  the  want  of  an  ori^anizcd  gov- 
ernment and  the  spiritual  condition  of  the  natives, 
been  attended  with  few  results;  and  after  the  lapse 
of  thirty  years,  and  the  extension  of  the  chui'ch,  the 
necessity  of  a  ))rovincial  synod  became  urgent,  'i'he 
archi)isliop  therefore  Ibrmally  convoked  a  synodical 
council,  and  it  betran  its  lab<jrs  on  the  17th  of  Xovein- 
ber  ISaf).  This  council,  over  which  ^lontufar  j)re- 
sided,  was  attended  by  the  bishops  of  Tlascala,  ('hiaj)as, 
]\lichoacan,  and  Oajaca,  bv  the  viciM-oy  and  royal  au- 
dieiicia,  and  by  a  number  of  other  olHcials  both  ecclesi- 
astic and  civil. "^ 

At  this  meeting  ninety-three  chapters  of  declai'a- 
tions  and  rules  adapted  to  the  requirements  of  the 
period  were  passed.  The  aim  was  to  I'l'^nlate  the 
conversion  of  the  natives,  and  defend  them  fioiii  irreL(- 
ular  exaction  of  tribute;  to  reform  society  and  the 
mode  of  life  followed  by  many  of  the  cleri4y,  ^'*  whom 
j^ambling,  mercantile  pursuits,  and  the  practice  of 
usury  were  forbidden  under  heavy  i)unishments;  and 

'"  '  Lo  an  (If  liri/cr  »o  rr  roln  chnritafif,  coino  nll:l  lo  platicais,  siiin  <\v  jus- 
tifia  y  (ihli;';uii)ii.'  (!i-ijaln<i;  C/irdn.  S.  Aiiiiii.-<itn,  17<>;   Tvrqio  tiind'i,  i.  (!4!(. 

•' 'J'lio  council  of  fiiai'fi  liclil  in  l.")"2li  lias  l)ccn  called  liy  some  an  ccclcsi- 
asticnl  council  and  ic^^ardcd  a.s  the  lirst.  Jiut  this  tcnn.  applied  to  that  con- 
vciilion  is  ina(;curatc.  Hishdp  /uni/inai.'a  had  also  held  an  I'cclcsiastical  nicct- 
iii;;  in  I.";:!!),  at  which  the  bishops  of  Oajaca  and  Miclioacan,  and  Ww.  prelates 
(if  tlic  dilVcrent  orders  attended.  Anl<lU,^'  otiier  (piestions  was  discussed  that 
of  conlirination  of  the  natives,  which  was  a,L;ain  l)rou<,dit  furwanl  in  l.VKi  at 
a  nieetinj,'  calk<l  liy  ^'isitallol•  'I'ello  il('  Sandoval. 

'-*Tlu^  names  of  tho  Kishops  wen;  lespcu'tivi  ly:  Mai'tin  Sarniii'uto  de  Ifoja- 
c.'istro,  Toniiia  dc  Casillas,  \'asco  <le  (^tuiroLja,  and  .luan  l.opez  dc  /:'iratc. 
The  last-named  ]H'elat<Mlie<l  during;  tho  session.  'J'he  hisiicipof  ( luatemala  wa.s 
represented  hy  the  clcrLryman  l>ieno  do  t'arhajal.  'J'here  wcn^  also  jirescnt 
tiio  dean  and  chapter  of  the  metropolitan  church,  as  also  those  of  tiu'  cathe- 
drals of  Tlascala,  (iuadalajara,  and  Yucatan,  the  j)relatcs  of  the  several  relig- 
ious orders,  an<l  the  corregidor  and  nicmhcrs  of  the  city  council  of  Mexico. 
('(uidliti^  I'ror.,  MS.,  No.  1,  iyi-:23l);  No.  3,  2y«-yJ«, " 303-80;  Id.,  looo  y, 
J-oLio,  pp.  iv.-vi.,  3.")-ISt. 

Hist.  Mhs  .  Vol.    XI.    13 


I 


I 


674 


ClIURCU  GOVERNMENT. 


to  pystcmnfizo  tlic  adiuliiistnitioii  of  tlio  ardihisli'ipilc 
and  parocliial  cl lurches.''* 

In  irjOf)  a  socoiid  cct'lcsiastical  council  ■sva?  con- 
voked l>y  tlio  archhiHliop,  the  cliiet'  object  l)e'ng  the 
recoj^nition  of  the  acts  pronuilgated  hy  the  occmienical 
council  ol' Trent  in  15G.3.  The  suli'ra;^;ui  bishops  who 
attended  it  were  those  of  Chi.'tpu.^,  Wicatan,  TIascala, 
Nueva  (Jaheia,  and  Oajaca.^"  Twenty -ei^l it  chaptci'.s 
were  enact e(],  many  of  them  constitutin<^  anitMidiiieiits 
of  declarations  passed  at  the  previous  t;ouncil,  which 
had  })roved  in  a  great  measure  to  be  but  a  mere  dis- 
play of  authority  without  etfoct.''^ 

On  the  7th  of  ^Tarch  1572  the  venerable  Arch- 
liishop  ^[ontufar  died  at  an  advanced  age,  alter  a 
painful  and  lingering  illness  of  eighteen  months,^-  and 
was  buried  in  the  Dominican  convent,  "^riie  i'atherly 
solicitu(h^  which  he  had  ever  displayed  for  his  ilock 
caused  his  death  to  be  deeply  regretted,'''  lie  had 
devotiMl  himself  earnestly  to  the  duties  of  his  calling, 
and  ne\er  lost  sight  of  the  fact  that  the  chuich  in 
New  Spain   needed   much  reformation  and  a  moio 

^Hhnr!i;ns  rrnr.,'M9..,Sn.\. 

'"The  liishoi)  (if  ]Miolioacan  vns  roproscntcd  l)y  a  proctor.  Tlioro  were 
pvosout  iilsD  tlie  visit:iilor  gf-'iici-.'il,  \'al(li'i'raiiia,  the  oidon'S,  tlic  kiiv;'.-i  tiiasiny 
ollifial.s,  the  dean,  chapter,  and  viears  of  the  arehliisliopric,  and  tlie  aleahUa 
and  re;rid<ne:<  of  the  city.  /7.,  i.  KiO-!);  /'/.,  l'>dd-C-J,  vi.-vii.  Ks.V'JP.'. 

"  Priests  Mere  forbidden  to  char^'e  fees  for  t'ae  adniini.shaticin  of  the  sacra- 
ments to  ladians,  and  it  is  noticealile  that  again  the  tenihncy  of  tlie  elei  _'y  to 
lend  inoney  at  usury  and  enu'age  in  tra<lin^  .spceidations  is  ex; used,  .\niiii!:; 
otiier  onaetnients  tliat  which  exempted  the  natives  from  the  piynicnt  I'f 
tithes  may  l)e  mentioned.  The  eliapters  were  piililislied  on  the  lUli  of  Xn- 
vi'nilier  l.Ki."),  and  on  the  I'Jth  of  Deeendter  following  the  areuhishop  and 
bislio]is  deci'eed  the  fulfilment  of  them.   /(/. 

■'-'The  above  date  id  jj;iven  by  Sosa,  I'pUi-op.  Mix.,  17,  21-0,  who  elaiins 
tliat  thiMvriters,  l)/ivilii  I'adilla,  (Jon/alez  Davihi,  \'etaiieurt,  I'liruiara,  Lomi- 
zana,  ISerist.dn.  and  others  are  in  error  in  assi^jning  the  year  l.lii!)  as  the  date 
of  Montiifar'.-j  death.  Sosa  founds  his  assertion  on  the  fact  that  .seveial  acn 
of  the  ecclesiastie  chapter  of  Mexico  down  to  Sept.  3,  l.')71,  sIidw  t!int  t!icru 
was  an  arehbish(>p  in  ^lexico,  and  lie  could  i)e  none  otiier  than  Mnutuiar. 
Ife  also  furniihes  a  copy  of  his  ptirtrait,  which  exists  in  the  gallciy  of  tlie 
cathedral.  At  the  foot  there  is  an  inscription  of  the  artist,  who  abo  states 
that  !Montufar  died  in  l,")(jO,  at  the  age  of  SO  years.  Udvila  I'adilia,  Jll-t. 
Fend.,  509-1 1,  gives  92  years  as  his  age. 

'''During  his  long  arehicpiseopal  career  he  never  ceased  to  be  an  luiinMo 
friar,  and  his  charity  was  limited  ouly  by  the  iiieaus  at  his  oommaud.  JJuviki 
Pad'dla,  Hid,  Fvnd.,  Id. 


it 


tirra- 

lit  <■( 
ana 
aims 

lill'l  u- 

!K't4 
I'.R'IO 

I  Ilia r. 
If  l!io 
Itatts 

lJi;-t. 

|llll''.0 


TUE  INQUISITION. 


C73 


regular  ()rg-nnizati(jn.  While  he  steadily  opposed  the 
eiKToachiuents  of  the  regular  orders,  he  was  not  Mind 
to  the  shorteoniing.s  ot"  the  seeular  clergy  and  the 
ahiises  whieli  prevailed  iu  his  see.  In  his  achninistra- 
tion  he  ever  sought  the  adviee  of  men  ])roniinent  for 
their  '.xc'ehenee  and  sound  judgment.  In  the  Fran- 
ciscan lay-l)rother  Pedro  de  Gante  he  rejtosL'd  great 
cunfidenee,  and  with  open  candor  aeknowiedged  him 
as  his  trustwortliy  guide,  being  wont  to  say  that 
(uuite  and  not  himsL'lf  was  the  true  arehhishop  of 
]\[exieo.  Another  of  liis  advisers  was  his  old  friend 
and  companion  Fatlier  IJartolonie  de  ]-.edesma. 
Named  assistant  in  the  administration  of  the  arehdio- 
eeso,  Ledesma  sliared  largely  in  its  duties  (hu'ing  tlio 
last  twelve  yeai's  of  ^Montufar's  episoojiate.  In  the 
same  year  tliat  ^lontufar  died  I'edro  de  Moya  y  Con- 
treras  had  been  made  coadjutor  of  the  archbishop, 
^vith  the  right  of  succession. 

Toward  the  close  of  !Monti'ifar's  rule  the  tribunal 
of  the  inquisition  was  formally  establishod  in  Xew 
Spain.  During  the  earlier  years  of  the  conquest  there 
existed  representatives  only  of  the  institution,  the 
lirst  of  whom  was  the  Franciscan  missionary  A'alcn- 
cia.  When  the  Doiuinieans  arrived,  superiors  of  their 
order  acted  as  agents  of  that  court,  and  still  later  in- 
(piisitors,  rightly  so  called,  were  officially  a[)p(jinted.'" 
]5y  a  decree  of  the  inquisition  general  of  Spain,  dated 
the  27tli  of  June  1535,  the  ecclesiastical  court  was 
empowered  to  exercise  jurisdiction  and  inllict  })unisli- 
ment  in  all  cases  where  heresy  was  concerned,  but 
it  was  rarely  deemed  nccessaiy  to  disj)lay  im[)osing 
severity.^"     In    1558,  however,  Kobert   Tomson,  au 

"  A  CL'tUila  of  Charles  v.,  ilutcil  l.'.'U,  invcstfil  the  visitador  Juan  dc  Vi^ 
lla-Sciior  with  power  to  act  in  matters  cdiiceniiny  the  in()ui.sili(in.  Ik'niiniini, 
Criiii.  Mich.,  iJi.  41,'J-17.  'I'ello  de  Saiiilyval  was  made  iunui.sitor  in  loJlJ. 
l\mllu,  Not.  llht.,  iT'J-.sO. 

^•' A  cliief  of  Tezeu'.o,  Carlos  de  Meiidoza,  was  Imnicd  liy  order  of  liislmp 
Zumarraga  for  haviiiif  made  sacrifices  to  idols.  Upon  this  Iieci.min;,'  known 
ill  Spain,  the  inquisition  was  foi'biJdeu  to  proceed  ayuLust  Indians.  I'trulUi, 
Xot.  Hid.,  279. 


f 


C70 


CHURCH  GOVERNMENT. 


]OiiL,'lisliin{in,  and  Agustin  Boacio,  a  Gonooso,  aftrr 
a  loiiiT  iinjii'isouiuoiit,  weru  coiidiK.'Ud  llinmnfli  tin; 
streets  of  ^Texico,  in  tlio  presence  of  tliousands  of 
s[K'(!tat()r.s,  and  eonipelled  in  saniiienito  to  do  |ieiia!i(i! 
t»n  a  high  scaffold  on  wiiich  tliey  ivceived  sentence'" 
While  ofHcially  constitutetl  representatives  of  the 
incjuisition  were  thus  not  innnoderately  exercisinji^  the 
ti'i-rihle  power  with  which  they  were  invested,  it  is 
jiiiiid'ul  to  note  that  friars,  carryinj^out  their  a;^f^ressi\(! 
system,  laid  hands  ufx)!!  its  prerogatives.  When  iVom 
the  gloom  of  the  past  the  outline  of  a  rc})ulsive  figuie 
c;m  be  well  marked,  I  cannot  regard  it  as  the  shade 
of  a  conii)anionless  Frankenstein.  The  saintly  Land.i, 
jtrovincial  of  the  Franciscans,  became  aware  in  l.ji'ij 
tiiat  the  iidiabitants  of  the  ancient  city  of  Maiii  iii 
Yucatan^'  still  retained  some  veneration  for  the  wor- 
ship of  their  forefathers.  But  r.iore  than  this,  Ids 
investigations  satisfied  him  that  the  bodies  of  rene- 
gades had  been  buried  in  consecrated  ground.  Tlu  ir 
remains  were  disinteired  and  scattered  in  the  nei'-li- 
boring  woods.  The  idolatrous  pro[)ensity  must  l»c 
stopped,  and  what  more  effective  method  could  he 
adopted  than  the  Spanish  inquisition?  So  Landa 
determined  to  celebrate  the  event  by  a  kind  of  in- 
formal rattling  of  the  niachiner}^  and  called  upon  the 
sheriff  and  prominent  Spaniards  of  the  province  to 
assist  him.  They  readily  responded  and  the  ceremony 
was  witnessed  by  a  multitude  of  native  Americans.'' 

'"The  badge  consisted  of  half  a  yard  of  yellow  cloth  with  a  hole  in  tlio 
middle  to  p.TSs  the  head  tlirough,  one  flajt  hanging  before,  and  the  other  lir- 
liiiid;  on  each  llap  was  sewn  a  Vf'd  cross  of  Saint  Andrew.  Boacio  was  imi- 
di'inned  to  perpetual  iniprisonnifut  ii>  Spa.n;  Tonison  for  a  term  of  three  yi\iis. 
Ijoth  penitents  had  to  wctxv  the  n;\!n  enito.  I  have  not  discovered  IJoaiio's 
oll'enee;  he  Mas  brought  froiji  Z.'catecas.  Tomson,  by  his  own  ncconut, 
expressed  liiniself  at  a  dinnir-..j;".c  on  religious  subjects  and  as  a  disciple  ni 
l.uther.  He  served  his  tern;  i;i  ^icville,  aiul  afterward,  being  alreaily  'retou- 
ciliado  con  la  iglesia,' married  a  wealthy  young  lady  from  Mexico  whuso 
uU'ection  rewarded  him  for  his  past  sulTerings.  Boiicio  escaped  at  the  Azores, 
wlu'rc  the  ship  conveying  him  and  Tonison  touched  for  supplies.  Tomaou,  in 
JJdl.lryt'ii  Vol/.,  iii.  4r)0-l. 

'•  l"'or  iiartieulars  regarding  this  city  see  Native  liaccs,  is .  -20,  v.  C.'54,  tliis 
series. 

•"•Many  of  the  captured  offenders  evaded  public  cremation  by  hangiii'^ 
themselves.     Their  bodies  were  thrown  into  the  forests  to  be  food  foJ'  wild 


ACini:vi;MKNTs  of  the  triuunal. 


vn 


Thus  for  a  tliiK^  tlie  vu]>.i  of  th<>  rack  was  f|into 
Ix'iii'^niint.  Jjiit  when  a  n'l'iici-atiiMi  Iwul  [tiissed  away 
and  ( 'Iiristiaiiity  had  j)hiiitt'd  lii'inly  her  lontliold  in 
the  coiujuerc'd  couiitiy,  apostasy  was  reij^ardod  as  wit  h- 
out  fxciisu.  ^[ori'ovcr,  tht)  hind  wns  I'ldl  of  Md\(!i- 
turci's  will)  scolKul  at  rch^loii  niid  iiitiMfn-i'd  with  tlio 
woik  of  conversion.  lMiili|>  was  a  most  Catholic  kiiiL,', 
and  with  the  clfcct  of  Luther's  proachiniLf  befoi-e  him 
lie  wouM,  if  possible,  save  his  American  dominions 
IVom  the  sanguinary  religious  wars  tlu-n  desolatiuLf 
Mui'ope.  Thus  it  came  ahout  that  a  I'OLjular  tribunal 
of  the  inrpiisition  was  sent  out  to  New  S[)ain  in  la"  I, 
there  to  he  received  with  demonstrations  of  ji>y  ami 

l)o,ists.  roLrnlliKlo  says  notliiii;^  about  tlio  puiiisliiiioiit  iiilliotr'l  (ni  tlio  ciil- 
jiiil.-i  will!  iliil  iii)t  liMii;,' thi'iii  .tl\i-H.  Ilut  lir  a.ssMii's  us  tliiit  tor  many  yi'jifi 
iiiur  tli.it  liiiijht  «\aiii]ilo  of  Cliristiaii  cliarity,  cases  of  iilolatiy  win^  never 
ii'.aiii  lieaiil  of.  'I'liu  blessed  father  was  calleil  eniel,  hut  what  of  that? 
{'(jetor  l)oii  IVMJro  Sanehez  ilo  A^uilar,  whoever  he  mi;;lit  he,  lieM  a  very  dif- 
ferent ojiiniou  on  his  ';  tiou  iu  the  leport  he  iiiado  a;,'ainst  the  idolaters  of  tho 
country,  ('vjo/lnlo.  Hist.  Yitr.,  .')iH)  10.  Tlio  visitador  N'ivuneo  reportrd  ti> 
the  erowii  in  l."i().'!  that  the  provineiid  h.'id  the  victims  suhjerted  tothetortiuo 
of  cord  and  water;  triced  up  with  weights  of  from  .")()  to  7."i  jiounds  attaehi  il 
to  their  fee^,  and  then  lloj.'i;ed;  he  also  had  their  llesh  burned  with  llaiiies  or 
■with  hot  wax;  he  made  them  suller  in  various  other  cruel  ways,  ;dl  witl-imt 
any  trial  h;iving  been  given  them.  1'hc  result  war  that  the  unfortunates  in 
t'  ;:ir  liorriblu  agony  woidd  confess  oll'ences  tluy  hail  never  committed,  anjon,!^ 
them  ichjhitrous  rites.  In  this  way  many  i(h)ls  weii?  brought  to  light  which 
they  had  jiossessed  before  tlii'ir  conversion,  and  whoso  cxistenco  they  h.id 
almost  forgotten.  Many  Indians  perisli'il,  and  others  were  maimed  for  liie. 
'J'heseeruclties  were  continued  till  JjishopToral  arrived  in  Aui;iudand  stopped 
tiieni.  Petitioners  begged  in  the  name  of  humanity  au<l  of  the  hap/h'ss  suf- 
ferers that  such  nuscreant  tormentors  should  be  jiunished,  and  taken  away 
from  Yucatan.  JJihanco,  dirfa  al  Itnii,  in  Carlnn  ih  //«/.,  ,'{'.)'J-(i.  The  alcalde 
mayor  in  his  report  corrobcjrates  much  of  the  above,  of  course  covering  his 
own  procedure,  and  adding  that  upwards  of  •J,0(X),()00  idols  were  fcunid,  somo 
old  and  others  new,  besmeared  with  l)lood.  Six  Indians  hanged  themselves 
and  two  others  conunitted  suicide  in  prison.  (Juiimla,  Carta  "I  Ji'ci/,  Murchl'i, 
L'lti.l,  in  Curtfis  dr  I  ml.,  SS'i-Ii.  Kodriguez  Vivanco,  olUcial  dcf<iider  of 
the  Indians,  supported  their  complaints  that  tho  charge  of  apostasy  hail 
not  been  well  founded,  and  that  the  proceedings  had  b.'on  excessively  cruel: 
Miagan  alia  peniteneia  Fr  Diego  do  Landa  y  sus  compancros,  del  mal  ipio 
hizieron  en  nosotros,  (pic  liasta  la  quartji  generation  se  acordanin  nuestros 
(lescendientes  do  la  gran  persecucion  ipio  por  ellos  nos  vino.'  Yitrittni,  ('  nin 
lie  Ion  imIiuH  (johertiud.  ile  nn-ian  jiror.,  al  Itiij,  in  Car/nn  dc  Iiid.,  407-10. 
However,  in  l.')(i7  ten  cacirpics  prayed  the  king  to  give  them  Fr.iiuiscans,  for 
Mhom  they  expressed  a  strong  juelerence,  that  being  the  order  from  whi  •ii 
tliey  lirst  received  baptism,  i'arla  dr  dhz  CKriijiict  a  S.  .)/.  al  /,'<  i/,  iu  C'lri'i.t 
''  ///'/.,  ;?()7-^,  iiud  fac-sim.  U.  I  cannot  find  that  the  complaints  were 
liifded  (  V  tho  grievances  redressed;  on  the  contrary,  it  is  seen  that  the  man 
c  inplained  against  was  placed  in  a  higher  position  than  ever.  Callo  gives  ,■» 
r'Val  order  of  July '2.'),  l.jSlI,  prescribing  means  to  be  taken  for  the  extirpa- 
tion of  idolatry  among  the  Indians. 


678 


CHURCH  GOVERNMENT. 


pomp,  covering  a  wide-spread  feeling  of  apprclionsion 
and  horror. ^^  The  chief  inquisitor  was  Doctor  Podrcj 
do  Mo3'a  y  Contreras,  the  same  who  some  years  latur 
became  archbishop  of  Mexico  and  afterward  viceroy 
of  New  Spain.  The  first  appointee  to  the  office  had 
been  the  hcenciado  Juan  de  Cervantes,  but  he  died 
on  the  passage  from  Spain,  whereupon  Moya  suc- 
ceeded him,  and  installed  the  court  on  the  11th  of 
November  of  the  same  year,  in  the  large  buildings 
of  Juan  Velazquez  de  Salazar,  the  dean  of  IMexico. 
Alonso  Fernandez  de  Bonilla  was  the  first  fiscal  or 
prosecuting  officer  of  the  court,*'' who  in  1583  becauiu 
chief  inquisitor. 

The  tribunal  had  jurisdiction  over  all  Catholics 
who  by  deed  or  word  gave  signs  of  harboring  heret- 
ical or  scliismatical  opinions;  and  also  over  such  per- 
sons not  Catholics  as  attempted  to  proselyte,  or  uttered 
heretical  sentiments,  or  were  known  to  be  hostile  to 
the  church.  F(nx^ign  Protestants  brought  within  its 
reach,  and  all  offenders  against  the  laws  of  tl^e  churcli, 
were  also  fit  subjects  for  its  tender  mercies.  And 
probably  nothing  better  proves  the  honesty  of  the 
kinsf  and  the  good  faith  of  the  ecclesiastical  authorities 
thr.ii  the  flict  that  Indians  were  made  exempt,  except 
in  extreme  cases,  on  the  ground  that  they,  as  a  raeo, 
v/ere  insufficiently  instructed  in  i^he  tenets  of  tiie 
fait^i  and  therefore  liable  to  fall,  without  malice,  into 
error.*'     In  so  fresh  a  field  full  of  reckless  advcii- 


hJ 


Wi 


"Pcraltii  rejoices  at  the  installation  of  the  holy  office:  'para  quo  se  per- 

f)ctuasc  en  la  tiorra,  (lefcndiondola  do  la  mala  seta  lutcrana,  y  que  casti'_'ase 
OS  que  se  hallasou  con  culpa  de  abella  adniitido  <S  tuviescn  algunas  ynsiiiias 
di'Uii.'  A'ot.  J/ist.,  '281.  He  would  hardly  have  dared  to  express  any  oilur 
bentiiucnts.  Tonpiemada,  i.  (MS,  rc^'ards  it  as  very  ellicient  and  useful  t otlns 
oountry,  which  was  'contaniinadisiuia  do  Judios,  y  ncre;j;cs,  en  CHpccial  dj 
<!cnto  I'ortuguesa.'  The  court  was  founded  'sin  ruido  do  martiUo,  y  con  iiiiiy 
t^rande  opinion. .  .la  Inqui.sieion  es  vn  frono  para  do.sulraados,  y  libras  do  kii- 
gua. '  Moijd,  Cartii  at  L'ci/.,  in  CarlKH  de  Indian. 

^"The  third  inquisitor  was  Pedro  Kamire/.  tlranoro,  who  in  1574  was  niadu 
nrt'hl)i.^'!op  of  Cluiroas.  Goiizuiz  Ddvibt,  Tcalro  Eden.,  ii.  ',i'2;  Mmd'uta,  He'. 
L'c'c.^.,  ;J7t. 

"  llobertson  and  others  who  have  followed  him  are  rebuked  by  Zamacois, 
y/i.^■^  M'  /.,  V.  1 .")!)-(),"),  for  their  ns.sertions  on  this  point.  It  is  luitrue,  ihu 
latter  nllo^fos,  that  the  Indians  wore  deelarcil  incapable  of  connnittin;^'  lierc  ;y, 
for  a  uutuber  of  theui  were  admitted  to  the  Catholic  priesthood;  and  qiiotiuj' 


^'lls 


AUTODE-FI^. 


679 


turcrs,  intermingled  with  Moorish,  Jewish,  and  other 
elements,  the  tribunal  could  not  fail  to  obtain  subjects, 
and  a  number  were  soon  arraigned.  The  first  auto-de- 
fe  decreed  by  the  court  was  in  1574,  and  took  place 
in  the  small  plaza  of  the  marques  del  Valle,  between 
the  door  of  the  principal  church  and  the  marquis* 
buildings.  According  to  Torquemada,  the  victims 
numbered  sixty-three,  of  whom  five  were  burned.  It 
was  a  most  dramatic  affair,  attended  by  thousands  of 
sj^ectators  from  far  and  near.*' 

The  next  public  affair  of  the  kind  was  in  1575,  when 
tlie  number  o^ penltentes  was  smaller.  From  that  year 
till  15'Jo  there  took  place  seven  more,  making  nine 
from  the  installation  of  the  court.  The  tenth  occurred 
on  the  8tli  of  December,  15UG,  and  of  this  I  will  give 
a  description.  Preparations  oti  a  grand  scale  were 
made  to  }>rcsent  to  the  authorities  and  people  a  spec- 
tacle woithy  of  the  cause.  To  increase  the  solenaiity 
of  the  occasion  the  day  fixed  upon  was  that  of  the 
immaculate  conception;  and  the  place,  the  chief  plaza 
with  its  extensive  appointments  of  raiUngs  covered 
witli  })latforms,  and  thousands  of  seats  or  benches 
arranged  as  in  an  amphitheatre,  which  was  used  after 
the  celebration  as  a  bull-ring. 

The  time  havin<j:  arrived,  the  vicerov,  conde  do 
Monterey,  accompanied  by  the  justices  and  officers 
of  the  audiencia,  the  vojiA  treasury  officials,  military 
officers,  and  other  membei's  of  his  suite  repaired  to 
the  in(juisitiou  building,  where  the  inquisitors  Barto- 

fron  iSLlii!  lie  Xtiix,  addf:  '  It  is  not  necessary  to  possess  more  taliMit  to  1)C  a 
l';;r,  herotic  l!i;;ii  :i  i^kiu  priest.'  Z;im:icois  latterly  invirjlis  a"aiiist  writers 
lliat  iuivo  iicciiyijil  Sp.'iiianls  in  gencml  for  the  acts  of  the  in(|ui-ilioii  when 
in  their  own  ecpiintries  ft,  that  jieriod,  iuiil  also  uiueli  hiter,  the  torture  and 
other  iielij  (,f  lirut/iliiy  were  ni  eonniinn  )irai'tieo.  In  eviiliMiee  of  wliieli  ho 
(pioteH  well  known  events  in  the  histi.ry  of  j;nL,laudunil  her  Aniericiui colonies, 
of  Franeo,  <  lerr.u'.ny,  I'ortwjal,  and  liussia. 

*• 'J'iin/"<i;ii'ilr(,  iii.  ,'i77-!l.  J'hilips  says  tlirco  were  Imrned;  another  lias 
it  two  only.  /'<  ntlttt,  Xol.  Il'ial.,  'Z'A.  This  auliior  adihi,  'era  do  ver  la  jento 
neaeudioa  vello  de  inasdeoehenta  lelnias.'  (lonzalez  I).ivila  ;';iveH(i;!  vietinr<, 
of  whom  'Jl  were  followers  of  Lnther.  Tcntro  Kc/ci.,  i.  .'51.  'J  he  ?oiiiilicr  may 
liavc  lieen  hirjrer.  Those  who  received  sentence  on  t;ood  Fiiday  of  that  year, 
iiu  hulin;,'  the  men  of  Hawkins'  expedition  brought  !roni  I'unueo,  were  71,  ua 
Philips  hus  it. 


-M 


1.'  '■■■  'il  I 


■'"If.: 


pi 


m 


^ifHm 


680 


CHURCH  GOVERNMENT. 


lomd  Lobo  Guerrero,  an  archbishop  elect,  and  Alonso 
do  Peralta,  subsequently  bishop  of  Charcas,  awaited 
them.  Sixty-seven  peniteuco  were  then  led  forth  from 
the  dungeons,  and  the  procession  marched  to  the 
plaza.  A  great  concourse  of  people,  from  far  and  near, 
followed  the  procession  and  occupied  windows  and 
squares  to  the  very  gate  and  houses  of  the  holy  office.*^ 
The  i)risoners  appeared,  wearing  ropes  round  their 
necks,  and  conical  hats  on  which  were  painted  lielli.-;]! 
flames,  and  with  green  candles  in  their  hands,  each 
witli  a  priest  at  his  side  exhorting  him  to  Christian 
fortitude.  They  were  marched  under  a  guard  of  the 
hoi}'  office.  Among  those  doomed  to  sutler  were  per- 
sons convicted  of  the  following  offences:  Those  wl) 
had  be(!ome  reconciled  with  the  cliurch  and  afterwur  I 
relai)sed  into  Judaism,  in  sambenitos,  and  with  fan.i!- 
iars  of  the  inquisition  at  their  side;  bigamists,  with 
similar  hats  descriptive  of  their  crime;  sorceresses 
with  white  hats  of  the  same  kind,  candles  and  ropes; 
blasiiliemers  with  gags  to  their  tongues,  marching 
together,  one  after  the  other,  with  heads  uncovered  and 
candles  in  tlieir  hands.  First  amonijc  tliem  came  those 
convicted  of  petty  oftences,  followed  in  regular  order 
of  criminality  by  the  rest,  the  last  being  the  relapsed, 
the  dogmatists,  and  teachers  of  the  Mosaic  law,  who 
wore  the  tails  of  their  sambenitos  rolled  up  and 
wrapped  round  their  caps  to  signify  the  falsity  of  their 
doctrine.  On  arriving  at  their  platform  the  prison- 
ers were  made  to  sit  down,  the  relapsed,  the  reatlers 
of  Mosaic  law,  and  dogmatists  occupying  the  higher 
seats;  the  others  according  to  their  offences,  last 
being  the  statues  of  the  dead  and  absent  relapsed 
ones.  The  reconciled  and  other  penitents  occnpied 
benches  in  the  plaza.  On  the  right  side  of  the  holy 
othce  was  a  pulpit  from  wliich  preaclied  the  Francis- 
can friar  Ignacio  de   Santibahez,  archbishop  of  the 

"  'Fii(5  cosa  maravillosa,  la  Gcnto,  quo  concurrio  A  osto  culchro,  y  fanioso 
Auto,  y  la  qiiP  cstuvo  iV  las  Ventanas,  y  IMacas,  liasta  la  I'lU'vta,  y  Casa.s  do 
v\  Santo  Olicio,  ]i!ira  vit  cste  singular  aconipafKimionto,  y  Procesiou  du  lod 
llclu-xados,  y  Ptuitcuciados. '  Torquemudu,  iii,  37l)-bO. 


€ 


i^  i 


MOYA  Y  CONTRERAS, 


681 


tc<l 

fis- 
lio 

llOSO 

.lo 
lud 


■^ 


Pliilipplnes.**  Then  followed  the  usual  admonitions, 
oppcji'tunities  to  recant,  to  repent,  and  finally  tho 
liei'ce  llanies,  the  foretaste  of  eternal  torments. 

Before  the  installation  of  the  dread  tribunal  it  was 
not  known  that  t!ie  country's  religion  was  in  danger 
from  Jews  or  heretics;  had  the  nund)er  of  dissenters 
been  large,  and  the  danger  imminent  from  any  action 
on  their  part,  tho  comnmnity,  consisting  mostly  of 
Catholics,  would  have  taken  the  alarm,  and  the  ec- 
clesiastical court  have  laid  a  heavy  hand  on  the  ob- 
noxious niinnbers,  as  in  1558,  with  regard  to  Tomson 
and  IJoacio.  It  is  indeed  remarkable  how  quickly 
after  the  court  went  into  existence  it  mana'j^ed  to  fmd 
subjects  to  work  upon,  especially  among  the  Portu- 
guese, persecuted  for  reasons  foreign  to  religion.  Tho 
charges  made  were  often  without  the  slightest  foun- 
dation,  personal  grievance  or  vindictiveness  alone 
])ronipting  the  informers.  Else  it  would  have  been 
impossible  for  the  court  to  pick  out  of  the  small  popu- 
lation of  ^Mexico  over  two  thousand  persons  who  had 
within  thirty  years  made  themselves  amenable  to 
])unishnient.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  tliat  it  had 
been  m.Klo  obligatory  upon  all  persons  to  report  to 
the  in<]uisition,  under  the  charge  of  secrecy,  every 
thing  heard  or  seen  that  savored  of  heresy  in  tho 
witness'  estimation.  Hence  the  holy  office  before 
I'rMy;  became  as  nmch  dreaded  as  had  been  tlie  Aztec 
V  ar-god.  Tlie  authority  of  tho  inquisitorial  court 
was  paramount  to  all  others,  and  its  officers  and  ser- 
vants were  ]irivileged.  Any  act  or  expression  against 
'hi.  tribunal  or  its  supremacy  would  sooner  or  later 
reach  its  knowledge,  and  the  person  so  speaking  bo 
made  to  feel  its  power.*' 

•^Torqucnia'.la,  iii.  .ISO,  after  an  clahorato  (loscription  of  tlio  wliolo  affair, 
fails  to  givu  the  huihIkt  oi  tinli  ciuss,  ami  tlui  piiiiisliinL'iits  awiinli d.  Soiiio 
of  tlicin  were  as  a  niattiT  of  ct)ni  ^o  l)unicil  alive.  Uespeetiiit;  this  last  class, 
he  adds,  '  caila  vuo  tli:  estos  porHaild.s  .liulios,  podia  ser  Ral)iuo  on  viia  Sina- 
go;^'a.  Cileliiosc  con  grande  MiiLjcstad,  (|iuil,uido  cl  I'litlilo,  con  no  jioio 
asoiiibro  lie  los  Ultos,  y  ("ercnioniaa,  do  cstos  llereges  Judaicautes,  y  dclitos 
graves,  (|ue  alii  sc  Icicron.' 

*^  A  case  in  point,  in  the  proceedings  in  MOrida,  Yucatan,  and  iu  Mexico 


w 


I 


ir 


es2 


CHURCH  GOVERNMENT. 


On  the  death  of  Monti'ifar  the  archbishopric  of 
]\Icxico  wae  conferred  on  the  inquisitor  Moya  y  Con- 
treras,  and  if  zeal  and  ability  alone  be  considered  lie 
desi'rved  the  promotion.  Tliere  are  some  inLerestin<»' 
features  in  the  biography  of  this  remarlcable  m:.n. 
Beginning  his  career  as  a  page  of  Juan  de  Ovando, 
president  of  the  royal  council  of  the  Indies,  in  time  he 
became  his  private  secretary.  Having  completed  his 
studies  at  Salamanca  we  next  find  him  chancellor  of 
the  cathedral  of  the  Canary  Islands,  which  oiHce  he 
held  until  1570.  In  1571  he  was  ordained  a  presbyter 
in  Me>  '  "v>.  h.-iving  formerly  filled  high  ecclesiastic  posi- 
tions in  {  .uiaries,  Murcia,  and  j\Iexico  before  this. 
He  was  Ca'  Jingly  charitable,  and  it  is  told  of  him 
that  he  would  often  take  whatever  money  there  might 
be  at  his  disposal  and  give  it  to  the  poor,  regardless 
of  the  amount.*" 

On  the  20th  of  October  1573  the  ecclesiastical 
chapter  placed  in  his  hands  the  administration  and 
government  which  had  been  in  their  charge  since 
]>Iontufar's  death.  He  had  been  confirmed  in  llie 
oftico  by  Gregory  XIII.  since  June  15tli,  but  the  bulls 

against  '  Nicolas  do  Aquino,  notario  ilcste  S*o  olTicio  en  M(?ri(la  do  Jucatan,' 
niid  against  Francisco  de  Vda/.qucz  de  Xixon,  goveiTor  of  Yucatan,  and 
Ciomcz  del  Castillo,  alcalde  ordiuano  in  1575,  forcoiitcnipt,  resulting  froniUie 
prosecution  and  iniiirisonmcut  of  Aquino  in  Mrriila  by  tlie  alcalde  supporti  d 
by  the  governor,  though  he  had  pleaded  his  privilege  of  a  servant  of  tiio  iiKpii- 
Bition.  The  case  was  not  terminated,  or  it  may  be  that  the  latter  portinn  of 
the  proceedings  is  missing  or  lost.  In  this  case  the  iucpusitors  were  the  liceii- 
ciados  Coniella  and  Avalos,  and  the  notary  I'edro  de  los  liios.  Ai/ii'uio  <f  ul., 
Pruci'fO  vohtrn,  MS.,  1-Ml.  Other  authorities  consulted  upon  tliis  sul)ject 
are;  Vazijiirz,  Chron.  dc  Gml.,  2'2~;  Alimun,  DUcit,  ii.  1!)4;  Caro,  TicnSijlo^, 
i.  191-5;  Arr6iilz,  lllst.  y  Crdn.,  77-0;  Ilivira,  Gub.  de  J/',/.,  i.  45-7;  '''"-. 
j1/f.i*.  {i!'S'/-5),  i.  77;  ^feilhia,  ('firdn.  S.  Dicijo,  ■J.'?(5-7;  Dluno  ^fcx.,  viii.  145; 
MuriU't,  I'd'^ti  A'^ori  Orhii,  244-5;  S(da~Mi;  Moiiarq.  de  Efp.,  ii.  S5-  'J,  i^.-ico/mrn, 
('oiijiimrinii,  i.  So -4;  Mora,  Mcj.  L'ci'.,  iii.  'Jo"2-G;  Codcj;  T'i'.  llvm.,  Kuvjf- 
horouiih\i  Mcx.  Aii/iij.,  vi,  15.";  Caiicu  de  Ind.,  755,  774;  S"S( ,  Epincop,  J/t.c, 
52-i;  ilaerra,  lUv.  N.  Exp.,  ii.  G3"_';  Pciisudov,  Mcx.,  30-50;  Dice,  Univ.,  iv. 
1272-Sl;  .SV.  M<.c.  Ccixj.,  liohfiii,  '2<lii  ep.  i.  209. 

*"  On  one  occasion  wlicn  his  pages  were  accused  of  purloining  sonic  articles, 
ho  said  that  they  were  innocent,  for  the  things  had  lieen  taken  by  'un  ladrou 
pecreto  (jue  Dios  tiene  en  esta  casa,  quo  no  cs  bien  que  sepais  (juicn  cs;  liasto 
deciroslo  yo.'  Som,  E}>ixcoh.,27-?)'2,  with  his  portrait;  ( 'oiiri/iox  Pror.,  L'J.l-i:.', 
214-15;  0'oiiZ(dtzJJuvda,  Tcairo Eile<.,\.  I!5-ti;  J)nto>tLi(i;i.,ml'(ir'a,tdi'/ii(lia-', 
810;  lac-t;iui.  of  his  writing,  V,  and  of  his  signature  :..  ;'rawing,  viii.  A  uuiiiber 
of  his  autograph  signatures  may  be  seen  in  Co.irilloK  I'ror.,  .MS.  lie  was  a 
native  of  i'cdroche  in  the  bishopric  of  Cordova,  Spain,  and  ilcscendcd  on  bulii 


'  ""V  'i 


ECCLESIASTICAL  COUXCILfJ. 


GS3 


had  not  come  out,  and  in  fact  were  not  received  in 
!Mexico  until  tlic  22d  of  November.  His  consecra- 
tion by  Bishop  Morales,  of  Puebla,  took  place  in 
the  old  cathedral  of  Mexico  on  the  8th  of  Decem- 


ber, 


47 


Not  long  after  the  appointment  of  IMo^-a  a  serious 
rupture  occurred  between  him  and  Enriquez.  The 
apparent  cause  was  trivial,  but  in  its  significance  seri- 
ous. The  underlying  stratum  of  discord  was  preg- 
nant with  future  contention  for  power  between  church 
and  state.  When  Moya  received  the  pallium  a  farce 
was  publicly  represented  in  which  figured  as  one  of 
the  charact -,."='  a  collector  of  the  excise.*^  The  viceroy 
and  audiencia  interpreted  the  introduction  of  this 
character  as  the  expression  of  a  sarcastic  disapproval 
of  an  unpopular  inij)Ost  lately  established.  Stringent 
orders  were  issued  forbidding  the  production  of  such 
])ieces  without  the  sanction  of  the  audiencia.  The 
blame  of  it  all  was  laid  upon  the  archbishop.  The  prel- 
ate's authority  was  ignored,  and  many  persons,  in- 
cluding such  as  enjoyed  ecclesiastical  privileges,  were 
arrested.  Henceforth  harmony  was  at  an  end,  and 
various  petty  insults  were  from  time  to  time  oft'ored 
])y  the  viceroy  to  the  archbishop.  ]\Ioya  naturally 
complained,  and  had  the  satisfaction  to  receive  the 
royal  approval  of  his  course,  an  approval  which  in 

Biilcs  from  families  of  rank.  Moya  brought  from  Spain  n  little  girl  two 
yiara  of  age,  named  Mioaela  ile  los  Angeles,  supposed  to  have  been  of  royal 
lilood,  and  appearing  as  his  nieee.  She  was  brought  up  in  a  nunnery,  and  .it 
t!io  ago  of  I'.i  beeaiiic  iusiuie.  The  utmost  earc  was  taken  of  lier  a:ul  uhu  h 
Dioney  expended  iu  the  ellbrts  to  restore  her  reason,  but  without  avail.  .S'/;/((- 
eiizii  y  ii'dii'ioici,  Pannj.-io  <k<\,  18. 

■"  During  this  year,  wiiile  Moya  was  still  archbishop  cleet,  the  eorner^ 
ptone  of  the  great  eathedral  was  laid  with  ajipi'opriate  eeremonie.iin  the  jircs- 
enec  of  the  viceroy  and  all  the  hi  rh  fuiictionarics  of  cliurch  and  state.  Jii 
the  erection  of  this  edilieo  Moya  ton];  great  interest,  making  it  an  object  <  f 
constant  attention  during  tlie  last  nioulhs  of  his  sojourn  in  McNico.  IIo 
donated  to  it  beautiful  paintings  that  he  had  biouglit  from  Sp.iin.  chalices, 
and  costly  ornaments,  and  hit  it  bla/ing  with  jfi  Id,  though  sliil  adiuihling; 
he  also  gave  it  his  mitre  and  pastoral  stall',  together  with  a  niuc'i  \ener;.tt  d 
fragment  of  the  li'jnuni  mtci.i. 

'•'The  vicer(jy  had,  in  loT.^,  established  tlie  alenbala,  or  exci  c,  which 
merchr.nts  had  till  then  been  exempt  ironi.  I'lie  measure  v,as  vei'y  un- 
]>opular,  and  the  government  had  been  the  oi>ject  of  many  a  di.itriljo 
for  it. 


CHURCH  GOVERNMENT. 


1584  macio  itself  manifest  in  his  appointment  to  tho 
vacant  viceroy alty.'* 


49 


The  results  of  tho  previous  convocations  had  been 
not  altogether  satisfactory,  and  in  1585  tho  third 
j)rovincial  council  in  the  city  of  ^Mexico  took  place, 
summoned  on  the  30th  of  March  of  the  previous  year 
by  Archbishop  Moya.  It  was  formallv  opened  Jan- 
uary 20th,  presided  over  by  the  archbiii'iop,  who  was 
now  also  the  viceroy,  governor,  and  ca|.tain  general 
of  New  Spain,  as  well  as  visitador.  Tiie  sulFragau 
bisho{)s  in  attendance  were:  Juan  do  Medina  llincon, 
of  Michoacan;  Domingo  Arzola,  of  Nueva  Galicia; 
Diego  Romano,  of  Puebla;  Bartolome  do  Ledesma, 
of  Oajaca;  G(Mnez  de  Cordoba,  of  Guatemala,  and 
Gregorio  de  Montalvo,  of  Yucatan.^'' 

ThoiO  were  also  i)resent  at  the  installation,  besides 
the  leixal  advisers  and  other  ofliccrs  of  the  council,  tho 
oidores  of  the  royal  audiencia,  namely,  doctors  Pedro 
Farfan,  Pedro  Sanchez  Paredes,  Francisco  de  Sando, 
Fernando  de  Robles,  and  Diego  Garcia  do  Palacio; 
the  alcalde  de  Chanchilleria,  Doctor  Santiago  del 
Piego,  and  the  fiscal,  Licenciado  Eugenio  de  Salazar. 
The  secretaiy  of  the  council  was  Doctor  Juan  do 
Salcedo,  dean  of  jNIexico  and  professor  of  canonical 
law  in  the  university. 

The  labors  of  this  council  terminated  in  the  latter 
part   of  September.     Some   of  the   chief 


measures 


*'0n  another  occasion,  at  the  funeral  of  Francisco  de  Velasco,  the  lirothcr 
of  the  second  viceroy,  in  Dec.  ir)74,  Enriqucz  caused  the  pric-dicu  that  had 
licen  idaccd  for  the  inelatc  in  the  churcli  to  be  taken  away,  chiiniing  that  ho 
Avas  the  sole  person  that  eouhl  use  tliat  article.  Later  ho  inflicted  tho  ^anlo 
insult  on  the  bishop  of  Michoacan  at  the  Saint  Augustine  church,  though  nu 
the  next  day  ho  caused  the  prie-dieu  to  bo  placed  for  him  in  the  ehurcli  of 
Sauta  Catarina,  liaving  probably  been  reminded  that  the  bishop  had  a  brother 
■who  was  a  member  of  the  royal  council.  Moya  accused  the  viceroy  and 
audiencia  of  a  marked  hostility  toward  him,  and  of  having  repeatedly  at- 
tempted to  Mcakcn  his  authority  and  prestige.  Moya  y  Vontreras,  Carta,  in 
t'a)Vav  (/('  Indian,  1 7t)-88. 

'■"The  bishop  of  C'hiajias  was  not  present,  having  been  forced  to  return 
home,  owing  to  an  accident  on  tho  journey.  The  bishop  of  Vera  I'az  had 
made  his  prepai'ations  to  ilepart  for  S[)ain  and  could  not  delay  his  voyage. 
J'diicc,  Ji'tl.,  in  <  'o/.  JJoi'.  Iiir'/.,  Ivii.  4(i-7;  TonpinuKda.  i.  G49;  Vuncilivsl'rur., 
MS.,  No.  3,  50,  57;  I'ap.  Var.,  xv.  pts.  '2,  lU-'JO,  22. 


CONCILIOS  PROVINCIALES. 


6S5 


enacted  by  it  were  an  ecclesiastic  code  of  discipline,  a 
newly  arranged  catechism,  and  many  other  rules  and 
regulations  to  improve  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  gov- 
ernment of  New  Spain.  The  proceedings  embraced 
five  liundred  and  seventj'-six.  paragraphs,  divided  into 
five  books  under  various  titles.  Neither  those  of 
the  first  council  in  1555  nor  those  of  the  second  in 
1565,  whose  chief  end  had  been  to  recognize  and 
enforce  the  acts  of  the  oecumenical  council  of  Trent 
concluded  in  15G3,  had  been  approved  by  the  holy 
see.  Owing  to  this,  all  the  chapters  of  tlie  two  pre- 
ceding councils  were  embodied  in  the  third,  so  as  to 
secure  the  pontifical  sanction  to  all.  It  was  also 
necessary  to  accommodate  the  exigencies  of  the  churcli 
to  the  peculiar  traits  of  Indian  character  and  admin- 
istration of  the  Indies;  hence  the  expediency  of  this 
provincial  synod.  The  bishops  wished  to  carry  out  at 
once  the  acts  passed,  but  the  viceroy,  in  obedience  to 
a  royal  order  of  May  13,  1585,  suspended  their  execu- 
tion till  the  king's  approval.  This  was  given  on  the 
18th  of  September  1591,  when  the  viceroy,  audiencia,, 
and  all  officials,  civil  or  ecclesiastic,  in  New  Spain, 
were  commanded  to  aid  in  every  possible  way  the  en- 
forcement of  the  decrees  passed  by  the  council.  That 
cedula  was  reiterated  February  2,  1593,  and  again 
February  9,  1G21.'^ 

^^  Conril/ofi  Provhdales  ^ferica»ol>,  ^ISS. ,  4  parts,  fol.  Xos.  1-4,  lioiiiul 
in  parchment.  Being  the  original  records  and  minutes  of  the  tliret;  ecclesias- 
tic cc  uncils  held  nndir  the  presidency  of  the  archbishop  of  Mexico  as  metropol- 
itan in  the  years  ITioo,  l.')tir»,  and  158."). 

Xo.  1,  3'JO  folios,  gives  all  the  orders,  correspondence,  and  other  proceed- 
ings, as  well  as  the  cliapters  or  acts  passed  hy  the  tlii'ee  councils,  and  cvc  ly 
paper  connected  therewith  in  Sjianish  or  Latin,  to  whicli  aie  aiipcndeil  the 
(signatures  of  tlio  arehliisho])s  and  l)ishop3  who  took  part  therein;  also  tlio 
catechism  adopted  by  tlio  third  council. 

No.  12,  100  folios,  is  an  authenticated  copy  in  Spanisli,  under  the  seal  of 
the  archbishopric  of  Mexico,  of  the  acts  ]iass(  d  by  the  third  council  in  l."».S."i, 
with  the  autograph  signatures  of  Aichliishop  Moya  and  the  sulliagan  bishojis 
of  (luatcmula,  Yucatan,  Jliclmacan,  \ueva  (Jalicia,  Antc(|uera,  or  Oajaca; 
countersigned  by  Doctor  Juan  do  Salcedo,  secretary  of  the  cnuncil. 

No.  ',),  4do  folios.  Corrcs|«)ndence,  edicts,  decives,  in  Latin  and  Spanish, 
and  other  jiapers  n  lating  to  the  fpialilicationn  und  duties  of  priests. 

No.  4,  S.)4  folios.  Papers  that  the  thii'»l  council  consulted,  inchiding 
copies  of  the  acts  of  the  lirst  council  of  Lima  in  loS'2,  and  that  of  Toledo  i>f 


loSX 


The  acts  of  the  lirst  couucil,  and  the  original  minutes,  an  well  as  those  of 


CHURCH  GOVERNMENT. 


S(wn  after  the  closing  of  the  council  the  succesr>or 
of  ]Moya  y  Contrcras  in  the  viccroyalty  and  annexed 
oilices  arrived.  His  release  from  those  duties  did  not, 
hoAvever,  rdicvc  him  from  those  of  visitador  of  the 
c(nn'ts  till  ho  completed  his  task  in  158G.  During  all 
this  time  he  never  lost  sight  of  the  grave  responsi- 
bilities of  the  archiepiseopal  office.  Ho  made  pastoral 
visits  over  a  large  part  of  his  district,  which  had  been 
till  then  deprived  of  that  benefit,  and  conlirmed  great 
nund)ers  of  his  flock.  He  would  likewise  perl'orni 
hund>lor  duties,  which  devolved  upon  others.  Once 
on  his  retui'U  he  found  the  priests  whose  place  he  had 
taken  awaiting  him;  they  began  to  make  excuses,  to 
which  he  answered:  "Fathers,  it  does  not  sur[)riso 
me;  for  the  city  is  large;  for  which  reason  I  must  also 
be  a  curate,  and  your  comrade  to  assist  you."  As 
soon  as  he  finished  his  work  as  visitador  he  made 
preparations  for  his  departure,  and  after  ])lacing  the 
archdiocese  in  charge  of  the  notable  Dominican  IViar 
I'edro  de  Pnivia,  in  the  month  of  June  he  celebrated 
mass  and  bid  farewell  to  the  people  of  Mexico  whom 
he  had  called  together  for  that  i)urpose.'''    On  arrival 

two  subsequent  councils,  were  pri'^ted  in  jMcxico  hy  Juan  T  .bio  Lombardo  in 
lYbiuiuy  I'hiC).  This  issue  appears  to  li;ive  been  withdiinvn  by  order;  and  to 
avert  nournnccof  such  publications  witliout  the  royal  exequatur  ha  vini;  been 
lir.st  obtained,  the  kinjf  clirected  in  cedula  of  Sept.  1,  IJUO,  rciteratins,'  a  jire- 
viou.-i  order  of  Sept.  1 ,  I.mG,  that  prelates  before  printinj;  ar.d  publishiu!^  tlnir 
synods  should  lay  them  before  t!ic  council  of  the  Indies  for  the  royal  sanc- 
tion.  C'onrlHos  Prov.,  MS.,  No.  1,  2G5-G;  I'ltijct,  ('(.'(liiiario,  201. 

The  a<'ts  of  the  second  council  were  not  published  till  Archbishop  Loron- 
7aiia  in  ]'(>[)  issued  it  in  connection  with  that  of  the  first.  It  forms  a  4to  of 
.')!)()  I'aL'cs,  containing  on  the  first  '208  pages  the  chapters  of  the  respectivo 
nK'etin;,'s,  and  on  the  remainder  the  lives  of  all  tlie  bishops  in  New  S]iaiii, 
toi;eilicr  with  aTi  account  of  the  founding  of  the  ditrcrcnts  sees  and  other 
material.  The  acts  of  the  third  council  did  not  see  print  till  1022,  when  they 
Were  issued  in  Latin  at  Mexico,  in  two  parts,  of  102  and  39  folios  respectively, 
the  first  eontaiinng  the  acts  or  chapters;  the  second,  the  ordinances  of  tlio 
council  as  conlirmed  by  the  papal  court  on  October  27,  I.'jSO.  Another  Latin 
edition  appeared  at  Paris  in  172,">,  50!)  pages  12ino,  with  biographical  sketelus 
of  tlu!  prelates  attending  the  council.  A  third  bears  the  imprint  Mexico  1770, 
in  two  jiarts,  of  .'128  and  141  pages,  with  biographical  additions,  issued  probably 
by  Lureu/anaas  .a  complement  to  his  edition  of  the  first  councils.  All  of  the>o 
manuscrljit  and  rare  printed  sets  foi'm  part  of  my  collection,  together  with  a 
iiund)er  of  catechisms,  ordinances,  and  other  matter,  issued  by  order  of  tlio 
eouneils,  or  in  connection  with  their  labors.  A  modern  edition  of  the  thiru 
council  acts,  in  Latin  aiul  Spanish,  appeared  at  Mexico  in  1859,  contiiiinng  a 
nund)er  of  documents,  and  notes  by  the  Jesuit  Arrillaga. 

"-  His  house  was  crowded  with  people  who  weut  to  manifest  their  lovo 


LAS  C.VSAS  AG.UN. 


C87 


at  Vera  Cruz  lie  was  apprised  l)y  his  steward  that 
he  was  in  debt  to  the  amount  of  !?"J0,000.  But  ho 
had  not  to  wait  lonjj^  before  a  larger  sum.  came  as  a 
donation,  whieli  enabled  him  to  [lay  off  the  indebt- 
edness, and  to  make  jjfii'ts  to  the  hospitals  of  Vera 
Cruz  and  give  alms  to  the  poor.  Further  information 
on  tliis  interesting-  man  will  ap[)ear  in  connection  witli 
his  life  as  viceroy  of  ^Icxico.''^  Pedro  de  Pruvia  ad- 
ministered the  archbishopric  till  near  the  end  of  1589, 
when  he  died.  After  that  the  diocese  was  governed 
by  the  <]ean  and  chapter  scclc  vacantc. 

The  successor  appointed  to  fill  tlio  ofHcc  of  arch- 
bishop of  ^Mexico  was  the  bishop  elect  of  Nueva 
Clalicia,  and  visitador  of  Peru,  Alonso  Fernandez  do 
Bonilla,  a  native  of  Cordova.  He  was  elected  on 
the  l.lth  of  March  15i)!2,  and  it  is  said  that  he  chose 
the  arclideacon  of  Mexico,  Juan  Cervantes,  for  gov- 
ernor of  tlie  archdiocese  during  his  absence,  whicli 
oiHce  Cervantes  held  till  the  see  was  declared  vacant 
by  the  death  in  Peru  of  ]3onilla  in  159G,  shortly  after 
his  ccjnsecration.  The  arclil)ishop's  remains  were  in- 
terred in  Jjinia.''  The  archdiocese  remained  vacant 
till  IGOl ,  for,  thougli  the  friar  •  'arci'a  de  Santa  !?\[aria 
y  ]\Icn(loza,  of  the  o)'dcr  of  St  Jerome,  was  cIkkscu  to 
the  ofiice  in  IGOO  and  accepted  it,  he  did  not  taico 
possession  till  the  following  year.'"^     By  this  time  the 


find  sorrow  at  Iiis  departure,  carrying  gifts  ami  mementos.  Tlic  Iuilian3 
hastened  to  kiss  his  hands,  and  tlie  negroes  jiLieed  at  his  feet  a  jilate  into 
whieh  they  threw  money  as  a  fund  for  his  coniiort  on  the  journey.  1  his  Mas 
kept  up  night  and  day,  and  tlu'ro  was  no  end  to  thceontrihutions.  'J  he  run- 
course  became  so  hu-ge  at  the  List  i.ioment  that  the  authorities  liad  iinally  to 
jdaeo  i.uards  near  the  prelate's  person  from  fear  that  he  might  1)U  erushed. 
]|e  had  a  largi"  popular  escort  as  far  as  the  villa  of  Guadalupe.  Gntii  rrc^  n'e 
Lima,  IJinj.,  in  Sum,  h'/ii.sroj).,  37 -S. 

'■'I'or  additional  information  on  Moya  y  Contrcras,  sec  PiraU't,  Xot.  Hist., 
2Sl-'2;  lyarni,  Guh.  Mcx.,  i.  48-!);  L'!/o.<,  I'ari'ii  Anot.,  7;  \'i '(iiifvrt,  Tnit. 
J\f<r..  'JIJ:  JJ/ar.  Jlrx.,  vii.  0;  Zniii'iruis,  II'iKf.  M'J.,  v.  173,  17">. 

''*l>oni!la  had  hcen  dean  of  the  cathedral,  ti-ical  of  the  incju.sition,  and  on 
April  S,  1  "hS;?,  liecamc  chief  incpii^itoi-.  Paiictt,  I'inr;/.'',  in  Muninn.  I'mn.  L''/>., 
MS.,  !)]  ■  (i(iir.ii!cz  JJdolla,  Tvatro  Eclcs.,  i.  40-lj  tiusa,  L'j/lsraj).,  41-'J;  JJifc. 
Uii'iv.,  i:i.  ;iOf). 

".s'(/.>-f(,  I-'iiis'-op.,  41-3,  with  his  portrait;  Pa/c*.  Vlrrri/s,  in  Moutim.  Dom. 
E<p.,  MS.,  !tl;  Mcx.  iriiro'ihjph,  llisf.,  l."")7,  and  many  otliers.  See  also  Con- 
cUios  I'lov.,  iJJJ-6'J,  215-10,  340;  and  Gonuikz  JJdeiki,  'J'eutru  L'clns.,  i.  40-1. 


CHURCH  GOVERNMENT. 

church  had  grown  to  largo  proporiions.  Acoonling  to 
rc'hahlo  contemporaneous  authority  there  were  in  New 
Spain  tlien  400  convents  of  the  several  orders,  and 
400  districts  in  charge  of  clergymen,  making  a  total 
of  800  ecclesiastic  ministries  for  the  administration 
of  the  sacraments  and  for  instruction  in  Christianity. 
Each  convent  and  each  parish  had  many  churches  in 
towns  and  handcts,  which  were  likewise  visited  at 
certain  intervals,  and  where  Christian  doctrine  was 
taught  the  natives.''*'  The  whole  was  now  under  six 
prelates,  the  youngest  of  whom  were  those  of  Yuca- 
tan and  Nueva  Galicia,  appointed  in  1541  and  1544 
respectively.  The  former  district  had  been  given  a 
bishop  in  Julian  Garces,  already  in  1511),'''  but  tlio 
failure  of  settlers  to  occupy  it  caused  the  transfer  of 
Garces  to  Tlascala.  After  Montejo's  conquest  it  was 
included  in  the  adjoining  diocese  of  Chiapas,  and  tliu 
celebrated  Las  Casas  presented  himself  in  1545  to 
exact  recognition,  but  his  fiery  zeal  in  behalf  of  tho 
enslaved  natives  roused  the  colonists,  and  he  wa^ 
obliged  to  depart.  The  growing  importance  of  tha 
peninsula  caused  it  to  be  erected  into  a  special  see,  by 
bull  of  JJeccmber  IG,  15G1,''^  with  the  seat  in  ^lerida. 
The  prelacy  was  first  offered  to  the  Franciscan  Juan 
de  la  Puerta,  who  died  as  bishop  elect,^''  and  Francisco 
de  Toral,  provincial  of  the  same  order  at  Mexico,  was 
thereupon  chosen.''''     He  declined,  but  was  prevailed 

*'  The  Franciscan  province  of  tho  Santo  Evangc^-lio  of  Mexico  alone  claimed 
over  1,000.  xUciidivta,  lllat.  Edes.,  .54-9;  Torqucniada ,  ill.  385-0. 

f''  Sec  p.  2'M,  tliis  volume. 

^^  Conriliufi  I'rov.,  looJ-GS,  .3r)l;  Morelli,  Fasti  Xoti  Orbis,  201.  'Que  po 
nomhrassc  de  Yucathim,  y  Coziimul.'  Cor/olliK/o,  Hid.  Yvcathun,  '20().  (imi- 
zalcz  Davila,  Tcatro  L'clcs.,  200,  211,  is  misleading  in  naniinf;  a  bishop  as 
early  as  1541,  and  mentioning  that  tiie  churcli  was  by  bull  of  Oct.  2;!,  1570, 
erected  into  a  cathedral,  dedicated  to  San  Ihlefonso. 

"'  Torqticwada,  iii.  384.  Calle  states  that  tlie  Franciscan  Juan  do  San 
F'rancisco  had  been  chopon  in  1541  to  govern  the  sec  as  bishop,  without  wait- 
ing for  bulls.  If  he  c\  or  was  appointed  it  could  have  been  merely  as  re]nx'- 
sentant  of  I^as  Casas,  bishop  of  Chiapas.  Calle  continues  by  saying  tliat 
ruertareccivcdhisappointmenton  Jtiuc  17,  1555.  M(  in.  y  Xit.,  82.  (Jonzalez 
Dilvila,  loc.  eit.,  follows,  but  appoints  Puerta  on  Feb.  20,  1552.  lie  died 
without  consecration. 

"'^Hc  wjis  a  native  of  Ubeda,  Spain,  and  long  labored  in  New  Spain,  whieh 
he  iu  1553  represented  at  Salauuuica  as  delegate.     He  returned  with  a  lar^'o 


LAXDA  AND  IZQUIKRDO. 


CSO 


Upon  to  accept,  and  took  possession  in  1502.  Hiy 
eH'oits  to  secure  tlie  prerogatives  of  his  ollict',  hitherto 
enjoyed  to  a  ^-reat  extent  l)y  iViai-s,  caused  a  luptuiv, 
and  the  provincial,  Dic'i^'o  de  Landa,  departe<l  in  hot 
haste  to  lay  his  conij)laints  hel'ore  the  court.  The 
result  was  unlhvorable  to  Toral,  who,  after  \';:inly 
seekiuL^  to  resii;-n,  I'ctired  to  the  convent  at  ^Mexico, 
where  he  di(jd  in  A})ril  1571. 

The  prelacy  was  then  conferred  on  Landa,  ]i:irtly 
because  of  his  inlluential  coiniection,"'  and  paitly  l>e- 
cnuse  ol'  his  loni*'  and  zealous  services  in  Yucatan. 
He  came  out  in  I57;i,and  his  despotic  and  ineddlesonio 
disj)()sition  soon  led  him  into  fresh  complications  with 
the  civil  authorities,"'-  his  Franciscan  co-lahcrcrs  heinj^ 
on  the  other  hand  allowed  a  liberty  that  dei^cncrated 
into  al)i!se.  His  rule  was  short,  however,  le>r  he  died 
suddeidy  in  A[)ril  1571),  leaving-  a  high  re})Utation 
for  benevolence  and  piety  amonj^  his  c()nteni[)oraries, 
which  to  us  appears  ineflaceably  stained  by  an  im- 
])rudent  severity  towards  idolaters,  and  by  his  reck- 
less destruction  of  aboriu'inal  documents  and  relics. 
He  was  the  Zumarra^'a  of  the  peninsula.  His  suc- 
cessor, Gregorio  ]\[ontalvo,  bislnjp  elect  of  Nicaragua, 
Avas  a  Dominican,*'^  which  in  itself  ai-gued  well  ibr 
needed  reforms;  but  the  Franciscans  hampered  him 
on  every  .'-;ide,  as  might  be  exix'cted  from  the  hostility 
prevailing  between  the  two  orders.''*  In  1587  he  was 
promoted  to  the  sec  of  Cuzco,  where  he  died  six 
years    kiter.     The    Franciscan    Juan    Izquierdo    snc- 

missioii  "f  friiirs,  nnd  while  lioldiiir;  the  position  of  provincial,  the  nj^point- 
ineutot  lii.sl.tiii  reaclu'd  i:ii;i.  0'i>ir.ii/i~.  Jh' rihi,  '!'< ntro L'tfi .•<.  i.  lMI-Il'.  lii'tofik 
p(')sscs^ioIl  Anj,'r.'t  15,  ITiliJ.  xMthoiii'li  Las  Casas  visited  'J";;bM^u;o  in  l.")(il, 
Jidiii'-:  ■/,  lli-it.  C/ii/dprt,  (I'JiJ,  it  no  (Icinht  passed  ahont  tliis  time  nndi  r  Yuca- 
tan, liatli  ccclcsi.isticidly  and  jiolitica'.Iy.  A  ccdula  of  l."),-!)  dri'i  rid  tlic  andi- 
cncia  to  rcpo'.t  on  the  expediency  I'f  ercctin','  this  pmvince  into  a  sei)arati! 
sec.    Priiu,  ('fdit'nrld,  '2i)~.     The  report  was  uul':iV(iral)ie. 

"  lie  v."as  ii  nieinhcr  of  the  Cald(  roii  family,  horn  at'"ifnentcs  in  1."  '.i. 

'*'■'  Sec  Sh-i'rci.  (Juiishl.  .••ohre  il  ori'/vii,  cfe.,  ili'  la  xi'lilerni-ioii,  in  Ancoiiu, 
Ilht.  )'«-•.,  ii.  10-'. 

•-^  He  \x\v.i  a  nalivi;  of  Coca,  Scf,'ovia,  and  heeanie  a  friar  in  l.l.-O,  displayinj^ 
great  e'orp'.cnce  a;id  adniiiiisirativc  ahiiity. 

'-'  'i'hey  j'.ccused  him  of  t^everity  a.'.rainst  relapsed  idolaters,  v.ho  were,  sen- 
tenced to  (Nile  and  hard  labor  at  Veni  Cruz  and  other  places.  CojuUvJo, 
likt.  YucailK'ii,  .Si/S-!). 

UiBi.  Mi^,  Vol.  II.    41 


CHURCn  GOVERNMENT. 


cccdcd,  lnit  took  possession  only  in  1501,  rnlitiu^  liar- 
moiiiously  till  his  dratl)  in  KJO'i.  The  dediciitioii  of 
tho  futhedral  at  Mciida,  one  of  the  finest  in  New- 
Spain,  took  place  during  liis  rule.'* 


NuEVA  Galicia. 

^  In  ]")().'?  provision  had  been  n;a<lefor  building  it,  one  third  of  tho  cost  to 
be  defrayed  by  the  crown,  Spaniards,  and  Indians,  respectively.  I'iie  walk 
began  with  tho  I'eady  conti'ibution  of  r)(),()0()  natives,  each  giving  two  re;des, 
both  settlers  and  crown  l)eing  too  poor  to  pay.  {JiuxaUt,  Cdiin,  l-'ifiii,  in 
('(trtiis  (fe  liiilias,  S8().  Tho  architect  was  Juan  Mignel  do  Ai^diero,  who  niailo 
himself  a  name  thereby.  The  king  gave  TjOO  ducats  for  ciunch  ornaiiieiits, 
and  an  etjual  sum  for  a  hospital.  On  these  and  other  matter  touching  tho 
bishopric,  sco  letters  of  Bibauco,  Torul,  Quijada,  etc.,  iii  Cartas  de  Indius, 


NOTABLE  IRELATKS. 


G91 


Xiiova  (Jallciii  was  on  July  ,"1,  I  .VtS,*^  socjroji^atud 
from  Michoacan  and  iiiado  adistiiicl  bishopi'lc,  possosa- 
iiii^  at  llio  time  iioarly  lll'ty  bciielit'es."'  Couipostela 
Mas  <U'si<^iiated  as  the  Hoat,  and  Antonio  du  Ciudad 
IiO(lri,L;'o,  one  of  tlio  twelve  Franciscan  apoisdos,  re- 
ceived the  ap[)ointnient,  which  he  hunihly  declined, 
wliereiipon  it  was  conferred  upon  Juan  Barrios,  h 
Ivui^ht  of  Santiago,**  but  ho  died  before  consecration 
and  was  buried  at  Mexico. 

The  position  was  next  tendered  to  Pedro  Cioniez 
!Maraver,  late  dean  of  Oajaca  and  counsellor  to  A'ice- 
roy  ^^Jeiido/a,  who  entered  with  ^reat  zeal  upon  his 
duties,  but  lived  only  till  1552.  Tlie  Franciscan  Pe- 
dro de  Ayala  assumed  the  oflice  in  July  1555,  and 
assisted  at  the  removal  of  the  seat  to  ( luad;dajai'a, 
wlieie  he  laid  the  foundation  of  a  cathedral,'^'  lie 
died  in  15(5!),  and  was  succeeded  by  the  Fi'anciscau 
(Jlomez  de  ^Mendiola,  who  ruled  from  1571  to  157D,  and 
left  so  hi;j;h  a  reputation  for  l)enovoleiicc  and  sanctity 
that  elforts  were  made  to  obtain  his  beatification.''^ 
The  Jeronimite  Juan  do  Trujillo  was  aj)poii;ted  suc- 
cessor, but  failed  to  take  possession,"'  and  the  seo 
passed  to  Domingo  de  Arzola,  a  Dominican,  lately 


2.')S,   niul   passim. 


!)4,  78.*?;  Cofjollnh,   Hist.   Vvcathan,   UOO-10,  29Q-I, 


:>-_M,  o.J-'-Tl,  ;!7(i.  ;!:it-0,  W,)-,  ConriHo-t  J'rur.,  MS.,  Xo. ;{,  !-•.],  and  ]iiiiit,  vii.; 
(;oi:zal<z  l)ui\l'!,  T(ftfn>  L'rlcK.,  i.  211-1.'),  220;  Vifeuirrrt,  M(iii.lo<i..  -12,  SO, 
ir>.'),  i;J7,  140;  I'oiice,  Ji'd.,  in  Col.  Doc.  Ined.,  Ivii.  Ib2,  Iviii.  394,' 401,  42.'), 
4r.l-2. 

"  ro?K vV/o,'*  Pror.,  1555-05,  ?,^(i\  Govzahz  Ddi-.'fa,  Tcatrn  Krh>>.,  i.  170. 
Moivlli  wiitcs  July  l;!,  Fasti  Novi  Orbis,  IGO;  ami  others  place  the  scat 
wroii'riy  at  <  Itiaiialnjara. 

•*•  In  l.'j'.Ki  tlio  ninnljcr  had  not  materially  changed.  Mmdieta,  Ilixf.  I'rlrn., 
.'")47-S.  The  distinguished  Die;.'()  Uaniirez  was  apiiointcd  in  l.")."Jl  to  niaik  tlio 
liouiidnry  lines  between  llie  dioceses  of  Miclioaean  and  (luadalajara,  and  he- 
t\\e(  n  those  cf  Mexico  and  Michoacan.  The  liishoi<s  of  the  lirst  two  named 
dioceses  ohjectcd  to  the  linos  ho  estahlished,  hut  they  were  aji^u'oved  hy  tho 
crown  An .;Ubt  2S,  \Xi'2.  Tlie  (jtu'slion  reinain(<d  an  open  one,  nevcrtlieU'ss, 
and  was  hut  jartially  settled  in  l."i(i4.  Iteopened  in  l.'iKi,  the  final  settlement 
took  jihicc  only  in  l(iC.4.   lUaitmont,  Crdn.  Mic/i.,v.  l.")-222. 

'^'"  Successor  of  ISishop  Zuniiirne^a  in  the  ofiict!  ()f  ]irotector  of  Indians;  a 
native  of  Seville.    Mul'i  I'd'lill.i,  <oi,i/.  X.  (.'(('.,  IDS;  Alrc'/n,  Ul'-c,  ii.  242. 

••^  Tiiis  removal  may  have  drawn  upon  him  the  cli.>Iiko  of  tlie  chapter, 
vhich  in  l.">70  declari  d  that  his  a[ipointnient  had  lieen  a  mistake,  for  he  knew 
nothiu'X  of  letters  or  law.  Icu.ha'cila,  Vol.    Jioc,  ii.  4St). 

'"  Wlien  exhumed  '■..  l.'iOi)  his  body  was  found  undeuaycd,  and  so  it  con- 
tinued for  nearly  20U  yiars. 

"  Alccdo,  Dice,  ii.  243,  places  him  after  Arzola. 


i!!    , 


692 


CHURCH  GOVERNMENT. 


vicar  gcnci'al  and  visitador  of  liis  order  in  Peru  and 
New  Spain,  who  died  in  1500  wli'le  on  a  pastoi-al 
visit.""  His  successor  was  an  Aui^ustinian,  Juan 
Suarez  do  Escobar,  -vvlio  did  not  survive  long  enou'j;li 
(o  be  consecrated,  whereuj)on  Doctor  Francisco  Rixlri- 
guez  Santos  Carcia,'^  lutcly  ruler  ol'  the  arciibishopi  ic, 
occui)ied  the  ])relacy  till  loOG,  when  it  j)assed  to 
Ahjnso  dc  la  Mota,  of  whom  I  shall  sj)eak  hereafter.'^ 
In  the  adjoining  see  (jf  Michoacan,  Bishop  (>uir(i'.;a 
had  inaugurated  a  veritable  <jolden  era  with  his  in- 
defatigablo  efforts  for  the  protection  of  the  native.-;, 


/    1,5  .  i,f-.      ■'■■"'■■■     I 

'      C  '-GUACV^LAIARA     ,        J> 


*.3.>^ 


V 


^ 


\ 


MlCIIOACAN. 

the  cstablislnnent  of  hospitals  and  schools,  and  the 
promotion  of  exemplary  life.''^     After  his  deeply  re- 

'-  At  Atoyac,  Filtni.nry  loth.  He  li.iil  been  nppointcd  on  .^uly  0,  1.",'?'2. 

'^  A  n;iti\e  </l  Madiiiinl,  junl  a  .'uo.st  liciii'Volii.t  inan.  Tic  i.s  ,';i;iipu:  cil  to 
have  I'licd  at  Moxicii,  Jimo  'JS,  1  /JO.  Uuiculcz  JJdrild,  Tuitro  L't'l^n.,  i.  l;!-'. 
Ak'C'tlii  lihiiidci's  ahdut  iUv  date. 

'*  SiKi"  s^ivily  (loan  at  Miclinupan,  Tla.siala,  and  ^Mexico,  and  lii,;li!y 
I'stccinrd  for  Ins  cramiilary  life  and  (k'ld.s.  Ho  was  !iii]i(pinti.(l  Ootolioi-  'JJ, 
l.V,)7,  aoii:i(liz  J)(H-:ia,  Tintro  Kclci^.,  i.  W'A,  IS'J,  l!i:f.  Vi  Uiiiciir,  Tral.  Mix., 
'j;i,  .'>!;  ('oi(i-i/i<i,i  I'liir.,  MS.,  No,  1,  100-9, 18o,  .'iST;  /<l.,  vii.  ouU-40;  I'lijiufou, 

]"niiliriii.-',  .M.S.,  70. 

'''  TliLs  will  Lo  mure  fully  uunatcd  ou  a  succccdhig  paye. 


093 


pv 


oac 


■her 


zArate  and  alburqukuque. 

gretted  (Icsalli  in  1505,  tlio  (nstiiif^uislu'd 
Antonio  ]luiz  do  ]Moi'alos  y  ^lOlina,'"  of  the  order  of 
Santiago,  ruled  until  1572,  wIkmi  ho  was  promoted  to 
I'uebla,  })artly  on  account  of  ill-health.  ]  fe  had  taken 
a  dislike  to  I*at;^('Uaro  as  the  e[)iseoital  residence,  and 
ailer  a  quarnd  with  the  local  authorities,  while  they 
were  celebrating  the  anniversary   of  tlie  c(4i([Ui'st  of 

V()\]<j:  ellbrts  for  reniovinuf  the 


:Miel 


loacnn,  lie   nia( 


le  st 


scat  to  Valladolid,  a  change  which  was  effected  a  few 
years  latei*.  ]\[eanwhile  the  Augustiniau  Aloiiso  da 
la  Vera  Cruz  was  tendered  the  prelacy,  hut  declined 


)f 


111  lavor  oi  a  colJen'_rue  named 


1) 


ie<>'o  <le 


CI 


\ave:^,  anc 


1. 


lie  dying"  before  tlie  contirinatory  bulls  ariived,  Juau 
dc  ^Medina  Rincon,''*  late  provincial  of  the  .same  order, 
was  consecrated  in  1574.  For  fourteen  years  he  ruled, 
liviii'jf  ever  the  austei'o,  self-denyinijr  lil'e  of  the  (ixeiii- 
])laiy  fiiar,  and  devoting  his  in(.'ome  to  the  sick  and 
poor."'* 

was  appointed  oid}' in  1591,  in  the 


)()or, 
II 


)erson  o 


IS  successor 
)nso 


f  Al. 


(J 


D 


xuerra.a  iJonnnican,  born  m  l^nna 


Peru,  and  pi'omol<-d  to  this  .see  Irom  that  of  l^ara- 
gufiy.  lEe  died  in  15i)5,'''  and  Domingo  de  Clloa, 
another  Dominican  of  high  family,  and  lately  bishop 
of  Nicai'agua  vjid  I*oi)ayan,  took  })osscssion  of  the 
ollice  in  15i)8,  but  he  lived  only  four  years.''^    At  this 


llliji  .iiijr  ii 


Ml 


tl 


'  Whose  Ili^;tll^y  1  •!  wi-otc.     Iff  w;is  a  mtivc  of  Coi'dovn,  ami  iicphuw  cf 


H'.  rlii'oiUfliT  .Mi)i;i!e 


C 


P 


241) 


!•• 


;y  11,  i; 


(loiizjiliz  Duvihi,    Trittro  r.diif.,  i.  1:J(),  lilacfs  hi) 


njipolMLllK'll 


t  {iftiT  i."-N,  iiiid  Ktiitc'H  that  l.e  ih  I'liiicil. 


f 


.ivia. 


lii'M  IX  Iii  'li  oirifo  la  till)  real 


lie  came  to  New  Spain  witli   lii.s  fatiicf. 


ia.     Ill   l.Vl-J  lit!  t(. 


lll(! 


ihit  I'f  ail 


i\i\sliii  fiiar.   Go,  -Mltz  /hiiid,   Tmlr')  Eihit.,  i.  ll.'i-'JO.    \'Ltalii'ii; t,  ^I/r/.'i'j;/. 


8J,  assorU  that  the  iniliv  mum  ti'nih'icil  l>y  I'hi!i[)  11.  to  tiu;  Fi 


,Ji 


at! 


iiM'oval  ci'duia  was  toiiinl  iii 


d-  Ay< 

(k'atli.    'J  ho  author  Ic  ivc.-s  ti.s  in  tlic  (hi 


th 


(Ifr 


IS  toliic  (lati;  of  such  cl 


narii  hifVi-iry  alter   \.\-i 


Avora 


vent  to  tho  l'iiili)i)iiiu's  in  I." 


il  dieil  thcio  in  l.")Sl. 


Rat; 


tiian  SI, limit  to  a  violation  of  tiio  nilus  iu  rf.'anl  toilrnss,  which 


wasani'ft'.ssity  m 


thcti 


W 


ilicnte,  w  hci;  inovincial  Ii<;  tlncw  up  tin; </>'•//•■ 


niiLO  uiKl  toiui!  m 


II 


owovir,  a 


fl.T  1 


ic'conini''  \jM 


\\>At  \v 


a:i  nianv  o 


f  tll(  I! 


I  a-i  in'  c'o'1,1 


I.   Mhh.,  i'nic.  S.  y, 


lOi). 


'  ( V(/.v.  :/■ 


m.  1/ 


A-./. 


He  (H.mI  in  Mu 

if 


S.'nicKay  in  I."i!)ll.  Flijuei-on,  Vimlh 


MS. 


\ICO  JIIK 


I   W 


IS  t!i;'i'u 


.1  il 


ho  convent  of  his  o 


.!• 


Tlu'i'c  is  confiibion  aiiioii,%'  tiio  old  writers  ahouttlio  tiiiu;  of  t!ic  aiijiointiiu  nt 
of  this  !ii.-.hoi)  and  (;f  his  death.  (Ivni.'.ale/  ])rivila,  Tcilnt  /,'/(<.,  ii.  ''.), 
iqipoiiits  him  to  Yucatan  het'ore  he  comes  to  Mielioin  an,  wliieli  is  jii'ohahly  an 
ciTor  iu  writing  that  word  fur  I'opuyau.     llo  albu  iu  the  buiiio  pa^jc  givea  Xiia 


694 


CHURCH  GOVERNilENT. 


time  the  SCO  contni'.ioJ  forty-five  parishes  in  charj^o 
of  secular  clcrj^y,  a  (lozen  of  them  aiuong  the  Spanish 
settlers  and  miners*.'^'' 

On  the  death  of  Bishop  Zilrate  of  Oajaca,^"^  another 
promiiuMit  Dominican,  liernardo  Acuna  de  Alhnr- 
<]iierqtie,'-*   was    chosen    his    successor,   and   since    In; 


aU'jLU-o 


OrlMlia',    oCor.lob»      /^"l''lj"l 


oW  w  ut 


\MINATITLAN  ,'\.=\"''""  '^"'S' 


/      L--^  tA'-. "■^iiKv.Hu-yv-.s/jrw's^       ^  \      V.., 


/     T^     I     r 


Oajaca. 

had  already  occupied  this  field  as  a  friar  ho  p^ludly 
resumed  his  task,  and  labored  with  tirehss  ardor  and 

<1o;it!i  ill  l.'flO.  Aiiiitlicr  mitlior  placc.M  liis  .■iiiiioiiitiiu'i.t  to  ^[irlioncMii  in  IVl). 
l.")!)',!,  statin;;  tliat  lu"  riiKil  four  yoais,  in  ^^lli(.•ll  la^  t  utatcincnt  he  IhIIo'a  ^ 
(ion/aloz  l>avila.  Toiirnii,  lli.if.  Gt'ii.,  vii.  'J-17-H.  A  sistrr  of  iiis  liatl  foiuiili  I 
tlirt'o  Jrsuit  colleges  in  t'astilc.  Tiio  encinics  of  tiie  onlir  cniliavoroil  I  ) 
inllncnoc  liiin  against  its  niouilu'rs  Imt  witliout  avail.  Alcijn;  JJixt.  Coiii/i. 
Jcsiix.  i.  ;ui!». 

*-'(;i>ir.aUz  D<h'\},u  Tentro  Krh^.,  i.  01,  11*2-22 ;  ii.  90;  CniicUion  Pn  r., 
MS.,  1-4;  /(/.,  I'i5ii-t>5,  vi. -vii.  ;?2()-4;  Jlraitiuoiif,  Cidn.  Mirh.,  v.  57 i-'', 
(.! rijaluit,  Croii.  S.  Ainjifuf.,  14;J-r);  M'ah.  Aiiiil.  Kft'dtl.,  u;  (Jiiti/io,  ('nl.,  CiO; 
Fforoida,  J/ist.  rror.\/,yii.'t,  210;  Midi.  J'rur.  S.  M<:,  ID;  C.tl/,;  M.iii.  i/ 
2i'of.,  (12,  T2;  \'i'/mirirf,  'I'nif.  M(.v.,  51;  Fci'iiuiidiz,  Jlixt.  i^cks.,  IKi,  IIJI; 
Ahiiiliiia,  Jlisf.  A'(7(,v.,  ,')H\  7. 

^^  Sec  jip.  3!)1  2,  this  voliinio. 

"*'  During  his  labois  in  (tajaca  ho  had  writtin  a  catcchisni  in  Znpotcc,  and 
after  hi.s  ministry  here  he  attained  to  the  higheat  hoiiora  of  his  order  in  iScw 
Spain. 


DIOCESE  OF  rUEDLA. 


60B 


Bclf-denlnl."'''  Hardly  less  pious  and  benevolent  was 
the  third  bislioj),  the  Dominican  Bartolonie  do  J^edes- 
ma,  wlio  ruled  I'roin  1581  to  1G04,  and  left  a  distin- 
p^uished  name  as  a  writer  and  patron  of  education.**' 
When  the  first  bishop  took  possession  the  diocese  was 
cxceuiUn;j,ly  poor,  with  friars  alone  for  ministers,  but 
towjird  the  close  of  Ledesma's  rule  there  wei'e  forty 
well  siipidied  parishes  in  charge  of  the  secular  cleri^y,"^ 
dislriljuted  among  several  hundred  villages  and  four 
{5[)anish  towns,  tlie  latter  being  Ante(|Uera,  now  (juito 
a  ])ojttilous  j)lace,  San  lldefonso,  among  tlu;  Zapotecs, 
{Santiago  de  Ncgaj)a,  and  Espi'ritu  Santo,  in  Goaza- 
coal 


CO 


w 


One  of  the  most  favored  dioceses  was  Pucbla,  wliicli 
extended  over  lluexotzinco,  Tlascala,  Puebia,  and 
Vera  ( 'ruz  districts,  with  over  a  thousand  natives  set- 
tlement;,  about  two  hundi'cd  of  them  desiijjnated  as 
town  ;,  and  divided  into  more  than  eiglit}'  parisjies, 
liali'  ill  (  harge  of  convents,  of  which  nineteen  wero 
Franciscan,  twelve  J)ominican,  nine  Augu.sliiiian,  and 
one  ( '  *i  luehte.  The  native  tributaries  numla'vcfl  moiv; 
than  1  .,()  hundred  thousand,  not  counting  Tlascala, 
who.u'  jK'oplc  jjaid  but  a  nominal  tax.  i.)\'  tlic  Spanish 
towi..'  PiU'Ma  liad  about  five  hundi'i'd  settlers,  and 
Vera   V  i'i!/,  three  huiuh'iHl,  while  a  cMnsiilei'abli'  num- 

*'•''  I !  •  ii''iiiil(  il  at  Ills  OM  n  oxponso  tlio  convent  of  Santa  Cjitavinii  dc  Sena, 
at  An!o  i-.i  :a,  anil  mdowi'd  it.  'J'lio  (k'llication  Uiok  jilace  in  Ol-'IdIht  1.")77, 
with  M.I  ■c  Santa  ("ai'a  niin-i  iiml  .si'Vcn  n^iviccs,  two  liciiig  lii^t  iiici'C'^.  IlHrijini, 
Cli'nif.  I  'x  r::i.,  Oiij.,  i.  S!)-!):.'.  litre  liis  I'cniains  were  il('|io:al('il,  aftr  liavinj^ 
been  !•  inl  in  .'■■an  I'alilo  oimvi'nt.  The  catlifdial  iil.so  (.laiinH  to  liuld  tlio 
gra  ,•(!    I  1 '  ' '  •■••!i;illy  man. 

*"lir  f  ;:nil(!d  the  colli'^'o  nf  San  naitoloim'.  with  a  rciii.  I  nf  •J.')flO  pesos 
for  I'J  I  o  rculli  i;ians,  who  nn;;  l  he  nai  i\(s  of  tiie  province;  and  lie  <  staliUsln  d 
tho  lir.s'.  '  !i;:ir  of  moral  l!i(  olo'.ry  in  New  Spain.  'J'o  his  na;i\(,'  tov.  n  ot'  Sala- 
lunnca  lu'  hit  s'vei'al  endowments  foi-  poor  ch'i!'ynien.  Jle  died  in  rei)riiaiy 
1(M)4  lil'il  \.a.'i  hlilie.l  in  the  ealhi'diah  One  of  iiis  hoojis,  he  Si  iiliia  Sniif 
Li'iji.t  ,S   •■  ifiiif'iil.n,  was  printed  at  .Mexico  in  l.'i'iS,      '  I'luli.iMy  the  liisthook 

1)i'intcd  ill  Ionian  letter  in  .M<'xico,'  says  iJieh,  w  lio  also  refeis  to  an  edition  of 
."i(i().      ^-(  \eial  otlur  woiks  were  lost  w  liile  on  tlie  way  to  S[iain  to  he  printed. 
Ciinrii    ■  /'.  o/'.,  MS.,  No.  1;  <i'(iir.iiliz  J)i<f!/ii,  'I'lufin  J'rlis.,  i.  'J'J7. 
*■'    .  ii':,n  taniiiien  lieos.'  M{:)iilntii,  lli.-ii.  L'c/ik.,  'ti~. 
*"*/.'./•;;.'?,  (.'fdij.  J)!,"!!-!/!.  OfiJ.,  i.  fil-SO,  ii.  410-11;  Mli:,  Ini'iniii'^,  in 
Pnrh,  ;<  ain!   < 'urn'mii.-:,  dl.  Ih,r..  XV.  -M'J-Ol;  Jh'.iila  I'lK'Uiln,  jLxt.  FviuL, 
•Lll-30-i;  and  buuks  aireiidy  i|Uulcd. 


Ill 


m 


606 


CHURCH  GOVERNMENT. 


bcr  wovo  scattered  tlirouolK^ut  tlic  countrv,  nixl  in 
such  towns  us  Carrion,  founded  in  Atlixco  Wdley  by 
royal  ])erniit  of  lo7i).'"'^  Puebla  liad  fist  assumed  tlio 
second  rank  as  a  city  in  ]\[exico,  and  justly  so  with 
its  respcctahle  population,  its  cathedral,"' and  its  innny 
convents,  representing  nearly  all  the  orders  in  Xrw 
Spain.''* 


•^1    r    A  J   <, 


I.        >V' 
,       ....  - 


Tl.ASC.VLA. 

f»  7'  yiivvnio.ihi,  i.  ,T10-2'2.  In  8;in  Pablo  Valley  vcro  a  iiumlior  of  Spinir-li 
n'.^rioiilturi.a.s;  ;it  'I'lasivila  ivsii!c(l  .TJ;  A'.lixt-o  N'alky  .yijld-il  i'.illy  l(y.),('riD 
faiu'j^as ot'  ulioat.  Thc(  sliiaalcs dt'  Jji'^lihh  visitoi'fi  iii  ir.,,L;  t.)  l."/7J  j;ivo  l\;vj'  la 
C:)0  ti)  1,0;:;)  hmisdiolils;  Tlascala,  'J^^i.OO;)  Indiaius  v,  lio  iv.i;l  I.'J.'v,  3  faiv.v.'.s 
of  ccii'ii  yi'arly.  Hawks  iiiakusit.*  po;;ula;iou  i;i  l.")7l!,  l(),'!Cv)  Iiouooliojtls,  v.Iufli 
jKiiil  no  iiilialc.  Huoxut;  inco  lia<l  liocii  rcditccil  to  S,(,;,0  l;a;.ilic.s,  iliroujli 
iliscaHO  ami  (i^i[)vossioii.  Clioliila  is  ci-i-dited  wiili  (<{),(,v.H)  InduiJiiJ — ol'.ura  !:;Ly 
1,(10)  liiiuhHs — ami  .\(';;tziiu'o  with  i'O.OllO.  Cocliinial  crUiira  was  iin>po:i(.'il 
for  To;i(.'ac!i.  i;i  l.'iW).  lliui-Upii:-.,  ln.^rtH'.,  in  l'(ti/it<\j  and  Clrdnnt  ■•,  Co!,  yv.  <■,, 
iii.  4;/.';  ('hl'ioit,  /,'(iii-/,n,  r.iid  'J'oiii.-^'iii,  in  fjri.'jf;/!'"  I'"//.,  iii.  -Jjo-G;!;  I!  r'a 
(SV'/fcryi.s- y'l;/',  in  An,  Xduiib  iir'i/c  W'r.-uiitd'tiKj,  x.xii.;  Mi  iid'vUt,  I. if  7-'  A-.., 
f)K);  /''/•« ((■.'.s'(vn/(;.t,  /.'(/.,  ill  I'roi:  tfcl  S.  L'rnoi.,  M.-.,  lul!-'_y>);  I'r.'din-irt, 
ChV'  II.,  L'7-!'.  Tlascala  still  enjoyed  s];i'L'ial  iirolcction,  and  liy  dcv.iTf  if 
]i>,~y2  no  Spaiuard  (.'ould  Uiorc  form  I'statos  to  tliu  pf(  jadicL'  of  tlu'  iiauve.-i. 
()r<l<'i:i !<  lie  III.  (  oroiHi,  MS.,  ii,  14. 

""'riu.'  la.ltcr  Wiis  iK-gun  in  l.'.VJ,  ncconlin'r  to  tlio  i>lans  of  .Tuan  fJonv  z  do 
Mora.  Owing  to  iroiiuunt  intunuiitiins  it  stood  slid  uailniahul  at  the  d  ao 
of  tlio  ccntuiy.  <!nri-ia.  ('itnl.  Piiilif:,  in  .SV.  J/'..'.  (Ii<>;i.,  ikii  tin,  yii'i.  17">. 

"'  ()\'.o.  dcd\c:itvi\  to  tlie  stigmata  of  Saint  I'l'ancis,  built  tiiicua  tiLe  clii.iu 
in  lit.",)  liy  latlicr  Toi'iliio  Motolinia,  on  tlio  bank  of  tliu  River  At;  yac,  and 
coiitr.inin;;  a  imvitiato  and  a  seliocd  of  jiliilc  f:of  Iiy  witli  over  70  rcl!r,;e::':-i.  It 
wastlie  liurial-i'laee  of  the  blessed  Sebastian  tlo  .\jiaricio,  and  cunt.'.iiied  n 
vencrateil  iina;;e  like  tiiat  of  Reiiiedio:^,  v.iihin  a  8dver  iaj^;le,  orig'nally  ]ire- 
Bonted  by  C'orteH  to  tlio  'rlasealtec  ehief  .Vexoteea'.l  Coeondtl'.in.  S:'.nUi  JJar- 
bara  cf  the  barefooted  Franeiijeans,  foundid  in  b"I)I,  bada  sehor.l  '.'f ;  hilu.so;  !;y, 
and  .'0  reliLrious;  anion^i.'t  its  noviecs  oiiee  wan  relije  d'  Jems,  patron  taint 
of  the  eity  of  Mexico.    Tlie  Doniinicuiiy  had  three  eeaventa  and  houses;  tho 


DEATH  OF  r.O^.rAXO. 


697 


Bisliop  Julian  GnrcL's,  tlio  first  appointed  prelate 
in  New  S|)ain,  had  died  in  154l2  at  the  advanced  tigo 
of  ninety,'"'  deeid}-  reu^retted  I'or  his  miebtrusive  ear- 
nestnes;:;  and  his  uiiDstentatious  benevolence.  His  suc- 
cessor, ]?ablo  (jil  de  Talavera,  appointed  in  1.14.'), 
Burvivcd  his  arrival  in  1J45  only  a  lew  days,^''and  the 
see  was  bestowed  on  Martin  Sarniiento  of  Jlojacastro, 


latel 


.f  t 


y  conii^ai'io  oi  me   1  raiieiscans   m   jNew   nj)aui 


X. 


Si 


who  c-inulatetl  CJarces  in  earnest  zeal,  and  showed  hiin- 
seir  ever  the  self-denyinu"  friar.     lie  died  in    If/aS 


94 
I 

and  v.-as  succeeded  bv  Fernando  de  Villa"-oniez,"'  who 
ruled  till  la? I,  when  the  vacancy  was  lllled  by  tho 
promotion  from  ]Michoacan  of  Bishop  ^lorales  y  ^lo- 
lina.  He  lived  only  until  1570,  alter  which  ])iego 
liomaiio,  canon  of  Granada  and  inquisitor,  was  aj)- 
l^ointed,  witli  tho  additional  task  of  taking  the  resi- 
(lencia  of  A'iceroy  Zuhii>a  and  of  the  audicncia  at 
(niadal;!Jara.'°  The  selection  ])roved  admirable,  for 
liomano  jjossessed  high  administrative  ability,  com- 
bined with  energy  and  zeal,  and  showed  himsLlf  a 
patron    of   education    by    founding    several    colleges. 

priiicii  al,  cintoiniii"  flu;  fohodl  .ind  nnvitiatc,  tlie  colli  c;e  (if  Snii  I,i;in,  nml 
the  J;c-C()!(r'jl('ii  tic  ;  tin  I'liMo.  The  Aii.sliii  liiar.s  iK>.;yc.ss(.(l<iiie  cciavciit  ileNdtwl 
to  fcric.:  1 1  tin  lie-';  i;.  v.  ;m  tli'.'  iiovitiatr,  with  r.idiu  tliaii  -1)  iimialo:!.  Tho  (_'ar- 
tiiclil;;  c  i;iv(,i!t,  i"or.i:(kil  i;i  1.";  (i,  was  to  corituin,  i\^  ,  nlie,  tine  half  of  llio 
cldlii  wi^h  ■\vhiiii  t!ie  \  ii-;:iii  Mary  wipeil  tjli'  tlio  tear:!  df  her  i^na;  wx'A  aiiUii.ii- 
tica.'.td.  It  fiwiicd  ill.  o  .1  pii  00  (if  l!'e  true  cross.  The  .Jer.nit.i  had  a  cullc'jc, 
and  iu  i.i  1  ar:  ly  iicisililo  tliab  tho  fii.'i-a  of  San  .Jnnn  tie  l>i  i3  had  a  iios^iital. 
Vftnucrrt,  Ti-(t\  Pidili,  !^>\~T);  I<l.,  Cl.ru:/.,  l.'!'_',  1!S;  liur'li,  (':>://iiiiar,oii, 
MS.,  \'l.  By  ctil'.il.i  of  I\l)ii;aiyJl.  l.'JJl,  iln- city  r;-ec:ivod  Iho  tiUeof  'uuiy 
iioLIe  y  imiy  l-al,'  raid  in  l.",(;7,  llio  li'ht  of  ilceliii','  three  aleaMcn,  one  for 
Al.i'Ce!).  Aiiioir,'  iL.s  colhgesMus  .Sua  Luis,  a  Doiuinieaii  instituUoii  founded 
ill  1  "..'.^. 

«'  ]'i''fnirrr/,  Traf.  Piiflilfi,  ."0;  .M'connn.  Pnwiii.  /^/i.,  >,!S.,  v.  ."0.  Callo 
v,..'c3  \:A.\,  :.'.ii).  >/  X'f.,  <;•-',  and  Alcala,  i>(WT-;,.  />,;,',/«.  MS.,  ."d.  lias  l,-.ll. 
]!e  wr.j  l.Ulied  ill  llu;  Doliiillicail  convent.  O'niiznlr-  JJt'.r'Ja,  Tidfio  J.'if<:-t.,  i. 
SO-d. 

"^IIc  ^^as  n  native  t  f  Xa\;iniorf|U('iiile  and  profc  sorof  cannnic,  law  at  Va- 
lladoii.!  iniivi  r.-liy.  I'i.s  friend  riii".:Ka,!,  thef'irniei- ]iresii!ent  if  (he  aiidieneiii 
at  y<  xieo,  leearcd  his  iqi])!  intii  ent.   Cn.  cH'k.s  Pior.,,  J'i'iJ-(Jo,  '2'.l. 

'•''Ati-  r.:t;;',ali.  ]'('(!!  >-r,-',  'I'rcf.  Pinlihi,  .'1.  'liiin')  loilo  Pii  »'ohienio  hast.'i 
19  yV'.  OctuI  !'o  de  l.ViT,' Ki};i  Jjiireli.iUia,  i'dni-iUmi  Pror.,  l.',o,'i-i}'i,  '1\7),  liut 
(ion.'ax:;  T'^ivila  favors  l."i."S. 

"'  Loi'i.  !!;'i:i;a,  ill  i  :  up.,  j-oinls  oi;t  th.at  Vet.'ineiirt  errs  in  eal'.iii'.'  him  Vier- 
liai'ilo.  He  wa.s  a;  p'  iiiteil  IVhiiiary  10,  l.^-i',),  and  eliaraeteri,;ed  an  'iiei>liie.i, 
iu.sl  1  iKtos,  pcrinluiii.s.' 

""  1  it!  ^^a:)  horn  in  I^jHS,  and  after  i-t inlying  at  his  native  place  of  VuUadolid, 
he  bccuiuc  u  doctor  at  fcjalauiauca  uiiivcrbity. 


iJii 


m\ 


m\ 


;iill: 


W'.W 


G08 


CHURCH  GOVERNMENT. 


Blindness  and  other  infirmities  coming  upon  him,  lio 
received  a  coadjutor,  and  died  shortly  alter,  in  April 
IGOG."' 

^Wovcilios  Prov.,  1555-C5, 24S.  Vetancurt  writes  1007.  Tmt.  Piichht,  51; 
Callr,  M<:in.  y  Not.,  (52;  Jfeinlicta,  //isi.  Ei-lcn.,  CSO-4;  i'll/nijomcz,  Tcituin., 
in  Pdfhero  and  Cdnhnax,  Col.  Dor.,  xi.  10'2-IS.  For  additional  authorities 
on  till!  cliiFtTent  hislioprica  sec  (lo)izabz  Ddvila,  Tcctiro  J-'rlis.,  i.,  i»as.si?ii ; 
Jlriidlrtd,  IhxI.  £r/i'.i.,  ;JS:}  ct  scq.,  GSO-4,  70-2-;i;  Coiirilio-i  J'rur.,  MS.,  \(,s. 
1-4,  pnssim;  /7. ,  I'uiS-O.j,  20!)  ctsoq.;  Fraivitcnnof,  I'd.,  in  Prov.  S.  IJraiiij., 
l',);{  ot  SCI]. ;  Vclancvrt,  Meiioloii.,  passim  ;  Florcuria,  llUt.  Prov.  Jisns,  'JUJ  10, 
'J.'!;);  F.riininhz,  ll'ist.  Erlr.t.,  (iO-'i,  11:3-10,  1S4;  .Vidi.,  Pror.  S.  Mr.,  r,<.)-(>\; 
J 'ar/icro  tiud  Vdrdeiian,  Col.  I)oc.,  xi.  lO'J-lS;  xv.  44!)-.")7;  X.  Ksp.,  Prrre  /,'<-•., 
M.S.,  ii.  •J7;!-4,  ."KW-LJ;  Moreno,  I'r.iiiiiuiitos,  37-S;  Alr.do,  J)irr.,  in.  ;{:.';!,  4()!», 
etc.;  Cnrln.i (Ir  Iiulia,%()(i\ ,ii-21-S;  ])h-r.  Uiav.,i.  'JOO,  4;i!»;  ii.  410-11;  iv.  (iSO-I; 
V.  •_'!  t-l."i;  vi.  47'J,  TrJl-S.  (iO.');  ix.  41.'),  S()4-,');  x.  8'_';5;  Snc  J/cr.  (.Vo;/.,  Ihl.  /hi, 
i.  ISI,'J:;0;  viii.  17."),  n.'iO-U;  "Jda  ri>.,  iv.  ISS,  0;H>-4'J;  Tonroii,  Jlt-t.  (!'  i., 
vii.  !)-27,  'J:!7,  '2S0;  Zanmro'ix,  Hist.  Mij.,  v.  1(;7;  Miii^co  Mi\r.,  i,  447  .'l; 
Vit'-'iiicz,  C/iroii.  (Iviit.,  o;j.")-0;  'J'liriiurnifiifd,  iii.  TiIi.VS;  liraiimout,  CrOn. 
Mich.,  V.  10l*-U,  408;  CimtiUo,  J)icr.  Hist.,  10,  l>")0-7;  Crijaliia,  Croii.  S. 
AiKjiist.,  •201--J;  Tclh,  Hist.  N.  Gal.,  ;)(10;  Mola  Pwlilhi,  Com/.  N.  GuL,  'JOII; 
J)oc.  Hist.  Mcc,  sui-io  i.  toni.  iii.  "240;  Iijhsia,  Fiuiil.  y  Dtscrip.,  1.")  "Jl; 
/(jlrsirtt  y  Coiirciilos,  "'24-7;  Kiii;is!jor(uii/h's  Mr.r.  Aiitiq.,  v.  1."j7;  Aticoiia, 
jlist.  Yiic,  104-2:i;  Fanrourt's  j)ist.  Yiic,  170-1;  Mnidoza,  A'oc.  Cronol., 
101-2;  Gonzalez,  Col.  N.  Leon,  37--3;  Jul.,  Mem,  Hist.,  181. 


CIL\PTER  XXXII. 

RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 

15o0-lG00. 

The  Society  of  Jesus  ik  Ni:w  Spain — DrsTiKouisuED  Patroxs  ov  the 

OUDKR  AM)  TIIICIII  SeIIVUES — Imi-OIITATION  OF  IIoI.Y  KelICS— Sl'lIEAD 
OK    THE  JESriTS  TlinorOH   the  Cot'NTUY — Br.OTHEUS   OF    CHAIIITY   AM) 

St  IlYPi'uLYTrs — Purposes  of  the  Association— The  CAiiMEi.iTEs— 

TlIEIIl   LAIiortS    AND  AoVAKCEMENT — 15|:NEDICTINES  AM)  THEIR   Pl;I(iUY 

IN  MEXicf) — The  Franciscans  and  their  Several  Provinces— 'rHi.iR 
Work  and  Influence — Trocdles  with  the  Viceroys — Xuii-.d  Fi,an- 
ciscANs  IX  THE  Seveisal  Pi;ovinci;s — Order  of  I>areko(iti'.d  I'iian- 
ciscANs— Their  Custodial  and  Provincial  Organization— Tin; 
Dominicans  and  their  Successes— Their  Distixouisiied  Men— The 
Order  of  St  Augustine — Strict  Ri'les— The  Mercenarios,  gr  (  )kdi.r 
of  Mercy— Their  SEnr.EMENT  ix  Mexico — Keligiois  ])Roiiikkii(iiiiis 

AND  THE  OlUECTS  OF  THEIR  DeVOTIoN — NUNNERIES  IX  MEXICO,  OaJACA. 
AND   MlCHOACAN,    AND  THEIR   UsES. 


Havint;  placed  l)eforo  tlic  reader  the  condition  of 
the  Mexican  church  at  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, and  havinuf  shown  the  relations  between  its  two 
l)ranches,  the  secular  and  the  regular,  and  betwe(>n 
the  church  as  a  whole  and  the  crown,  I  now  proceed 
to  give  tlie  private  liistovv  of  each  religious  order 
during  the  san)e  epoch.  T\\o.  missionary  army  oi'  New 
S})ain  was  greatly  strengthened  in  1072  by  the  acces- 
sion of  the  society  of  .lesus.  'J'he  Jesuits  had  already 
missions  planted  in  llabana  and  Florida;  but  becom- 
ing convinced  that  no  good  results  coukl  be  expected 
among  the  natives  of  Florida,  so  fickle,  hostile,  and 
cruel,  the  expediency  was  urged  U[)on  the  general,  Fran- 
cisco de  Borja,*  of  discontinuing  the  establishments 

'  The  same  that  was  canonized  "  ■  K>71  hy  Clement  X.  and  appeal's  in  tho 
Koniau  calendar  as  Saiut  luaucis  iioruia  on  the  10th  of  October.   Monri  and 

(CB'J) 


700 


rwELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


in  llioso  (•ountrics."  The  o-oncral  regretted  tlie  sacri- 
fice of"  life  ill  Florida  tind  heLT'^'ed  the  kiii<'',  at  whoso 
solicitalion  those  men  hud  been  sent  thithei-,  that  no 
more  of  liis  brethren  iniglit  be  uselessly  exposed  to 
destruction.  Phili})  promptly  acquiesced,  leaving  th*.- 
matter  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  general. 

A  wealtliy  gentleman  of  IMexico,  named  Alonso  do 
Villaseca,  had  endeavored  six  years  earlier  to  bi'ing 
hither  the  Jesuits  at  his  own  ex[)ense.  His  eflbi't  was 
then  unsuccessful.  Bishop  Quii'oga  of  Michoacan  had 
also  in  laGG-7  tried  to  have  meml)ers  of  the  oi-dt  r 
sent  to  him.  Viceroy  Enricjucz,  a  relative  of  the  Jesuit 
general,  as  before  shown,  and  with  whom  lie  held 
intimate  relations  when  the  latter  was  a  duke  and 
subse(|uently  vicar  general  of  the  Jesuit  or(U>r  in 
Spain,  was  strongly  imbued  with  the  idea  that  I'anii- 
lies  of  raidc  and  means  in  Mexico  and  other  cities,  of 
whom  there  were  already  a  considerable  number, 
would  gladly  intrust  the  education  of  their  chihhxn 
to  the  society.  Tlie  project  being  warndy  advocated 
by  the  city  council,  the  viceroy  and  audiencia  were 
rcfpiested  to  petition  the  king,  as  the  council  also  did, 
to  liave  some  Jesuits  sent  out.^  Kinu;  Philip,  uladlv 
assenting,  wrote  the  provincial  in  Spain,  ])darc!i  7, 
1571,  to  despatch  priests,  as  he  had  before  done  t(» 
Peru  and  Florida,  to  found  tlie  order  in  New  Spain; 
tendering  the  Heet  and  necessary  sup[tlies  for  their 
transportation.  The  general  in  Pome  accordingly 
granted  leave  to  twelve  members  of  the  order,  wii!i 
J)octor  Pedro  Sanchez  as  their  first  provincial,  to  go 
to  }.[exico,  with  his  blessing. 

Father  Sanchez  and  his  companions  reached  Seville 


Minird  ij  Cumtlcvantc,  Gran.  Dice,  v.  23G;  Roman  Cakmlar,  in  Gohh  n  }f(ui- 

Vlll,  li). 

-  i'atlici's  Soj^uia  and  Quirus  find  six  others  of  the  order  had  been  recently 
I'.Kis.siiered  liy  tlio  Indians  in  Florida.    Flitniiciu,    l/i.it.  I'lor.  Jisr.-:,    ll-iiii. 

■'  '1  he  other  religious  onlers  and  the  secular  clergy  labor  earnestly,  tlio 
eouneil'.-i  htter  says;  adding  that  if  all  the  priests  in  ehi'istendcm  were  t'> 
eonic  to  Mexico,  their  numi)er  would  bo  inkutiicicnt  to  attend  to  all  theeouu- 
tries  and  people  needing  instructiuu,  Vlud.  dc  JIcj:.,  Curia  ul  lUy,  in  Flunii- 
ciu,  Hist.  Prov.  Jesvs,  71. 


COMING  OF  THE  JKSUITS. 


701 


too  Into  f(jr  tlic  fleet,  whicli  sailed  tlio  lOtli  of  Aup^iist, 
and  were  obliged  to  await  the  next  opjioitunity.  ])ur- 
hv^  their  detention  in  Sjjuin  they  were  engaged  at 
their  ministry,  and  in  making  further  arrangements  to 
se(,'ure  the  success  of  their  undertaking.  An  increase 
of  their  number  was  iinally  decideil  upon,  maldng  the 
comj)any  in  all  eight  priests  and  seven  lay-brothers/ 
JJefure  embarking  <he  provincial  ordered  Father  Se- 
deuo  to  ^Mexico  with  instructi<jns  to  pay  in  his  name 
visits  to  the  viccrov  and  other  nersona^'es,  and  notifv 
theui  that  the  mission  would  be  rt.^ady  to  embark  on 
the  lir>.t  fleet,  which  it  did  early  in  June  1572,  arriv- 
ing :it  Vera  Cruz  Septend)er  Oth,  and  being  received 
bv  the  viceroy  and  other  n'overnment  autliorities, 
tlie  religious  orders,  and  the  people  in  general  with 
every  mark  of  respe(;t  and  kindness,  Al'ter  resting 
a  wliile  they  staited  f  >rthe  city  of  ^Texieo,  journeying 
on  foot,  and  with  great  apparent  humility  and  i)o\erty, 
though  surrounded  by  a  [)eo]»le  anxious  to  extend 
tliem  aid  and  comfort.  Thev  embarked  at  Ayotzinco, 
and  to  avoid  public  demonstrations  enteri'd  the  city  of 
^Mexico  at  9  o'clock  at  night  on  the  2.jth  of  Septem- 
ber, •jfoinir  to  the  hospital  whei'e  8e<leho  had  preiiarc^l 


prep 


lodgings  for  them.  The  next  morning  every  man  in 
authority  and  an  innncnse  concourse  of  people  tcu- 
(l(>red  them  a  cordial  welcome,  and  supplied  tliem 
with  every  thing  needful  to  their  ]inr[H)se^;.  !},Io;.t 
of  them  were  ju'csently  ])r()sti'atc(l  by  level,  con- 
tracted during'  their  i'atiijuinu'  iournev;  and  so  in-mt 
was  the  supi)ly  of  poultry  and  preserves  sent  tin  ni 
that  little  more  was  re<jiiiiv(l  Ibr  the  entire  ho.  [iltal 

■•  Doctor  Poilro  Sanchez,  ]ii'()viiui;il:  Dic'd  J.opcz,  tlist  icctoi'  nf  t'lc  vaW,  •:(> 
fif  Mcxiio;  IVdra  l>i;iz,  first  ina-tfr  (il  iiii\ii-i'.s  tpf  llic  jin.iviiR'c;  11*  iii;;i.<lj 
Suaroi!  (U;  la  Cuiicha,  Fraiuisro  do  llaxali,  IViIro  l^ciiii'/,  I'.o  la  I'arra,  1»U";(> 
l-oju';'.  (le  ]Mt'sa.  Alonso  Caiiiai-'Lro.  l^roilicrs  .liaiii  (.'in  id,  I'uhi)  2'.<iva(i.i. 
.liiaii  Sanchez,  DarinloniL'  l.arius,  Marlin  do  MniiKa,  .\i,irtiii  (i<!ii::;  kz,  and 
I.ojie  Nav.'.rro.  Fatliii's  Antonin  SliIciio  aii<l  .Inan  J!o';<r,  and  I'.ic  hroilKis 
.li'.an  do  la  Carrcra,  Fraiici.-iiO  dc  X'ilia-liial,  IVdro  ][m/.  dc  Salvatii  ira  Uni- 
jKirary  ioadjutiti-s,  and  Uic  novice  .luan.dc  Saji'cdo.  ri  aillin^,'  nundurs  of 
ilio  vice  jirovince  of  Floiida,  wi'ro  .also  jilaced  nril'.i  i';-'S  i'cial  Sancliiz. 
/'/;/•(•, /c/fi.  y//.s/.  I'n>r.  Ji.ic-i,  7S-'J;  iionuidz  iJaviui,  'i'la/ro  £v!<.s.,  i.  ;i4; 
I'triMiiih'z,  Hid,  Letts.,  13"J, 


!ifl|''l 


I 


m 


m 


RELIGIOUS  ORDKRS. 


(luriiij^  tliclr  stay.  Fullicr  Ijuzaii"  died  tlio  28tli  of 
October. 

Alouso  do  Villnsocn,  already  alluded  to,  sent  Failur 
Saneliez  one  hundred  pesos,  which  was  the  lust  alms 
ivceive;!  l»y  him  in  coin,  and  tendered  his  society  the 
f^H't  of  certain  lots  of  land  near  his  residence,  on  which 
v/ere  several  adohe  buildinL^s  covered  with  stiaw. 
Alter  some  hesitation  the  latlu'r  accej)ted  the  oiler, 
and  on  the  same  nii;ht  with  all  his  comj>anions  ho 
(juietly  moved  I'roni  the  hos[)ital  into  the  lowly  (juar- 
ters.      Here  they  erected  a  humhle  altar." 

"^riuy  were  soon  visited  by  all  classes.  The  re!j;'idor 
]iuis  C'astilla  presented  them  with  a  set  of  liiu^  orna- 


ment; 


I  silver  ( 


■hal 


d 


ice,  and  cruses. 


Otl 


lei's 


f.ll 


owe( 


his  example,  and  before  loni;"  the  huml)le  church  was 
provided  with  every  thiuL;'  needed  for  its  services,  and 
]>resented   a  very  neat  a[»pearance.      Such  were;  the 


)eunmm<>'s  in 


]\l 


exico  o 


f  th 


o  soeie 


ty  of  J 


esns,  w 


Inch 


in  alter  yeai's  ])layi'(l  so  conspicuous  a  part."  'Flu  ir 
church  in  ^Mexico  was  contiguous  to  the  ground  sub- 
se(]uently  occupied  by  the  college  of  Sau  Cregorio. 


'  III"  was  of  tlic  illustrious  house  of  tlu>  niarqiu's  do  Snntii  Cm/,  llic  com- 
luaiulor  of  the  Sp;iiii:sli  ik'ut  at  tlio  famous  Latlle  of  jA'puuto.  Ju  oniir  to  l^o 
ac-co))to(l  n:i  a  liuniblo  coadjutor,  lio  Iiatl  coiie'calnl  liis  name  ami  liiitli,  o::ll- 
iii;,'  himself  Arana.  At  his  ikatli  the  iirovineial  desired  to  have  liiiu  hinied 
ji.i  any  oUier  iiidi^:ent  dyini;  in  tlie  iiotpital;  hut  persons  of  raid;  and  !  ^aumi 
find  the  ]-.eople  took  the  matter  out  of  his  liaiuls,  and  liuried  liazaii  near  tlio 
lii;;hallarof  the  hospital  ehureli.  J'lortiuki,  Jlifit.  I'm:  Jitifn,  lOS-11;  Al'i- 
viini,  J)iftrt.,  ii.  '.17-0. 

^  Villayeea  was  horn  in  Spain  of  noble  ancestors.  It  is  nnknown  when  lio 
c'liio  to  America;  but  in  l.")U)  he  was  already  wealthy,  and  the  husband  of  a, 
rich  heiress,  named  iVifia  Francisc'i  Moron,  lie  was  noted  for  liia  liheridiiy 
to  tiio  ]ioor,  the  ehureli,  and  n'li^;ious  ixnlies,  much  of  which  became  jii.blic 
only  at;er  his  death;  a  man  of  few  words,  every  one  of  which  could  be  niiecl 
on.  His  ileath  occurretl  at  the  mines  of  l.\miiiuiipan,  Sept.  S,  loot).  l)iiiin,L,' 
Ids  last  iihiess,  the  chief  priests  and  others  ut  the  Jesuit  order,  whosse  /  reat 
]ia:nin  he  had  been,  were  constantly  in  attendance.  His  confessor  was  Failur 
J>eriiaiiliiio  de  Acosta.  In  his  last  ilays  he  sent  the  society  in  buiiidii  "-IjiHit) 
jiesos,  of  which  18,000  were  for  their  building',  and  0,000  to  be  distributed 
aineiiL,'  the  jioor.  He  left  the  Jesuit  collej,'e  S,H0l)  pesos,  and  for  other  benev- 
ok'iit  purposes 'J^, Kit).  His  ^ifts  to  the  Jesuits  exceeded  110  000  pcscij.  Tlio 
remains,  interred  first  with  great  ponq)  ami  honors  in  tlio  ehureli  of  San  tlie- 
j.iiiio,  wire  transferii'd  to  that  of  the  Cole.L;io  Miixinio.  ■'xihizar,  JJu.iii  loo.'/, 
•J.il-li;  A/ciiir,  //('.-y.  CiitiijK  Jvsv,  i.  17o-7. 

'  \iceroy  Juiriipie/  remarked  on  their  lirst  n]i]iearance,  '!Muy  bieii  .so 
nuiestra,  (pie  .son  hijos  de  su  Santo  Tudre,  y  l-'uuiii.dur  lynucio  do  Loyola.' 
I'luniicia,  Jii:-!.  I'rov.  Jtnv",  102. 


L.VBOR.S  OF  TIIE  JESUITS. 


703 


Til  .T;iim;iry  ir)7n  Antonio  Toite's,  i]]o  <wu{UO  of  Tla- 
coinui,  witli  tlii'L'O  thousand  n;i1i\t's  Imilt  tlicni  at  liis 
own  cost  a  diurcli  one  linndrcd  .'ind  lil'ty-sc'von  foot 
s<|UJii'(',  with  thi'co  aisles,  and  covei'ed  with  sliingles. 
It  was  <ledi('at('d  nnder  tlie  advocacy  of  Saint  (Gregory. 
The.)(>snits  called  it  San  ({re-^orio  de  Jacalteoi)ani.'* 

Inasiiiueh  as  the  other  n'li;_;ioiis  orders  had  chai',u(^ 
of  the  Indians,  and  little  Avas  done  for  the  education 
of  th(^   Spaniards,   the  provincial  resolved   to  found 


.11 


th 


d  cit 


•f  t. 


dl. 


coiii'H'cs  ui  tno  several  cities  and  cinei  towns,  and  hy 
educ.'d  iuL;-  the  young  and  preaching  against  the  avai'ice 
and  other  vices  of  the  adult  Spaniards,  hi'  hojx'd  also 
to  aid  indirectly  in  tin.'  sj>ii-itual  con((uest  and  haj)pi- 
f  tlie  native  race.     Whether  it  was  accident  or 


iiess  () 


design,  v.hether  the  Jesuits  were  really  superior  in 
tluir  I'oi'esight  and  shrewdness,  it  was  (H'rtainly  a 
mr.ster-sti'okeof  policv.  The  natives  were  fast  fading, 
and  the  S'paniards  increasing  and  hecoming  strongei-. 
^I'o  have  the  education  of  the  S[)anish  chihhvn  was  nf 
far  more  conse(|uenco  than  to  have  charge  of  the  Ind- 
ians.    Ihit  the  kinir  had  sent  them  hither  at  his  omii 


charge  speeia 


llv  t 


o  convei 


t  tl 


le  natives,  and  was   it 


light  now  to  neglect  them?  Thus  asked  the  Jesuits 
themselves,  jiarticularly  those  who  came  later.  I>ut 
Father  Sanchez  did  not  ])ropose  to  neglect  the  na- 
tives, for  in  this  very  wa.y  he  could  throw  the  laigisst 
iRunber  of  missionaries  into  the  lield  in  the  shortest 
possible  time,  that  is,  hy  educating  Si)aniards  to  ho 
missionaries.  A  Held  was  already  chosen,  almost  be- 
fore coming  to  ^Texico;  that  is,  to  start  from  Sinaloa 
through  Sonera  and  Xeu'  ^lexico,  and  gradually  ex- 
tend the  conversion  toward  Florida." 

In  November  1  j73  the  [jrovincial  established  in  the 


'Tlie  Dnniinioans,  fcMriii,:,'  tliat  tlic  uldW'  |irnxiniity  of  tlio  .TcsuitH  woulil 


prove  iiij'.iriiir.s  to  (hi'ir  order,  olitaincl 


;i  I'rduia  111 


Mav  "Jii,  l"i7.!,  t'>  'I'lniKl 


th- 


H  ir  rciiiii\al  to  anoUicr  site,  on  whicli  I'atlirr  Saiicliez  aticrwar 


ilfu 


.k 


(■(i11cl;i'. 


lint  tlu!  viceroy  intervened,  iuul  tin;  l)oiniiiicaa.s  desisted.   Ji'i 


Mo 


II.  Dot, 


y/>. 


MS.,  \o.  (i 


:!. 


"In  the  mean  time  tlic  fathers  learned  Indian  languages,  prcacluil,  and 
tauu'lit  Christianity  to  eliildreu  in  Mexico  and  iiei^'hboring  towns.  Alnjfe, 
JIL4.  C'oiiq),  Jesun,  i.  lol— i. 


m 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


city  of  !),r<'xi('()  nil  ocrlosin.stic  collof]^o  uiulcr  tlio  rinmn 
of  Siui  IV'dro  y  San  I'jiMo,  for  wliieli  the  viceroy  had 
j^raiitcul  ii  site,  and  a  iiuinhcr  of  j)L'r.soiis  .subsk-riht'd 
tli(j  necessary  funds  to  meet  exjtenses  and  to  sjijionrt 
the  scliol.irs,  of  Nvlioni  tlieru  were  eiulit  In  the  he'dn- 


10 


This  institution  soon  l)ec'anio  verv  flourishii 


u 


c 


iiin;.,^ 

and  was  followed  hy  the  I'oundiu'j:  of  others. 

The  society  had  a  cftsa  pi'nfcsa,  or  liouso  of  noyices, 

in  the  cify  of  ^Mexico,  Avhicli  was  huilt  with  l)orrowo(l 

money.      Tn  1585  the  liouse  was  free  from  deht,  and 

in  loD-  the  yiceroy  granted  permission  for  fonndin"' 

the  [)rofesa.     Juan  Luis  IJivei'o  and  liiswife  huilt  the 
...  ....  .         ^  ^^^ 


•hurch 


our  memoers  o 


ftl 


le  order  were  assi'jnei 


th(!  institute  on  the  day  of  its  foundation.  Jlardly 
liad  tlu!  Jesuits  bej,mn  work  on  the  buildiu';-,  when  the 
three  mendicant  orders  instituted  oj)|)osition,  on  the 
j^round  that  the  work  would  be  injui-ious  to  them. 
The  case  went  to  the  audiencia,  who  ordered  the  sus- 
pension of  the  v.'ork.  The  matter  was  referred  to  tlii^ 
council  of  the  Indies,  whose  decision  was  against  tin; 
Jesuits,  who  appealed  to  liome.    The  case  was  finally 


'"Villjipcc.a  pinv}i;tsc'(l  tlic  liouscs  ndjoinir  ,  tlic  old  ones,  wliicli  Iio  .ilsii 
coiivrycd  ill  ir)7il.  ami  uixjii  Uiiiiiwns  l)i'j.;iiii  the  Iniiliiing  (.f  ilic  Colfin 
^l,iNiiiu>,  wliL'h  ill  iifLcr  years  lias  liccii  laiowu  r.;i  tliu  Sail  <  li-coiio;  tiu> 
grdiiiiil  In  iiv;  a  ^(luaro  of  I  lOvaras;  llio  l)iii!<li  ;(if  tlio  l'o',1i",'c  jiikI  tliu  climrli 
v.iia  prosci'iKi'd  s.iiii'Uaiioously.  lliimirc:,  Sol.  M(\c.,  \i\  Moninii.  JJom.  Lap., 
3.'i;5-4.  \'iIlasoL'a,  tlu"  f.'iuKlfr,  doiialcd  fur  tlio  purpose  '4,()tJ0  jicsos  do 
oro  coiniii),  en  plati  dicsniada.'  A'/'^/ir,  Hist,  (.'tuiiji.  ,/(>»n,  i,  11,'}-1J,  also 
7.V8.  A  law  of  'sovcnilnr  '2,  l."i7(i,  provided  Uiat  no  liti'rary  deijicoi  .shoidd 
lie  •.iivcii  in  that  ooilc;;'.'.  J'lrpp.  (h-  I  ml.,  i.  'JO,').  A  later  one,  A^'ril  14,  l."i7'.*, 
made  slu'ie.-i  jv.ir.ne  I  in  the  Jesuit  eo'le[;c  serve  for  {.'radiiatiiv;  .it  the  i;ni- 
versity.  It  \va;i  the  Uin;;'.-<  wish  tliat  the  eullo'jes  should  ho  lo-stered.  AIkjit, 
]li.<t.  C'oinji.  i/(.-.v'.v,  i.  lili)-l.  The  tlrst  reetor  was  Fatlier  l)ic'ro  Lopez,  a  j-ood 
jireaclier,  ;ii  I  a  man  of  learning  a.«  well  as  virtue.  His  dciith  occurred  April 
!),  ITiTO.  Fi'iniirid,  ilil.  J'rot'.  ./<,>;,■'.<,  J7I);  (/  irji/ir.  JJiiriltt,  'J'la/i-o  L'rli'^.,  i. 
".4;  .)i<-iiiiit,CJ,rd.i.  S.  Dicjo,  lu.  Tliii  faUiers'  labors  in  that  instil uto  v.ero, 
iicvcrt'iK les.i,  discontinued  in  l.">8(>,  because  th"v  hail  cslablisheil  seiiiina- 
ric3.  Tiiey  were  ii'ilificd  by  the  patrons 'if  the  ."-'an  I'cdro  y  San  I'ablotliat 
tluy  must  ti;h'r  close  tlieir  seniiii;!iies  or  give  up  the  nianiv-em'iit  of  ti;o 
collc£;e.  To  this  demand  FaUiei-  riaza.  the  then  ].rovinci;d,  and  lii:;  coni- 
pe.nions  responded  by  s'.u'reiulerin.u'  ils  keys  and  relirin;;  from  t!ie  builiiin;,', 
v.hich  was  in  l."s-J  relurned  to  them.  A/nji-c,  lH--t.  Com]).  Jckii-i,  i.  171--. 
Ji'd.uinz,  Xuf.  J/(.r.,  in  Montim.  Dmii.  L'j).,  MS.,  ;i;)4. 

"  In  I'.f'O  the  order  ojicned  a  e'lninary  in  Tepoly^utlan,  with  tlio  approved 
mill  idvl  of  .\.i'c!i!ii.ho;i  Mnya  of  ^lexleo.  in  charge  of  fathers  lb  rii.-in  (lonu/. 
Jinil  .luaii  do  'i'ovar,  wlio  knew  f'.ie  Otonii,  Mexican,  and  Ma^ij^ua  laugnagcs. 
Ah'ijir,  JL'at.  t'oiiqi.  Jaiut,  i.  lSS-90. 


JESUIT  llEtXFORCKMENTS. 


705 


(l('C'i(l('(l  in  tlu'ir  favor  in  loOS.'^  To  sliow  liis  liiijjh 
{i[)|)i'»'<'ialion  of  the  society  aud  its  IuIkh's  tlie  jtopo 
donated  lor  the  Cole^io  Maximo  of  San  I'edro  y  San 


l*al)]o  a  l.ir<'e  nnnil)er  of  sacred  rel 


ics  o 


f  siiints,  taken 


<»ut  of  (lie  closed  Ljraves,  and  which  arrived  in  Mexico, 
a  portion  in  laTO  and  tlu;  rest  in  IjTS.  .\1I  wti-o 
placed  in  the  church  in  their  coljeyo  with  nnecjuailed 
jioinj)  and  religious  cei'eniony.''' 

In  la'C)  there  arrived  an  accession  of  ])riests  and 
brothers  of  the  societv;'' and  the  I'aidvs  were  furlher 
rccruite(l  hoth  from  colonists  and  natives.  Among 
those  admitted  were  several  churchmen,  all  persons 
of  liigh  [)osition  and  recognized  tah'uts,  (»ne  of  mIioiii 
was  a  descendant  of  the  kings  of  Te/cuco. 

A  further  inc-ease  of  Jesuits  came  in  l.") 71),  several 
of  wliom  }»layi'd  distinguished  ])arts  in  the  country.'"' 
Father  IVdro  .Diaz,  who  had  cliarge  of  this  last  com- 
pany, also  IjnMight  out  th(.'  commission  as  visitador  to 
J)octor  Juan  de  la  IMaza,  who  was  instructed  <o  relievo 
Doctor  Pedro  Sancliez,  as  he  had  i>etitioned  for  a  h 


V 


no 


Xnt.  .Vex.,  in  Monum.  Dow.  I-:<p.,  MS.,  .3^0. 


'■'  J  lio  Idles  \v 
nii'cli,  Mini  iitii'in< 


tie:    II   (if  ivixistlcs:    ;")?  of  iiiiirtyis;    \l  of  ddetni's  of  tlii 


tl 


ll'St.'  olio   1)11111'  o 


)f  S.iint  'I'lioiiiiis  Ac|uiiin>i;  "Jt  of  Inly  I'oii- 
fcssoi's;  '_'7  of  other  Kiiiiits;  iiiid  tlio  rest  of  siiints  wlio  wit(' tiiikiioM  n  in  this 
Worlil.  lW:-i(l(  s  till.'  liliove,  the  ]in|iu  nilldi;  il  ^rift  to  tin;  eiillcyu  of  two  l)olit'H, 
one  of  Splint  I'ctir  and   ono  of  Sniiit  r.iul:   a  piod-sizcd  ]ii(<('  nf  tlic   holy 


IJL' 


mini  cnicis;  on 


o  thuni  from  tho  rcdci'mti-'s  irown:  two  relics  of  S.iiiit  ,\i 

)t   .Ml 


motliiT  ot  the  vir;_'iii  .\liiry;   (iinl  oiio   lionu  or  tho  jiiitron  miiiit  o 


Siiiiit  Jlip|ii)!ytns.    Imhik"  ot  thcso  I'clicn  had  liocn  sli 


sliii 


in  i; 


■  1,  111  ;i  \ts.se 


vrciki'd  on  the  I'onst  of  \'t'r;i  ( 'riiz,  nnd  nfterfiniiio  deliiv  wcro  i( 


till!  t-iiilois,   wlio  Innl  ii)i|>ioi(ri;itcd  tliciii.   /Vo 


y/;.-.v.  /•/•, 


1 

d  from 
-■,  'A-2H- 


:iS~-K). 


onso  Rui/,  ^u 


i/iz  1  hi  villi     'I'ldlri 


4!l,  ;i.'>!l;  .l/'7;v,  lll^l.  Comp.  J'---<n.-<,  i.   1-J7,    i: 

Erir.,.. 

"r.ithors.  Ah 
tor  IVdro  lie  Moiali's,  Aln 
.luan  do  M<inliixix.    ISrotiicis,  Marcos (larcia,  llcrnandodo  la  J'aliiia,  (!ii'!.'ori 


porior,  I'l'dro  cloirortiL'osa,  Antonio  KiiMo,  I)oi 


I  ( Inilirn,  Kranei^i  <>  Vac/,  Di 


n  L'o  (lu  lliMii'ia,  and 


Montes, 


d  Al 


tiso  I'lTi'Z.   Afiyri',  lii^f.  Cdiuji.  J< 


114-1; 


•■'FatluTs   IVdro  Din/,  Ant' 
Fernandez,  Jnan  ])iaz,  Amliis  do  ('; 


do  U'orres,  I'.enuii'dino  di;  .Aecsta,  Marti 


.1,   !• 


laneiseo  ]!aniiie/. 


!•• 


id   Alonso  Sanchez.     1'lie  Ia>t  iianied   lieeame  rector  of  ,San  I'liiro  v  San 


I'alilo;  later,  vice-president  of  the  I'll 


fi<iin  thence  soiin'  Ni 


ifter- 


iid  he  visiteil  ( 'hina 
Macao,  anrl 


u'ao,  anrl  cncitisciI  iinnii  iiiliiience  overt 


iinl  went  iiiiaii 
!, 


I  ah. 


.nt 


.')!• 


II 


e  was  also  m 


the  annexation  of  TortiiLral  to  S 


|>ain. 


]|. 


ortu'^uesi'  to  reconcile  them  to 


d  fur  .Tapa 


II.  wa  i  W  recKeil  on 


the  coast  of  I'urinosa,  ami.  liinilly.  with  jL,'reat  ditlicnlty  ictiirin'd  t<>  tin>  I'hilip- 
l)ine.s.  His  caieer  enihd  in  Alc'ala  some  time  after  he  niadt;  in  lini'ie  the  jiro- 
fession  of  fourth  vow.  He  was  a  very  austere  nmu.  Alcjrv,  UUl.  i.'<jiiijj.  Jesus, 
i.  1^4-'J. 

Uiai.  Mex.,  Vol.  II.  13 


llMl 


706 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


of  repose,  employing  him  at  such  work  as  he  hkcd, 
and  avaihng  himself  of  the  old  provincial's  great 
experience.^"  Father  Plaza  arrived  from  Peru  in 
December  1579,  bringing  Father  Diego  Garcia  and 
Brother  Marcos."  The  services  of  the  Jesuits  were 
successfully  employed  b}'"  the  viceroy  in  carryin<>- 
Christian  instruction  into  certain  towns.  Durini;  the 
great  epidemic  that  decimated  the  natives  m  1575-8, 
they  labored  assiduously  in  caring  for  and  administer- 
ing the  sacraments  to  the  sick  and  dying.  In  1590 
arrived  as  visitador  of  the  province  Father  Diego  do 
Avollaneda,  one  of  the  most  learned  and  virtuous  men 
that  had  come  to  America. ^^ 

The  Jesuits  early  began  to  extend  their  field  of 
labor.  They  entered  Oajaca  in  1575  and  made  good 
progress  there.^''  In  Puebla  they  had  advanced  con- 
siderably hy  1580  and  established  the  college  of  San 
Geronimo,  which  they  were,  however,  on  the  point 

'*  Sanchez  hatl  been,  before  lie  was  assigned  to  Mexico,  rector  at  Alcalii. 
At  liis  dwitli,  vliici)  occurred  July  IG,  1000,  lie  was  81  years  of  age,  and  had 
BcrvcMl  no  years  in  the  order.  Alegrc,  His/.  Coiiip.  Jexiis,  ii.  IS,  doubtinuly 
gives  July  15,  IGOi),  as  the  date  of  Sanchez' demise.  The  viceroy,  inquisitois, 
clergy,  and  community  at  largo  nuuiifested  their  high  respect  and  love  during 
his  last  illne!:s,  and  at  his  death  their  deep  sorrow.  The  cortege  th.at  accom- 
panied his  remains  to  their  last  resting-place  in  the  college  of  San  Pedro  y 
San  I'ahlo  consisted  of  the  highest  dignitaries  and  oUicials  in  the  country, 
both  secular  and  ecclesiastic,  and  an  immense  concourse  of  mourners  from  all 
classes.  Flore itc'ui,  Hist.  Prov.  Jeavs,  377-80. 

''  Doctor  I'laza  was  a  learned  man  of  exemplary  virtue  and  much  experi- 
ence, possessing  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  spirit  of  the  society  of  Jesus. 
Biother  Marcos  had  been  a  companion  of  Francis  13orgia,  his  Fidus  Achates 
till  the  ..eneral's  death.  Florrncia,  Jlist.  Prov.  Jesrs,  400-7;  Aleijre,  Hixt. 
t'omp.  Jc-^iis,  i.  101-3.  The  second  provincial  council  of  the  order  took  place 
in  Mexico  Xovember  2,  1585,  Father  Fedro  de  Hortigosa  being  chosen  its 
proetor  at  tiic  courts  of  Rome  and  Madrid.  Aliyrf,  Hint.  Coiiip.  Jesitx,  i.  'JOO, 

'"  He  had  been  rector  of  a  newly  founded  cdlege  in  Madrid.  Philip  II. 
sent  him  to  tJermany  with  his  embassador;  he  there  rfiidc;'ed  important  ser- 
vice to  the  church.  While  in  Vienna  the  marriage  of  the  Princess  Lsaliel, 
the  emi)eror's  daughter,  with  Charles  IX.  of  France  took  place.  The  emperor 
nttaeheil  him  to  her  suite  as  father-confessor,  and  he  accompanied  her  to  the 
frontitr  of  Franc;.  Findirg  that  the  French  princes  and  nobility  Mere 
not  pleased  with  the  idea  of  a  Spaniard  holding  such  a  jiositioa  at  tlieir 
court,  however  grcai  his  merit  might  be,  ho  bogged  permission  to  retire,  and 
returned  to  Vienna,  whcm  he  .von  the  admiration  of  Kinperor  Maximilian  by 
his  jiiety  and  wisdom.  Ah<jre,  Hid.  t'omp.  Je8iin,  i.  2'20-7.  Early  in  15!)5 
took  ]dace  in  Mexico  the  third  council  of  the  order.  /(/.,  i.  '251. 

'"The  order  opened  a  college  in  Antcquera,  and  in  a  short  time  spre,i<l  us 
members  throughout  the  diocese.  Florrncia,  IJiat,  Prov.  Jesus,  220-30;  Aleyrv, 
lliat.  Comp.  Jcsun,  i.  90-101,  122-4,  172-3. 


JESUIT  EXTENSION. 


V07 


no 
•ir 


of  abandoning  in  1582,  owing  to  invidious  remarks. 
It  was  said  that  while  pretending  to  accept  no  com- 
pensation, they  took  it  secretly.  The  institute  would 
have  been  broken  up  but  for  Bishop  Romano,  who 
stifled  such  hostile  manifestations.  The  college  soon 
after  became  prosperous.'"  Missionaries  were  sent 
from  it  to  the  vallev  of  Ailixco  and  to  Orizaba. 

In  1573  the  society  founded  a  house  at  Vera 
Cruz,  where  fathers  Alonso  Guillen  and  Juan  Roger 
preached  daily,  Guillen  to  the  Spaniards  and  Roger 
to  the  mulattoes  and  negroes.  The  next  year  they 
obtained  p  ^rmission  and  money  to  found  a  hospital  on 
the  spot  where  the  city  was  finally  established  in  later 
\ears.  Tlic  first  member  of  the  order  to  visit  the 
diocese  of  Michoacan  was  Brother  Juan  Curiel;  he 
went  there  -n  1573,  was  kindly  received,  and  ordained 
as  a  priest  by  Bishop  Morales.  After  the  translation 
of  Morales  to  Puebla,  and  the  death  of  Bishop 
Chavez,  tlie  chapter  at  Patzcuaro  asked  the  provin- 
cial to  establish  his  order  there  on  a  permanent  foot- 
ing. The  provincial  went  there  in  person,  when  the 
chapter  tendered  him  the  sum  of  eight  hundred  pesos 
yearly,  the  church  which  till  then  had  been  the  cathe- 
dral, and  a  good  site  for  a  college,  together  with  a 
largo  fruit  orchard.  These  offers  were  accepted,  and 
soon  after  the  provincial's  return  to  Mexico  he  took 
steps  to  efi'ect  the  foundation  at  Patzucaro,  with 
Father  Juan  Curiel  as  rector,  Father  Juan  Sanchez 
as  superior  of  the  college,  and  two  brothers.  Tiiis 
was  when  Medina  Rincon  had  become  the  diocesan. 
The  subsequent  removal  of  the  see  to  Valladolid 
proved  a  detriment  to  the  society,  as  it  had  to  estab- 
lish anotlier  residence  there  witli  chairs  of  grammar 
and  Latin,  under  Father  Juan  Sanchez,  supi)()rting  it 
out  of  the  small  means  from  Patzcuaro."^    The  diocese 


11 


'-'"Tho  patron,  Mcldior  ilo  Covarrubiaa,  died  vu  l."02;  he  hud  onco  pro- 
Bcntfd  tho  crown  witli  10,00()  pesos  for  the  Catholics  of  Fraiiff.  Tlio  king 
eoinmendcd  him  to  tho  viceroy.  He  gave,  bcBiiles,  38,000  pesos  to  two  con- 
vents. Aleijre,  II  1st.  Com;).  Jcku.h,  i.  '2.V2-4, 

'"  The  bishop  added  400  pesos  mure.     The  church  at  Put/cuaro  was  re- 


m\ 


703 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


was  not  to  have  long  the  benefit  of  Curiel's  services. 
He  died  in  or  about  March  157G,  tenderly  cared  for 
by  the  bishop  and  all  classes,  who  deplored  his  loss."^ 

The  house  at  Valladolid  for  upwards  of  a  year 
relied  almost  wholly  on  the  assistance  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan and  Austin  friars,  and  on  alms  begged  from 
door  to  door.  However,  this  poverty  was  not  of  long 
duration.  A  rich  Basque,  named  Juan  de  Arbolanclia, 
whose  advanced  age  and  infirmities  forbade  a  formal 
admission  into  the  society,  took  up  his  abode  at  the 
college  in  Patzcuaro,  and  on  dying  bequeathed  it  most 
of  his  fortune.-*  Viceroy  Enriqucz  aided  the  college 
at  Valladolid  with  one  thousand  pesos  yearly.  This 
relief  was  augmented  in  1579  by  the  gift  from  Ilodrigo 
Vazquez  of  a  grazing  farm  with  three  tliousand  lua<l 
of  small  stock.  From  both  Patzcuaro  and  Valla- 
dolid missions  were  despatched  to  other  towns.  When 
some  of  the  fathers  were  in  Zamora  the  vicar  of 
Guanajuato  begged  them  to  visit  his  parish.  One  of 
th'Mu  accompanied  him  there,  not  without  risk  from 
the  hostile  Chichimecs. 

Bishop  Mendiola  of  New  Galicia  paved  the  way 
for  the  Jesuit  order  to  enter  that  region,  which  tiny 
had  planned  to  be  the  great  field  of  their  missionary 
labors.  He  asked  for  some  of  its  members,  and  fathois 
Hernan  do  h.  Concha  and  Juan  Sanchez  were  sent 
him  about  1574.  Tliose  fathers  subseipiently  visited 
Zacatecas  and  did  ministerial  duty  there,  but  the  pro- 
vincial, not  deeming  it  as  yet  a  suitable  field,  prom- 
ised to  establish  a  house  in  that  place  at  a  future 


piiirod  by  the  Indi.'ins,  HOO  taking  part  in  the  work.  Don  Pcilro  Caltzonzi,  .a 
(:r;inilst)n  of  the  hist  king  ot  iMitliuaoan,  some  ytara  hitor  joined  tlie  Kcicicty, 
and  hecanie  a  school-tcailier.  Jle  siu'i'uinl>e(l  in  ]'>''>  during  t!io  ('|ii(K  inio, 
vhile  ministering  to  Ins  nick  (.'ountryiiK'n.  Fiomirid,  IlUf.  I'rof.  ./<.<(>•,  "JIX, 
•JO;  Al,,/n',  lllxt.  CiMiii,.  J.snu.l  Jio'-ll,  \\\)-l'2,  l'J7-8. 

•vile  was  ii  native  >if  Aranda,  del  I'm  lo  in  Sjiain;  his  jiarenta  were  linni- 
l)le  nnil  ])oor,  anil,  tn  purmie  his  studies,  lie  liad  to  liog  lor  ahiis  wlicicwilh  to 
sustain  himself,  lie  was  a  great  lieaei-niaker.  ila\  ing  oveicxerted  iiii'iNelf 
iu  laring  for  the  Indians  duiing  th;i  e))idi'inii',  his  health  I'ailetl  hiiu,  ami  after 
much  siilh'ring  he  dud.    i'loniicin,  IIIM.  !'r'>v.  ,A.scs  'JS-J  !)1. 

-''His  remains  were  interred  iniiong  the  Ji'.snitB  us  ii  Lcuefuotur  of  the 
order.  Alxjir,  V/iV?.  i\nit,i.  Jems,  i.  14iJ-7,  17;i-4. 


Ui  CARIDAD  Y  SAN  HIP6LIT0. 


709 


{ay,"  and  incamvliilo  to  send  them  preachers  every  lent 
.eason.  Pursuant  to  a  royal  authorization  of  1579, 
and  a  request  of  the  governor  of  Manila,  the  provin- 
cial Ibunded  his  order  in  the  Philipf)ine  Islands  in 
1585,  with  the  following  members:  ilernan  Suarez, 
superior;  fathers  llainmndo  Prat,  and  Francisco  Al- 
merico;  Gaspar  Gomez,  teinj)orary  coadjutor. 

The  affairs  of  the  society  at  the  end  of  the  century 
were  in  the  most  flourishing  condition.  Its  membeis 
were  held  in  high  esteem  by  all  classes,  and  by  no  one 
more  so  than  the  viceroy,  who  not  only  })laced  his 
three  sons  in  their  charge,  but  often  took  their  advice 
on  matters  concerning  religion  and  government. "•' 

We  have  noticed  the  twofold  object  of  the  Jesuits 
in  coming  to  New  Spain,  education  and  conversion. 
Another  order  was  meanwhile  established  devoted 
wholly  to  charity.  The  order  was  named  La  Caridad 
y  San  Ilipolito.  The  patriarch  and  founder,  Bernar- 
dino Alvarez,  came  to  Mexico  at  the  age  of  twenty 
years  as  a  private  soldier,  served  some  time,  and  retired. 
lie  became  a  gambler  and  a  leader  in  many  wicked 
adventures,  and  finally  had  to  make  his  escape  to  Pei'u, 
aixaiu  as  a  common  s(jldier.  Having  made  a  fortune 
in  that  couiitr}'  he  returned  to  Mexico.  His  mother's 
advice  caused  him  to  reflect  upon  his  past  life  and 
ho  exi)ei'ienced  a  change  of  heart.  From  that  time 
ho  devoted  all  his  energies  to  charitable  pur[)oses.-'^ 

^*  Told  tlioso  who  wcro  cnRcr  for  Jesuits,  '  tubiescn  pacioncia,  que  lo  que  ko 
ilil.itabii  no  sc  iR'gal>n.'  F'diriicic,  UtKt.  /'n»\  Ji'^m,  '2()\K 

-"'In  \'i'M  Father  lvsteva«;  I'aez  niicl  ;!7  eoiiipanioiis  ramo  to  swell  tho 
number  of  lalMners.  Special  ni"ntiou  is  nin<lo  of  tho  ^;reat  serviees  to  tlio 
Indians  rendered  by  Fatlier  I'edro  de  Morales,  the  society's  jiroetor  at  llonio 
nnd  ^b'ulrid.  Aeci'  diii','  to  Ale^'ro,  /lint.  Coiiip.  ,/(.<»•(,  i.  'J7.V7,  he  nianitested 
his  inteiest  in  the  manner  tliat  wouhi  most  riuiekly  enliven  their  reliL'ious 
zeal,  lie  liroUL'ht  out  a  lar<,'e  i|\unitity  of  inedal'i,  rosaries,  and  ciijur  oliji  its 
of  devotion  \xhieh  had  lieeii  blessed  by  I'dj'o  (lrej.'ory  VJII.  Thi^  trinkets 
wei'e  distiibnted  to  the  Indians  durinjj  tho  missiuus  yearly  undertaken  by  thu 
fatliers  of  the  eollej;e  of  Mexico. 

'-"  l>iain;,'  ten  years  lie  ficrved  the  poor  in  the  hospit^il  of  .lesus  Xa/artne; 
procured  th<!  foundation  and  enhnyemeut  of  the  .leMU,<  .Maria  convent,  and 
nflbrded  aid  to  the  indi^'ent  jirisoners  in  the  jail.  At  this  time  tiic  idea 
occui'red  to  him  i>f  fnundim;  iiospituls,  and  an  onler  of  charily  for  uU  peraons 
in  iudiyeucc.  Anc,  I'ida  Alvanz,  l—io. 


'  i 


i 

i 

W:i; 


h 


710 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


Ill  15GG  Archbishop  Montiifar  gave  him  permission 
to  erect  a  hospital.^''  In  it  the  congregation  of  Broth- 
ers and  order  of  Charity  had  origin,  its  object  being 
the  succor  and  care  of  the  indigent  and  the  sick.-^ 
Subsequently,  Father  Alvarez  founded  other  hospitals, 
to  wit:  in  Oaxtepec,  Jalapa,  Perote,  and  Puebla,  this 
hist  in  or  about  1593. 

The  number  of  brothers  having  gradually  increased, 
and  also  the  resources  at  his  command,  Alvarez  en- 
larged his  plans.  The  San  Hipdlito  in  Mexico  being 
too  small,  he  obtained  from  the  archbishop  and  viceroy 
the  site  and  chapel  adjoining  it,  and  with  his  own 
resources  and  the  aid  of  friends  erected  a  spacious  and 
solid  building  to  which  the  sick  were  transferred. 
After  he  had  begun  the  work  the  capitalist  Alonso 
do  Villaseca,  of  whom  I  have  spoken  as  the  friend  of 
the  Jesuits,  offered  him  one  hundred  thousand  pesos, 
if  he  would  permit  to  be  placed  on  the  building  his 
coat  of  arms,  and  a  motto  expressive  of  the  fact  that 
he,  Villaseca,  was  its  patron.  Alvarez  declined,  as  lie 
could  not  dedicate  the  place  at  once  to  God  and  to 
nian.'"''*  One  day  he  was  without  means  to  feed  the 
I^oor,  who  were  many.  So  he  started  witli  an  imago 
of  the  ecce  liomo,  accompanied  by  two  little  boys 
through  the  arcades  of  the  petty  traders,  eying,  "  In 
the  name  of  God,  give  for  the  living  stones  of  Jesus 
Christ."  He  soon  returned,  it  is  asserted,  with  seven 
hundred  pesos  in  monej',  a  number  of  blankets,  and 
other  articles. 


'"  In  the  Emnll  square  later  called  San  Bernanlo,  facing  the  street  of  that 
name  and  that  of  I'orta  Cadi.  In  15G7  a  license  wna  reissued  for  the  fouuda- 
tion  of  the  hospitul  of  San  llipolito,  where  it  was  iictually  erected.  Viceroy 
Knii(inez  also  cheerfully  autliorized  it,  and  after  his  departure  the  hospitid 
■was  aided  by  tlie  audiencia.  Id.,  A&~D. 

'-*  Its  nicndKTs  were  called  hcmiaiios,  and  their  superior  and  ruler  had  tho 
title  of  hcrninuo  mayor,  or  chief  brother.  The  vows  taken  were  of  chastity, 
iH)vorty,  obedience,  and  ho8]ntality.  The  i)ope  on  the  '20th  of  May  17U() 
instituted  the  brotherhood  with  the  name  of  C'o!igregaciou  do  San  llipolito, 
and  uutler  the  ndo  of  Saint  Augusthie.  Id.,  4r)3-5. 

•''His  characteristic  answer  was:  'Que  Dios,  (jue  era  el  Patron  de  aquella 
obra,  duria  con  quii  sustcutar  siis  nicdras  vivas,  que  noaviado  tcucr  c^ta  <ilira 
I'atron,  siuo  fi  un  solo  Dios.'  Tiie  sole  patron  was  (.Jod'a  iuuige  with  the 
motto  'Domiuus  providcvit.'  Id.,  SO-IJ,  Itl. 


THE  dRMELITES. 


711 


Father  Alvarez  not  only  gave  to  the  hospital  all  he 
possessed,  but  declared  it  the  heir  of  his  share  of  the 
estate  left  by  his  parents,  with  the  only  condition 
that  his  brother  and  two  sisters  in  Spain  should  enjoy 
its  income  durinji  their  lives.** 


The  order  of  Carmelites,  represented  by  eleven  of 
its  members  with  their  prelate,  arrived  in  the  city  of 
Mexico  on  the  17th  of  October  1585,^'  and  were  iriven 
by  the  viceroy,  January  18,  158G,  the  charge  of  the 
herniita  de  San  Sebastian,  which  till  then  the  Fran- 
ciscans had  held.  On  the  25th  in  a  solemn  procession 
and  with  the  attendance  of  the  archbishop  the  host 
was  conveyed  thence  from  the  Franciscan  convent. 
This  was  the  first  foundation  of  the  order  that  became 
in  later  times  so  highly  honored  by  the  peojile  of 
Mexico.  Without  loss  of  time  the  new-comcis  de- 
voted themselves  to  their  duties  of  instructing,  con- 
soling, and  improving  the  natives. 

Their  province  was  constituted  in   1588  under  the 

'••In  so  doing  he  formally  renounced  all  legal  clauses  favoring  liim,  declar- 
ing that  his  poverty  was  of  his  own  seeking:  '  Vo  tengo  votada  la  diclia 
pobreza,  <\\w  nie  he  donado  al  dicho  Hosiiit.il.  Y  assi  no  tengo  neoes.'ii<l;id  do 
proprii'dud,  ni  nsufructu  do  hiencs.'  This  great  philanthrojiist  died  in  Mex- 
ico, August  1-,  1584,  aged  70.  /</.,  75-G,  171>.  Aire,  Juan  JJin/i  dr,  Lilno  di'. 
rii/tt  lilt  jiro.ciiiio  tvaiii/dico,  el  I'eiier.  Pudre  liuniurdiho  Alninz,  Mex. 
17(J-,  l-ni(i,  4(»4  pp.,  4  leaves  and  2  cuts  -^ives  a  full  account  of  the  life  and 
works  of  the  vcn(.'i!ible  Father  Hernardino  Alvarez,  founder  of  the  order  of 
charity  and  iiospiUilers  in  Mexico,  under  the  advocacy  of  Saint  llyppulytus, 
and  of  the  progress  made  by  the  order,  as  well  as  of  tho  objects  of  its  institu- 
tion. Tile  author  held  the  highest  olhccs  in  tho  archdiocese  of  Mexico,  and 
earlier  in  tiiat  of  the  Isla  Espailola.  Like  all  works  of  tiie  kind  wiitten  in 
the  early  days  by  ecclesiastics  it  is  exceedingly  prolix,  but  at  the  same  time 
exhaustive  of  its  subject.  Sec  also  Monll'i,  J-'oHti  Xovi  Orbin,  21K"»,  IW";  Vt- 
tdiirrrf,  Trtt/.  Mrr.,  IVJ-W;  Diurh  Mex.,  vi.  4'2-»-3. 

"  (irinimlos,  'J'artli  x,  'MO,  says  l.")S(i.  The  founders  of  the  order  in  Mexico 
were:  I'riests,  .Juan  dc  la  >ladie  de  Dios,  the  prior;  redru  dc  lus  Aiinstoies, 
I'edro  do  !^an  llilarinn,  Ignacio  de  .Jesus,  and  Francisco  de  IJautista;  choris- 
ters, .Tost''  do  Jesus  Maria,  .Juan  ile  .Jestis  Maria,  and  llilarinn  de  Jesus; 
lay-brotliers,  Ai'senio  dc  San  ildefonso,  (labriel  dc  la  Madio  de  Idos,  nnd 
Anastasio  ile  la  Madre  de  l)ios.  Wlnii'vrt,  Tint.  jM(£.,',H'>;  MiiI'iiih,  Chniii. 
tSiiii  J)ii;io,  10;  Xdi-'irnfi,  Hi!.  Piikj.,  iii.  (i'J;  I'once,  Itil.,  in  Cttl.  Ihic.  Innl., 
Ivii.  141,  sjivs  ihey  vcre  distiibutcil  between  Mexico  and  I'llebla.  Turoii, 
J/i.<t.  Oni.,  vi.  I!)'.»-2(MI.  Fliilip  II.  in  his  cedula  of  .lune  !•,  l.'iS.'i.  diicrted 
the  viceroy  to  ]n  rmit  this  older  to  preach  in  the  I'liilippines,  Neu  Mt  xieo,  or 
nnywhere  else  that  its  superiors  desired,  and  to  aid  its  menil  <rs  in  every  jios- 
t^ible  way.  so  that  they  cduld  make  their  labors  useful.  Jtaminz,  Xul.  Altx., 
in  AIoiiuiii.  JJotn.  Eqi.,  MS.,  338. 


712 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


name  of  San  Alberto,  and  the  first  provincial  was 
Father  Eliseo  de  los  ^Iilrtires,  who  arrived  in  Mexico 
in  1594,  Father  Pedro  de  los  xVpostoles  governinj^  in 
his  absence  as  vicario  provincial.  For  divers  reasons 
the  Carmelites  gave  uj)  the  administration  of  the  ]iar- 
ish  of  San  Sebastian  in  1598,  and  occupied  the  convent, 
which  they  held  from  that  time.  The  sons  of  Saint 
Thcrese  were  blamed  for  that  abandonment,  but  a  few 
years  afterward  the  wisdom  of  the  step  was  recog- 
nized when  the  ordinances  demanded  and  obtained 
the  full  control  of  the  parishes.  A  convent  of  bare- 
footed Carmelites  was  founded  October  1593  at  Valla- 
dolid,  Michoacan,  and  another  August  20,  1597,  at 
Celaya,  Guanajuato,  whose  first  \s\\ov  was  the  vener- 
able Father  Pedro  de  San  Hilarion.  In  the  course 
of  its  existence  in  ^lexico  the  Carmelite  organization 
became  very  wealthy. ^^  . 

The  Benedictines,  or  friars  of  Saint  Benedict,  camo 
to  Mexico  in  1589,  and  the  next  year  founded  the 
monastery  and  })riory  of  Nucstra  Senora  de  ]Monser- 
rate,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  city  of  jNIexico.^" 
The  founder  and  first  prior  was  Friar  Luis  de  Boil,  a 
man  of  stern  piety,  the  greatest  of  iconoclasts,  and 
of  whom  it  is  said  that  he  destroyed  one  hundred  and 
sixty  thousand  idols. 

Of  all  the  religious  orders  that  labored  in  New 
Spain,  the  Franciscans,  as  we  have  seen,  were  the 
first  authorized  to  engage  in  missionary  work  by  the 
crown.  Their  first  province,  in  the  city  of  jMexico, 
founded  in  1524  under  the  name  of  Santo  Evangelio, 
became  the  mother  of  all  Franciscan  provinces  in 
America.  Gradually  its  area  enlarged,  until  it  was 
found  necessary  to  make  territorial  subdivisions,  which 

''■^  Zerocero,  liev.  Mix.,  5,  speaking  of  them  asstits  that  at  one  time  it 
ownt'd  estates  in  Sun  Luis  Potosi  extending  from  the  capital  to  Tanipico,  Vl') 
leugiii's. 

^'lii  the  same  house  where  had  been  the  'Rccoginiiento  do  niugercs,' 
foun(k'd  liy  ("'iprian(j  de  Acevcdo  y  OvuUo.  tlie  conip.'iiuou  of  JJeniardino  Al- 
varez, limiiinz,  Xol.  Mix.,  iu  Monum.  Dom.  Esp.,  MS.,  338;  Mtdina,  C/iroii. 
S.  iJitjjo,  U. 


THE  FRANCISCANS. 


713 


constituted  new  provinces,  and  to  which,  were  given 
now  nanic.'.  Thus  by  the  hitter  part  of  the  sixteeiitii 
century  New  Spain  consisted  of  three  Franciscan 
provinces,  namely,  Mexico,  or  the  original  Santo 
Evangelio;  ]\Iichoacan,  or  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo^  and 
Yucatan,  or  San  Jose,  the  first  embracing  the  whole 
arclidiocese  of  Mexico  and  the  diocese  of  Tlascala. 

The  Santo  Evangclio  used  a  seal  that  represented 
a  Franciscan  preaching  from  a  pul})it,  and  Indians 
around  it  attentlvcl}' listening."^  The  other  two  prov- 
inces, Michoacan  and  Yucatan,  will  be  treated  of  in 
the  proper  place. 

Owing  to  scarcity  of  priests  from  deaths  and  other 
causes,  the  vacancies  left  having  been  only  partially 
filled''^  with  new  accessions  from  Spain,  the  Santo 
Evangclio,  between  15G4  and  15G8,  abandoned  a  num- 
ber of  its  more  distant  houses,  on  the  ground  of  neces- 
sity, and  against  the  advice  of  the  marques  del  Vallc.^" 

''*Iu  l,").SOit  hail  more  than  80  convents  and  monasteries  at  an  avcracio 
distance  of  six  or  eiglit  leagues  apart.  In  1084-;"),  iov  eauses  that  will  lie 
cxiilaineil,  it  had  only  (J!),  witli  ix,  little  less  than  .'{79  professed  friar.-*;  of  which 
houses  3S  were  in  the  ii''elil)isliopric,  30  in  the  diocese  of  Tlascala,  and  one  in 
Cuba,  which  with  Florida  helongcd  to  the  i)rovincc.  San  Francisco  of  Zaca- 
tccas  and  San  Salvador  of  Tanipico  were  custodias  under  it.  In  loll.l-O,  with 
an  increase  of  laborers,  the  number  of  convents  had  risen  to  !)0,  iueludini,'  14 
in  Zacatecas  and  lOin  Tam]>ico.  The  province  also  had  charge  of  some  houses 
in  New  ^lexico,  of  tiireo  iinnncries  in  Mexico  city,  and  one  in  rucbhi,  and  of 
the  college  for  Indians  in  Tlatelulco.  The  province  of  Teni  belnnged  to  it 
till  \o')',i,  and  that  of  (Guatemala  had  been  under  it  20  years.  Jlrmliitd,  llisf, 
EcIps,,  54r>;  Tdrtjiu'iiHid'i,  iii.  3o;$-4;  Puiicf,  Jul.,  in  Cut.  Doc.  hud.,  Ivii.  85- 
7;  I't'tanrvrt,  Pmv.  S.  Evaiuj.,  '24-."i;  Piur.  S.  Eraii;;.,  M.S.,  1,  2.  The  foUuw- 
ing  were  the  rulers  that  tiic  Santo  l^vangelio  had  from  its  foumhition  to  tho 
end  of  the  Kitli  century.  At  lirst  it  was  a  custodia,  subject  directly  to  thu 
minister  general  of  the 'minorites.'  (.'ustodios:  Martin  de  Vulcncia,  l,VJ4-7; 
Luis  do  Fuensalida,  lo27-.^0;  Martin  do  Valencia,  liJ30-.S;  Jacobodo  Tcstera, 
ir>;{.'$-(>,  Trovincials:  <  iarciado  Cisncros,  l,"iI{(>-7;  AntoniodcCiudad  UndrigD, 
1587-40;  Marcos  de  Niza,  l,")4()-;i;  Franci.sco  de  Soto,  154.'Mi;  Alonso  llang<l, 
1540-8;  Toril)io  Motolinia,  1548-51;  J  nun  de  Gaonu,  1551-'J;  Juan  de  Sun 
Francisco,  1552-.");  Francisco  ilu  Ihistaniante,  155.')-7;  Franci.sco  de  'I'oral, 
1557-00;  Luis  Koilriguez,  1,502-4;  IMego  de  Olarte,  1.504-7;  Migticl  Navarro, 
l.''iti7-70;  Alonso  de  Kscalona,  1570-."$;  Autoido  Uoldan,  I57;{-0;  I'cdro  Oro/, 
1570-S;  Duiuiiigode  Areizaga,  157S-M;  Miguel  Navarro.  15jSl-;i;  I'edroch  San 
Sebastian,  15ii;i-l);  Domingo  de  AreiAiga,  1."){>'J-!I2;  Kodrigo  de  .S.mtillan, 
1.502-5;  .luan  do  Lazcano,  1.5!I,S-10()0;  lluenaventura  do  Fureiles,  liiOl).  .l/c/i- 
ilktd,  Hi.it.  Efti'.-i.,  5-10-3;  Ton/Ki'iiKii/'t,  iii.  .S71— 1. 

•''^  Of  21  friars  sent  out  by  tho  king  with  Father  Mi','uel  Navarro,  tho 
greater  part  were  drowned,  their  shi])  having  been  stranilcd  nn  Oaidcn  Keys. 
jl''riiiiris(:iiii().-<,  Ali(i)ii/i)iio.  in  I'rur.  N.  L'raiti;.,  M.S.,  No.  12,  |(i'.i-77. 

•'"  lie  had  told  them  to  await  the  king's  pleasure.  From  SO  to  KM)  fiiars 
wcru  then  mus.'h  uucdud,  us  ulsu  a  uuuiber  of  clcrgynicu.     The  uiurt^uis,  ua 


714 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


Tlicy  again  took  charge  of  San  Juan  Iztaquimaxti- 
tlan,  however,  as  a  mark  of  respect  to  the  viceroy,  and 
offered  to  do  the  same  with  any  other  lie  might  desire. 

From  the  poverty  at  all  times  displayed  by  the 
Franciscans  grew  the  practice  of  giving  them  alms. 
With  such  gifts  and  the  personal  service  of  the  na- 
tives were  built,  and  provided  with  all  necessaries, 
parish  churches,  convents,  and  numerous  chapels.  To 
give  some  idea  of  the  contributions  I  may  mention 
the  church  of  Santiago,  erected  at  the  cost  of  1)0,000 
pesos."'  The  stone-cutters  and  masons  as  well  as  the 
common  laborers,  though  receiving  no  pay,  worked  as 
heartily  as  for  their  full  wages  in  mone3\  A  man, 
Juan  Nieto,  who  had  the  contract  for  supplying  the 
city  of  Mexico  with  beef,  during  thirty  or  thirty-five 
years,  furnished  the  large  convent,  with  its  eighty  or 
a  hundred  friars,  all  the  meat  required,  free  of  charge. 
Nieto  afterward  met  with  disaster,  lost  his  fortune, 
and  ended  his  days  in  the  convent  of  San  Francisco, 
receiving  for  his  sustenance  one  of  the  many  rations 
that  in  his  prosperity  he  had  contributed  to  others. 
The  Franciscans  for  forty  years  refused  to  receive  the 
roval  allowance  to  the  reli<xious  orders  enjjaired  in  the 
conversion  of  the  Indians.  But  as  the  time  came 
when  voluntary  contributions  diminished,  they  were 
obliged  to  solicit  the  kin<x's  aid.^^ 

The  following  rules  were  observed  bv  the  order  in 
the  reception  of  new  members.  Each  novice  prior  to 
profession  had  to  make  a  solemn  declaration  setting 
forth  the  names  of  his  parents  and  his  age;  and  that 

early  as  Oct.  loGS,  had  called  tho  king's  attention  to  this  fact,  particularly 
cdiiiiiii'mling  the  Franciscans,  whom  the  natives  preferred  to  all  other  piicsts. 
He  tliought,  moreover,  that  the  order  having  neitlier  property  nor  iiicoi'io, 
could  bo  more  easily  controlled,  and  kept  obedient  to  tho  royal  behests.  Cur- 
tis, ('(trtii,  ill  pKcJicco  and  (Jardinns,  Cut.  Doc,  iv.  4j7-8. 

^'  Tlio  niemorantla  of  tlie  old  convent  of  San  Francisco  in  Mexico  showed 
entries  of  contributions  of  7,000,  0,000,  and  4,000  pesos,  and  an  almost  un- 
limited number  of  smaller  sums,  'dc  mil,  do  quinientos,  y  do  mas,  y  nieuoa 
ccros,  quo  estos.'  Torquemwla,  iii.  218. 

^^  In  January  1,")S7  tho  viceroy  was  directed  to  continue  to  them  the  stipend 
of  100  i)esos  and  .50  fanogas  of  maize  every  year  per  man,  as  had  been  there- 
tofore done  with  the  three  mendicant  orders,  without  causing  them  useless  de- 
lays. The  order  was  issued  at  tlieir  own  request.  Oi'denes  dc  la  Corona,  !MS., 
ii.  124.   'foriiuemaUu,  iii.  2G3-4. 


THE  SANTO  EVANGEUO. 


715 


in  professing  he  acted  of  his  own  free  will.  That 
declaration  ho  subscribed  in  the  presence  of  the  father- 
guardian,  the  master  of  novices,  and  two  other  priests 
as  witnesses.  Newly  professed  friars  were  formally 
notified  in  the  presence  of  the  members  of  the  con- 
vent assembled  in  chapter,  that  if  at  any  time  it  should 
be  discovered  that  they  were  descendants,  within  the 
fourth  degree  of  lineage,  of  Moors,  Jews,  converts, 
or  heretics  sentenced  to  be  burned  alive  or  in  efhgy, 
their  profession  would  become  null,  and  they  would  bo 
ignominiously  expelled  from  the  order.  The  friars 
thus  warned  were  then  required  to  sign  their  names 
to  the  declaration  together  with  the  guardian,  master 
of  novices,  and  others.^'' 

In  1585  it  was  ordered  that  friars  assigned  to  a 
province  in  the  Indies  could  not  be  detached  there- 
from and  sent  to  another  by  the  ordinary  prelates 
dwelling  in  any  part  of  the  Indies.  Friars  were  to 
go  direct  to  the  places  of  their  appointment.  The 
comisarios  who  had  procured  such  friars  in  Europe 
for  the  Indies  could  not  bestow  on  them  the  degrees 
of  preacher  or  confessor,  nor  give  them  a  license  to 
be  ordained.  Any  religious  who  had  gone  to  Spain 
from  the  Indies  could  not  return  unless  his  visit  to 
Spain  had  been  by  the  prelate's  orders  on  special 
business.**'  And  in  a  cedula  of  October  20,  1580,  the 
king  forbade  the  departure  of  any  priest  for  Spain, 
without  first  obtaining  a  royal  license;  and  demanded 
information  as  to  the  number  of  rcligiosos  actually 
needed,  so  that  he  might  provide  them." 

'•  The  Lihro  de  lieceprioncs  of  the  convent  of  San  Francisco  of  Mexico, 
wliicli  in  the  original  is  in  my  library,  is  full  of  siidi  declarations. 

*^  iLHiiiliios  Oeuerale-i  dv  JJarcflona,  jjiira  la  Familln  Ci.twunUuni.  dr  la  Ordoi 
dr  niteKfro  Svraphko  Padic  ,S.  Fraiici-<co.  Mexico,  l.")Sr),  sni.  fnl.,  \'2'>  in\.  /I'nl 
l.j  1.,  unpaged.  This  is  a  rare  work,  wiiicli  contains  the  general  rules  of  tlio 
Franciscan  order,  decreed  liy  Father  Francisco  (ioiizaga,  niini.-iter  general  of 
the  order;  later  reformed  ami  leconqiiled  by  a  nunilier  of  j.riests  who  liad 
l)een  deputed  therefor,  and  accepted  and  ajijiroved  at  the  iiiteriiicdiate;,'en<'ral 
chapter  of  the  cisniontane  family,  held  at  Toledo  in  the  ciin\ent  of  San  .luau 
de  los  Keycs  of  the  province  of  Castile,  in  loSIJ,  ami  contlrmed  l)y  tiie  gen- 
eral. The  hook  contflins  nine  chapters  of  rules,  and  nuicli  other  information 
for  the  use  of  the  Franciscan  order. 

*'  The  cOtlulii  was  addressed  to  all  ordci"s,  including  the  Jesuits.  Ordcnts 
tie  la  Corona,  MS.,  ii.  40. 


m 


710 


nELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


The  FmiK'iscans  liaviiii^  scattered  tlienisclves  in 
several  fields  throughout  America,  the  prelates  tJjcncral 
decided  to  couiuiission  c,  re|»rescntatlve  under  the  title 
«  f  comisai'io  general  who  sliould  transact,  within  his 
jiiiisdiction,  the  important  atlaii's  of  the  order  with  the 
f<ame  })o\vers  as  if  the  minister  *(cneral  were  personally 
]ii"esent.  The  juri  diction  of  the  comisario  general  of 
New  Spain  extenued  over  the  whole  of  Mexico,  Yu- 
catan inclusive,  and  Guatemala,  Nicaragua,  and  Cuha.^- 

As  the  head  of  so  largo  a  section  of  a  great  oidcr 
he  possessed  a  power  before  which  even  the  king's 
vicegerent  was  compelled  to  bow.  This  was  instanced 
by  an  occurrence  m  1578,  .'xhibiting  the  haughtiness 
and  presumption  of  one  of  these  dignitaries,  Fiiar 
Francisco  de  Eivera,  which,  but  for  the  forbearance 
of  Enrifjuez,  might  have  been  followed  by  a  serious 
riot,  liivera  one  day  visited  the  viceroy's  palace, 
asking  for  an  audience  to  treat  on  affairs  of  his  order. 
The  viceroy  l)eing  engaged  could  not  at  once  grant 
liim  the  interview.  The  friar  resented  the  delay  as 
an  affront  to  himself  and  his  oiHce  and  spoke  of  it 
from  the  pulpit.*' 

The  viceroy  consulted  the  audiencia  on  what  ho 
deemed  an  insult,  and  an  order  was  issued  to  Rivera 
to  depart  forthwith  for  Spain.  Knowing  that  he  nuist 
go,  the  friar  would  have  yet  one  more  fling  at  tiie 
viceroy.  Summoning  all  the  members  of  his  order, 
lie  inarched  at  their  head  out  of  Mexico  for  Vera 
Cruz,  carrying  a  cross  and  chanting  the  psalm  "  In 

^'■'Tlic  coniisni'ios  gcnernlcs  of  the  order  tlint  visitod  Mexico  were:  Alonso 
do  Rozas,  iri.'Jl-!{,  who  died  and  was  Iniiitd  in  Mexico;  Juiiii  do  llraiiada, 
l.")3IJ-r);  Francisco  do  Osuna,  15;!,")— 11;  Jacoho  de  Tentora,  loll-.3;  Martin  do 
Jidjacastro,  lJ4.'}-7;  I'rauciseo  do  Bustaniantc,  l.">47-'t();  Francisco  dt;  Meiia, 
]~i.~id  '.);  none  chost'n  till  l.'itil;  Francisco  do  liustaniantc,  irtUI-;!;  Juan  do 
San  MiLjucI,  ir)(i;{;  Diego  de  Olarte,  l.'itiS— ho  died;  Francisco  de  liivera, 
iriOD;  Migur  1  IS'avaiTo,  l,"i73;  Kodrigo  do  Scquera,  ir)70;  I'edro  de  Oroz,  ITiS"-'; 
Alonso  I'once,  l.")S4;  ]*ernardino  dc  San  Cebrian,  I5S9;  I'edro  do  I'ila,  ir>l).'i; 
Diego  Mnfioz,  and  Diego  Curo,  M'ho  died  in  a  short  while.  Meiidkta,  J/i^l. 
J'Jclrx.,  r>4.'{-'>;  Ttin/iicinwla,  iii.  374-0,  4t)0-l. 

*^  'Kn  I'alaeio  todo  so  iguala,  y  no  ai  difcrcncia  dc  lo  Secular  d  lo  Eclesias- 
tico.'  Fatlier  'ror(|i!eniada,  i.  (147-iS,  in  describing  this  incident  natiiially 
makes  out  a  I'ase  for  liis  Franciscan  lirother,  wlioni  he  considers  justly  od'endctl. 
Rivera,  after  his  recall,  retired  to  his  province,  Sail  Miguel,  and  never  again 
held  uUico. 


FRIAR  ALONSO  i  ONCE. 


717 


exitii  Israel  do  Ac<]jii)to."  Tlic  people,  who  were 
(levotecl  to  the  Franeiscaiis,  Itecame  greatly  excited, 
and  tliere  was  fear  of  trouble.  The  viceroy  felt  aiiijfry 
of  course,  and  was  disposed  to  punish  Ilivera,  hut  was 
persuaded  from  it  by  his  friends,  who  brought  the 
commissary  back  to  the  city,  and  restored  the  a])[)ear- 
ance  of  harmony  for  a  time.  But  the  viceroy  wrote 
the  king  upon  the  mattei",  whereupon  the  incb'screet 
friar  was  at  once  recalled  to  Spain.  At  a  later  date 
the  tables  were  turned. 

In  1584  Friar  Alonso  Ponce  came  to  !^^<  \ico  hold- 
ing that  office.  He  presented  his  crodetili;ds  to  tlie 
arclibi.diop-viceroy,  and  entered  upon  thedischaige  of 
liis  duties.  But  his  mission  was  destined  to  hinder- 
ance  and  his  person  to  insult  at  the  hands  of  the  pro- 
vincial and  deiinidorcs  of  the  Santo  Evangelio  and 
others,  who  refused  to  recognize  him  as  their  superior. 
The  viceroy  and  audiencia  also  ticiitcHl  Ponce  with 
great  indignity,  disregarding  every  consideration  duo 
his  person,  office,  age,  and  ill-health,  and  compelled 
him  to  leave  Mexico  before  ho  had  fuliilled  his  mis- 
sion. Upon  his  return  from  Central  America,  on  his 
way  to  ]Michoacan,  he  was  again  subjected  t<  insidts, 
and  hindered  in  performing  his  duties.  It  would  be 
an  almost  endless  task  to  enter  into  the  particulai's 
of  this  scandalous  Jiifair.  Sutficc  it  to  say  that  in  the 
end  the  provincial  of  the  Santo  Evangelio  was  deprivetl 
of  his  office  by  the  su|ierior  of  the  order  in  Spain,  and 
all  the  acts  of  himself  and  the  definidores,  subsequent 
to  their  insubordination,  were  rejected  by  the  next 
general  chapter.^* 


**  They  hail  sent  two  dcpntiea  to  the  chapter,  who  went  from  Vera  Cmz 
111  the  aaiiio  ship  that  coiivoyed  Father  I'cilro  do  Z;lrato,  the  (h'p\ity  of  the 
eoiuisario  general.  The  fcjniK'r  qiiairelleil  witli  tlio  latter  in  Jluliana,  ami 
eontiuued    their    voya;.'e    up(]ii    another   vi'ssel.     They   were    captiueil    l)y 


in 

eoiui 

eontinned  their  voya;.'e  up(]n  anotlier  vi'ssel.  They  were  captiueit  \>y 
I'reneh  corsairs,  cari'iud  to  J,a  lioihcUe,  inaltreati'd,  and  lust  lli.Odtt  jicsos 
and  many  vahiahlc  thint-'.s  in  th'ir  charu'e.  When  aUowed  to  go  to  S|yain,  tiny 
found  there  Zarate,  who  had  arrived  in  safety;  and  upon  ))resenting  tlieni- 
Kt^lves  to  take  their  seats  in  the  chapter  they  were  not  admitted,  \\  hei-eaa 
Z.irato  was  recognized  and  took  part  in  the  proceedings.  I'mu'r,  lit  I.,  in  I'ul. 
JJov,  Iiiid.,  Ivii.  '2i,  lS-J-.">.  On  th6  -JSth  or  "JKth  of  Decemher  l.VsT,  owirn^ 
to  violent  acta  of  the  civil  authorities  and  others  in  I'uebla  toward  tlie  comi- 


7» 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


The  now  cornisario,  who  arrived  in  158G,  despatclied 
to  Spain  six  of  the  chief  instij^ators  of  the  distuih- 
ances,  while  Ponce,  thouj,di  justified  by  his  superiors, 
was  ignominiously  sent  to  Spain  by  the  viceroy  in 
1588;  the  provision  made  for  him  and  his  secretary 
being  scanty  and  of  inferior  quahty."*^ 

Tho  second  Franciscan  province  in  the  order  of 
precedence  was  that  of  Michoacan.  Until  1305  it 
ibrmcd  together  with  Jalisco  a  custodia  that  had  been 
erected  in  1535  by  Father  Martin  de  la  Coruna,  or  do 
Jesus,**  and  it  progressed  so  much  in  the  foundation  of 
new  convents  that  the  general  chapter  held  at  Valla- 
dolid,  Spain,  raised  it  to  the  rank  of  a  separate  province, 
with  the  name  of  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo.*^  About 
1570  it  had,  within  sixty  leagues,  twenty-seven  or 
twenty-eight  convents  with  fifty  friars.*'^  In  158G  the 
province  extended  over  one  hundred  and  twenty 
leagues  from  east  to  west,  with  a  comparatively  small 
expanse  from  north  to  south.  It  was  then  in  two 
distinct  portions,,  namely,  Michoacan  with  twenty- 
three  convents  and  seventy-eight  friars,  and  New 
Galicia  with  twenty  five  convents.  About  this  time 
New  Galicia  gave  up  three  convents,  retaining  twenty- 
two,  with  fifty-s  jven  friars.  It  being  impossible  fur 
one  provincial  to  visit  and  rule  so  vast  a  territory,  a 
comisario  provincial  was  created,  and  when  the  pro- 
vincial was  in  Jalisco  the  comisario  ruled  in  Michoacan. 


sario  general,  against  which  the  provisor  in  the  name  of  the  absent  l)ishnp 
had  solemnly  protested,  with  excommunication,  tho  provisor  caused  tiio 
lighted  candles  to  be  extinguished,  the  doors  of  tlio  alcalde  mayor,  of  ii  di'lc- 
gate  of  the  viceroy,  and  of  the  otlier  excommunicated  persons,  to  l)e  stoned ; 
and  as  he  was  proceeding,  an  order  came  from  the  viceroy,  under  jionalty  d 
forfeiture  of  temporalities  and  of  banislmient,  to  raise  tlie  interdict  for  'M 
days,  absolve  tlie  cxconmiunicated,  and  go  to  Alexico  witli  tho  papers  in  the 
case  to  see  if  liis  acta  were  just.  The  provisor  obeyed.  Ponce,  lid.  in  Cul, 
Doc.  Jnvd.,  Iviii.  .SIO. 

*'•'  The  whole  account  may  be  found  in  Col.  Doc,  Indd.,  Ivii.-lviii.,  in  Imn- 
dreds  of  pages. 

"He  died  in  1558.  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  v.  475-8. 

"  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  v.  599,  has  it  in  156C;  it  is  possible  this  was  the 
year  when  the  chapter's  decree  had  effect. 

*'  Most  of  them  were  very  old,  but  they  did  their  best,  and  indeed  accom- 
plished more  than  many  young  priests  elsewhere.  J/ ex.  lid,,  inProv,  S.  Evaiij. , 
MS.,  No.  1,  1, 2. 


CUSTODIAS  AND  CONVENTS. 


710 


and  vice  vrrfiii.*^  Tho  fiitlicrs  were  successful  in  mak- 
ing c<»nvert,s  anion^  tlu;  luitivos,  aided  in  tlu'ir  efl\)rts 
\)y  a  l)ull  of  Pope  Puulus  IV.;  hut  after  a  time  new 
idoliitrous  rites  .spranif  up  under  the  garh  of  Ciiristi- 
anity,  and  in  the  Avalos  province  anion<^  tlie  Teules  in- 
cendiaries soujjfht  in  IDoS-fil)  to  thwart  their  w<»rk 
l)y(k>stroying  the  church  of  Cliapulac,  tlie  liospital  at 
Zapothui,  and  the  convent  at  Jaki.  Supernatural 
manifestations  were  not  wantin«r  to  lend  interest  to 
the  relif^ious  history  of  this  province.  Coniisario 
general  Ponce  reports  sorcerers  \n  Zapotlan,  and  tells 
of  the  flames  comini^  up  in  a  hole  duLf  hy  an  Indian; 
they  were  extini,mished  hy  the  alcalde  mayor,  by 
pouring  in  holy  water."" 

The  custodia  of  Zacatecas  was  created  in  1500  with 
five  convents,  namely,  Nomhre  de  Dios,  San  Juan 
Bautista  in  Durango,  San  Pedro  y  San  Pahlo  in 
Topia,  one  in  the  San  Bartolome  Valley,  and  San 
I^uenaventura  of  Penol  Blanco,  later  San  Juan  del 
Ilio.  Its  first  custoilio  was  Father  Pedro  de  Espiiia- 
reda,  fiimous  for  his  work  in  Durango  and  heyond.''^ 
This  district  ha<l  heen  controlled  hy  the  province  of 
]\Iichoacan,  but,  Santo  Evangelio  friars  j)revailing  in 
number,  it  was  transferred  to  their  [iroviiice,  the  con- 
vent owned  at  Zacatecas  by  the  Alichoacan  friars 
being  exchanged  for  one  at  Queretaro."  Such  was 
the  beginning  of  the  afterward  famous  province  of 
Nuestra  Seiiora  de  Gnadalu])e  de  Zacatecas.''"'  Zaca- 
tecas thus  became  the  head,  whicli  till  then  had  been 
Nombre  de  Dios.  The  Fi-anciscan  order  lost  many 
of  its  most  pious  and  energetic  members  during  tho 
second  half  of  the  century,  sacrificed  by  tho  savagi'S 

^"This  custom,  however,  liad  lieon  iliscontiiuieil  lately.  It  was  clear  that 
the  province  shoulil  lie  divided  into  two,  each  undiT  its  own  prelate.  Poitee, 
Jivl..  in  r„l.  J)n,:  Iiicil.,  Ivii.  ")17-1!». 

'•"'Police,  JUL,  in  Col.  Dor.  Jin'-I.,  Iviii.  101. 

''  Aliout  l,")!)(i  it  iiad  14  uioniisteries.   Mi  ii.licfa,  /list.  Erics.,  ■'>4.">. 

*-  The  exchange  was  not  actually  completed  till  1578.  Arlcijui,  <  'iirtin.  Zac, 
40-3. 

'^In  17.^0  it  already  had  M  convents.  Arlerjiii,  Id.,  !i\~\',iO;  f'j'esias  y 
Coiirriito.1,  312-lG;  Mex.  lieL,  ui  Prov.  H,  Ecamj.,  MS.,  Xo.  1,  1;  lieauinuiit, 
CrOn.  Mich.,  v.  507. 


720 


REUGIOUS  ORDERS. 


anionjT  whom  they  were  engaged.  Others  were  sub- 
jected to  blows,  floggings,  wounds,  incarceration,  and 
genei'ul   ill-treatment.''^ 

The  province  of  Yucatan  was  founded  as  a  custodia 
in  1538,  but  owing  to  an  Indian  revolt  it  was  left 
vacant  for  eleven  years,  until  1544,  when  it  was  reoecu- 
j)ied  by  Father  Lorenzo  de  I>ienvenida.''^  From  1534 
to  15!)3  thirteen  bands  of  Franciscans  arrived,  the 
total  number  of  friars  being  one  hundred  and  fifty- 
six.'"  Tlie  first  custodial  chapter  held  September  21), 
1549,  presided  over  by  Comisario  La  l*uerta,  elected 
Fatlier  Luis  de  A"iilal])ando  iirst  custodio.''''  Yucatan 
and  (jruatemala  by  authorization  of  thegenoral  chapter 
at  A(|uila,  Avt-re  joined  in  one  province  and  seceded 
from  tiiat  of  the  Santo  Kvangelioof  ]Mexico  in  155*.), 
the  })rovincial  to  bo  alternately  taken  from  tiie  two 
secti<iiis.  The  first  provincial  chapter,  held  8ej)tendjer 
13,  15G1,  chose  ]'\ither  ])iego  de  Landa  iirst  provin- 
cial.''^  Father  IJienvenida  attended  the  general  cluqiter 

"Tlit^  fiillowiiiij;  .'ipjK'ar  Jis  iinirtlcrcd;  Iieniaril  Cousin,  <a  Frenchman,  for 
wlioin  the  lioiicirof  ]in)tli(>-niartyr  wa.-;  claiincd,  bi  t (liiii(j(l  ii>.  faviiv  of  Iji'diIk'!' 
.Iii.iii  Caliiu,  saiil  to  liavo  buoii  the  Iirst  '  ii'i.stiano  vic'jo'  saciifiecvl  in  Sew 
(ialicia  iii  oi'  al)oiit  !.>H;  Antonio  deCiu'llar,  Juan  ih;  I'adilhi,  .liian  <lo  'J'apia, 
.luan  Sci'iato,  Frinuiseo  Liipez,  .Juan  ile  Santa  Maria,  Agiistiu  i;o(hir,iic.', 
I'eih'o  i!"  liin  .'OS,  l''rancisfo  Doiiiel,  I'ranciico  Lorenzo  or  l.aurcniio,  I'al/o 
dv  Acevcilo,  .Juaii  I'o  Jlcrrera,  Alonso  do  \'ilhilol)o.s,  Andrew  de  la  I'lielila, 
.Inan  iKl  iiio,  I'ranci.seo  <  lil,  and  Aiuh'es  do  Ayala.  Of  the  last-nariied  tlie 
Indians  who  Ivilled  him  said,  'noliahian  ])odido  eoecr  hi  ea he/a.'  'J'lie  niur- 
(h'rs  of  Ayala  and  t  iil  an  I  Indians  in  tliei.' service  was  avenged  hy  a  foree  from 
<  ^nadalajaia,  and  ahoiit  !M)()  of  the  revoltcil  Indians  were  eaiilniedand  carried 
to  that  city,  a  nuinlier  hcini,'  ]iiit  to  death  and  (juarterciL  'J'lie  rest  wcro 
made  shms,  some  for  life,  and  othei's  for  a  tirni  of  years.  Mention  is  also 
made  of  ei^ht  or  ten  other  l''ranci.scans  w  lio  oil  victims  to  savage  fury;  their 
names  are  not  j.riv'>n.  Mt'ii'/'la,  Hist.  EcIi-k.,  7IJ">-08;  Toniuinunhi,  iii. 
(i.'Ci  .'U;  \'(t(tiii-rrt.  Mi^unli  -i.,  l.'i;  J'eniuii(.hz,  tlUt.  L'ded.,  1J8-"J;  Puiicf,  Rvl., 
in  ('<)'.  />"(•.  liud.,  Iviii.  ;V_'-.'l. 

'■>'■'  Vilaiirrrt,  ('ln-6iK  S.  L'mi,;;.,  '21. 

■•'•''J'he  lii'st  party  was  <^hat  of  Father  .Tacoho  i  la  Testera;  the  Inrcrcst,  of 
'M)  iv'M.  cameimdcr  I>icio  iU-  Landa;  there  ■were  several  of  IS,  !('.,  ll',  and  10. 
.•Xnion.;  tliose  f'iars  are  wrtrthv  of  mention,  hesi'  'S  liienvc'-'ida  and  I^anda, 
(Icronimo  de   J.coii,  Luis  de  \  illa![i;'ndo,  .iuin  ('  ronel,  and    IVtho  CardcU', 

((.;/<■//'•'/",  ii!M  )■"'•.,  y,:w--,>i,  ;iss-:»,  .ii4-i.".,  .".  ")-:ii,  ,v.-_»-8,  5!tL2,  t;)I-."., 

7").S-!t:    Wr.'/iiiz,  Chniii.  fli-if.,  olJCi-S. 

'"'  The  I'ustodia  was  erected  with  only  twoconx  nts.  }fi  lul'ff'i,  Ili<f.  /.'•'i.i., 
.IS'2.  '1'Ih?  siieceediii'.' custoi  1,..  ,,>!•  •  l,oren/od(  I'lenvciida,  l,"i."i."!;  I''ran' i.-co 
Navarro,  l.").-|():  Dicjodc  La.  da.  LVi-.i;  Francisco  .;  la  Torre,  Li(JO.  (.'xjolh-'lo, 
Jll-f.  Yii,:.  'JCS  !l.  -.'SS  !K).  .",(i;;-s. 

''^'I'lic  s,  coinlwas  l'i-aiic;.-;i -ode  la  Torre,  clai'-iii  l.'O.T.vice  f.and;i  resi"ned;.'-(:u 
remiirlcs  un  rehitiyns  between  ljisiio|)  Tural  ami  Ltiudu.  Cwjotlmlo,  J  J  int.  Yuc., 


FRANCISCANS  IN  YUCATAN. 


721 


at  Valladolld  in  loGa,  and  obtained  tliu  separation  of 
Yucatan  from  (Juatomala,  to  form  a  sejiarati'  province 
named  San  Jose.  On  the  13tli  of  April  15G7,  tlic 
llrst  c]ia[)terof  the  new  province  was  held  at  ^lerida, 
and  Francisco  do  la  Torre  was  made  fust  pi'oviniial.''' 

The  Franciscans  held  the  whole  field  in  Yucatan, 
appart  :tly  dislikini,^  the  introduction  of  other  orders. 
It  is  f-aid  that  in  1553  there  was  a  great  famine  in 
the  r<'gion  of  Itzamal,  and  the  peo|)le  would  liave 
greahy  suffered  but  for  the  help  of  Father  J^anda, 
the  guardian  of  the  convent,  who  during  six  months 
su[)[>lied  maize  not  only  to  t'lo  hjcal  pcjjxdation,  but 
al.x)  t  >  strangers  who  came  to  him  for  relief '^^ 

There  were  many  Franciscans  in  ^Mexico  l>esides 
those  nanied,  who,  for  their  pious  life,  learning,  and 
valuable  services  in  the  cause  of  conversion,  deserve 
a  s[)ecial  mention.  Among  them  are  the  following: 
Bernardino  do  Sahagun,  the  distinguished  writer  who 
came  to  Mexico  in  152'J,  and  died  in  la'.K);  l-'rancisco 
de  Zamora,  a  man  of  high  birth  and  ofHce  at  court, 
who  gave  up  all  and  became  a  humble  friar;  Alonso 
de  Huete;  Juan  Fu'-her,  or  Fochor,  •.  Fivnch  lawyer, 
who  joined  the  ordt'r  and  became  a  legal  light  in 
^Mexico;  Juan  de  !^[esa,  Hernando  I'obre,  .luan  de 
Koniiuiones,  Alonso  IJrbano,  Miguel  de  Torrejoncillo, 
Alonso  de  Topas,  Juan  de  Bejar,  1^'rancisco  de  Villal- 

308,  .724;  .UouJirtn,  Hisf.  /;.7..s'.,  .?S2-r);  Vdaiirvr/,  C/u-dii.  J'ror.  ,V.  AV((»,7., -M; 
Vdy/'irz.  t'hi'vii.  (/('fit.,  ll-l-S,  170-80. 

•''"Jiis  siu'ci'ssor.'  ••vcff:  .Tiiau  <lo  .Ariualloiu's.  cIkiscii  1.")70;  Tmiir  dc  .\i<  ikis, 
l"."!;  IVilrndc  y'H;-','.'i,  l.JT'i;  ncrnamlo  Sniuicit.i,  a  iiatixc  c.f  Mii  ii'ia,  ainl 
full  (if  (iiio  ot  t'lo  c'()i,(nu'riirs;  l.'i"!),  'r<)iin'  <lo  Art'iias,  rii'lcctcil  l.'iS'J;  I'lilni 
Canluto,  I.")S;k  AIiMisd  di;  Jiio-frio,  l.")SS;  Jlcriiaiido  ilo  S(>iiinrta,  rci-k'cU'il 
l.")!)l;  ( !e  'Mimi)  do  l.coii,  l."i!)l,  who  died  the  saiao  year,  and  Sdji-.K  rta  oiiin- 
jili'tcd  lii-i  vmi;  Alonso  d('  J>io-t'iio,  icclcctcil  )."'iV;  and  ]'"rani'isco  Ari  is  I  ns- 

tanianic,  iCido.  Cmjoiinio,  /ji^t.  Yiir.,  ;(!)7-,s,  s.:.V(i, :!:!(;,  .",s(!  s,  :!;):;-i,  ni 

l."i.  4-J:{.  Vtt-'iiiir,'  Clifiiii.  <!mi.,  '-'74;  M<ii(/:r/,i,  //i.^t.  Krhs.,  ",.<i,  ,')(.")  ,S; 
Tori/iiniiriil'i,  lii.  ;t:i7;  J'oiirc,  /,'</.,  inCol.  l)o<\  Inn/.,  Kii.  -21-^,  h  iii.  ."iS-J,  :j!tt, 
47!»:  fitiiniiirf.i  lli.-l.   Yiir.,  Kii)  !». 

""ft  is  ri'porti'd  l>y  CoL'olhido,  ///'sV.  )';/r  , 'J'll,  tliat  no  diminution  was 
nppai'ciit  ill  till'  ooiiwnt's  Lrranary  at  tlii'  end  of  the  faniiiic.  1  lie  saiim  writer 
tells  of  the  virgin  of  Itwinial.  liow  the  i  ma  ire  was  liroUL'lit  from  (iiiateniahi 
and  plaeeil  in  liie  oonvent  at  that  pluee,  win  retlie  Inilians  venerated  it.  'I'he 
Spaniards  wanted  it  in  Merida,  but  their  elVorts  to  earry  it  Jiway  pi-o\ed  in 
vain,  the  viitrin  herself  re.sistin;u'.  'No  bastaron  fnereas  Jiimiaiias  piira 
Jiiouurhi  del  jjiielilo.'  XniMlieik...s  miraclus  are  uttributcd  to  this  image. 
IllBi.  MiiX.,  Vol.  II.    10 


ii 
ill 


! 


722 


PvELIOIOUS  ORDERS. 


l);il,  Francisco  <!('  ^rai'(|iiiiia,  Francisco  do  Loon,  and 
!^[L•l<•ll()r  Ae  Hcnavcnte.  All  the  abovo  fiinircd  in  tlio 
])r'i\in('(^  of  the  Santo  Fvanu^t'lio/'^  Another  very  re- 
niarkahle  man  ^vas  the  lay  brother  of  niinorites  Friar 
Sebastian  de  A])arieio,  a  native  of  (Judina,  in  tin; 
}>rovineo  of  Galieia,  Spain,  of  hunibh,>  birth.  ( )ii 
coinini!^  to  New  Spain,  he  was  for  several  years  en- 
•jau'cHJ  in  lowlv  inirsuits,  but  always  noted  for  th«' 
jiurity  of  his  life,  lie  was  twice  married,  and  yet  it, 
is  allei^'ed  that  lie  maintained  continence.  At  tlie 
early  death  of  his  second  wife  he  surrendered  all 
worldly  u'oods  and  joined  the  Franciscans  as  a  (A'^^rr^ A. 
l)econiinn-  afterwaid  a  bi'other.  lie  served  in  the  con- 
vent of  i'uebla  as  its  solicitor  for  alms  until  his  di'ath, 
■which  occurred  at  the  aue  of  iiinetv-eiLifht,  on  tla;  'Jath 
of  ]^\'bruary  HiOO.  !Manv  miracles  are  ascribed  t  i 
liim;  he  was  beatified  and  canoni/ed,'^'-  since  whirli 
time  he  has  been  recorded  in  the  Kianan  calendar 
as  the  hciito. 

.\monn'  the  distinguished  Fi-anciscans  of  ^Fichoacan 
were  J'edro  de  Oro/,  a  great  theologian  and  linguist, 
mIio  died  about  la'.*?;  ]\liguel  de  (:iromale/,,  theologian 
and  linguist,  who  is  said  to  have  mastered  the  Tarascan 
language  in  SO  days;  (leronimo  de  la  C'ru/,;  Jost'[)h 
de  .Vngulo,  one  of  the  conijuei'ors  of  Now  Sjiain,  and 
late  captain  and  treasurer  of  Xew  Galieia;  duan  (\o 
San  ^ligui'l;  and  Maturin  Gilberti,  a  Frenchman 

Some  members  ol'  the  Santo  J'^vangelio,  in  or  a  little 
jtrior  to  la-t-b  undi'r  tlie  impression  that  the  old  vow 
ot"  poN'erty  and  strict  discijtline  were  already  declin- 
ing, resdhed  to  found  anolher  [>rovince  for  attaining 
ureater  observam-e  of  the   rule.      Father  Alonso  dc 


o:! 


"  MiwlUl<u  llisl.  ;;,•/(.<.,  0,1il-<)7,  <17T-71.'t;  Tori[ii<mathi,  400 -.mO;  V<t<in- 
crri .  Ml  nii/o'j.,  OS. 

' -'  Ili^.  ^Ut  o{  iniiiiolcs  vns  liintlc  ti>  a|nic;ii'  lit  the  IJiiiiian  ruriii,  niid  l'o|'(' 
Clciin'iit  Xlir.,  on  till'  '2i\  (if  May  ITOs,  ilriiccil  him  ihily  iMMtiliid  and 
I'anoni.  fd.  \\  liicli  lanscd  Lircat  joy  not  imly  in  ( Jaliciii  luit  in  all  Mi'viiu,  ainl 
I  arlii.  Tilai  ly  in  riulila.  Unilrhjiir:.  ]'iilii  il<'  A /•iiririn,  l-'J.'U,  with  ]inrtrait. 
i'hc  lity  of  I'nolila  fnnnally  made  him  its  patron  siiint,  Wtiiiicrri,  M<  iwloj., 
\~  ".H;    /!•  (iiniiiiiif,  Cnin.  M/ifi.,  iv.  iJbU-4. 

^  Tofijtu'iiKitlii,  iii.  ooO-Ol. 


THE  DOMINICANS. 


:-2.1 


Escalona  fm*  liiinsL-lt'  and  otlitis  applied  to  tlio  iiiiii- 

i.'^tro  general  for  the  rcfjiiisite  permission,  which  was 

granted^'  llie    new   province  heini?  named  after   tlio 

lather  o-oneral,  Andres  de  la  Insula,  Provineia  Insu- 

lana,  with  Escalona  tor  tirst  })rovincial.     They  j"Ui-- 

neyed  into  tlu'  interior,  hut  c(juld  find  no  suitaMe  spnt 

on  which  to  plant  themselves.    Everywhere  they  (  ii- 

countered  ohstacles  until  they  saw  the  uselessness  of 

further  trtort,  when  h}^  common  consent  they  ntiu'ncd 

and  wei'c  kindly  received  into  the  old  I'old.      At  tliis 

time,  15r)4,  the  order  had  occasion  to  send  relli^ious 

tt>   GuatiMuala,   and    I'^scalona   stai'ted   harefooted   as 

the  prelate  of  nine  othei's  for  that  field,  where  thi-y 

lahored  several  years  inetl'ectually,  and  then  returned 

to  ^lexico. 

^\nother  orthn-  of  l^'rancisc  ans  ontere(l  the  Held  of 

!Mexicoin  1580  or  l.'Sl,  consisting(»flifteen  harefooted 

friars  under  Father  Pedro  (U'l  ^[»»nti>,  helon-'inuf  to  the 

]»rovince  of  Saint  Joseph  in  Sjiain.''^    "^i'liey  were  L;iv<  ii 

liahitation  in   the   hospital   of  San    ('osnu'    and  Sau 

Daniian.""     This  was  the  foundation  (tf  the  pro\inco 

of  Sau  Dieii'o  de  Alral.i.     Tln-oULj'h   Father  Monte's 

exertions"'  tlu*  ei'ection  of  a  convent  A\as  elfected  on 

the  plaza  de  San  llipi'dito  with  the  ordiuaix  "s  pti'u 
c.;,.,.  .>.wi  +iw^  .....;.+., »'<•..:... ,.L.  us    ti ';.,..f..,,,.« 


lb 


sion  and  the  assistance  of  IViendf 


lie  construction 


M, 


IS  begun  m  la'.il,aiid  occupied  several  yeai's;  \in 


deed 


it  was  not  finished  till    lOi'l.      When  the  harefooted 
Franciscans  had  several   convents,  though  not  coiii- 


'  Ki(?lit  priests,  ninong  tlion  Jiiiui  df  llihas,  (inc  of  tlu' 


norr.i,  aiiil  four  lav  limtl 


il  ]-2]> 


it.il  ill  tho  fliurt.  MKiiilhlii,  Jl,-t.  A'./.  ...  (i.';{, 


(iOS-'.t;    'J'onih 


il-i,  iii.  -liil 


In  laTiior  l."i7S  u  jiarty  nl'  "Jl  uiiilrr  ]'< did  ile  Alfaro,  caiiu-  ti)  ,Mc\iii). 


Ill  attiT  must  (if  tin  III,  if  not  all, 


.S'.  /'/■.;/<J,  S;  /,', 


<;,  Not.  M( 


Went  to  till'  I'liilijiiiuu's 
Moiniii),  Dan.  L'sil,  .M^ 


It  \vi 


Ml. 


'/,  I 'til  on 


not  pi 


■rtiil  that  tiny  alsci  uiic;  liduuil  lur  tli''  I'liilii'iiiiu' ■,  Init  All 


A'"^  Ml .('.,  ill  J/n 


I'lJlll.  A'lji.,  li'Jt, 


Fatlii  T  .Miiiito  Mas  liiu'lily  I'stt'inu'd  jiy  Aniiliisl'.nji  .Mcya  ami  \'iicniy 


CoiicUj  di'  lii  ( Vinina, 


<1   uft 


111  (Miisiiltiil  I'll  j^iiN  triiim  lit  allairs,  liciiii,'  alx) 


I'litnistt'tl  hy  tlio  toniii'r  w  illi  a  ililicatt'  i'iiiiiiiii>.>ioii  to  Sjiaiii  ai 


d  i: 


line. 


Ik 


IS  tin-  lirst  vi.sitadoi'(if  liifi  ovdir  in  tlu'  I'Miliiiiiims,  «  licncc  lie  diil  not  co 


back  to  Mcxiro,  owiii''  to  a.:i'  and  iiilirmitii : 


Ml  ill, 


C/u 


S.  I)h 


i: 


:;i. 


Mati'o  .Maulioii  anil  Ills  w  ifi'  suii)ilii(l  tliu  li 


ilid  olitailR'd  tiat  lioiuir 


id  li,L;lit  of  ]i 


iitroiia^'e. 


.1/../; 


<:h, 


S.  D 


iii  Mu 


L'.^ji.,  MS.,  341. 


lijn 


•J7;  /.N 


Xol.  Ml 


I  !i 


I 


7-24  RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 

jiletod,  in  Xow  Spain,  they  wore  constituted  into  a 
eiistodia,  subject  to  tlie  province  of  San  (Jre^i^orio  of 
^[anila,  which  was  confirmed  hy  PhiH[>  II.  Father 
Pech'o  Ortiz  was  made  custodio,  and  departed  from 
Sjtain  at  tlie  head  of  iifty  rehg'ious  destined  for  the- 
3MiiHp[)ines.  He  was  at  once  I'ecoguized  in  Mexico, 
August  19,  1593/'» 

In  1599  the  custodia  of  San  Diego  liad  seven  con- 
vents, one  of  them  in  Oajaca,  and  made  appHcatiou  for 
a  sejtarate  government  as  a  province  detaclied  i'rom 
that  of  ]\ranihi.  As  there  was  no  oi)po.sition,  tho 
j)ope  issued  liis  brief  Si'[)tember  l(»th  constituting  the 
new  provinces  with  its  custodio,  father  Gabriel  Ilap- 
tista,  as  i)rovincial.  This  was  sanctioned  by  the  crown 
on  the  *J4th  of  December  folio winu'.'''' 

The  Dominican  order  at  the  end  of  the  IGtli  cen- 
tury liad  in  Xew  Si)ain  two  [)rovinces,  namely:  San- 
tiago dc  ^lexico  A\it]i  forty-eiglit  monasteries,  and 
San  TlipoHto  de  Oajaca  with  twenty-one.  From  the 
arts  passed  by  tlie  several  chaptei's  (»f  the  order  [)rior 
to  15S9,  we  may  i:<fer  that  members  wore  strictly  held 
ti>  the  rules  of  poverty  and  mendicancy.  They  were 
to  be  not  onlv  virtuous  and  chaste,  but  were  to  avoid 
temptation.  They  were  not  to  expose  themselves  to 
I'.dse  charges;  and  every  member  was  forbidden  to  ask 
i'rom  anv  person  of  whatever  race  anvthiuLT,  for  him- 
self,  any  one  else,  or  his  C(Mivent,  save  what  the  rule 
jirescribeil.  No  one  was  to  go  to  Spain  without  writ- 
ten permission  from  the  provincial.     It  was  enjoined 

"'  Ortiz  went  as  a  niissioiinry  to  tlie  riiilip])iiies,  ami  later  to  C;iml)otl;.^o, 
ulicl'c  lie  jiei'islii'd  at  the  liaiuls  of  tlu^  Likis.    MitViun,  C/iroii.  S(tn  JJii;/",  'M>. 

'"'I'liis  t'l'eetioii  of  the  ]ii'()\  iiu'e  was  eoulinned  in  tlu;  ucneral  ehajiteriif 
the  oi'iler  in  'J'okdo,  IdOd,  to^'etiier  witii  that  of  San  Fianeisi'o  of  Zaoateias. 
Jic/iiiii,  ('lirmi.  S.  I>ir;ii).  40.  ])iiiin>,'  the  iieriod  naiiicil  the  followinj^  fiiars 
of  tlie  order  also  distiiij^'iiislii'd  themselves:  I'lanciseo  'I'orantos,  Antonio  de 
S.inta  Maria,  Cristnlial  de  la  Cruz,  Cristolwl  de  Jliarra,  Mij;iiel  de  Talavera. 
'llie  last  nami'd  was  a  doetor  of  thenlo:,'y  of  tla;  nniversity  of  AleuLi,  a  man 
(if  extraordinary  eloniunee,  who  had  oei  n  the  ^'iiardian  of  his  lonvent  in 
Madrid.  Ahont  l.-i.s.")  he  liron;.'lit  ont  a  jiarty  of  mis.sionariis,  who,  after  tar- 
lyiiiLf  for  a  time  in  Me\ieo,  were  most  ot  thini  sent  to  tlii'  l'liili|iiiines  uiidei' 
I'l  ter  Jlaptist  as  eommissaiy.  'i'alavera  retained  a  few  to  hel^i  form  the  ens- 
toiiiu.  Mniiiiu,  lo,  113-1).  CruHiuloit,  TurUi^,  'S6'J. 


DISTINf ; UISIIED  DOMINICANS. 


^L'J 


l- 

■- 
(I 


10 


that  no  moinl)(;r  of  the  ordf^r  sliould  bo  present  at  tl.- 
rlcctioii  of  otHcials  in  Indian  towns,  or  iu  any  way 
intcrforo  witli  tho.sc  officials  in  tlio  discharge  of  their 
(Uitios,  or  assunio  a  right  to  inflict  corporal  j<uiiish- 
nient  on  or  demand  [lecnniary  penalties  i'roni  Imiians. 
^Marriage  cases  of  an  ol)jectiona!)le  or  douhtful  nature 
Mere  to  be  referivd  to  the  diocesan.  The  religion.; 
Avere  to  win  the  natives  lu'  kindness,  "con  aniorosas 
y  graeiosas  palabras,"  not  pi'eaching  words  t(»  anuise, 
but  sound  doctrine  to  I'ructily  their  souls.  The  Ind- 
ians were  not  to  be  charged  for  the  administration  of 
the  saci'anients,  ringing  of  bells,  or  other  service,  but 
their  gifts  might  be  accejited.  The  penalties  for  viola- 
tions of  the  )-ules  passed  by  the  cha[)ter  were  (juitt.' 
sevei-e."^  If  thev  u'rew  careless  there  was  an  evo 
nj)on  them;  the  king  bad  to  remind  the  Dominicans, 
and  with  tlieni  the  Austin  iriars,  on  the  18th  of  July 
ir)(')'2,  that  they  were  mendicants. '- 

Tlie  Don)inican  community  founded  in  ^lexico  in 
1  .VJ(»  was  ruled  from  this  timo  to  153.5  by  a  vicario  gen- 
eral;'^  from  ]j:)^)  to  1508,  l)y  a  })r()vincial  whose  term 
Mas  of  three  y^ars;  i'rom  and  after  1508,  <if  f)ur  years.  * 
The  iirst  to  hold  the  otHce  was  J  )omingo  de  J^etanzos,''' 

"  Ail(i!<  /V'l)'.,  ^rS.,  1~17S.  'J'lic  Ai'l'in  I'rov'iiichih  ■(  tie  In  Pr  iviiirin  ilt<. 
Sdiifiii'i')  tie  M,,irii  (III  Oi'iliii  ih:  }'i'til'ii-ii'Utri-<^  i\  iii:imiscriiit  uf  my  ciillrc- 
tiiiii.  ;ii(!  tlic  (iii^iiiiil  iiiiiuitr.-f  from  l.'it'.t  tn  |.">S!I  of  (Ik;  chaiitiT*  held  1>y  \\\i\ 
1  )oiiiiiiii'.iii  ii'''J\  iii>'i'  "'  Mi'\i>o,  fuiiiisliiii'4  lists  of  its  iiaiiiliLTs  ;it  (lilici'ciit 
l^'i'imls,  wln'i'L'  tlii'y  wtTc  stiitiiiiH'il.  anil  otlitT  iiiimiiialioii  toHchinL;  tliat  nrili'i-. 

'-.l/ij*.  ('<)K  />'//.  ^  ( l.Slil ),  Iiitrml.  xlvii.  Xiin;  iiii'iiilii'rs  of  tlio  oi'lir  \v(r(! 
IioiH'iiil  with  the  otlicc  of  fatlicr  (^oiifussor  of  tin;  i-uliijx  vicvroy.  Of  tlio.'.io 
\v  lio  hail  jias-'ccl  soini;  iioitioii  (jf  tlioirlivos  in  Mtxico,  four  lH'oaiiii'aro!ilii.-ilio|'<; 
littt^cii  olitaiiuil  liislioiirii's;  (ivo  woro  !i]ijioiiiti'il  liishops  ainl  ilcrliniil  to 
ii<.("]it  Iho  oliii'c;  two  XMi'i;  govoniors  of  tliu  an.hilioeisc  of  Mexico;  aij<l  m\ - 
«ial  others  were  jirofeiisora  of   the  iiiiis'ersity.    iJuvila,  L'oiitiiiuuihni,   MS., 

yK)-n. 

■'  I.  'riionias  Ortiz,  who  afterward  he-aine  hishop  of  Santa  Miirta;  •_'. 
^"i(•ente  (le  Saut.a  Maria;  .'<.  l)oiniiij.'o  ile  Hetanzos;  4.  Fi'aiui  ;io  de  Saii 
Mii^iiel,  who  eanie  from  La  Kspaiiola;  he  later  called  himself  provincial  of 
Me  vico  under  an  ek'cti"ti  made  of  him  in  l.">;U.  I'.ut  iiis  claim  to  the  olHcc  in 
denied  on  the  ])Ic.i  tliat  the  electoral  rules  had  not  heen  ol>ser\<;d,    /),ii\f'i, 

CdllthllDirinil,  Ms  .  2S4-."). 

■*  I'ope  .lulius  !l.  re.L'avded  the  reasons  for  the  ehaniic  .ns  ^'ood,  and  ord>  rid 
the  jiroviMeials  term  to  he  ipuidriennial;  aiul  tlie  intcrmeduite  chapters  to  lie 
held  every  two  years  instcail  of  I'vcry  year  as  fornicrly.  'llie  j.'cni  lal,  I'alhi  r 
Vicente  .Jusliniano,  liy  his  jiati-nt  of  May  ]•_',  lodll,  ordciiil  it  carried  out,  and 
'el  I'li.i-'  de  I't'oiiincial  dure  (|Ualr.i  alios.'   f,;ii,isiil,  lli-l,  < '/ii/n/m,  :,', 

"^ Mis  successors  Were,  in  tliu  order  giNeii:  I'etlro  Delgudo,  loo>S;  J^oniingo 


ii 


EELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


Avlio  liitcr  clcfTinod  tlio  bishopric  of  Guatemala.  A 
j)ri()i's  tcM'iu  iK'vcr  exoeeded  two  years. 

Ill  l.jaO  an  order  had  been  issued  to  soGfrccjate  from 
tlie  j»i't»vince  of  Santiago  iu  ^lexico  all  convents  and 
houses  existing  in  Chiajias  and  Guatemala,  and  they 
went  to  form  a  part  of  the  newly  created  |)rovineo 
of  San  Vicente  de  Chiai)as  y  Guatemala.  This  toojc 
eilect  from  August  15,  laal.''*'  As  the  chief  convent 
heli)nging  t(»  the  order  was  in  a  state  of  rapid  deray, 
notwithstandin-j;  heavv  expenditure  hv  the  friars,  in 
la.rJ  the  king  ordered  that  it  should  be  rebuilt  at  the 
ex})ensc  of  tiic  crown." 

AmoUL!:  the  Dominicans  who  distinguished  them- 
selves  in  INTexico,  aside  from  j)rovincials,  are  J  nan 
L(>[)ez  (,\astellanos,  Hernando  de  la  Viv/.,  Juan  de 
Alc;i/ar,  noted  for  his  great  eloquenct^  in  the  Spanish, 
^lexifNUi,  and  Zapotec  languages;  Diego  Osorio,  after- 
ward visitadoi-  to  Pm-u,  w1k>  tleclined  the  bisliopric  nf 
(\irtliagena,  and  to  whom  the  university  of  ^[exiro 
paid  doctor's  honors  at  his  funeral.  I'edre  de  l?i'avia 
was  a  learned  man  who  held  the  ofHee  of  delinidor 
in  the  order,  as  well  as  other  }tositions  of  honor  and 
t;ust.  He  declined  the  mitre  of  Panam;i,  and  on  the 
departure  of  Archbishop  ^loya  for  Spain  was  left  as 
governor  of  the  arciuliocese,  which  otlice  he  tilled  till 

(lu  l;v  (Vn/,  l.')4l,  «lii)  ill  rliiu'il  i\\o  face  of  Xi'w  (ialii  i:c,  IVilro  TV'lgado,  1514; 
1  r  ivfii.--('l  till  Mil. I'  l.aK  ( 'hiirras:  1  >.ii,iiii;;-.i  ilc  Santa  Mar'a,  l."i  t7; -Aiiilri'-^ 'lo 
Mii.'iii'i',  l.'i.'id;  I",  iimiilo  lie  Alliiir(|iU'r(jiic,  l.")."i,'{,  l:itir  liisiid])  (if  Oajaca;  1)  >- 
Iiiiii:.'!)  lie  Santa  Maria,  I.'i.pO;  I'lilroilf  la  I'cua,  l.')."i'.>,  wholiciaino  lii>h(i[)  i.f 
(,'iiitii;  ( 'iist(ii>al  iK'  la  ('ill/,  l.'Mi'J:  IVilro  ile  Fciia,  latur  liisln.p  uf  ('liia]ias; 
.liiaii  lie  ( 'iii'ilolia.  l."i(lS;  I)iiiiiiii;.'(i  ill'  .\Lrniiiai_'a,  I.")7'-;  <!;iliiiil  ilo  .San  .Insi-iili, 
l.'iT'i:  Ahiliis  lie  Lliill.i,  l.")8l,  Ix'caiiio  lii>liii))  of  Clnajias,  ami  lattr  cliuscii 
fur  .Mirlioai'an;  llinniiiLro  ilo  A-.'uiiia:^(i,  (,".l>i."i;  (Jahii/)  de  San  Juseiili,  l.'i^!'; 
I'eilro  OiicTioro,  l."i!i;>;  I'ascual  dv  la  Aiiiiiiiiacio)),  t^lioiifiir  one  year  re- 
Kiuiuil;  tlie  otlice  then  uent  iiit»>  the  haiiils  of  the  vieurj'*  gi  iicml  iiml  vi.-it.i- 
<lor:  and  .liiaii  do  IJohoivnies,  l.'iilit,  wlu)  afterward  wai  l/jsliop  of  V'tiiozuela, 
and  later  of  Oajaea.  iJuril'i,  Cont'idutrhti),  MS.,  284^. 

'"The  rei|iie»t  eaiiio  from  the  proviiui  in  Mcxieo,  wh'«*  nilprs  did  ivt 
a)>pi'ove  of  ii  very  extended  urea,  jaeferriiiL.'  to  pr'/vide  a  rei|iiisite  iiinul«  t  ><l 


that 


pi 


ICO  wilhiii  its  tirritory  CKidd  lie  properly  (itt.  n  !<  •! 


to.  Ihirila  /'(iil^'/ti,  ]li-l.  I'rwL,  110-11.  August  f<,  hVd,  the  kinjf  oidend 
t!iat  each  Poniinican  filar  should  1)0  allowi  d  yearly  (lie  and  one  half  anol-j.a 
of  «  hie  for  sacrunieutal  iijc.  I'luj'i,  Cuiulnrio,  Xb'l;  Ikme""!,  IIk'.  t'lijui-i. 


'•'•  Half  (\<hihi,  in  CI.  fhv.  /iiol.,  xwi.  205;  / 
Col,  Lij/cd  0^01 ;,  i.>  lutrud.,  \lvii. 


"./«! 


Cnlu 


l^j;  J/'X, 


DOMINICANS  IN  OAJACA. 


727 


liis  doatli,  wliicli  oecuiTod  jit  tlio  n<:i;o  of  sixty-two. 
His  o<>VLrium.'iit  was  strict.  I^csides  these  woix-  Juaii 
do  Coi'doba,  an  oltl  suldiei-,  and  one  of  tlic  Iiunililest 
as  well  as  most  efficient  members ;  Francisco  di'  Agiii- 
lar,  one  of  Cortes'  pi-ominent  and  trusted  soldiers  at 
the  conquest  of  ^Eexico,  a  man  of  lofty  thoughts  and 
generous  imi)ulses,  beloved  by  the  natives,  and  who 
wore  the  habit  fortv-two  years,  iirovinix  himself  us 
good  a  soldier  of  Christ  as  he  had  been  of  tin;  kinjj;; 
Juan  do  la  Magdalena,  a  son  of  Juan  Alonso  do 
llstrada,  who  was  governor  of  ^lexico  in  1527,  and 
\\ho  died  in  Ciuilad  Real  of  Chiapas  in  157'.);  Tom;is 
de  San  Juan,  a  good  scholar,  exemplary,  religious, 
and  an  eloquent  preacher;  and  Doniiiigo  de  la  Anun- 
ciacion,  who  never  ate  ilesh,  wore  linen,  or  rode  <»n 
lioi'.scback.  Of  the  last  named  it  is  said  that  once 
v.hen  in  great  pei"il  of  being  drowned,  he  was  save(l 
bv  a  i)iece  of  the  liiinum  crucis  that  he  carried  on  his 
jterson.  lie  died  in  Mexico  in  1 51)1,  at  the  age  of 
eiii'litv,  an  object  of  love  and  veneration." 

The  ]-ich  j)rovince  of  U;ijaca  was  almost  enliivly 
intrusted  to  the  ])ominicans.  They  lost  no  time  in 
taking  possession  of  the  most  con\enient  }»lacrs,  where 
they  erected  convents,  many  of  whosi;  priests  v^ou 
for  tluiii.-clNes  and  their  oide^r  Iioiiorabh'  distinction. 
Their  progress  seems  to  have  been  slow  at  first,  and 
Inset  with  much  diflicidty,  the  old  idolatrous  iln-- 
trines  having  such  a  powerful  hold  on  the  Luhan 
lieart.'"  Cociyopu,  king  of  Tehuantepec,  who  had 
been  dispossessed  of  Lis  doniinious,  notwithstanding 
lie  li.td  ado])ted  (  hristianilv  and  submitted  in  peac; 
1<>  the  S]ianisli  I'ule,  fe(  ling  indignant  at  sui'h  treat- 
ment, and  believing  tliat  a  religion  \\hieh  pernntte(l 

''■  r-nwvd-z,  ffiyf.  Erf:.".,  liMi-S,  11.":  y,'f?///rf.  /"  ;)»/;);»"'- -o/!,  MS..  iOO-'J, 
*rr-8:  Ji,tri/<i.  yw^/Af,  J/:.</.  i;;,<l..  :!i:!-!ll. -ICS--.-,!)!);  Jj,,-,:  Cur.,  ii.  );:;j; 
if. 'CS;  viii.   MHi  I.  M4.  ;{70-l.  ;.•>;  ix.  ll.'i  ,">,  •.':i'_'. 

'•'"In  iniiny  I'latiH  idi.l.s  miiv  •li.'^invenil  liy  tin*  )in'»'st.s  liiuiid  iiinli  r  ;i 
tBWiiui.  wliirli  w.is  ii]ii)iuiiit'\  wf!f  (.iri'l  |ii!'!ii:il  \'.iii>:it(i|,  m'  tiuilir  tin-  \vrv 
jiAtoiv  in  till'  (.liiifilii  s.  and  I'li  wliicli  tin'  lii'atli«'iii>li  .-a<  rilin's  viii,'  .sDiiKUu.f.'i 
ot^ciid.  All  sill  li  iilils.  ill  vhativir  i"i  nil.  « I'll'  iK'sti^yril.  Lucit  i  I'm.!,!  a, 
JJint.  J^'riid.,  Ofio-iii  Uuiijijii,  G'k,^.  Litti np.  OaJ.,  ii.  oftj. 


'P  1 


■ 


f 


788 


RKLIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


iiijustirc  and  oppression  must  be  false,  aljaiidoned  it 
and  returned  to  his  old  laitli,  and  was  diseovend 
saciilieiiijjj  as  l>ij^li-|)rlest  to  the  idols,  with  six  of  his 
jicople.  J'\ither  ]}ej'nardino  do  Santa  !Maria,  the 
virar  L^^'ucral,  admonished  him  in  [)rivate,  rcasoniii'^ 
tenderly,  l)ut,  as  he  persisted,  he  and  his  aeeoniplirrs 
were  imprisoned  in  the  Dominiean  convent.  The 
jK'ople  clamored  for  his  liberty,  and  the  civil  autlidi- 
it}',  fearinix  possible  trouble,  asked  the  j)riest  to  pi  r- 
suado  C'ociyof)U  to  speak  to  his  people  and  calm  lluiu. 
'^i'hi'  king  re})lied  that  his  vassals  were  his  childriii, 
and  were  I'iii'liteouslv  sieved;  nevertheless  he  asked 
them  not  to  add  to  his  sorrows  by  violent  acts.  "It  is 
tlu^  will  of  heaven,"  he  said.  "I  am  well  treated  and 
haitpy,  and  you  must  not  break  the  peace."  Xevtr- 
tlu'liss,  he  refused  to  recognize  the  jurisdiction  of 
]^isho[)  Alburquerquc's  connnissioners  to  try  him, 
because  as  a  subject  of  the  SpanisJi  crown  his  case 
should  go  to  tlie  viceroy  and  audiencia,  before  wlioni 
it  had  been  already  laid.  He  went  to  ^lexico  about 
the  yi'ar  IfjCll,  sunuiioned  to  a])j)ear  before  the  higli 
court  of  the  audiencia,  and  on  his  journey,  though 
apparently  in  custody,  was  greeted  everywhert>  as  be- 
iitted  the  king  of  Tehuantepec,  the  son  of  Coci^'oeza, 
grandson  of  one  jSIexican  I'mperoi',  and  brotlier-iir 
law  of  another.  His  elforts  availed  him  nothing, 
however,  for  after  sjjcnding  a  year  in  the  endeavor  to 
obtain  justice,  he  A\as  stri[)pe(l  of  everything.*'*' 

Accoi-ding  to  ]^ishop  Zarate,  aifairs  in  this  pro\inco 
were  not  in  an  en\ial)le  condition  down  to  the  year 
laaO.  There  were  at  the  time  very  iew  jiriests  and 
oidy  two  convents,  of  the  Dominican  order,  one  at 
Oajaca  and  the  other  at  Miztecapan.  On  account  of 
the  unsettled  aifaii's  of  Cortes  the  valley  si^emed  to  lia\e 
hvcn  neglected,  particularly  by  his  sturdy  enemy  the 

•"' Dojirivt'd  fif  Ills  proporty  nii'l  rank  by  the  sentence  of  tlif  cniirt,  ho  sot 
out  (in  Ills  letui'ii  to  Ti'hujiiitojH'C,  aiitl  ilie  1  of  ajiojlexy  sx  Nejapa,  n  town 
jii.<t  without  tlie  l)ouiuhiri«'S  of  hi.i  lost  kiiij,'iloiii,  where  lie  lii-l  not  meet  with 
the  same  ilistiiiL'ui.-hed  net  ]>l ion  as  on  llie  jor.i  ucv  out.  /im.-^si  iir  tit  IJoitr- 
Luunj,  iliist.  j.V((/.  Civ.,  iv.  t>:!j-l).     Biusseur  cahs  liini  t'ocjupy. 


DOMINICANS  IN  THE  NOUTIT. 


:-20 


viceroy.  The  fvw  Avrallliv  scUUts  had  dird,  and 
tlioso  reiiiainiiiLf  wwv  in  distress;  their  contntiun  was 
siu'h  that  in  the  uhscnce  of  t'ortri's^cs  or  i)thc'r  de- 
fences'' t-hey  were  in  continuous  fear  of  the  Intnans. 
The  Avholc  number  of  S[)aniards  in  the  city  was 
scarcely  thirty,  and  these  were  anxious  to  (K|)art. 
Contrajy  to  the  opinion  of  Ziirate/ "  ^[enih./a  "I'liiiied 
that  the  site  of  Antequeni  was  ;i  Ljood  one,  hiiuL;'  wheio 
Montezuma  had  lils  ujarrison  of  ^[exieans.  When  the 
Spaniards  went  to  Hve  tliere  they  took  possession  of 
the  Indian  dwellings.  Cortes  had  a  house  ii[ion  u 
teni]>le  and  Francisco  ^[aldonado  another. 

Between  15.") I  and  1580  aliairs  assumed  a  new- 
aspect,  and  nuich  religious  progress  was  made;  and 
what  was  no  less  important  to  the  apostolic  lai)orers, 
a  lai'u'e  extent  of  country  was  secured  for  the  auvi'^^"- 
dizement  of  the  order  which  in  1555  already  had  ;i 
good  su[)j)ly  of  priests,  and  in  Antecjuera  a  \'u-,\v 
general  of  the  provin(;ial  for  the- government  of  the 
Zap(^)tec,  !Miztec,  and  ^lije  regions.  The  ct)nvent  of 
Teliuantepec  was  in  1551  attached  to  the  [)ro\iiiiH« 
of  (iruatemala,  as  being  nearer  thereto,  autl  one  jiuii- 
dred  and  thirty  leagues  from  that  of  !\[i'xieo;  but  three 
years  later  that  arrangement  was  ibunil  inconvenient, 
and  the  convent  was  restored  in  1555  to  tlu;  latter. 

In  1554  was  founded  an  establi.-,hment  in  (Juwjold- 
titlan,  and  in  1555  one  in  C'uilapa  an<l  another  m 
Ocotlan.  These  foundations  wt-re  followed  by  otheis 
in  A'illa  Alta  de  San  lldelbnso,  Xusllahuaca,  Achiuh- 
tla,    Xaltepec,   Tecomastlahuaca,    Xochifttlan,    Tilaii- 

'' Tn  l.'rit)  tlic  settlers  pctitionnl  for  a  fortress;  Imt  tlic  fivcriiiiieiit  ile- 
clilit'il.    J/iii'/i'Z/i,  III'.,  ill  J'dilt'  ni  nnd  dinli  ims,  I'ul.  J)"r,,  vi.  .'i\\. 

"■-  ];isliii|)  Ziiriitoiiliii  ins  tli;it  the  lity  "i  Aiitinncra,  or  ( laJMiu  was  fniiruK  il 
on  an  uii>uitaMi.'  s|"it  with  tlic  tAil  iiitint  nf  iniiiiin.r  the  iikii'i|i,i  s  del  X'ailc, 
ami  that  liii'  srttlns  hail  Ircu  the  siUl't  ii  r.s,  tor  tho  Imlians  luel  iiiert-ascd  in 
nuiiiliers  and  ineiipiecl  the  enviions.  '1  Iiuh  the  S|i;iniai<ls  had  ii'ioiitkt  tnr 
their  live-stoek,  no  jiastures,  nor  lands  to  eiiltivate.  Car'n.  in  /'. u7/ic.>  ami 
('((nl'iKK,  CiA.  Jhic,  vii.  i")4(!-r)l.  I'ather  Santa  .Marin  staled  in  l."i4S,  that 
the  Indians  of  Teiioxeolula,  a  town  l(i  Icau'iies  noiih-ea.'-t  ol  Aiite(|iura.  de- 
Bired  to  siitle  near  tho  monastery,  and  the  hibhoji  would  not  allow  it;  a  my.il 
deeree  should  he  issued  iierinitting  it,  aa  it  wouUl  prove  heiietieial  to  tho 
iwtives.  Cuiid,  in  /(/. ,  "JOT. 


.1  : 


I 


780 


RELKIIOU.S  ORDERS. 


t(>nno,  riinatlan  del  Vall(^  l)y  l)Isliop  AlI)iiiT|nerqtip, 
( 'Iiit'liic'aj)a,  Santa  Ctitariiia,  Santa  .Viia,  'i'cticjiaciiic, 
TlaciU'liahuaya,  Jiiquila,  and  (.'liuniia.'"'  All,  as  wtll 
as  can  bo  n^ado  ont,  were  civated  uitliiii  tlio  iieridd 
nl)«>vc  naniL'il.  In  1 57a  tlio  ordi-r  laid  the  oorncr-stoiK; 
f  another  convent  in  Ante(|Uera,'*  wliieh  toward  the 
CMid  of  the  century  found  itsi'lf  at  the  head  of  one 
luuidred  and  twenty  reliL,nous  cstahhshnicnts  in  thi.s 
diocese.  The  creation  of  a  separate  Dominican  prov- 
ince of  Oajaca  liad  Ijeen  conten)plated  i)rior  to  laSO; 
but  lor  various  reasons  the  division  was  not  made 
until  I'^atlier  Antonio  do  la  Serna  ohtainctl  the  linal 
order  from  the  general  cha})ter  held  at  Venice  in  1592.'*' 
The  Chontales,  a  lierco  people,  were  brought  under 
subji'ction  to  the  crown  after  hard  iighting.  'J'hcy 
])aid  tribute,  but  never  would  countenance  the  sojourn 
of  J:]uroi)eans  among  them,  nor  dwell  in  ])ermanent 
towns.  The  first  Christian  churches  erected  in  their 
C(juntry  were  mere  huts  of  boughs  hidden  among  the 
raAines,  and  scarcely  distinguishable  from  tlio  trees 
and  undei'growth.  The  }»eople  \voulil  place  food  Ibr 
the  missionaries  on  the  ground  at  the  entrance  of  the 
huts  and  say  to  the  Indian  attendant,  "Tell  them  to 
cat  and  go  away,  for  we  have  no  need  of  their  mass." 
leather  Domingo  Carran/a  went  among  them  \\\i\\  his 
stalf  and  a  rosary,  attended  by  his  Zapotec  sei-vant. 
At  first  the  Chontales  fied  from  him,  and  he  was  re- 
duced to  live  on  wild  fruits;  but  after  a  while  some 

"Simla  (':it;nina,  Siiiita  Ann,  Toticpriquo,  Villa  Altn,  nnd  Clinapa  were 
riorc  (luclriiui:s.  Jjiirjmi,  O'loi/.  jMscriji.,  On/.,  ii.  'Jl'o- IJl',  •JlJ(J-73, 1260-."),  300-1, 
307  11. 

•■'  -V  I'oi'k  wiiM  clidson  (>i>  which  to  Imilil,  hocansn  of  cnrtluiiiaUcs.  TIio  roii- 
BtriK'liiiii  «as  1)(;_'Uii  with  l.">  jit'sus,  ,iiul  a  curt  witli  l\v  >  imilcs;  ;it  liist  1,(1(11) 
pesos  were  siiciii.  on  it  ycai'ly;  then  'J, ()()(),  inul  liii.illy  (1,000.  All  the  Domini- 
can houses  in  Oajaca  iiiilcil.  L\)iu',-<al,  JliU.  t'/ii/a;/(t,  Tl-'t;  JJinijod,  (I'l'H'j. 
JJf^rri/i.,  OoJ.,  ii.  .'MO. 

'■•'Father  I'liincisco  Jiinencz  was  ninch;  the  first  provinci.il;  nt  his  dcrith 
Alonso  tie  Vayllo  acceiited  the  chiirire,  Sciitcinhef  'J!>,  loOli,  ;iim1  one  year  hitcr 
took  piis-cssion.  The  lir.st  chiiiitci- w;is  luhl  in  Oajaca  Ajiril  "JO,  l."i'.)."i.  I'li)- 
vin(  i;il  Viiyllo's  ieini  e\)iireil  Scptenilicr"J!»,  l.'iOT,  ."mil  Martin  de  Z;irate  niliil 
n-i  vicjir  ^(  neral  till  Ajiiil  lO,  l.'iliS.  The  Ki'coml  ehiiptei-,  tlie  first  eleitnr;il 
one,  w.is  tlnii  Ikld,  anil  l'"ather  Antonio  do  la  Serna  chosen.  Jt<  iiifii',  ///>'. 
I'/n/ii/ii,  711  I-.  'J'lio  new  [jrovincc  in  \'>'M  hud  4S  nionasteiies.  Mvudida, 
lllsl.  L'cks.,  oi'J. 


OTHER  NOTABLE  DOMINICANS. 


731 


(TT 


l)oc>'nu  to  listen,  and  by  spendint,'  twelve  years  anion 
tin  111,  lie  succeeded  in  eonveitiiiL,^  sonie."" 

Tln!  Chinantecs  wwv  bilievcd  I»y  the  first  Spanisli 
eoiKjUerors  to  be  lerocliuis  niants  wiio  would  iK)t  aeccpt 
alliance  or  religion.  Th<^  Donrmican  priest  Francisco 
de  Saravia  was  the  fiist  Spaniard  to  visit  them.  ]Ie 
Icai'ned  their  language,  and  in  Ibur  years  taught  thciii 
( 'hiistianity,  and  iiKhu-cd  them  to  live  in  towns  and 
practise  the  arts  of  civili/.ati(Mi.  He  taught  tlitir 
youllis  to  read  and  write,  and  to  translate  into  tht  ir 
language  a  ])rayer-bo()k.^''  Tlie  Mijcs  also  taxed  the 
])atienco  of  the  worthy  missionaries.  AVlieii  tlie  Span- 
isli arms  reached  that  country  the  Zaj)otecs  of  the 
sierra  and  the  ]\[ijes  were  at  war.  (i!as[)ar  l*achcc(», 
si'iit  there  by  Cortes  with  a  Ibrce,  found  no  trouble  in 
o'ltaining  the  allegiance  of  the  former  with  a  [)roniiso 
of  liel[)  to  destroy  their  foes.  Being  a  nomad  ]>eoplo 
the  coiKpiest  of  the  ]\Iijes  was  a  dillicult  task;  it  was 
accomplisjied,  however,  with  the  aid  of  Father  Oonzalo 
]^ucero,  whose  zeal  })ronij)te(l  him  to  attempt  in  irt;il 
their  conversion,  for  which  he  was  given  two  assistants. 
The  nation  being  numerous  and  restless,  to  keep  them 
in  check  the  S[»anish  comniandtr  founded  in  their 
midst  the  Villa  Alta  de  San  Ihhd'onst)  with  thirty 
S])anish  vecinos,  and  near  it  on  the  west  a  town  of 
!N[e\icans,  n 
bv  lire  in  1580,  and  afterward  reljuilt. 

*■' 

The  ])oniinicans  in  charge  of  the  Chinantecs  and 
!Mijes  enjoyed,  under  a  royal  order  of  1550,  a  yearly 
allowance  of  1,0(J0  pesos  besides  the  necessary  oil  and 
wine,  church  ornaments,  etc.  The  natives  were  taught 
ivading,  writing,  and  tiie  useful  arts  by  fathers  Joiilaii 
de  Santa  Catarina,  Pedio  (jiueirero,  ami  l*ablo  de  San 

''"I'ail  liofxlth  cilili;:P(l  Carraiiza  to  leave  tiie  fielil;  liis  siicpcssors  were  tlio 
fnllieis  J)())iiiiii,'o  (li!  ( irijiliiio  :iiiil  I  lieuo  Seiiaiiu;  atter  l.VJ.'i,  Mateo  J)anM,i. 
J 'ill  nil 'I  I,  (iiini.  I)i'!'iriii.,  O'lj.,  ii.  ."'til. 

•■'lit"  lived  Middle.'  tlieiii  .'iO  years.  Several  (if  llio  cliiefs  leanic  il  tov.i.ir 
pilk  eariiieiitH  like  tlie  S|iaiiianls,  to  earry  swoiils,  anil  to  liile  tine  imiles  \\it!i 
i!e;_'ant  saililles  anil  liriilli  s,  j.roml  ot  tlieii' jroinl  Jnrnisaml  niaimeis,  ainl  i.f 
tlieir  aliiiity  to  write  a  jiood  lianil  anil  einni"i'ie  well.  Jlnr/jiid,  Id.,  ii.  'JMN 
11(1;  Miii-'jiKn  u  O'alitnti,  in  Sm.  Mi.c.  Owj.,  liuUtiii,  vii.  "JUJ-IO. 


ed  Analco.     The  villa  was  destroyed 


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732 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


Podro,  and  the  lav-brotlicr  Friar  Fabian  do  Santo 
]3oniingo.*'"^  It  was  said  that  Saravia  and  Guerrero 
Imilt  one  hundred  and  sixty  cliurehes  in  as  many 
towns. 

Among  the  Dominican  priests  of  this  diocese  who 
distinguished  themselves,  and  obtained  liigh  positions 
in  and  out  of  their  ordci,  besides  those  ah^eady  named, 
ai'o  Martin  de  Zilratc,  Alonzo  Lopez,  Francisco  Avila, 
Antonio  dc  la  Serna,  the  two  last  being  natives  of 
Oajaca;  Gregorio  de  Beteta,  who  became  bishop  of 
Cartagena;  Pedro  de  la  Vena,  made  bishop  of  Quito 
in  Ecuador;  Pedro  de  Feria,  afterward  bishop  of 
Chiapas;  Domingo  de  Salazar,  prior  of  Antetpiera, 
first  bishop  and  archbishop  of  the  Philippines,  who 
died  soon  after  receiving  the  pallium  in  Madrid. 

Juan  Ramirez  was  a  friar  of  Mexico  and  provincial, 
and  served  amomj  the  Miztecs;  after  which  he  went 
to  Spain  to  defend  the  Indians,  and  died  there.  Juan 
de  Bohorques,  provincial,  was  later  bishop  of  Vene- 
zuela, and  subsequently  of  Oajaca.  Domingo  de  Santa 
Ana,  noted  for  his  purity,  i"ound  himself  imperilled 
by  the  blandishments  of  a  rich  and  handsome  Indian 
l)rincess,  who  \vas  despcratel}'"  enamored  of  him.  As 
he  rejected  all  her  proffered  caresses,  she  one  night 
entered  his  room,  and  o  he  slept  threw  herself 

into  his  arms.  Awakeiii  g,  he  succeeded  in  getting 
out  of  bed,  and  with  a  shoe  beat  the  tempter  till  she 
screamcd.'^^  People  rushed  in  from  the  church  and 
discovered  the  much  abashed  cacica;  the  good  father 
meanwhile  looking  as  if  he  had  been  fiu'liting  a  leyiou 
of  demons. 

Tomas  del  Espiritu  Santo  was  one  of  the  great 
lights  of  the  order.  Domingo  de  Affuiilaffa  was  a 
noted  minister  and  prelate;  as  prior  in  Mexico  he  was 
exemplary,  and  as  vicar-general  nmch  beloved.     Ho 

'■^nncircro  was  €a  man  of  Icttera,  an<l  Ivjcamc  tlic  provincial  of  the  onlcr 
ill  Mexico,  bcfuro  tlic  province  was  divided,  iitinjoa,  tlioj.  Jjfscrijt.,  Oaj., 
i.  -13. 

'■'•'  'Lo  diu  tales  golpes  t'l  la  dcsenrroscada  serpietc'  liiinjoa,  Geo'j.  Di'scrip, 
Oaj.,  i,  88. 


THE  AUGUSTINIAN3. 


733 


was  the  confessor  of  Viceroy  Eiiriqiiez,  tvico  elected 
[>rovineia],  and  venerated  as  a  saint.  Aloi;so  Garces 
was  burned  to  death  in  Villa  Alta  do  San  Ildefonso, 
in  1580.  Alonso  do  la,  Anunciacion  was  killed  by 
the  full  of  a  platform  on  which  he  was  officiating  in 
Etla,  and  by  which  accident  over  one  hundred  persons 
were  severely  injured.  Bernardo  do  Santa  Catariiui 
came  to  JNIexico  in  1550.  served  among  the  Zapotecs, 
and  destroj'cd  a  great  number  of  idols.  AVlien  ho 
died,  February  0,  1592,  in  Oajaca,  the  people  crowtled 
his  cell  to  cut  locks  from  his  hair  and  pieces  from  his 
habit."" 


i 


The  Augustinians  having  increased  their  numbers, 
and  made  much  progress  in  the  foundation  of  con- 
vents throughout  the  country,  under  the  rule  of  a 
vicar  general,  dependent  of  the  provincial  ot  Castile, 
it  was  decided  to  create  a  separate  province  in  Mexico, 
subject  only  to  the  minister  general  of  the  order. 
The  division  was  eftected  in  1543,  and  Father  Juan 
do  San  Roman  became  the  first  provincial.''^  The 
term  of  office  was  fixed  at  three  years.     During  the 

*"  The  following  authoritioa  have  liccn  consulted  on  Dominican  missionary 
voik  iu  Oajacii;  JJiin/ott,  (I'cii'i.  Dc^crlp.  (kij.,  i.  ;{4-(i,  81-!)2,  l()-t-8,  )4!)-S2, 
IMO-Ot;  ii.  'J(f_>~5n,  '.V;.j-S.'),  ;ii)0-n,  .3:{(>-40,  3S7-8,  410-1 1;  J/!s'.  Clo/>i/,n, 
7 KM 5;  J'mia,  ddnlarlo,  180;  DnrUa  Pndilla,  11 M.  FniiL,  '2;5S-4(i,  4til-4, 
4s;i-(;,  504-10,  r)45-r)8,  O-Jo-uO;  Ooiizahz  JJdvlhi,  Tntlfo  Edcx.,  i.  80,  220;  /t/-- 
vaiiih-,  Jlmt.  Kcb.f.,  108-12;  Ikinht,  Coutiuunnoi),  IMS.,  ir)4,  28r>. 

"'  Ho  went  to  Spain  in  tlie  same  year  with  the  provincials  of  the  other  two 
mendicant  orders  to  represent  nt  court  the  iiil'airs  of  the  countrj';  during  his 
absence  Father  Alonso  do  la  Veracruz  ruled  the  province  as  vicar  general 
nearly  two  years;  tlie  successors  were;  Juan  du  Estacio,  lol.VS;  Alonso  do 
la  \'eracruz,  ir)48-r)l;  Geroninio  do  Santi  Estevan,  ir)r)l-4;  Diego  do  \'er- 
tadillo,  liMl-T;  Alonso  do  Veracruz,  reelected,  1057-00;  Agustin  do  la  Co- 
rufui,  15(K)-.'i;  iJiego  do  Vertadillo,  reelected,  1503-0;  .f uan  de  Medina  Itincon, 
15()(i  0;  Juan  do  San  l{omau,  reelected,  1500-72;  Juan  Adriano,  1572-5; 
Alonso  do  la  Veracruz,  2d  reelection,  1575-8;  Juan  do  San  Kimiiin,  2(1 
reelection,  1578-81;  Antonio  de  Mendoza,  a  son  of  Captain  Luis  Marin,  one 
of  the  lirst  con(|Uerois,  and  ^laria  de  ^lendoza,  of  the  house  of  the  niar(|ued 
de  Aguilar,  1581,  who  died  a  few  days  afterward;  IVdro  Suarez  dc  EscoI)ar, 
1581-4;  I'edro  de  Agurto,  1584-7;  l^uis  JIarin,  a  brother  of  the  late  lather 
Mendoza,  1587-00;  Juan  Adriano,  iceleeted  1500-,'{;  (ieroninio  Moraiite, 
150;i-(i;  Juan  de  Alvarado,  a  cousin  of  I'cdro  de  Alvuiado,  150(i-0;  Dionisio 
de  Zi'irate,  1500-1002.  During  12  years  till  tlie  election  of  Adiiano,  the 
provincials  chosen  were  natives  of  Mexico.  Father  Luis  Marin  tried  to 
check  that  partiality,  and  thus  do  away  with  nil  spirit  of  jealou.sy.  GriJaUia, 
t'rvH.  S.  AidjuaCtii,  185-213;  Jlkk.  I'rov,  ii.  ykolus,  112, 


734 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


second  term  of  one  of  his  successors,  Alonso  de  la 
Veracruz,  strenuous  exertions  were  made  by  the  order 
to  secure  for  the  rehgious  orders  the  tithes  paid  by  the 
natives.''^ 

The  disciphnc  prescribed  by  the  rules  becoming 
relaxed,  to  the  scandal  of  the  order.  Provincial  Medi- 
na liincon,  a  man  of  much  equanimity  though  capable 
of  sternness  when  occasion  demanded  it,  summoned  to 
his  presence  in  Culhuacan  the  offending  members  and 
despatched  them  to  Spain.  They  attempted  remon- 
strance, and  even  bluster,  but  the  provincial  was 
firm."^  So  large  was  the  number  thus  offendinjx  that 
sc/mo  of  the  convents  had  to  be  abandoned  in  conse- 
quence, but  the  progress  of  the  order  was  not  retarded 
thereby,  and  good  discipline  was  restored.  At  this 
time  the  Philippines  were  under  the  province  of  Mex- 
ico, which  supplied  them  with  such  missionaries  as  it 
could  spare.  Under  Father  Adriano's  rule  the  in- 
creased number  of  friars  permitted  the  districts  to  be 
divided  for  more  thorouiifh  administration."* 

Father  Veracruz  brought  from  Spain  the  lignum 

"-  Through  the  efforts  of  Veracruz  the  Indians  were  much  favored  in  the 
matter  of  tithes.  He  was  one  of  tlic  most  learned  as  well  as  jiious  and  indus- 
trious men  the  religious  orders  had  in  ^lexico.  After  the  expiration  of  his 
second  triennial  he  went  to  Spain  in  loti-,  and  was  the  object  of  high  cmi- 
sideration  at  court.  He  declined  the  mitre  of  Michoacan  as  well  as  the  oHico 
of  coniisario  general  of  New  Spain,  Peru,  and  tiie  Philippines,  with  residcnco 
in  Madrid,  and  a  salary  from  the  royal  treasury  equivalent  to  that  of  tho 
Tranciscan  comisario.  Wliile  in  ^Madrid  he  was  prior  of  the  convent  tiieio 
and  visitiulor  of  New  Castile;  finally,  the  general  made  him  vicar  general  and 
visitador  of  New  Spain  and  the  I'hilippines.  After  a  sojourn  of  11  years  in 
Spain  he  returned  to  ^lexico.  He  served  his  fourth  term  as  provincial,  and 
then  retired  to  the  convent  in  Mexico,  where  after  a  lingering  illness  he  died 
at  tho  ripo  age  of  80.  His  remains  were  buried  in  the  chapel  of  the  San 
I'ablo  College,  founded  by  him.  3fich.  Pror.  S.  Kicolas,  35-40;  Grijalun, 
t'niii.  S.  AiKjiistin,  145;  Salazdr,  il/t'x,  en  lo5J!f,  57-06. 

*^  '  Vayanse  con  lionra,  &i  no  quieren  q  los  embie  con  deshonra,'  he  sternly 
told  them.  Tho  priests  must  have  continued  in  their  misbehavior  in  Spain, 
for  tho  provincial  of  Castile  wrote  to  Medina  Rincon  to  tell  him  beforehand 
something  about  their  character  when  such  friars  were  sent  back,  using  tlio 
quaint  expression,  '  quando  end)iase  Frayles  seniejatea  que  dixessc.  Agua  va.' 
O'riJiiliKi,  t'rdii.  S.  AmjuMin,  1'_'3. 

®' Some  of  the  priories  retained  40  towns  in  their  charge,  others  (iO; 
and  these  at  first  had  been  ministered  to  Avith  great  difficulty.  Toward  tho 
end  of  his  term  the  same  provincial  laid  before  the  chapter  an  order  of  tho 
general  making  the  provinciaTs  term  four  years;  lor  himself  he  declined  tho 
extension,  and  discouuteuauccd  the  innovation,  O'rijalua,  Crdn,  6'.  Aidjudin, 
140. 


LA  MERCED. 


733 


crucis""  and  also  a  royal  grant  of  the  San  Pablo  Imlld- 
ing  to  his  order,  which  met  with  some  ohjectiou  on 
the  jiart  of  the  ordinary,  but  the  viceroy  favored  the 
friars.  They  were  then  assisted  l)y  friends,  and  the 
pnjvincial  built  a  house  for  the  theological  college 
with  accommodations  for  about  twenty  religious. 
Thus  was  the  old  San  Pablo  buiklini;  brouofht  into 
use.  The  establishment  soon  became  one  of  the  most 
notable  in  Mexico;  a  fine  library  was  brought  from 
Spain  for  it  by  Veracruz.  Father  Pedro  de  Agurtt) 
was  the  first  rector.  The  order  did  not  confine  its 
efforts  to  the  archbisho^iric  of  Alexico.  It  had  con- 
vents in  Puebla,  Antequera,  Zacatecas,*"^  and  ]\[ichoa- 
can,  which  was  one  of  its  Gfreat  fields.  The  convents 
in  the  last  named  bishopric  were  begun  in  1537.  The 
first  foundations  were  those  of  Tiripitio,  Ucareo,  and 
Jacona,  which  till  then  had  been  in  charge  of  the 
Franciscans."'  There  was  for  a  time  some  opposition 
on  the  part  of  the  bishop,  till  15G2,  when  the  crown 
stopped  it.  After  that  the  Augustinians  founded 
convents  in  many  places  within  that  diocese."^  Two 
deserve  special  notice;  that  of  Charo,  whore  lived 
and  died  Father  Basalenque,  a  celobntted  writer  of 
the  following  century,  and  that  of  Tiripitio.  Father 
Vei'acruz,  of  grave,  austere  habits,  and  very  learned, 
obtained  from  Emperor  Charles  a  cedula  to  found  the 
university  of  Tiri[)itio,  which  he  superintendetl  from 
1540  to  1551,  when  he  M'as  prevailed  on  to  transfer  it 
to  Mexico."'^    The  order  had  in  159G  seventy-six  mon- 

'''  On  iiliicing  it  in  the  convent's  church  tlie  archliishop  nssistcil,  a  hi^rh  mass 
was  cck'hratcd,  and  the  hishcip  of  I'uchhi  preached  the  f^ernion.  Alter  tho 
ceremonies  were  conehidcd  tlio  nrchhishop  asked  for  a  piece  of  the  sacied 
wood  f'.ii' his  eathc(hal,  which  ))einf,'  granted,  the  ccrenjonies  were  repeated. 
0'vir:(tl<:z  Ihtriln,  'J'lulro  l;'r/(\<.,  i.  a.VO. 

^^•(Iimziiliz  Dfli-Uii,  Tmlri)  J->/cs.,  i.  iCG. 

"^'i'hc  Austin  friars  were  a  liard-workiiig  body  and  very  successful  in  their 
lahors  among  the  Tarasios.  Sin.  Man.,  MS.,  1;  J/ZcA.  I'rov.  S.  A'iro/ns,  'H  etc. 

»^  Previously  to  tlu^  troid)Ic  it  liad  houses  in  (Juaeliinango,  (.'haro,  (,>uitzeo, 
Guango,  Yuririaiiundaro,  and  Valla(hiii<l.  Afterward  one  in  Cupandaro, 
Tzrosto,  rat..cuaro,  I'iuicaiidiro,  Tinganhato,  San  Felipe,  L'ndanieo,  and  Sail 
Luis  I'utosi.  In  157H  the  Franciscans  turned  over  to  tlie  order  tiie  convents 
at  Toiialii  and  Ocotlan.  Mich.  Pror.  S.  A'/coAi.s',  G'Jetse((.;  Jk<mmout,  C'lun. 
Mich.,  470;  Monlia,  in  Soc.  M<.i\  ilcoij.,  lioUtiii,  viii.  (J'Jl),  (j;);). 

•"  The  order  hud  otlier  lucu  of  distiuctiou  iii  Mexico,  aside  from  those 


m 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


astcrios  in  Xew  Spain,  which  early  in  the  next  cen- 
tuiy  was  divided  into  two  provinces.^'" 

The  Mcrcenarios,  or  rchgiosos  of  the  order  of  our 
Lady  of  Mercy,  were  ori^i^inally  brought  to  Mexico 
l)y  Hernan  Cortes,  but  finding  that  field  already  occu- 
])icd  they  proceeded  to  Guatemala,^"'  where  they  estab- 
lished a  province.  Some  of  their  members  went  to 
]\[exico  in  1582  to  attend  the  university  In  1589  a 
convent  was  founded  in  a  house  bought  by  the  order 
in  the  San  Ldzaro  district  of  the  Mexican  capital. 
This  convent  was  erected  into  a  college  in  1593,  pur- 
suant to  a  decree  of  Viceroy  Velasco,  which  was  sub- 
sequently confirmed  by  Philip  II.  The  fathers  also 
obtained  permission  froni  the  king  to  found  other 
convents  in  America,"'^  and  toward  the  end  of  the 
century  one  was  established  in  Oajaca.  At  one  time 
thev  endeavored  to  obtain  a  footiuLf  in  Yucatan,  but 
the  Franciscans  prevented  them.^"^ 

In  1580  was  brought  from  Catalonia  in  Spain  by 
two  rich  Spaniards,  Diego  Jimenez  and  Fernando 
IMoreno,  an  image  of  the  virgin  of  Montserrat,  a  copy 

already  named  for  services  in  the  province.  Father  Gcronlmo  do  Santi  Es- 
trvan  \va3  one  of  the  niiasionaries  wlio  went  with  Lopez  de  Villalolios  to  tlio 
riii  iiipincs;  he  waiuUa-cd  seven  years  withont  attaining  his  object,  travelled 
nronnil  the  world  as  many  more,  and  returned  to  Spain  by  way  of  the  East 
Indies.  An  hnmblo  disciple  of  Christ,  he  was  always  ready  to  sacrifice  him- 
self in  the  canse  of  the  inaster.  He  died  at  the  a^e  of  77  after  passing  55 
years  in  spreading  the  gospel.  AudrOs  do  Mata,  Juan  de  la  Veracruz,  J  uaii 
i'erez,  Gregorio  Rodriguez,  and  Pedro  Garcia.  Orijalva,  Crdn.  S.  Ainjudni, 

i;j4  .-). 

'""  A  piirty  of  28  Austin  friars  passed  through  Mexico  in  loSO,  and  em- 
barked at  Acapulco  for  the  riiilippines.  Mendtela,  Hist.  Ecks.,  54G. 

""  I  see,  however,  that  on  the  4th  of  August  153H  some  friars  of  the  order 
came  to  .Mexico  to  found  .i  monastci-y,  as  tln^y  said,  for  the  spiritual  benelit 
of  the  Spaniards  and  Indian  conversion.  They  asked  the  aj'untamiento  for 
the  grant  of  a  site.  The  iietition  was  referred  to  a  committee  of  one  alcahlu 
and  some  regidorcs,  with  instruction  to  report.  Another  entry  of  the  book 
of  that  corporation  saya  that  the  site  was  granted.  Mcx.  Col.  Leijcs  (1801), 
i.,  Introd.,  xxxviii.-ix. 

'"^  Vttanccrt,  in  Monnm.  Dom.  Etp.,  MS.,  3C;  Medina,  Chr6n,  S.  Diego, 
10;  .SV.  Mex.  (i<'o<j.,  Boktiii,  '2»  Op.,  i.  7-1). 

'"^  The  eomisario  and  delinitorio  of  the  Franciscans,  on  the  1st  of  Feb. 
1547,  wrote  the  council  of  the  Indies  from  Merida,  and  among  other  things 
suggested  to  reform,  'una  orden  de  Mcrcenarios  ijue  por  aca  anda,  u  scan 
echados  de  la  tierra.'  It  seems  the  Mercuiiarios  did  not  toku  root,  Exlracl, 
tSueUos,  in  Squicr^a  MtSU,,  xxii.  101. 


A  FRIGHTENED  MONK. 


of  tlio  one  ill  that  country.  Tlicj  built  a  cliapel  for 
it,  and  entlowed  it  with  funds,  agreeing  to  becjueath 
their  estates  to  the  new  cstaUislinient.^"^  In  1582 
the  brotherhood  of  the  Dcscendiniiento  y  Sepuk'ro  de 
Cristo  Avas  estaUished  under  tlie  advocation  of  Saint 
Magdalen.^"^  In  IbS-^L  a  similar  ort^anization  was 
founded  under  the  title  of  the  Cofradia  del  liosario. 
It  is  related  that  Fiiar  Toraiis  del  liosario  when  very 
ill  saw  Lucifer  coming  toward  him  with  a  terrilic  and 
threatening  aspect.  The  frightened  monk  called  on 
the  virgin  to  protect  him.  She  forthwith  appeared 
and  taking  his  hand  in  hers,  said:  ''Arise,  recite  my 
rosary,  and  I  will  favor  thee."  The  devil  disappeared 
and  the  monk  was  cured,  and  from  that  moment 
began  to  exert  himself  to  establish  the  cofradia,  and 
succeeded  in  obtaining  many  brethren.  A  silver 
image  costing  over  five  thousand  pesos  was  made. 
Offerings  arrived  from  all  parts,  and  the  worshi})  of 
the  virgen  del  Rosario  increased  rapidly  after  1584. 
A  cofradia  was  soon  founded  in  Puebla,  and  another 
in  Oajaca.i"" 

In  1588  there  were  seven  nunneries  and  one  school 
for  girls  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  all  under  the  ordinary. 
One  of  the  nunneries,  of  the  order  of  Saint  Jerome, 
was  used  as  a  })lace  of  detention  for  married  women 
undergoing  trial,  and  for  those  who  had  been  sentenced 
for  violation  of  their  marriage  vows.-'"^ 

During  Bishop  Guerra's  pastorate  was  founded  in 
Valladolid,  ]\Iichoacan,  the  convent  of  Santa  Catalina 
de  Sena  of  Dominican  nuns.  A  convent  of  Capuchin 
nuns  existed  in  Oajaca  at  the  end  of  the  century,  and 
in  15S0  a  convent  of  the  order  of  Santa  Clara  was 
founded  in  Merida,  Yucatan. 

*"*  A  brotherhood  was  orpniiizcil,  and  the  pope  granted  it  the  eaino  rights 
enjoyed  liy  the  one  in  C':itul(iiiia.    I'j/csiati  y  ConveiUoii,  113-14. 

^^'•'  J)drilaP(nlU/n,  Hist.  /V//(7., 'oOl. 

^'>'' l\  nunnl<  z,  I  list,  fries.,  <)'.»- 100. 

""  The  convent  of  Jesua  Maria,  Ihiiirhed  in  15SS,  was  Imilt  for  the  poor 
descendants  of  the  con(iuerora  and  early  settlers.    O'oitzakz  Ddvila,  Tealro 
iJcks.,  i.  liS;  Si'jiioiza  y  tiuwjoru,  I'uray.io  Occld.,  5-11. 
UuT.  Mex.,  Vol.  II.    ^^ 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 


FIFTH,  SIXTH,  AND  SEVENTH  VICEROYS. 

1580-1589. 

SuAREz  DE  Mf.ndoza,  Con'de  de  LA  CokuSa — A  TOO  Benigxant  Rui,e — 
GoLUEN  Times  for  the  ConnurT  Officials — Suarez  well  orr  of  It — 
AuciiBisnop  MoYA  y  Coxtrerasi  Made  Visitador — Then  Viceroy 
— A  Stern  Ruler — He  Makes  Money  for  his  Master — Hard  Timks 
FOR  THE  Wicked  Officials — They  Beg  Deliverance  from  Moya — 
And  Receive  It— Zl:}5iga,  Marques  de  Villamanriqce — A  Just  and 
Moderate  Rule — Pirates  on  the  West  Coast — Cavendish  Cai'tures 
A  Galleon — A  Rare  Prize — California  Coast  Defences— Commerce 
on  the  Atlantic— Ei'iDEMic,  Earthquakes,  and  Social  Disrittion — 
Villam,\nriqce  Deposed  and  Humiliated. 

Lorenzo  Suarez  de  Mendoza,  conde  dc  la  Coruna, 
received  an  enthusiastic  welcome  in  the  capital  on  the 
4th  of  October  1580,  as  the  fifth  viceroy  of  New 
Spain,  the  ceremonies  being  conducted  with  unusual 
pomp.  With  the  increase  of  the  Spanish  population, 
and  the  development  of  stock-raising  and  mining, 
wealth  and  luxury  had  assumed  magnificent  propor- 
tions, and  the  viceregal  dignity  swelled  accordingly. 
In  the  present  instance  the  high  station  and  rare 
personal  qualities  of  Suarez  had  something  to  do 
with  the  unusually  brilliant  reception.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  illustrious  family  of  the  first  viceroy, 
Antonio  de  Mendoza,  whose  memory  was  still  cher- 
ished; he  was  advanced  in  age,  enjoying  the  fame  of 
a  great  soldier  and  gallant  courtier,  and  with  a  dis- 
position more  aftable,  frank,  and  generous  than  that 
of  any  of  his  pred  .cessors.  Thus  he  at  once  captivated 
all  with  whom  ho  cavxic  in  contact. 

Naturally  from  his  rule  the  people  expected  the 


DEATH  OF  SUAKEZ. 


739 


best  results,  and  clecnicd  It  not  unreasonable  to  look 
forward  to  a  [)eriod  of  [)eacoful  progress  which  would 
still  further  develop  their  growing  prosperity.  But 
they  were  doomed  to  disappointment.  The  count  was 
a  man  too  good  for  the  place.  He  was  too  mild,  too 
lenient;  he  lacked  energy;  he  was  utterly  unable  to 
cope  with  the  corrupt  ollicials  who  as  a  rule  were  ever 
at  hand  to  disgrace  the  government  of  New  Spain. 
His  inability  in  this  and  other  respects  was  increased 
by  the  restrictions  which  had  been  placed  upon  vice- 
regal power  during  the  time  of  Velasco,  and  by  such 
royal  provisions  as  that  permitting  the  first  purchasers 
of  notarial  offices  to  sell  them  aijain  to  the  hiixhest 
bidder,  paying  one  third  of  the  purchase-money  into 
the  royal  treasury.^ 

Taking  advantage  of  the  viceroy's  weakness,  gov- 
ernment servants  became  more  bold;  public  funds 
were  misappropriated,  and  the  venality  of  the  judges 
was  without  precedent.  Viceroy  Enriquez  had  well 
known  the  country  and  the  people,  and  in  order  that 
his  successors  nn'ght  profit  by  his  experience,  the  king 
had  requested  him,  as  we  have  seen,  to  write  out  in- 
structions to  serve  as  a  guide  for  the  futur-o  viceroys 
of  New  Spain.-  Under  the  present  circumstances 
these  were  of  little  value.  Suarez'  only  remedy  lay  at 
court;  and  in  a  secret  report  to  the  king  he  set  forth 
the  disadvantages  ander  which  he  labored,  the  wicked- 
ness of  the  audiencia,  and  their  disregard  for  his  au- 
thorit3\  He  requested  that  a  visitador  be  sent  from 
Spain,  clothed  with  sufficient  power  to  chastise  the 
malefactors. 

But  all  was  superfluous;  the  Great  Assuager  was 
at  hand  to  deliver  the  sadly  beset  count  from  all  his 
budding  troubles.  Bowed  by  the  weight  of  years,  and 
tlie  vexatious  duties  of  his  office,  ho  died,  June  19, 
1582.     He  left  no  family  to  mourn  his  loss,  and  the 

'This  pcnnission  to  sell  the  o/iclos  dc  jiliima  vraa  granted  by  the  king, 
Novcnilier  13,  loSl.  Ikales  Cvdulas,  in  J'acheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc., 
xvii.  3t)8. 

*  Iiistrucciones,  Vireyea,  Xueva  Espaua,  242-50. 


740 


FIITIT,  SIXTH,  AND  SEVEXTII  VICEROYS. 


pompons  rites  of  tlio  official  funeral  were  IioIIoav  in 
the  extreme,  with  more  than  usual  mockery."'  ][a(l  a 
stron_iL,Mnan  l)e(>n  pi'es(>nt  to  take  his  place,  the  death 
of  Suarez  might  have  been  of  heiielit  to  the  country. 
]>ut  such  an  one  was  not  at  hand,  and  helore  the 
funeral  ceremonies  wei'e  over  the  audiencia  assumed 
guhciiiatorial  })owers  under  the  presidency  of  ])r  Luis 
deVillanueva.*  Their  evil  I'ule  was  of  short  duration, 
however.  Suarez'  private  icpcti't,  and  information  of 
the  doinjjfs  of  the  audiencia,  had  their  effect  upon  the 
king,  and  in  1583  the  archbishop)  of  Mexico,  l*odro  de 
!Moya  y  Contreras,  was  appointed  visitador. 

The  prelate  had  long  observed  the  arbitrary  pro- 
ceedings of  the  oidores,  and  his  austere  disposition 
and  rigid  principles  ofl'ered  little  hope  for  mercy.  liis 
l)ower  was  dreaded  the  more  because  ho  might  wield 
it  in  secret  as  a  minister  of  the  hely  office,  the  lirst  in- 
(juisitor  of  JMexIco.  ]\Ioya  manifested  no  great  haste 
in  his  action  against  the  culprits,  but  proceeded  with 
prudence  to  gather  information  and  prepare  the  neces- 
sary proofs.  His  preparations  completed,  he  reported 
to  the  crown  and  asked  for  further  instructions.  He 
jtointed  out  the  great  oft'enders,  and  recommended  to 
loyal  favor  the  few  who  had  been  faithful.  The  king's 
reply  was  brief;  the  archbishop  was  appointed  viceroy 
with  plenary  power,  and  on  September  25,  1584,  he 
took  formal  charge  of  the  government  as  sixth  viceroy 
of  New  Spain,  thus  being  the  sole  incumbent  of  the 
three  most  powerful  positions  in  the  country,  namely, 
viceroy,  archbishop,  and  inquisitor. 

Seldom,  if  ever,  during  those  times  was  the  con- 
fidence of  the  monarch  more  judiciously  bestowed. 
His  elevation  was  hailed  with  joy  by  all  save  the 


'  In  Torqnemada,  i.  (148,  the  (Into  of  liia  death  is  not  given,  while  Vetan- 
curt  and  others  erroneously  pve  July  1!),  1.j8'2. 


AncIIDISllOP  MOYA. 


741 


niuliiMK'ia  and  its  siitL'lliti's."  Pr()cc'OtlIi)L,'.s  now  woro 
slmi't  and  (k-cisive.  Some  of  the  minor  di'linijuonts 
Avci'u  t'oitniiato  unoU'^li  to  eseapu  witli  ivinoval  iVoiii 
ollice;  otlicrs  wore  heavily  lined  and  })Uni.shed,  while 
several  of  the  ehief  cul[tiits  were  han;4ed.  ^\vn  of 
proverbial  ])r()bi(y  were  then  appointed  to  till  the 
\acan('ies,  and  thus  by  the  fearless  and  energetic  rule 
of  this  remarkable  man,  order  and  justice  soou  reigned. 
The  immediate  eli'eet  of  this  procedure  against  the 
olHcials  was  that  in  1585  ^loya  was  enabletl  to  re- 
plenish the  royal  colters  by  shipping;"  to  Spain  three 
million^  three  hundred  thousand  ducats  in  coined 
silver,  and  eleven  hundred  marks  of  ^old  in  bars,  to- 
oether  with  valuable  cargoes  of  the  products  of  the 
country. 

Feeling  his  great  responsibility,  his  zeal  was  inces- 
sant, no  less  in  tem[)oral  than  in  spiritual  matters. 
At  the  solicitation  of  the  [)riest  Juan  de  la  I'la/.a,  he 
lounded  a  seminary  intended  exclusively  for  Indians, 
in  which  they  wei'o  instructed  in  the  elementary 
l)ianclies.  The  colleufc  was  under  the  direction  of 
the  Jesuits,  and  soon  became  noted  ''or  the  woiideiiul 
]>rogress  of  its  students.  In  his  other  eilbrts  to  beneilb 
the  natives  ho  was  only  partially  successful. 

The  government  of  the  archbishop  was  too  scn'ere 
to  be  of  long  duration.  While  the  })eople  would  have 
looked  with  favor  on  the  prolongation  of  his  powci', 
lie  had  been  the  terror  of  certain  j)ersons,  who  resorted 
to  intrigue  so  connnou  at  the  time  to  effect  his  re- 
inoval.  The  long  list  of  charges  preferred  against 
him,  however,  Ibund  little  credence  in  S[)ain.'' 

Scarcely  thirteen  months  after  ]\[ova  took  chai-'^o 
of  the  government,  and  while  he  was  actively  engaged 

*  'Ilnhliilia,  y  olintlin,  como  Podoniso  en  todo,  y  toilos  callabiin,  y  sufriiui, 
coJiio  ii'iwlitlus.  y  iilclii'.sti'.'ulo.s.'  'J'lifqtii  iiiiiild,  i.  (iJ!), 

i"  I'liilor  (liito  of  .Jnlj'  1,  l.")S('),  a  piiics  of  ISl  iliaru'is  fii;ninst  Moya  wt'i'o 
forwanlcil  to  the  Imlia  C'otiiKjil,  liy  I'ristohal  Maitiii  of  Mcxii'o,  ciiiKciiiinji 
'  1(M  (('I'.sos  ('  oti'as  tosas  (Hio  iloii  IVdlo  Mcya  do  Coiitrcras.  .  .lii/o  o  foiiioliu 
I'll  dcssrniirio  do  ])ios  iSiU'stio  Sofior  i'  Av  su  iiiaL'estad,  o  iiial  oxcinplo  y 
t'sriiiidalo  do  la  lopidilion,  assi  i'S[)aUolo.s  oorno  natiiialos  dolla.'  J'cicilfii,  Xof. 
Hist.,  31S-y.     lu  this  document  he  is  accused  of  iiicapaiily  to  govern,  tho 


742 


FIFTH,  SIXTH,  AND  SRVENTII  VICFROYS. 


in  his  ninny  duties,  liis  succossor  arrived.  After  eon- 
tinuin<^  his  visitatorial  lunetions  for  a  furtlier  j)eri()(l, 
(hn'in'j:  which  ho  was  still  the  scour<jo  of  evil-doers,  he 
finally  returned  to  Spain,  an<l  was  appointcxl  president 
(if  the  India  Council,  lie  died  in  Madrid  toward  the 
end  of  December  1591/ 


On  the  18tli  of  Octohcr  1585"  the  seventh  viceroy 
of  Xew  Spain,  Alonso  ^[anri(]uc  do  Zunij^a,  marques 
de  Villanianrique,  and  brothea  of  the  (lu(]ue  de  Bejar, 
was  received  in  ^Mexico  with  the  customary  pomp, 
and  with  rejoicing  by  the  classes  that  were  <i^lad  to  bo 
rid  of  their  late  tormentor.  lie  brought  with  him  his 
wife  and  daughter,  his  brother-in-law,  and  a  largo 
retinue  of  servants.  At  first  the  new  viceroy  was 
hi«j:hlv  esteemed,  much  on  account  of  the  amiable 
marchioness;  but  in  duo  time  the  newness  of  the  man 
^vorc  olf,  and  as  Torquemada  observes,  "  though  he 
was  wise,  sagacious,  and  [)rudent,  during  the  course 
of  his  subsequent  proceedings,  he  gave  not  the  satis- 
faction he  miij^ht." 

Dissensions  between  the  temporal  and  spiritual 
authorities  were  becoming  chronic  in  New  Spain,  so 
that  it  was  hardly  to  be  expected  that  a  viceroy  and 
archbishop  could  encounter  without  coming  to  words. 
Hence  we  are  not  at  all  surprised  to  learn  that  at  a 
meeting  with  Moya,  at  G  ladalupe,  a  discussion  arose 
concerning  political  and  ecclesiastical  affairs  whicli 
left  the  hiixh  dignitaries  enemies  for  life."    The  breach 

last  cliarge  wo  should  expect  to  see  prcfciTcd;  of  being  a  bad  ecclesiastic, 
ilistibeilieiit  to  royal  authoritj',  living  in  concubinage,  as  careless,  vicious,  dis- 
honest; of  being  aildicted  to  cards,  proud,  vengeful,  inhuman,  and  of  possess- 
ing wliat  other  bad  or  criminal  qualities  might  be  attributed  to  the  worst  of 
men. 

'  The  time  of  death  is  variously  stated  as  having  occuiTcd  in  January  and 
in  December  ITiDl.  It  seems  that  the  deceased  had  been  so  poor  that  I'hilip 
was  oliligcd  to  pay  his  debts  and  funeral  expenses.  Further  information  of 
ibiya  may  be  found  in  Sosa,  h'pincopailo  Mex.,  '27-40;  Torqiietiiudu,  i.  (140; 
Aliijrc,  J/ist.  Cow  p.  JcfiuK,  i.  20S-9;  Ataman,  Diacrt.,  iii.  aj).  10;  O'oituikz 
JJttrila,  Ti'atro  Ecles.,  i.  35-40. 

'^  Coiicilios  Proo.,  ^IS.,  i.  271;  Mex.  JlierogJi/jihical  //(.s/.,  1'2G;  Vcf'inrrrf, 
Trai.  J/t'.c,  lt)-ll.  Some  of  the  modern  authors,  as  Loren^aua,  Alanian, 
Kivora,  ami  others,  give  the  date  as  October  17th. 

"  One  of  the  principal  causes  of  theii*  lasting  euinity  was  tliat  the  viceroy 


ASIATIC  COMMERCE. 


743 


l)otwoon  the  two  rrroat  bodies  widened  still  more  wlieu 
ill  the  early  i>art  of  the  t'ollowiii;^'  year  the  vieeroy 
Tor  the  second  time  ntttitied  the  three  orders,  Fran- 
ciscans, Dominicans,  and  Au^jfustinians,  to  comply 
with  the  ct)nHnands  of  the  kinjj^  concernin;^  the  adniin- 
isti'ation  of  the  Catholic  faith  in  Xew  Spain,  i)revioiisly 
given  l)y  Viceroy  Enricpiez.  The  provincials,  evading, 
replied  as  be  '  I'c,  and  the  viceroy  insisting  they  a[>- 
pealed  to  the  kin^^ 

It  would  seem  to  us  from  the  present  ])oint  of  view 
that  the  reappearance  of  j)irates  in  American  waters 
Mouhl  })rove  a  pleasing  divertisemeni,f)-om  official  bit-k- 
ering  at  the  capital.  However  that  may  be,  the  vice- 
roy was  greatly  alarmed  when  ho  hcani  that  Francis 
Drake  had  taken  Santo  Domingo,  and  threateneil 
llabana.  Messengers  were  sent  liong  the  con  o  I'rom 
Piinuco  and  Yucatan,  and  into  Guatem  da  and  llon- 
uiiras,  ordering  coast  defences  to  b(^  in.ule  ready  all 
alon«>:  the  border  to  Nombrc  do  Dios.  J)iei''o  do  Ve- 
lasco,  brother-in-law  of  A'lllamanrique,  wis  a))j)ointed 
commander  of  the  fortress  San  Juan  ile  Ulna,  and 
two  hundred  and  fifty  men  were  sent  to  defend  Itabana. 
The  Hurry,  however,  passed  awa}',  and  news  that  the 
royal  lleet  was  approaching  made  the  Spaniards  breathe 
freely  again.^'^ 

Since  the  founding  of  Manila  in  15G4,  bv  Miu'uel 
Gi)mez  de  Legazpi,  a  profitable  trade  had  spi-ung  up 
with  Xew  Spain.  It  was  natural,  therefore,  that 
mIici;  fears  for  the  shipping  on  the  Atlantic  became 
somewhat  abated,  the  ])eo])le  should  begin  to  tremble 
ft)r  the  safetv  of  their  I'ichlv  laden  >!alleons  plviuLT 
between  the  Philippine  Islands  and  Acapulco.  Of 
the  early  voyages  to  the  Philii)[)ine  Islands  little  is 
known;  but  by  chance  a  record  has  been  preserved  of 
one  made  a  few  years  after  the  departure  of  Francis 


i 


favored  the  oitlores,  who  were  sulijcct  to  investigation  by  tlie  archbishop  as 
visi.ador.     Sec  roiicc,  Ji'il.,  in  Co/.  Jkx'.  liinl.,  Ivii.  \S'2. 

'"  See  the  report  of  the  viceroy  to  .^'hilip  II.  iu  Cuiiaa  de  Indias,  3oS-T,  703. 


744 


FIFTH,  SIXTH,  ANT)  SEVENTH  VICEROYS. 


Drake  from  the  Pacific.  Francisco  cle  Gali,"  liavinsr 
sailco  from  Acapulco  in  March  1582,  left  Macao  on 
his  return  July  24,  1584.  Taking  the  usual  northern 
route,  he  sisxhted  the  American  coast  in  latitude  oT" 
30',  and  without  anchoring  followed  it  to  Acapulco.'- 
Subsequently  the  islands  were  governed  by  an  audi- 
encia,  but,  the  commercial  intercourse  with  New  Spain 
increasing,  it  was  thought  expedient  to  make  the  gov- 
ernment and  judiciary  of  the  Philippines  dependent 
on  the  viceroy  and  audiencia  of  Mexico.^^  The  voyage 
from  Acapulco  to  the  Philippines  and  return  generally 
occupied  thirteen  or  fourteen  months,  and  usually  one 
vessel  was  despatched  every  year." 

With  regard  to  the  pirates,  it  proved  as  the  people 
of  Mexico  had  feared.  They  were  indeed  again  in  the 
waters  of  the  Pacific.  The  country  was  aroused,  and 
an  armed  force  was  at  once  hurried  to  Acapulco,  under 
l)r  Palacio.  Arrived  at  the  port,  it  was  found  tliat 
tlie  pirates  had  not  touched  there,  but  had  been  in 
that  vicinity.^^     It  appears  that  Thomas  Cavendish, 

"  Also  written  Gnallc,  or  Galle. 

'-  'I'lie  ori^iiijil  Spanish  diary  not  being  extant,  onr  only  knowlcilr;c  of  tlio 
voyau'o  comes  from  a  Dutch  translation  piiblislieil  in  Liitschotcii,  llcijs  G'/tc- 
Kcliri/f,  of  which  tlio  first  edition  appeared  in  l.~>!)(!. 

'^'i'liis  change  was  efTected  about  tlio  year  I.IOO  by  Velnsco,  successor  to 
Villanianriipie,  when  Gomez  Perez  das  Marinas  was  appointed  governor  of  tho 
I'hilippines.  Agnieablo  to  a.  special  royal  connuission  Velasco  appointed  llcr- 
rero  del  Corral  visitador  to  take  the  resideneia  of  the  oidores,  and  organize 
the  government  of  the  islands.  The  change  does  not  seem  to  have  worked 
to  advantage,  however,  as  wc  .ire  told  that  there  were  continual  dissensions 
between  Governor  Marinas  and  the  clergy,  and  some  dilliculties  with  the 
emperor  of  .Japan.  Torqiu nuula,  i.  Oo-l-(i;  (JU!)-70.  A  royal  decree  of  .lan- 
uary  11,  ].")!);{,  provided  that  thereafter  New  Spain  shouM  bo  tlie  only  jios- 
session  in  Spanish  America  allowed  to  send  vessels  to  tho  I'hilippinc  bdands  for 
trade,  and  merchandise  was  not  to  be  brought  from  there  to  any  other  part  of 
America  under  penalty  of  forfeiture.  ii'taTes  Ccdttlas,  in  I'adtcco  and  Cdrdi- 
vas,  Col.  J>'ic.,  xvii.  4"_'0-l. 

'*  The  climate  of  the  islands  proved  so  fatal  to  the  Spaniards,  that  of  tlio 
14,000  who  had  pone  there  during  tho  previous  20  years,  l.'J,000  luul  died. 
Vacdiiio,  in  lliildrij/'s  I')'/.,  iii.  500. 

'■•  It  was  believed  at  tlie  time,  and  some  of  the  old  authorities,  as  Tonpie- 
niada,  Cavo,  and  others,  followed  by  Ji  host  of  modern  authors,  stiite  pt)sitively 
tliat  this  raid  in  l.")S7,  during  which  the  Spanisli  galleon  Santa  Ana  was  cap- 
tured, was  made  by  Francis  Ihake,  who,  as  is  well  known,  in  IliaL  year 
scoured  the  coasts  of  Sjiain.  (.)f  these  modern  authors  I  will  (uily  nieiiiion 
Zamaci'is,  w  ho  gives  a  detailed  account  of  the  allair,  and  says  the  i)ir:ite  was 
'  l'"ranci.sc()  I'rak.'  rreviously  he  makes  a  short  and  vague  iiientiun  that  one 
'Tonias  Cawendisk'  took  ii  ship  coming  from  Manila  iu  loSU.  See  his  JJinf. 
JIcj.,  V.  11)0-2. 


PIRATES  IX  THE  rACIFIC. 


745 


or  Candisli,  as  it  is  sometimes  written,  in  a  voyage 
of  circumnavigation  and  for  plunder,  liad  sailed  from 
Plymouth  on  July  21,  158(),  with  one  hundred  and 
twenty-three  men,  on  the  Desire,  Content,  and  Iluyh 
Gallant,  of  one  hundred  and  twenty,  sixty,  and  forty 
tons  respectively. ^° 

The  fleet  had  entered  the  Pacific  on  Fehruarv  24, 
1587,  and  from  March  to  June  had  ravaged  the  coast 
of  South  America,  taking  several  prizes  with  a  mod- 
crate  booty,  and  retaining  such  prisoners  as  might  in 
the  commander's  opinion  be  of  use  later.  Yet  ho 
found  the  Spaniards  less  unprotected  than  had  Drake; 
for  he  deemed  it  wise  to  pass  by  several  towns  with- 
out landing  to  attack,  and  on  each  of  two  occasions 
he  lost  twelve  men  in  battle. 

On  the  1st  of  July  Cavendish  approached  the  coast 
of  North  America,^^  and  on  the  9tli  captured  and 
burned  a  new  vessel  without  cargo  from  Guatemala. 
From  a  prisoner,  the  pilot,  Michael  Sancius,  he  learned 
that  a  large  galleon  was  expected  at  an  early  date 
from  the  Philippines.  Soon  another  vessel  was  taken, 
supposed  to  have  been  sent  to  warn  the  galleon.  ()u 
July  2Gth  Cavendish  anchored  in  tlie  river  Copolita, 
several  leagues  from  Huatulco,  and  during  the  niglit 
sent  his  pinnace  with  thirty  men  to  the  town,  which 


'^Thc  standard  authority  for  Cavendish's  voyage  is  The  admiraUrainf  pros- 
prroim  Voiffijc  of  the  irors/upfult  Mft-ttrr  T/ioimis  i'amiiKh  of  Trinih/  iii  th'<. 
Vounlie  of  Siiffolh: L'si/uire .  .  .lii) Master  Frmid.-i  I'r'Atij . .  .n  d'ciillciiicn  t  injiloijiil 
ill  the  tfiuHi'.  aclioii,  in  ildldnjf.-t  Votj.,  iii.  80."i-"i.').  In  tho  Kanio  colKctiun, 
8'2.")-l5(i,  are  Ci'rlohi  rare  (iinl  itppcUd  >iotc-i  coiirfni'ni'j  the  lionjhix,  sdi.ni/iiiiin, 
c/c,  liy  Thomas  Fuller  of  the  l>e4r<'.  A  brief  account  was  also  iiulilishcd 
in  the  first  otiition  of  Ilitldnjt,  in  I.'jSO,  S()'.»-1;{.  Navarrcte,  .S'/(/(7  y  J/'.c, 
Vkifji-  IiifroiL,  liv.-v.,  saw  two  oriiiiual  documents  on  the  suhjcct— a  ntate- 
incnt  of   Captain   Alzola  of  the  ,S((iita   Ann,   made  on  his  aiTival  at   Aea- 

1)ulco,  and  a  declaration  liy  Antnnio  do  .Sierra,  one  of  tius  ixissen^^'crs,  niadu 
lefore  the  iiudieiieia  of  iJuadalajara  January 'Jt,  1.1S8.  Tor(|ueniada,  i.  (l!i!(, 
gives  tho  only  account  extant  of  the  ri'turn  of  the  >Vn/^a  yl»a  to  Aeaimleo. 
'J'lie  above  mentioned  are  the  only  xourees  of  original  information  on  the  expe- 
dition or  at  least  on  tliat  part  of  it  concerning  our  terri'^ory.  The  follow- 
ing  secondary  antlmrities  are  before  me:  Voikkji ■■i,  llUt.  Arcl.,  i.  Ki'J  'JUT; 
Voil<if<.'i;  Neiii  Co/.,  i.  4;!()l.';  K(  rr'x  Voij.,  x.  (!(!!).'{;  L(t  J/'-rpr,  Alini/r,  \v. 
22-5;  lliinin/ft  J)iKcor.  Sni/f/i  !^i(i,  ii.  !S.V!);  Tni/lor,  in  Ilri'irnc'.-^  L  <'iiL, 
20-1;  Oonfr'adf,  A".  U\l(,  'Ml-H;  Curo,  Tnn  Soji'u.-:,  i.  214;  J/o/'/W,  Krjilur., 
i.  IK)-- a  list  which  mi.;ht  he  easily  augmented. 

"The  //»;//)  (liilliiiit  had  been  exchanged  for  a  prize,  the  (Jcorije,  whicU 
was  also  soon  ubuuduuud. 


740 


FIFTn,  SIXTH,  AND  SEVENTH  VICEROYS. 


tlioy  burned,  after  capturing  a  bark  from  Sonsonatc, 
Lulen  with  cacao  and  indijj^o.^^  On  the  29th  Caven- 
dish  anchored  off  Iluatulco  and  landed  in  person.  A 
raid  of  several  miles  into  the  interior  also  proved  profit- 
able to  tlie  pirate,  and  on  August  2d  he  set  sail,  hold- 
ing his  course  northward  alonLj  the  coast. 

But  the  prudent  filibuster  was  satisfied  to  attack 
the  less  defended  places  on  the  coast,  and  would  not 
trust  himself  into  the  harbor  of  Acapulco,  having  been 
informed  by  Michael  Sancius  that  this  was  the  ren- 
dezvous of  the  Philippine  fleet.  Though  not  difficult 
to  clear  the  narrow  entrance  to  the  harbor,  it  might 
be  a  more  serious  matter  to  retreat  in  case  of  a  failure 
to  take  the  town.  It  therefore  appeared  to  Master 
Cavendish  much  like  a  dangerous  rat-trap,  which  he 
wiselv  concluded  to  evade.^'* 

The  next  field  of  his  depredations  was  Navidad, 
near  the  present  Manzanillo,  where  he  landed  August 
24th,  and  captured  a  nudatto  who  had  been  sent 
along  the  coast  with  letters  to  i>'ivo  the  alarm.  Tlic 
town  and  two  largo  ships  on  the  stocks  were  burned. 
From  August  2Gth  to  September  2d  Cavendish  was 
in  the  port  of  Santiago,  obtaining  water  from  the 
river;  and  on  the  next  day,  from  a  port  called  Malaca, 
a  little  farther  west,  the  pirates  went  two  leagues  in- 
land, and  'defaced'  the  Indian  village  of  Acatlan.  A 
similar  raid  was  made  at  Chacala,*'  where  a  party  of 
men  were  held  until  ransomed  by  their  wives  with 
l)lantains  and  other  fruits,  one  carpenter  and  a  *Por- 

"  '  Woe  landed  there,  and  bimit  their  towne,  with  the  church  and  custome- 
housc  wliich  was  very  fairc  and  largo:  in  which  house  were  (iOO  liai^'s  of  anilo 
to  dyo  cloth;  oucry  bag  wlioroof  was  worth  40cro\vnos,  and  400 bags  of  cacaos; 
every  bag  whereof  ia  woi-th  ton  crownes.'  Speaking  of  the  cacao  the  report 
of  Master  I'rctty  here  continues;  'They  arc  very  like  unto  an  almond,  but 
are  nothing  so  pleasant  in  taste;  they  eatc  thcin,  and  make  drinke  of  them.' 
JIuLIi'ijI'k  i'oi/.,  iii.  iSI4. 

'"  1  lore  we  I'.ave  the  renaon  why  Palacio  failed  to  find  him  in  or  about  tlio 
port  of  Aea]iulco.  Master  J'rettyat  this  stage  of  his  nari'ative  roniarkw:  'Hero 
wee  ouoishipiied  tho  hauen  of  Acapulco,  from  whence  tho  shippes  are  set 
foorth  for  the  Philipinas.'  llaklnjCx  Voij.,  iii.  81,"). 

'-"  Deserilied  as  IS  leagues  froui  Cajjo  Corrientea.  Buniey,  D'tscov.  South 
>''(•(,  ii.  !S(i,  witliout  specit'yiiig  any  oth'  .  tluiu  tiie  Hakhiyt  account,  culls  it 
the  '  Bay  of  Compostella,  proljubly  Sau  Bias,'  as  it  very  likely  was. 


t 


t( 

ni 
K 


ADVENTURES  OF  CAVENDISH, 


747 


tugal'  being  carried  away.  From  the  12tli  to  the 
irtli  of  September  the  Englishmen  laid  in  a  store  of 
fowl  and  seal  meat  on  the  little  island  of  San  Andrds, 
arriving  on  the  24th  at  Mazatlan.-^ 

Having  obtained  "good  fruites,  though  not  without 
danger,"  they  repaired  the  vessels  on  the  small  island 
just  north  of  Mazatlan.  Here,  digging  in  the  sand, 
they  obtained  water  "  by  tlie  assistance  of  God  in  that 
our  great  neede.  .  .otherwise  wee  had  gon  backo  20 
or  30  leagues  to  water;  which  might  have  bene  occa- 
sion that  we  might  liaue  missed  our  prey  wee  had 
long  wayted  for."  Poor  indeed  must  he  be  who  has 
not  a  god  according  to  his  purposes!  Here  the  oper- 
ations of  Cavendish  were  watched  by  a  party  of  Span- 
isli  horsemen  from  the  main,  who  were  supposed  to 
have  come  from  Chametla,  some  eleven  leagues  dis- 
tant. On  the  9th  of  October  the  fleet  left  the  island 
and  bore  across  to  San  Li'icas,  arriving  on  the  14tli, 
and  watering  at  a  river  wliich  flowed  into  the  Aguada 
Segura,  since  known  as  the  bay  of  San  Bernabe,  or 
Puerto  del  Cabo.  It  was  time  the  galk^on  sliould  be 
coniin<]::  ah,  what  a  rare  robbery  it  would  be! 

The  vessel  lay  off  and  on  till  the  4t]i  of  November, 
when  early  in  the  morning  tlie  cry,  A  sail  I  was  heard 
from  the  mast-head.  It  was  indeed  the  galleon,  tlie 
Santa  ^ina  of  seven  hundred  tons,  captain  Tonuis  do 
Alzola,^'"  from  the  PliiUppincs  bound  for  Acapulco,  and 
having  on  board  122,000  pesos  in  gold,  besides  a  rich 
caigo  of  silks  and  other  Asiatic  goods.  O  rare  and 
rigliteous  luck!  Let  now  both  sides  pray,  and  God 
delend  the  right! 

The  stupid  Spaniard  seems  never  to  have  suspected 
anything  wrong,  for  he  came  lazily  along  through  tlie 
tranquil  waters,  thankful  that  the  long  voyage  was  at 
last  over;  thankful  for  the  rich  results, that  would  glad- 

"  Tliifi  is  piTliaps  the  earliest  mention  of  this  n.-inio,  wiiicli  is  still  ict.iincd. 

-'-rivtty  says,  Toniiis  do  I'lrsola  was  a  i)ilot  and  was  taki'n  liy  t'aviiuli.'-li 
to  the  l^ailrones;  hut  Navarretc  eonsulted  Alzola's  <leclai'ation  in  tiu^  alliiir 
and  can  hardly  bo  in  error,  lie  gives  the  niinie  of  the  j)ilot  as  Sebualiuu 
llodriguez. 


743 


FIFTn,  SIXTH,  AXD  SEVENTH  VICEROYS. 


den  the  hearts  of  a  hundred  thousand  men  and  women, 
old  and  young.  The  Desire  stood  out  under  all  sail 
as  if  to  give  the  old  ocean-battered  bark  a  friendly- 
greeting;  and  the  Spaniard  seems  not  to  have  realized 
the  situation  until  awakened  to  it  by  a  broadside 
from  the  pirate,  which  was  now  at  close  range.  In- 
stantly all  was  activity  on  board  the  Santa  Ana.  as 
the  surprised  Spaniards  prepared  for  action,  keeping 
down  behind  the  bulwarks  out  of  sight.  After  a 
few  volleys  of  small  shot  the  Britons  somewhat  too 
hastily  attempted  to  board.  The  Spaniards  sprang 
forward,  armed  "with  lances,  iauelings,  rapiers,  and 
targets,  and  an  innumerable  sort  of  great  stones,  which 
they  threw  overboord  upon  our  heads  and  into  our 
ship  so  fast,  and  being  so  many  of  them,  that  they  put 
vs  off  the  shippc  againo,  with  the  lossc  of  2  of  our  men 
which  were  slaine,  and  with  the  hurting  of  4  or  5." 

A  prolonged  shout  from  the  Spaniards  followed  the 
receding  foe,  but  the  heavy  guns  were  again  brought 
into  play,  and  a  murderous  broadside  was  once  more 
thrown  into  the  galleon.  Thoui,di  the  damage  in- 
flicted  on  the  Spaniards  was  great,  "their  Captainc 
still  like  a  valiant  man  with  his  company  stood  very 
stoutly  vnto  his  close  fights,  not  yeelding  as  yet." 
But  courage  and  endurance  were  of  no  avail:  the 
Santa  Ana  was  doomed. 

After  a  fight  of  five  or  six  hours,  when  twelve  of 
his  men  had  been  killed  and  the  Santa  Ana  was  in 
imminent  danger  of  sinking,  the  Spaniard  struck  his 
flag,  and  lowering  boats  at  tlic  command  of  Cavendisli, 
ho  went  on  board  the  Desire  to  surrender  and  sue  for 
mercv.  Cavendisli  turned  his  beniLjnant  face  to  the 
Spanish  captain  and  "most  graciously  pardoned  both 
him  and  the  rest  vpon  promise  of  their  true  dealing 
with  him,"  and  "of  his  great  mercy  and  humanitie, 
promised  their  lives  and  good  vsage." 

On  the  Gth  the  prize  was  towed  into  Aguada  Se- 
gura,-'^  the  work  of  transferring  the  cargo  began,  and 

^  Salnicroii,  liel,,  IG,  say  a  it  was  Magdalena  Bay. 


CAnURE  OF  THE  GALLEON. 


749 


the  Spaniards  to  tlio  number  of  one  liundrctl  and 
ninety  were  put  on  shore,  all  of  thoni  save  a  lew  wJio, 
it  was  thought,  might  be  useful  as  interpreters  or 
pilots  at  the  Islands.  When  the  Englishmen  proceeded 
to  divide  their  booty,  difficulties,  as  usual,  arose  with 
threats  of  nmtiny;  especially  from  the  men  of  the  Con- 
tent, which  vessel  had  done  but  little  during  the  fight, 
though  finally,  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  fright- 
ened prisoners,  all  was  in  due  time  amicably  arranged. 
On  the  I7th  the  anniversary  of  the  queen's  corona- 
tion was  celebrated  on  board  the  pirate  with  salutes, 
fireworks,  and  general  rejoicing,  and  on  the  10th  they 
"set  saylc  ioyfully  homcwardes  towardes  England."' 
The  Content  was  left  in  the  roads  and  was  never  heard 
of  again ;  but  the  Desire  completed  the  circumnavi- 
gation of  the  earth  and  anchored  in  Plymouth  harbor 
September  9,  1588. 

Cavendish  prided  himself  on  being  a  most  humane 
and  Christian  pirate;  he  would  not  kill  the  peo])le  of 
the  Santa  Ana  for  the  mere  pleasure  of  it.  lie  did 
not  ravish  the  women, or  throw  overboard  the  children. 
After  taking  what  he  wanted  out  of  the  galleon,  leaving 
still  some  five  hundred  tons  of  valuable  cargo,  and  after 
setting  fire  to  the  vessel,  he  was  not  particular  to  sec 
that  every  plank  was  burned  before  he  left  it.  There 
was  nothing  mean  about  Cavendish:  thouufh  it  does 
not  appear  why  he  did  not  leave  the  ship  to  the  S|)an- 
iards  so  that  in  it  they  might  bring  him  more  gold  to 
capture.  Another  mark  of  Cavendish's  humanity  and 
fine  gentlemanly  feeling:  before  burning  the  Santa 
Ana  he  permitted  the  Spariiards  to  take  away  tlie 
sails  with  which  to  inake  themselves  tents  on  the 
beach,  and  also  some  planks  out  of  M'hich  tlicy  might 
build  some  boats  to  take  them  to  Acapulco,  so  that 
they  were  quite  comfoital)le.  Tliey  were  put  ashore 
on  the  lower  end  of  the  peninsula,  if  we  may  believe 
the  gentle  highwayman,  in  a  j»lace  "where  they  liad 
a  fayre  river  oi'  fresh  water,  with  great  store  of  fi'esh 
fish,  foule,  and  wood,  and  also  many  hares  and  conies 


750 


FIFTH,  SIXTH,  AND  SEVENTH  VICEROYS. 


vpon  the  mainc  land;"  and  Cavendish  left  them  "great 
store  of  victuals,  of  garuansos,  peason,  and  some  wine." 
And  when  the  filibuster  took  leave  of  the  captain,  ho 
"gaue  him  a  royall  reward"  which  consisted  "both  of 
swords,  targets,  pieces,  shot,  and  powder,"  and  a  piece 
of  ordnance. 

But  better  fortune  was  in  store  for  them  than  even 
Cavendish  had  intended.  The  galleon  had  been  fired 
when  at  anchor  a  short  distance  from  the  land.  When 
her  cables  burned  oflf  she  drifted  to  the  shore,  and 
ballast  being  thrown  out,  the  hulk  was  found  in  a 
condition  capable  of  being  repaired,  as  we  are  informed 
by  Torquemada,  so  as  to  carry  the  whole  party  to 
Acapulco. 

When  they  entered  the  port  and  their  sorrowful  talc 
reached  the  ear  of  the  viceroy,  Palacio  was  again 
despatched  to  capture  the  pirate,  but  without  success. 
For  so  serious  a  loss  somebody  must  be  to  blame,  and 
there  were  many  who  accused  the  viceroy  of  not 
having  taken  sufficient  precautions  to  prevent  the 
calamity. 

It  was,  indeed,  necessary  that  steps  should  be  taken 
to  render  safer  the  Asiatic  commerce,  for  under  the 
existing  state  of  things  the  reward  was  too  tempting 
to  escape  notice.  If  such  wealth  could  be  so  easily 
secured  by  a  handful  of  sea-robbers,  then  it  were  bet- 
ter for  all  the  world  to  turn  thieves.  It  was  along 
the  California  coast,  where  robbers  lay  in  wait,  that 
there  was  the  greatest  danger;  and  as  the  galleons  wore 
obliged  to  go  northward  to  catch  the  trade- winds  in 
crossing  the  ocean,  a  more  northern  port,  somewhere 
on  the  California  coast,  was  first  of  all  desirable,  which 
might  serve  as  a  station  for  armed  vessels  to  watch  for 
and  escort  the  galleons  to  Acapulco. 

To  this  end,  in  1595,  the  San  Agustin  was  de- 
spatched from  the  Philippines  by  Governor  Gomez 
Perez  das  Marinas,  at  the  order  of  Viceroy  Velasco, 
the  SOU;  under  the  pilot  Sebastian  Rodriguez  Cer- 


ATLANTIC  FLEETS. 


7ol 


mciion,  for  the  express  purpose  of  exploring  the  coast. 
All  that  is  known  of  the  result  is  that  the  San 
A(ji(stui  ran  ashore  behind  the  point  a  little  later  called 
Rej'es,  in  the  bay  now  bearing  the  name  of  Drake, 
or  Jack  Harbor,  but  then  named  San  I'rancisco,  prob- 
ably from  the  day  of  arrival."* 

But  the  matter  was  not  allowed  to  drop.  The 
same  viceroy  entered  into  a  contract  w'ith  Sebastian 
Vizcaino  to  explore  anew  and  occupy  for  Spain  the 
Islas  Californias.  Velasco's  successor,  the  count  of 
Monterey,  ratified  the  contract  and  despatched  the 
expedition  in  1597.*^ 

Though  Vizcaino  sailed  from  Acapulco  with  throe 
vessels,  and  a  large  force,  the  expedition  again  proved 
a  failure,  and  those  of  the  discomfited  Spaniards  who 
were  fortunate  enough  to  escape  with  their  lives,  sub- 
sequently returned  to  Acapulco.'-^* 

Meanwhile  on  the  Atlantic,  where  the  necessity  f(3r 
the  protection  of  commerce  from  the  pirates  was 
greater  than  on  the  Pacific,  more  cflScient  measures 
were  introduced.  Commercial  intercourse  with  the 
mother  country  must  at  all  hazards  be  preserved. 
Hence  navios  de  registro  were  formed  into  fleets,  and 
periodically  despatched  from  Spain  to  Vera  Cruz, 
convoyed  by  war-vessels,  the  first  coming  in  1581.^^' 


'*  The  further  fate  of  the  vessel  and  crew  is  left  to  conjecture ;  l)ut  tlie 
pilot  Frimcisco  de  Bolauus  lived  to  visit  the  bay  again  in  lOO.'J  wilii  Vizcaino, 
and  from  him  apparently  comes  all  that  is  known  of  the  voyage.  Turijucmada, 
i.  717-18;  A>;ctusion,  lid.  Breve,  558;  Calirera  Bueno,  Nuv.  EspccvL,  passim; 
Sdlmcioii,  Bel.,  20;  A'icl,  AiJiiiit.,  74;  iSutU  y  Mcx.,  Viaije,  Ivi.-vii.  Tho 
question  is  fully  discussed  in  JJist.  JS'orth  Mex.  Slates  and  J/ int.  C'aL,  this 
series. 

-■'  Torqiiemada,  followed  apparently  by  all  otiicr  writers,  states  tlmt  in 
1590  tlie  king  ordered  Viceroy  Monterey  to  send  Vizcaino  to  Califurnia,  and 
tliat  tlie  expedition  was  made  tlie  same  year;  but  there  is  a  royal  ccdula  of 
August  '2,  1G2S,  in  JJor.  JJitt.  Mex.,  '2d  Lcries,  iii.  442-.'{,  in  which  the  facts 
arc  stated  aa  I  have  given  them,  Monterey  ordering  Vizciuno  to  fulfd  his 
contract,  'no  embargante  que  en  la  sustaucia  y  capacidad  de  su  persona,  hallo 
algunos  inconvenientes.'  Grecnhow,  Or.  and  C'aL,  8'J-!)1,  tell  us  v.illiout 
any  known  authority  that  Vizcaino  had  been  on  the  Saula  Aim  that  was 
captured  by  Cavendish. 

'■"'  For  the  interesting  details  of  this  expedition  and  the  adventures  of  tho 
Spaniards  in  California,  see  Hist.  North  Mcx.  Stales,  i.,  and  Hid,  Nortlacest 
Coast,  this  series. 

-'  In  1582  new  laws  and  regulations  were  promulgated  concerning  these 


752  FIFXn,  SIXTH,  AND  SFAT.NTn  VICEROYa. 

Eleven  of  such  fleets  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  dui'ing  the 
last  twinity  years  of  the  century,  carryin<^  back  to 
Spain  the  accunuilated  treasures  of  the  New  World.-'* 
Tlie  expense;  of  equipping  and  maintaining  such  a  large 
number  of  vessels  was  sometimes  so  great  that  all  the 
treasure  carried  would  not  pay  ex])enses.  Occasionally 
it  would  ha])pen  as  with  an  armada  despatched  from 
Seville  in  151)3,  having  a  capacity  of  9,500  tons,  with 
3,500  men.  It  was  conunanded  by  Francisco  Caloma, 
but  never  reached  its  destination,  being  obliged  to 
convoy  back  tlie  fleet  of  Alvaro  Flores  from  New 
Spain,  with  M'hich  it  had  fallen  in  on  the  high  sea.^" 

The  unloading  of  ships  at  Vera  Cruz  was  tedious, 
expcnsivn,  and  generally  attended  with  the  loss  of 
many  lives  from  disease.  The  time  usually  occupied 
for  discharging  M'as  four  months,  and  nine  or  ten 
months  elapsed  before  the  ships  were  again  despatched. 
For  this  reason  many  vessels  were  damaged  or  lost; 
frcMghts  were  excessive,  and  passage  rates  high.^'* 
Ships  for  Europe  at  this  time  sailed  from  San  Juan 
do  Ulua  for  Ilabana,  which  occupied  some  twenty- 


fleets,  their  outfit,  and  the  manner  in  whicli  the  sailors  anil  even  passengers 
were  ohlij^ed  to  ^n  ai'ineil.  Ordciicumtji,  Caxa  <h'  Coiitratanint,  (JO. 

-*  Tills  siilijeet  will  bo  more  fully  considci'ed  in  my  next  volume  on  New 
Spain.  See  also  Tirnaux-ConipaiiK,  I'oi/.,  sOric  i.  torn.  x.  •ioo;  AiTuniz,  Hid. 
y  I'roii.,  .'{"27-8;  Alamttn,  Dhcrt.,  iii.  aiip.  20. 

'■"•Tlio  cost  of  ("alonia's  siiljseciuent  expedition,  in  lo04,  exceeded  800,000 
ducats,  wliitli  was  much  in  exccis  of  the  ultimate  amount  realized.  IVc/Kr:, 
Apiint.,  in  Col.  Doc.  Jiinl.,  Hi.  Oli.'Mi.  In  the  same  year  Prince  Juan  Andrea, 
l)oria,  in  a  letter  to  the  kini,',  accused  tho  India  Council  of  ineomi)ctencc  in 
this  matter  and  rcconnneiuliHl  that  treasure  should  bo  conveyed  to  Spain  in 
faster  ves.sels  than  tiiKSO  of  the  Kuglish.  lle.thought  tho  transportation  too 
dangerous  in  'galeones  de  armada.'  however  well  they  might  be  equipped;  if 
they  engaged  in  combat,  success  was  doubtful,  and,  even  if  favorable,  there 
vas  no  certainty  that  while  fighting  one  or  the  other  of  tho  treasure-ships 
might  not  go  down.  Ihnio,  Curia  al  lieii,  in  ('ol.  Doc.  Iia'd.,  ii.  171--.  ^n 
1501  a  large  fleet  on  its  way  to  New  Spain  was  destroyed  by  the  enemy,  and 
another  at  (^adiz,  when  about  to  sail.  Vur.iiucz,  Apuiil.,  in  Col.  Doc.  IiuUL,  iii. 
537-05.  The  losses  at  sea  were  severe  and  continued,  in  additicm  to  whicii, 
ns  the  king  said,  'hauiendomc  encargado  (sin  podcrlo  cscusar)  dela  defensa 
do  toda  la  christiandad  denias  dela  demis  lieynos.'  This,  .imoug  other  origi- 
nal ccdnlas,  signed  }'o  El  licij  hy  Philip  II.,  witli  royal  seal  attiiehcd  and 
countersigned  by  the  secretary  Joan  do  Ybarra,  may  bo  found  iu  (Jrdenes  de 
la  Corona,  MS.,  ii.   13'2. 

""Cioods  were  kept  a  long  time  in  launches  and  barges;  large  quantities 
were  stolen  or  smuggled,  and  tho  crown  lost  much  of  its  dues.  Mamilla, 
Carta  al  licy,  in  Varlaa  dc  Indias,  15G-8. 


SOME  MAY  NOT  I^IARRY. 


m 


33 


five  (lays,  Tlicro  lliey  took  in  su|)])lios,  waiilni^  nlxmt 
fil'tooii  (lavs  for  tho  lluct  IVom  Xombio  «lc!  ])i()s,  wliii-Ii 
bi'ought  llic  treasures  from  Pern;  thence  passing; 
tlirou;^]i  the  Haliaiiia  Channel,  oil'  Caiie  Cauaviral, 
they  salleil  away  lor  S[)ahi."^  Of  course  tht're  wero 
shipwrecl;.'!,  one  of  the  most  notable  of  eai'ly  tim(>s 
being  the  loss  of  the  ailniiral's  ssliij),  coming  wilh 
an  anxiously  exi)ecte(l  ileet  from   Spain,  which  wa> 


Lla;;h(Ml  t 


o 


•  ICCCS    o 


1  the  rei'fs  at  the  mouth  of  A'era 


Cruz  Harbor,  duriiig  a  norther  early  in  I.kSS.  Over 
one  hundred  and  eiglily  persons  perished  in  sight  of 
the  tov.n,  for  lacl:  of  boats  on  shore  to  deliver  them."'* 
A  consulate  or  commc>rci;d  tribunal  was  originnted 
in  the  city  of  irexii'o  in  ir)8I,under  whoso  })roteclioii 
the  growing  connncrce  of  the  country  might  be  n\gu- 
lated.  Tl;e  merchants  hailed  this  institution  ^vilh 
satisfaction,  for  ]\[exico  was  now  the  connnei'cial 
centre  for  traders  from  Asia,  Ameiica,  and  ICuropc*, 
nnd  the  harbors  of  A'^era  Cruz  and  Aca[)ulco  had 
become  famous  in  the  trailickinLT  world."'' 


roil 
in 
ill 

too 
if 


de 

;ioa 
lla, 


Hut  what  wei'e  shipwrecks,  and  tlu;  depredations 
of  iilibustcM'.s,  and  the  loss  of  galleons,  with  the  conse- 
quinit  cur.ses  of  the  men,  and  the  low  long-drawn  com- 
jilaints  of  women;  what  to  the  uidiaj)])y  re|)rest'nta- 
tive  of  i-oyalt}'  were  such  troubles  comjiared  with  those 
atteuvlin'''  the  rc'.'ulations  of  the  soci;d  sitheres!'  "J)\~ 
thee,  O  king!  we  live  and  move  and  have  our  bciiig," 
the  m.'iids  and  matrons  of  New  S[)aiu  might  say. 
"Tliou  givest  us  better  than  corn  and  Avine — hus- 
bands gn^at  or  sm;dl  according  to  tliy  good  pleasui'e; 
and  frocks  and  riI)bons,  in  thy  great  ]\raj(>sty  deter- 
mining tlio  c^xtent  ;ind  colors  of  them."  Aiul  if  Phili[) 
HO  said,  Villi juanrique  nuist  take  his  viceregal  seat  on 

"  Horl.qt'x  Tmrailc^,  in  Ildldnjes  Voii.,  iii.  4!);{. 

'■^T!io  :uliiiiiiil  iind  over  100  iicr.sons  went  saved  by  tlio  fxcrtious  of  wmio 
few  who  ventiircil  out  ill  boats  to  tlitir  nssistjiuco.  Ponce,  Jiilacioti,  in  Col. 
Dor.  hir.l.,  Iviii.  4S0. 

^^  Tli<iiif,di  iK'L'un  ill  I.'kiI,  tlic  cstjiblislinicntof  tlic  couHulati'  was  not  fully 
calalili.-iliiil  untii  10  or  l'_'  ycaiii  later.    l'"or  details  and  liat  of  ollicor.s  sec  Calk, 
Mcin.  y  Niil..  •">.■>;    V(f(nicrrt,  Triit.  Mix.,  'M-i, 
UibX.  aiKX.,  Vol.  II.    48 


m 


FIFTH,  SIXTH,  A\D  SEVENTH  VICEROYS. 


tlio  plmuiclo  of  Popocatepetl  aiul  tlionec  direct  tlio 
ebb  anil  (low  of  ocean,  tlie  movements  of  the  clouds, 
the  growth  of  plants,  and  the  respiration  of  all  organic 
things. 

There  was  in  force  a  royal  decree,  issued  some  years 
previously,  forbidding  any  government  officials  in 
America  from  marrying  within  tlie  district  where 
tliey  held  jurisdiction,  witluait  special  ])erniissi()n  from 
the  king,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture  of  the  royal  favor 
and  the  offices  the}''  hold;  nor  might  they  ever  again 
hold  any  office  in  the  Inches/^*  Hitherto  the  law  had 
been  little  heeded;  cither  officials  had  not  desired  to 
break  it,  or,  breaking  it,  little  notice  had  been  taken 
of  tlie  oftcnce. 

But  the  time  had  come  when  the  king's  authority 
must  be  enforced.  In  defiance  of  the  law  an  oidor  of 
the  audiencia  of  Guadalajara  had  married,  and  the 
royal  procurator  of  that  district  had  allowed  his 
daughter  to  marry.^'  Villamanri(|ue  ordered  their 
arrest.  The  officers  resisted,  and  dissensions  followed, 
during  whicli  the  question  of  jurisdiction  was  brought 
forward.  None  of  the  opponents  yielded,  until  the 
viceroy,  becoming  exasperated,  despatched  a  military 
force  against  the  audiencia.  Other  troops  were  there 
ready  to  oppose  them.  For  a  time  war  was  immi- 
nent, but,  by  the  wise_^  interference  of  lovers  of  peace, 
harmony  was  at  length  restored.^" 

Other  historic  troubles  followed.  In  1 588  the  native 
population  of  New  Spain  was  again  decimated  by  a 
pestilence  like  that  of  157G.  The  provinces  sulfeiing 
most  were  Tlascala  and  Toluca;  though  here,  where 

''♦Contracts  of  mnrringo,  verbal  or  in  ■WTiting,  matle  with  the  idea  or  liopo 
that  the  royal  license  would  be  forthcoming,  were  to  bo  treated  the  same  as 
formal  marriages,  so  far  as  tlio  penalties  ■«  ere  concerned.  The  decree  was 
dated  at  Lisbon  February  '20,  1582.  Heal  Ci'duUt,  in  Pacheco  and  Ciirdeiiun, 
Col.  Doc,  xviii.  244-7. 

'•"'  'Also  the  kings  Atturncy  of  Guadalajara  maried  his  daughter  of  S  yercs 
old  with  a  boy  of  12  yerea  old.'  Caiio,  Lff/cr,  in  //(d-li-i/t's  Voij.,  iii.  .'<!)(>-7. 

'"According  to  Alegre,  Hist.  Com  p.  Jif-tii,  i.  221,  tlie  viceroy  was  moved 
to  relent  by  a  Jesuit's  sermon  on  forgiveness.  Torqueuuida,  i.  G.">(),  say^  tliat 
tlu!  viceroy  was  removed  for  this  aflair.  Cavo,  7'/ cs  ,v;(//o.>(,  i,  210-17,  tells  ua 
tlie  (quarrel  was  about  the  jurisdiction  over  certain  towns. 


A  CHANGE  WANTED. 


7» 


d 

lit 

.13 


the  !^^atlalzinco,  Mexican,  and  Otonif  nations  H\x>tl 
intermixed,  the  two  latter  remained  in  a  measure  freo 
from  tlie  ravaLfes  of  the  disease.^'' 

The  following  year,  1581),  was  not  less  calamitous. 
On  Ai^ril  11th,  at  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  there 
was  a  great  earthquake  in  the  city  of  Mexico  and 
throughout  the  province;  and  on  the  2(jth  of  the  same 
month  there  were  three  heavy  shocks,  two  within  half 
an  hour,  and  the  other  during  the  night.    In  the  city 
of  Mexico  several  walls  fell,  and  many  buildings  wero 
otherwise  injured;  in  Coyuhuacan  much  of  the  work 
on  the  Donii:iican  convent  was  destroyed;  but  for  all 
this  the  inhabitants  were  more  frifjhtened  than  hurt.'''' 
And  now  came  the  usual  petitions  to  the  king  ask- 
ing for  a  change  of  government.     At  all  events,  they 
v.ant  this  viceroy  recalled;  the  crown  can  do  as  it 
likes  about  sending  another.    There  was  nothing  in 
particular  with  M'hich  to  charge  him;  Yillamanri([ue 
had  been  wise,  honest,  and  humane,  instant  in  I'ultil- 
ling  his  duties  to  the  people  and  loyal  to  his  king. 
But  the  i^irates  had  come  and  captured  the  galleon, 
an  epidemic  had  caused  many  to  mourn,  and  the  earth- 
quakes had  frightened  them,  and  the  viceroy  would 
not  let  the  oidor  marry  a  wife.    That  the  viceroy's  only 
daughter  should  die,   thus  bringing   to  the  father's 
licart  more  poignant  grief  than  otherwise  all  New 
Sixain  combined  could  do,  was  nothing  to  them. 

The  memorials  and  unfavorable  rej)orts  had  their 
effect  upon  the  king,  who  feared  most  of  all  a  rei)etition 
of  the  Guadalajara  difficulties,  and  so  Yillamanri(|ue 
M'as  removed  from  office.  Luis  do  Velasco,  a  son  of 
the  former  viceroy  of  that  name,  was  appointed  in  his 
stead,  and  Pedro  Romano,  bishop  of  Tlascala,  was 
charged  to  take  the  rcsidencia  of  the  deposed  viceroy. 
This  latter  appointment  was  unfortunate  for  Villa- 

"  In  1  oOC  a  like  pestilence  appeared,  accompanied  by  measles,  mumps,  and 
spotted  fever,  whicli  carried  off  an  immense  number.  Mendicta,  Jlist.  L'clen., 
6ir)-19. 

"''  Another  pliock  was  felt  on  May  9th,  but  slight.  Police,  Ildacion,  in  Vol. 
Doc.  Ihid.,  Iviii.  51G. 


7:,o  Firxii,  SIXTH,  and  seventh  viceroys. 

nianriquo.  Bisliop  TJomnno  was  an  iincoinprcmiisiii'^' 
oneiny,  who  liud  long  awaited  such  an  oi)poi'tunity. 
Ifo  now  invited  all  to  present  charges,  no  matter  how 
trivial  they  ai)peared;  ho  would  make  tlieiu  largo 
enough.  Es])ecially  were  all  claims  for  money  al- 
lowed.*'" The  ecclesiastic  succeeded  well  in  all  these 
operations.  A  faithful  servant  of  the  king  was 
humiliated,  his  peace  of  mind  destroyed,  his  pride 
brought  low,  his  family  reduced  to  poverty-,  lloniano 
was  happy.  Very  different  from  his  grand  viceregal 
entr}'  into  ^lexico  was  Villamanrique's  departure;  t!io 
former  was  a  triumph,  the  latter  a  funeral.  With  his 
afllicted  marchioness,  and  carrying  witli  them  the 
remains  of  their  dead  daughter,  the  late  viceroy 
dejjarted  from  a  land  where  he  had  met  with  notliing 
but  uiisfortuno  and  sorrow."*" 

'"IJomnno  even  went  bo  far  ns  to  attach  tlio  linen  and  wearinc;  apparel  of 
the  Ilia'  I  liiunes.s,  ]><ii"ia  J'liinc.'i.   Torqiu  mwht,  i.  O.'O-l ;  Caiiitt  ilr  /ii(/i:;y,  llwU. 

*".\i;iny  (if  l)ish(ip  Koniiiuo's  ilocisicma  were  mli.seqi'.eiitly  rcvoktil,  iiiul 
the  rcliiiL^o  of  MUaiuauriiiue's  projierty  was  ikcreeil;  but  at  Iho  linio  of 
his  (Ita'ih  only  part  of  itliailbcHU  l■L'^it()^e(l.  'J'oniin  ,iiwfa,i.  G'i\)~\;  \'(  .'ii.;rn-t. 
Trill,  j'/c.c,  10,  11.  The  latter  infuinia  U3  that  he  subsequently  retired  to  a 
Fruueibcau  convent  in  ispaiu,  where  he  died. 


CHAPTER     XXXIV. 


CLOSK  OF  TIIK  CENTUilY. 
1580-lGOO. 

Rr.MOTiF.n  Ixsrnr.F.CTioN'— Fi-Ara  of  VF.LAsro,  tiif.  Xew  Virr.noY— PiiTKr- 
TioN"— City  IsiruovEMrxTs — Tirn  CniciiiMr.("( — Tiif.  Mint.s  ok  (Iiana- 
jrA"o,  San  l.tis  I'oTosf,  and  Zacatkcas— rorvDiNo  of  Towns  — run. if 
AVants  Mouii  MoNKV — Vklasco'.s  Astitk  Mkasfke— C(»mji;  df.  .Mo;v- 

TEllKV,  VlCKliOY — FrTILK  KfHHITS  TO  AIoVK  TIIK  INDIAN — KaCK  InTKK- 

MIM'FIIFS— XfF.VO   I.FON— On^ri'ATION    OF    Till;    XoUTlIKUN    ColNTUV  — 
(JoVKUNOU  CaI!AI1AJAI, — EkVIEW  OF  THE  CKNTrUY— Ihlll.IOdUAFlIICAL — 

WiuTKUs  Subsequent  to  the  Conquest— ToiiyuEMADA  among  Otheiw. 

It  was  some  time  during  the  montli  of  Decoml)or 
1589,  that  Luis  du  Volasco,  conde  do  Santiajj^o  juul 
son  of  tlic  second  viceroy,  cautiously  approached  the 
shores  of  Xew  Spain  as  its  eiijlith  viceroy.  First  he 
touched  at  the  port  of  Tameagua,  afraid  to  proceed  at 
once  to  San  Juan  do  Ulua  on  aecoujit  of  rumored  tUs- 
turbances  in  the  country.  Either  Mexico  had  been 
taken  by  the  audiencia  of  Guadahijara,  or  Villaman- 
rique  liad  revolted;  there  were  dire  and  uncertain 
ebullitions  in  the  land,  and  it  behooved  this  son  of  his 
father  to  be  circumspect.  Assured  at  his  iirst  landinj^- 
place  that  tlie  rumors  of  political  troubles  which  Juid 
reached  Spain  were  unfounded,  Velasco  ])rocceded  to 
A'^era  Cruz,  and  on  the  25tli  of  January  1590  he 
entered  the  capital.^ 

The  city  j)ut  on  its  brightest  smile  of  welcome. 
The  new  viceroy  was  no  stranger  to  the  inhabitants. 

•  Torqucmaila,  i.  r>.')2;  Cave,  Trot  F>igloi>,  ii.  219,  ami  others,  af;rcc  upon 
this  (late,  while  Rivera,  Jlifit.  JnUipa,  i.  7(5,  gives  January  '2!lth;  Loicn/ana, 
Viiifje,  in  Corli's'  IliM.  N.  E.iitn)i<i,  18;  Zainacois,  Ilkt.  J/v.)  v.  108,  tlie  "JTtli; 
and  Vetuucvrt,  Tiat.  Mex.,  11,  tlie  2Gtb. 

( 767  ) 


758  CLOSE  OF  THE  CEXTURY. 

He  had  been  there  with  lils  father;  had  indeed  resided 
in  the  country  many  years,  filling  various  important 
positions,  particularly  those  of  alfcrez  real  of  the 
ayuntamiento  of  Mexico  and  rcgidor  of  Ccmpoala. 
He  was  more  one  of  themselves  than  any  who  had 
hitherto  represented  the  crown  in  New  Spain;  and  as 
he  was  popular,  well  beloved  for  himself,  and  came 
with  all  the  prestige  of  rank  and  worthy  performance, 
all  that  wealth  and  warm  hearts  and  high  antici[)ation 
could  do  was  done  to  make  his  reception  befitting. 
Shortly  before  his  present  appointment  he  had  been 
employed  in  the  diplomatic  service  of  the  king.^ 

A  better  selection  for  the  rulership  of  New  Spain 
could  not  have  been  made  at  this  juncture.  There 
had  been  troubles  throughout  the  land,  some  real  and 
some  imaginar}'',  the  latter  usually  the  hardest  to  bear; 
now  all  were  in  the  humor  for  a  reign  of  prosperity 
and  rejoicing.  Gold  and  silver  were  plentiful,  the  fruits 
of  the  earth  abundant,  the  nci/lve  nations  throughout 
their  broad  area  for  the  most  part  at  peace;  now  might 
the  sons  of  the  conquerors  rest;  they  might  put  on 
gay  attire  and  become  fat  and  effeminate.  Velasco 
possessed  ability  and  energy;  he  was  intelligent  and 
learned.  Above  all  he  was  loyal,  not  to  the  king  alone 
but  to  the  people.     He  was  honest  upon  instinct. 

One  of  his  first  endeavors  was  to  elevate  the  con- 
dition of  the  people,  white  and  red.  He  w^as  wise 
enough  to  know  that  the  best  thing  for  them  was 
work,  which  manifested,  indeed,  great  intelligence  as 
coming  from  a  Spaniard.  Among  other  beneficent 
measures,  he  decreed  on  June  1,  1590,  the  reopening 
and  operating  of  the  extensive  wool  and  cotton  fac- 

'Alnman,  Dinert.,  iii.  app.  18,  and  Rivera,  Hist.  Jalapa,  70,  asscn,  that 
Velasco  was  a  native  of  Mexico.  This  is  uu  ciTor.  He  came  to  New  Spain 
with  his  father  in  looO,  when  11  years  of  ago,  antl  was  man-icd  in  Mioii  at 
the  ago  of  17.  Duruig  a  subsequent  trij)  to  Spain  he  received  many  favors 
at  the  hands  of  the  king.  When  Villanianriquc  arrived  he  was  at  first  on 
friendly  terms  with  Velasco,  but  enmity  arising  the  latter  aj^aiu  went  to  Spain. 
The"'j  he  was  appointed  ambassador  to  Florence,  whence  Lo  was  recalled  to 
assume  the  present  position.  He  was  at  present  a  widower,  51  years  of  age, 
and  h;ul  four  children,  who  resided  in  Mexico.  Torquemada,  i.  G51;  Cavo, 
Tm  iilijlos,  ii.  217. 


VELASCO  THE  SON. 


760 


tories,  established  by  the  first  viceroy,  and  which  had 
been  closed.  This  gave  employment  to  hundreds  of 
idle  persons,  and  the  benefits  flowing  from  this  in- 
dustry were  soon  felt  throughout  the  country.  The 
consumers  paid  less  for  the  home-made  article,  and  the 
money  remained  in  the  country. 

Then  he  thought  it  would  be  well  to  beautify  the 
capital,  one  of  the  results  of  which  was  the  alameda,  for 
centuries  the  favorite  resort  of  all  classes  in  search  of 
relaxation  and  recreation,  and  remaining  such  to-day, 
a  beautiful  certificate  to  the  taste  and  liberalit}^  of  tliis 
ruler.^  The  city  now  contained  about  three  thousand 
Spanish  families,  besides  a  numerous  Indian  and  mixed 
l^opulation.  During  the  successive  decades  it  had 
slowly  unfolded  into  magnificent  proportions  from  the 
ruins  of  old  Tenochtitlan.  There  were  broad  streets 
bordered  by  fine  dwellings,  with  here  and  there  temples 
and  public  buildings  presenting  a  yet  more  imposing 
aspect.* 

Velasco  also  put  laborers  at  work  to  strengthen  the 
fortifications  at  San  Juan  do  Ulua,  and  to  erect  new 
forts  for  the  better  protection  of  the  harbor  and  ap- 
proaches to  Vera  Cruz.^  This  was  but  a  preliminary 
step  to  the  transfer  of  the  city  itself,  in  1599,  to  its 
immediate  vicinity,  upon  the  very  site  where  Cortus 
had  nominally  founded  Villa  Rica  de  la  Vera  Cruz  foui'- 
score  years  before.  The  transfer  had  been  several 
times  I'ecommcndod,  owing  to  the  unhealthiness  of 
ihe  site,  its  inconvenience  for  trade,  and  its  exposure 

Few  people  indeed  lived  there 


to  floods  and  attacks  "^ 


'  The  alameda  was  laid  out  by  the  viceroy  in  l.")03,  the  name  coining 
originally  from  alamo,  poplar,  and  applying  to  a  peculiar  grouping  of  trees, 
or  a  promenade.    Vctancvrt,  Trat.  Max.,  11;  Panes,  Vireyci,  in  Slon.  Dom. 

Esj.,  MS.,  yo-i. 

*  A  contemporary  religious  narrator,  extolling  the  fine  hou.ses  and  streets 
of  Mexico,  gravely  aliirms  that  'beautiful  children  and  fine  hor.sea  grew  there,' 
Ponce,  lidadon,  iu  Col.  J)or.  Iiu'd.,  Ivii.  174-9. 

^  In  15(38  a  garrison  of  ,^)0  men  was  stationed  there,  with  about  l.")0  negro 
laborers.     It  now  became  quite  populous. 

*  This  was  forcibly  represented  by  the  episcopal  council  of  November  bw."i, 
wherein  it  was  termed  a  'sepoltura  de  vivos.'  Lencero  was  suggested  for  a 
new  site  Carta,  in  Pac/iero  and  CanUnas, Col.  Doc. , iii. 5l24-U.  English  truvil- 
lers  ako  bear  witness  tu  its  uuhealtliiness.    Infants  generally  died  there,  and 


700 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CENTURY. 


nco 


of 


]iresci 
it  assiinuK 


I 


j)crinnncnt1y,  and  it  was  only  dining  tlio 

the  Hoot,  from  Soptond)or  to  INIarcli,  that 

the  appcsarancc  of  tlio  loading  seaport  of  New  S[)ain. 

After  that  all  who   could   i-einoved   to   the   interior, 

notably  to  the  heantif  "ul  Jahqsa.''    The  new  site  of  Vera 

(^ruz,  if  by  no  nieiuis  healthy,  was  certainly  better  than 

the  former,  and  the  city  mt^de  ra[)id  strides  under  its 


a 


Icald 


OS 


may 


ores. 


Another  matter  of  importance  was  brought  to  a  suc- 
cessful issue.  While  the  conquerot's  had  from  the 
first  gi'asped  at  vast  arens,  they  really  occupied  i'vw 
other  than  mining  districts,  at  least  in  tlie  north. 
Thus  j)opulation  was  distributed  without  order,  and 
^vith  wide  distances  between  one  scLtlement  and  an- 
other, to  the  obvious  jeo[»ardy  of  the  invading  race. 
AVht'U  the  natives  had  recovered  I'rom  their  first 
Hurprise  at  the  Spanish  entry,  and  were  reUcved  from 
ih(.!  superstitious  awe  of  sorcery  su})[)osed  to  be  exer- 
cised by  the  new-comers,  percci\iiig  that  their  st)le 
object  was  to  rule  them,  many  abandoiunl  the  towns 
whei'o  they  had  temporarily  submitted  to  the  S[)an- 
iards,  and  betook  themselves  to  tlie  mountains,  thenco 
to  sally  forth  and  harass  the  settlers.  ]\[ore  particu- 
lai'ly  was  tJiis  the  case  with  rcj^ard  to  the  roviii<ji:  bar- 
barons  Chichimecs,  who,  ufatherinu'  into  stron<>"  bands, 
would  su<ldenly  bm-st  from  tlieir  strongholds,  and  as 
(|ui(;kly  return  to  them  after  their  raids.  Much  had 
been  tlone  toward  pacil'ying  them,  <hu'ing  the  govern- 
ment of  lCnri(piez,  by  the  establishment  of  })residios 
along  the  nortI,u>rn  borders.  Though  that  I'uler  was 
greatly  assisted  in  his  ellbrts  at  paciiication  by  Luis  do 

v.oincii  on  findinjj;  tlioinselvea  oiicl  into  wont  to  tlic  country  'toiivoiil  tlin  pcrill 
oi  tiio  iiifoctod  aiiv.'  ('hil/oii,  m  liaLivnt'n  Voij.,  iii.  4.")(i.  Sou  iiUo  Tuiimnn 
juiil  11(111  hit  m  J<l.,  4.");{,  4l>'J;  Moirii,  ilraii.  JHcc,  ix.  108,  x.  47"i.  In  .luno 
l.'iS!),  a  utorni  iissistoil  the  swollon  river  to  croatoinnnonso  dainai^o  aniunjj  tlio 
liiiildiii'^'.s  and  sliip|iin;j.   /'onrc,  J 'cL,  in  Col.  JJoc.  JiiriL,  Iviii.  r);i.")-(i. 

'  Cortos  tlioro  fonndoil  n  l''i'anoisoan  oonvont,  wliioli  was  linishod  in  Im>3. 
I'eroto,  on  the  riinto  to  Moxioo,  I'ad  (inito  u  yottloniont  in  IMH. 

^  Cdl/c,  Mem.  1/ Xtit.,  (mS;  ('liiri(ji'ri),  iii.  'M;  Jliaiiliolilt,  L'.miil  Pol.,  i.  'J7()-7; 
Ji'nrn,  JJI.'i/.Jiildjxi,  i.  'J7-H.  ranoH  odnl'imniis  tlio  datoof  transfor  witli  tlioso 
of  liitor  codulas  f,'rantin,t;  favors.  Cuat  of  arms  wua  oonforiod  Juuu  'JO,  1018. 
Veracruz,  M8.,  1-2.     Sec  ulso  ULil,  Mtx.,  i.  lo4,  tliia  soiics. 


QUERETARO  AND  ZACATECAS. 


7GI 


Carabajal,  sulisoquently  governor  ofNuovo  Leon,  tlieir 
joint  labors  proved  but  partially  and  temporarily  suc- 
cessful." 

Nevertheless,  spells  of  ooniparativo  quiet  were 
obtained,  afFordinij^  the  sorely  distressed  settlements 
I'onnd  the  mines  of  Guanajuato,  San  Luis  Potosi,  and 
Zacateeas  the  opportunity  to  develoj)  their  wealth, 
and  attract  much  needed  inunl<;'ration.  Zacateeas, 
Mhich  since  its  discovery  in  ir)4(>  had  l)een  expo^jed  to 
repeated  ravages,  received  such  an  imjietus  that  in 
1585  it  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  ci.ty.^" 

Twenty  years  before  the  Franciscan  order  had 
proved  suflicientl}'  numerous  to  form  hero  a  custtxlia, 
th(!  beginning  of  the  later  provincia  do  (Juadahipe  do 
Zacateeas,  which  became  so  famous  for  its  missionary 
labors  throughout  the  vast  north.  !Most  of  the  settle- 
ments in  this  reu'ion  also  owed  their  origin  to  Zacateeas, 
wli(tse  alcaldes  mayores,  subject  to  Nueva  Culicia,  sent 
forth  or  promoted  miin''rous  expeditions  to  o[)en  mines, 
umonu:  tlicm  Han  JMartin.  This  was  made  l,Iie  seat  of 
a  new  ah-aldia  mayor  which  extended  and  controlled 
settlements  far  into  Durango,"   where    Nombre  do 

•In  l.")Sl  Viceroy  Simroz  complained  nuich  of  the  continued  Iiostilitii'S 
of  tlie  (.'liifliiniecH,  'tan  Iclmntado  y  con  taiito  minicru  y  (k'bljcrguin(,'ii. '  (.'o- 
rinlii,  Ciirtn  (il.  Jt'ii/,  in  Ciirtnn  <lr  Jm/itii,  ,'!I0. 

'"'J\)  wliitli  wasf  added  in  ir)N8  tlic  tilhi  of  'nmy  noMo  y  leal,' to'ldluT 
vith  a  coat  (if  arms.  Aili'jii'i,  ('ru)i.  /i(ti-.,l',\—i.  'Jliia  wan  duo  to  tlio  cH'ort 
of  IJalta.sar  Trrmifio.  J!ir<j/iis,  y.ac..  It.  lUvcra  llcinardcz  coufound.s  tlio 
two  dates,  /mc,  'J7-H,  ,'{.">.  'J'lio  jio])idation  was  at  lirst  settled  toward  tlio 
liortli,  wlieic  tlie  earlier  mincH  were  tllscovercd,  and  tiierc  tlio  lirst  cliuiili  was 
Imilt  on  tin;  liatieiida  of  |)oiiiin,L;o  1'aj^lo  lliiulio.  AUeiwnrd,  on  the  eomin;' 
of  two  iiiiagea  of  t'lirist,  iiiiiiorted  liy  Alonso  (liicrreio  N'illasica,  and  placed 
on  liiii  two  haciendas,  tlio  po])idatiiin  Bctlled  where  it  now  is.  /'/(/>.■,  Illd. 
Jill  vi\  'JOS-((.  Sulijcct  to  it  \\;is  a  (ictlleincnt  of  Mexicans  naiiu'd  Mt  jicaliw, 
now  corrupted  to  Mcjicajin.  'J'lie  muniiiiial  houses  of  /acaticas  were  Imilt  in 
l.ViI).  Tho  lirst  minister  was  the.  J'lanciscan  friar,  (icic'aiinio  do  Mciido/a, 
from  Mexico.  Arliiin'i,  ('run.  Ziti\,  III  It;  M'nr  ;/ fiiiiiiiu,  Miinillit,  /.'ar.,  in 
./•'(  i'/.sV«  i'hiit.,  ii.  1 1 1  Vl\  Miisio  J/(  ,r.,  iv.  1 IH.  TIk;  lirst  parish  wa.i  foun<led 
ill  lot!?,  with  Kernaiido  Maldoiiatio  for  curate,  according,'  to  the  muni.ipal 
records  reproduced  in  J)(Cf.  I'nir.,  x.  l(i;>;t,  lOTS-K'J.  At  the  time  the  title  of 
city  was  hestowt'd  the  actual  seltleis  niimlieied  al)out 'lOD,  not  coiintiii;^  women 
mid  children.  1'liere  were  fully  lis  many  traders  and  others  of  a.  lloiUiiig 
chariii'tcr.  and  a  laij^e  numlier  of  slaves  and  native  workers.  I'liu  lir.st  coric- 
j;idor  was  Felix  (luxman  y  Avellanctla. 

"  I'nderJnan  A'azipiez  di'  I'lua,  the  alcalde  mayor  then  rulin;^'  at  Zacate- 
eas, >vas  (laspar  de 'i'apia.  One  of  his  Hiiceessors,  llernan  Martel,  in  l.'idll 
fuuiiu  :d  Suutu  Muriu  du  los  La^us  us  a  check  upon  the  liuachipilus,  liku 


rG2 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CEXTURY. 


Dios  soon  became  a  loading  settlement."  Tlie  records 
concerning  the  population  and  yield  of  the  Zacatecas 
region  arc  meagre,  but  it  appears  that  while  it  at  one 
time  drew  settlers  away  from  the  Guadalajara  dis- 
tricts, and  became  the  most  populous  settlement  inNo\v 
Spain,  next  to  Mexico,  the  more  northern  discoveries 
of  Ibarra  created  a  reaction,"  as  did  the  new  founda- 
tions to  the  south,  such  as  Aguascalientes,  so  named 
after  its  springs,"  and  the  mining  districts  eastward, 
centring  round  Guanajuato  and  San  Luis  Potosi. 

With  the  conquest  of  Qucrc'taro  and  the  founding 
of  Zacatecas  the  regions  intermediate  and  eastward 
were  soon  occupied.  Silao  was  settled  in  1553  by 
seven  Spaniards,  attended  by  a  number  of  Otomi's, 
and  to  tlie  following  year  is  ascribed  the  founding  of 
Guanajuato,  the  most  famous  of  mining  towns.  San 
Miguel  el  Grande,  the  later  Allende,  rose  six  years 
afterward,  and  in  15G2  San  Felipe  was  founded  by  the 
brotlier  of  Viceroy  Velasco,  as  a  frontier  presidio  or 
advance  post  against  the  Chichimecs,  the  adjoining 


Jerez  (Ic  la  Frontci-a.  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mkli.,  v.  23.3,  552-7;  Parra,  Covq, 
Xdl.s  MS.,  31.  Ulua  speedily  bccanio  uniiopnlar,  and  waa  replaced  in  1502 
liy  (Japtain  Clarcla  Colio  or  Celio.  Francisco  do  Ibarra  claimed  tiic  discovery 
of  several  of  the  most  important  mines.  I'd.,  in  Pacheco  and  Cdrdenax,  Cot. 
Dor.,  XV.  404.  A  report  on  tlicir  condition  in  1575  is  given  in  Miranda, 
Pel.,  in  Id.,  xvi.  CG.'?-70,  and  .shows  even  then  a  decline  among  many. 

'•'  Fresnillo  also  assumed  prominence,  becoming  a  presitlio  and  seat  of  an 
alcalde  mayor.  Sombrerete  also  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  Juan  de 
Tolosa  in  1555  or  1558,  was  made  a  villa  in  1570.  Arleijui,  Cron.  Zac,  04; 
Gdiria,  in  Soc.  Mtx.  Gcorj.,  Uoletbi,  viii.  23;  Dice.  Univ.,  x.  1035.  Among 
otlier  minos  are  named  Avino,  San  Lu<;as,  Finos,  Indt5,  Parral,  Santa  Bar- 
bara, and  Mazapil. 

'^  As  will  be  shown  in  Hist.  North  Mcx.,  i.,  this  series.  In  1550  it  con- 
tained 100  Spaniards,  GO  of  prominence,  working  75  veins  of  metal,  and 
jiossossing  45  reduction  works  anil  5  churches,  ssiys  Marcha,  in  Teriiaux- 
l'ompun.%  Pecueil,  197-8.  l>ernardez  assumes  that  in  1.j02  there  were  only 
35  reduction  works.  Zac.,  42.  In  1509  the  region  bad  800  male  Spaniards, 
150  being  occupied  on  the  mines  within  30  leagues  of  the  town.  Iiij'orme  del 
Cal/ddo,  in  Icadtidceta,  Col.  Doc.,  ii.  494.  Estimates  of  yield,  partly  from 
Humboldt,  are  given  in  iJiY'f,  Univ.,  x.  1034;  Mnneo  Mtx.,  iv,  115-19,  anil 
others.  See  also  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  MS.,  805,  814,  1088,  and  Aleijre, 
Jlitif.  Comp.  Jctiii.i,  i.  83-4. 

**Juan  lie  Montoro,  Gsr6nimo  dc  la  Cucva,  and  Alonso  de  Alarcon  wero 
connnissioned  on  October  22,  1575,  to  found  it  as  a  villa,  and  although  the 
title  never  was  formally  conllrmed,  yet  its  ayuntamiento  was  ever  after 
addressed  as  'muy  ilustrc'  Parra,  Coiiq.  Xul.,  MS.,  30-31.  Medina,  Chrdn. 
S.  Diego,  i.  257,  gives  it  the  religious  name  of  'AssQpcion.'  Ayuirre,  Doc, 
Antiijuus,  in  tSoc.  Mcx.  Geoij.,  2Uat5p.,  iii.  17-10;  Beltrami,  Me::,,  i.  174. 


CHICniMEC  TREATY. 


7es 


town  being  formed  by  a  few  Spanish  settlers  assisted 
by  a  number  of  allios.^^  Celaya  antl  other  towns  also 
sprang  up,  and  by  1G80  the  district  claimed  six  hun- 
dred Spaniards.  In  157G  Luis  do  Leixa  had  pene- 
trated north-eastward,  and  on  the  slope  of  a  metal- 
bearing  mountain  he  founded  the  town  of  San  Luis 
Potosi,  which  became  the  seat  of  an  alcaldia  mayor 
controlling  for  a  time  the  whole  rejxion  northward,^^ 
and  promotmg  thence  its  settlement. 

Very  naturally  these  rich  and  promising  districts 
were  objects  of  parental  solicitude  to  the  government, 
and  as  armed  measures  availed  so  little  against  the 
inroads  of  the  savages,  Velasco  determined  to  try  con- 
cession. In  1591,  while  seeking  to  devise  the  best 
means  for  the  accomplishment  of  his  purpose,  he  was 
gladdened  by  the  arrival  of  an  embassy  from  tlie  lios- 
tile  tribes,  desirous  to  sue  for  peace.  The  Indians  had 
been  persuaded  to  this  step  by  the  mestizo,  CAi])tain 
Caldera,  whoso  mother  was  a  Cliichimec.  Caldera 
was  a  brave  soldier,  and  a  person  of  infkience  among 
his  mother's  people.  He  had  been  able  to  convince 
them  that  contimicd  war  atrainst  the  stronwr  race 
was  useless,  and  they  Juid  now  decided  to  make  a 
treaty.  The  ambassadors  were  cordially  received  by 
the  viceroy,  and  when,  in  return  for  their  allegiance, 


'"At  this  place  existed  a  relic  venerated  generally,  nnder  the  nnmo  of 
Seftor  do  la  Contiuista,  and  also  a  crucifix  spotted  with  the  blood  of  I'atiier 
Francisco  Doiicel,  tiie  minister  of  Chaniacucro  in  the  same  disti  ii't,  v.  ho  uith 
Friar  l*odro  Burgonsc  liad  been  murdered  by  Indians.  Witli  tiio  piuitication 
of  Indians  San  Felipe  declined.  Ton/itcnuulK,  i.  -OlO-i;  Mvj:.,  Jujnnncx,  in 
I'ncheco  and  Vdrdeiian,  Col.  Doc,  xv.  '247;  Soc.  Mex.  Ge.oij.,  iioldiii,  i.\.  110, 
143.  , 

'"  It  was  named  after  Leixa,  Potosi  being  added  because  of  its  similarity 
in  ricli  veins  and  site  to  the  IVrnvian  city.  Friar  Dicyo  do  la  Mai^'chdi'iia  ia 
also  claimed  as  the  founder.  Its  alcalde  mayor  in  l."i,-i4  was  (Jasiuii-  tie  Cas- 
tafio.  In  IGot!  it  was  made  a  city  and  so  contirnicd  by  crdula  of  Aii^.  17, 
IOjH.  In  17S7  it  had  22,000  inliabitants.  Amoni|  the  settleiiiciits  founded  in 
this  rci,'ion  are  Matechula,  \')'>{);  San  (Jcrt'inimo  de  Aj,'ua  llcdioiiila,  l.").")2; 
Charcas  Viejas,  formerly  Ileal  Natividad,  \M{,  wlio.se  site  wis  chauL'ed  in 
loS.'!,  and  San  Fedro  mines,  about  loliS.  The  Thuscaltec  towns  of  'I'lasealilla, 
Mezijnitic,  and  El  Venado,  iJtiO  to  loD.'i;  Santii  ^larla  del  Kio,  whoso  ."ito 
Was  afterward  changed,  loSO.  See  Tonjiicinadd,  i.  (i4!);  Ar/cjid,  ('nni.  Zar., 
73  et  se(].;  Aliyn;  JIM.  ('amp.  ,/esun,  i.  'J.SO;  CnsliHo,  in  .S'("'.  Mix.  (>Vo;/., 
lioktiu,  3da  ep.,  v.  497,  503-8;  Ilutribarria,  in  AIukco  Mix.,  iv.  12;  (JonziAlez, 
Col.  Doc.  iV'.  Leon,  p.  vi. 


764 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CENTURY. 


they  flomanded  an  annual  supply  of  cattle  and  clotheft, 
altlioni^li  it  was  quite  reversing  the  orthodox  order 
of  tilings,  under  the  circumstances  the  viceroy  did 
not  hesitate  to  agree  to  the  terms.  But  to  insure  tho 
permanency  of  the  pacificacion,  he  asked  permission 
to  send  among  the  Chichimecs  a  number  of  christian- 
ized Indian  families,  to  assist  them  in  forminij  settle- 
]iicnts  and  encourage  them  to  change  their  mode  of 
life.     This  ^Yas  granted  and  the  treaty  concluded. 

An  additional  measure  v/as  the  founding  of  special 
colonics  by  christianized  allies  to  servo  as  nuclei  and 
patterns  for  Chichimec  towns,  and  as  a  protection 
to  missionaries.  The  Tlascaltecs  had  from  the  bes^in- 
ning  been  the  friends  of  the  Spaniards.  They  were 
at  the  same  time  the  most  tractable  of  the  natives, 
and  enjoyed  certain  immunities  from  taxes  and  trib- 
utes for  loyal  conduct.  From  these  Velasco  selected 
four  hundred  families  to  colonize  am^-ug  the  Chichi- 
mecs, and  under  the  direction  of  the  Franciscan  friars 
and  Captain  Caldera  the  measure  was  accomplished, 
and  four  new  colonies  were  founded.  Here  the  Tlas- 
caltecs and  Chichimecs  continued  to  live  in  peaceful 
community,  though  they  would  never  intermarry  nor 
dwell  together  in  the  same  house.  Otomis  and  Aztecs 
also  joined  these  colonies,  one  of  which,  San  Luis  do 
la  Paz,  was  founded  by  Jesuits,  who  made  rapid  strides 
toward  converting  and  settlinsf  the  roaming  natives, 
and  thus  promoted  the  pacification  of  the  country." 

Yet  another  and  more  disagreeable  and  thankless 
task  demanded  the  attention  of  the  viceroy.  King 
Philip  wanted  money.  He  was  engaged  in  ruinous 
European  wars,  ^vhich  so  drained  his  coffers  that  the 
enormous  treasures  constantly  pouring  in  from  the 
New  World  were  not  sufficient  to  meet  the  necessi- 


^''  li'ihao,  Tritimphofi  de  la  Fc',  723-0;  Afcgre,  ITld.  Comp.  JemiH,  i.  280-li 
3oG-8.  (.'avo  places  the  introduction  of  Tlascaltecs  in  1391,  Trfs  Sinlo'i,  i. 
2'J!0-1,  in  which  year  GO  were  massacred  at  San  AndrtJs.  Torquemada,  iii.  351. 
Orozco  y  licrra,  Geo<j.,  285,  intimates  hastily  that  tlie  settlement  occurred  in 
1  r)88.  Among  the  towns  formed  by  them  are  Colotlan,  Vcnado,  San  Miguel, 
Mezixuitic,  and  suburbs  near  8altillo  and  uther  Spanish  settlements. 


SPANISH  FORCED  LOAN". 


7C3 


iklcss 


2S0-1. 
?(.7fo.<,  i. 
iii.  351. 
lived  in 
Miguel, 


tics.  Tbo  ordinary  moans  for  levying  taxes  were  ex- 
hausted, and  recourse  must  be  had  to  ibrccd  loans.  iV 
revenue  system,  covering  internal,  import,  and  export 
duties,  had  been  introduced  by  Viceroy  Eiiiiquez  in 
1574,  pursuant  to  royal  decree  of  1571,  wliicli  the  mer- 
chants, however,  strenuously  opposed.  They  claimed 
that  commerce  then  in  a  flourishing  state,  vvould 
greatly  suffer  by  the  system,  as  by  exemption  only 
could  the  merchants  of  the  mother  couiitiy  iiuilce  it 
profitable  to  bring  hither  their  merchandI;io.  Never- 
theless Enriquez  remained  inflexible,  allcghig  th:it  the 
commerce  of  the  country  was  so  widely  exLcn.l;.';!  and 
permanently  established  that  its  interests  could  not  bo 
prejudiced.  It  appeared  to  him  unjust  tliat  Mexico, 
whoso  commerce  was  the  most  important  of  any  of 
the  New  World  provinces,  should  alone  enjoy  such 
exemption.  ^^ 

These  forced  loans  of  the  Spanish  king  fell  heavily 
on  the  natives,  who  neither  knew  nor  cared  about 
wars  on  the  other  side  of  the  globe.  Their  tribute 
before  this  had  been  four  reals,  and  it  v/as  eidit  reals 
that  each  must  now  pay.  No  mention  is  ma  ,le  of  re- 
funding this  difTerencc  on  the  joart  of  the  king.  It 
was  with  reluctance  that  the  viceroy  proceeded  to 
impose  this  tax,  knowing  how  diuicult  it  v/as  to  col- 
lect even  the  ordinary  tribute.  An  astute  plan,  how- 
ever, was  devised  which  would  greatly  relieve  the  red 
tax-payer  from  the  infliction.  For  gold  and  silver 
one  must  dig,  but  beasts  and  birds  grov/  of  them- 
selves.   That  this  Euro{)ean  fight  in  which  the  Ameri- 

'*  The  tax  imposed  .it  first  was  2  per  cent  on  every  thing  sold  or  cxihangcd. 
Then  3  per  cent  \vas  colloctcil  on  all  iin;)ortatioiiy;  4  per  etiit  oa  iciil  ami 
personal  property;  0  per  cent  on  gooils  conliscatcd  and  on  nc^jroci  iaipoited, 
Avlio  wore  valued  at  SiloO  each.  Exempt  were  eceleyiiislical  cjumiuni  Jcs;  tlio 
clergy  in  particular,  and  all  that  pertained  to  divine  service,  churclus,  con- 
vents, and  mop.astaries,  including  their  income  from  ■nhatevcr  source;  prop- 
erty sold  for  I'cligious  uses;  mining  utensils  and  machinery;  printing  material, 
and  a  limited  list  of  other  articles  and  products  of  tlic  coil.  J),.^j,o.-iicioiirs 
Vnrkis,  i.  45-50;  Fonseca  y  Urrut'w,  Uiul  llurivudu,  ii.  5-1 18;  Akiiuiin,  Jlixt. 
Mcj. ,  i.  app.  7;  Rivera,  Gorernaiitcx,  i.  47.  The  second  custom-houKc  uccordiiijj 
to  seniority  was  at  Aeapuleo.  The  treasury  oflicials  in  Mexico  luu'i  c'large  of 
the  collection  of  duties,  hut  this  ceased  in  1507  and  the  jiort  was  placed  oa 
tliu  same  footing  as  Vera  Cruz.  J/lm;.,  Man.  lluckndu,  lb"J5,  i.  4. 


706 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CENTURY. 


can  aboriginal  could  not  take  a  hand  might  bo  less 
burdensome,  it  was  decreed  by  the  viceroy  that  of 
the  four  additional  reals  demanded  by  the  king,  only 
three  should  bo  required  in  money,  a  fowl  being  held 
equivalent  to  one  real.  It  was  intended  as  a  master- 
strokc.and  miirht  have  been  called  "  The  raisings  of  rev- 
enue  made  easy."  Unfortunately  for  the  Indian,  who 
usually  neglected  to  provide  himself  with  the  required 
fowl,  and  who  was  predestined  to  be  cheated  even  in 
the  i)ayment  of  an  imposition,  Spanish  speculators 
bought  up  the  fowls,  and  advanced  the  price  two  hun- 
dred or  tlireo  hundred  per  cent,  so  that  to  obtain  a 
fowl,  which  in  his  Majesty's  forced  loan  was  to  take 
the  place  of  one  real  in  money,  the  red  subject  must 
pay  perhaps  three  reals  in  money.^'' 

But  for  all  this  the  country  made  steady  progress 
in  every  branch  of  industry  during  Velasco's  rule; 
political,  commercial,  and  social  conditions  were  im- 
proved, and  prosper! t}''  prevailed.  Under  this  gov- 
crmnent  were  also  begun  the  first  preparations  for 
the  conquest  of  New  Mexico,  which  were  not  wdiolly 
completed  when  the  present  term  was  brought  to  a 
close.  The  eminent  services  of  Velasco  were  duly  ac- 
knowledged by  the  crown,  many  favors  being  bestowed 
on  him  and  his  family;  and  on  June  7, 151)5, ho  was 
appointed  viceroy  for  Peru.'^" 

On  September  18,  1595,  the  ninth  viceroy  of  New 
Spain,  Gaspar  do  Ziiniga  y  Acebedo,  count  of  Mon- 
terey, landed  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  on  the  5th  of  the 
following  month,  ai'tcr  observing  the  usual  formalities 
with  respect  to  the  departing  viceroy,  he  entered  the 

"  The  r.ct  was  subsequently  revoked  by  the  sueceeding  viceroy,  Monterey. 
Torqnemnda,  i.  Go',\. 

'"\i\  1()0;{  ho  was  assigned  a  pension  of  6,000  ducats,  and  after  his  death 
4,000  ducats  to  his  eldest  son  for  life;  2,000  ducats  to  his  daughter  for  life,  and 
the  same  after  death  to  her  daughter.  IJesides  tliesc  pensions,  when  Velasco 
returned  from  Peru,  he  was  assigned  20,000  ducats  from  the  treasury  of  Mex 
ico.  Sco  Ileal  CMula,  in  Pacheco  and  Cdrdeiiaa,  Col.  Doc,  xviii.  2.')()-9; 
Callc,  Mem.  y  Not.,  M-O.  In  1007  we  shall  meet  with  Velasco,  then  mar 
^U(53  de  Salinas,  again  as  viceroy  of  Mexico. 


CONDE  DE  MONTEREY. 


7«r 


city  of  jMcxIco  and  took  ("liargc  of  the  government. 
ISIontcroy  was  reputed  to  be  a  man  of  austere  disposi- 
tion, sound  judgment,and  great  probity, but  lacking  the 
urbane  qualities  so  prominent  in  bis  predecessor.  Ho 
was,  therefore,  looked  upon  in  the  beginning  with  sonic 
feelings  of  distrust,  as  to  bow  he  mijilit  conduct  him- 
self.  There  was  at  this  juncture  more  than  the  usual 
speculation  upon  the  question  of  his  future  policy,  as 
the  people  were  now  enjoying  the  fruits  of  the  felici- 
tous rule  of  Luis  de  Velasco. 

Monterey,  however,  was  in  no  haste  to  gratify 
curiosity,  or  determine  a  policy  prematurely.  Some 
gathered  from  this  that  he  was  either  weak  or  in- 
different; but  the  truth  is,  he  was  simply  cautious. 
He  could  not  see  how  one  could  rule  wisely  without 
knowing  something  of  the  country  and  the  necessities 
of  the  people.  More  particularly  would  he  sound  the 
vexed  Indian  question,  whicJi  so  far  had  baffled  suc^ 
cessful  solution;  it  did  not  take  him  long  to  abolish  the 
inftimous  fowl  tax.  He  saw  that  the  natives  had  greatly 
diminished  in  number,  and  were  still  rapidly  diminish- 
ing, notwithstanding  the  claim  sot  up  by  Christianity 
and  civilization  that  they  were  better  now  than  for- 
merly, when  under  their  own  religion  and  rulers."^ 

It  was  now  estimated  that  since  the  coming  of  the 
Spaniards  the  native  po[)ulation  had  fidlen  off  three 
fourths.  The  causes  of  this  decline  were  obvious. 
Aside  from  war  and  pestilence  many  were  deprived  of 
their  lands,  and  so  rendered  homeless  in  their  own 
country.  They  appealed  to  the  tribunals,  only  to  in- 
vite greater  evil  by  alluring  more  despoilers.  Their 
opponents  generally  managed  by  false  evidence  or 
bribery  to  obtain  such  decision  as  they  desired,  and 
thus  with  the  addition  of  grants,  usurpation,  and  other 
means,  the  Spaniards  soon  obtained  possession  of 
nearly  all  the  choice  land  in  the  country.^-     The  un- 

''  Thia  assertion  is  made  in  Memorial,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc, 
vi.  183-4. 

'-  All  Austin  friar,  Pedro  Juarez  do  ICscobar,  writing  from  New  Spiiin  to 
the  king,  among  other  wise  suggestions  fur  the  good  goverumeiit  of  tho 


768 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CENTURY. 


tillable  lands,  aiul  those  located  at  great  distances  from 
Siianish  settlenieuts,  were  alone  left  tlie  natives. 

What  the  ollicials,  descenchmts  of  the  concjuerors,"' 
and  oiluir  Sj)ani.sli  .settlers  did  not  possess,  was  held 
by  the  iriars,  who  through  bestowals,  testaments,  or 
endowments  had  in  time  succeeded  in  obtaining  pos- 
session of  largo  areas  of  the  linest  land.  This  had 
been  a  comjniratively  easy  task  lor  the  friars,  thong] i 
it  was  done  in  vioh:tion  of  the  law,  which  forbade  their 
Iioldiiig  lands  or  other  pi'operty.-' 

Like  those  of  some  other  countries  Spain's  Indian 
rcgukillons  were  good  enough  in  theory.  Indians 
must  not  bo  conciuered,  but  they  may  bo  paci- 
fied; they  must  not  be  enslaved,  but  they  may  bo 
i'orced  to  v.'oi'k  all  their  lives  in  the  mines  at  half  a 
real  a  day;  the  provincial  council  might  place  their 
soul  and  body  on  an  equal  footing  with  those  of  tlio 
conqueror,  even  permitting  them  to  take  orders  and 
become  priests,  yet  tliero  was  ever  present  the  iron 
heel  beneath  v.'hich  it  is  the  destiny  of  the  weaker  to 
bo  ground  to  dust.  How  were  the  tender  consciences 
of  Isabella,  of  Cliarles,  and  of  riiilip  appeased!  Was 
there  not  a  cedula  of  December  20,  1590,  which  re- 
quired the  audiencia  to  punish  Spaniards  who  mal- 


Inilics,  Bpcaka  of  the  necessity  of  providing  that  there  slioiild  bo  only  oiio 
lawyer,  one  proctor,  iuul  one  iiitoqiretcr  to  nttenil  to  Iixliau  affairs,  as  tlio 
iiativea  were  coiiHtuiilly  victimized  by  i)ettifo;.'gers.  lie  also  urges  that  tiio 
chiefs  be  protected  in  their  possessions!,  for  they  were  often  swindled  out  of 
tiieni.  The  niasiics  of  the  native  po])uhition  should  bo  relieved  of  taxes,  and 
their  i;;r.urancc  be  considered  in  the  inii)oi<iti()n  of  iienalties  for  oU'encca ;  their 
iinpri '.oi'.inent  or  d;;tcnlion  for  debts  nhould  bo  ilono  away  with.  E-iCobur, 
Gob.,  in  Pci'-hcco  and  Cdri/fiia.i,  xi.  107--00. 

'"  A  co'.iiplctc  list  of  these  descendants  with  brief  remarks  may  bo  found 
in  jtrciii.  ill'  / ;«  }Hj"n  dc  Cou'iiust.  vn  IJOO,  in  Monumvntot  IIIM.  y  i'olit.,  ^IS., 
prefiiee.  As  the  more  prominent  of  these  arc  mentioned  in  tho  course  of  this 
liisiory,  I  do  not  <leeni  itdesirublo  hero  to  repeat  tlicir  names. 

**Xor  could  tho  Indians  legally  transfer  what  tliey  did  not  legally  own; 
their  lands  M'ore  deemed  the  property  of  the  crown,  except  tho  patrimony  of 
cliiefs,  wlio  were  the  only  natives  having  property  in  land,  and  tho  right  of 
disposal.  See  ^h-mor'iul,  in  Pacheca  and  Cdnlciias,  Col.  Doc,  vi.  185.  It 
was  recommended  that  the  king  sliould  institute  an  examination  of  tlio  titles 
to  lands  hehl  by  Spaniards  and  friars;  and  that  all  possessions  not  held  under 
legal  tenui-o  should  revert  to  the  crown.  Also,  among  various  other  meas- 
ures, that  future  grants  should  be  prohibited;  tributes  to  be  assessed  accord- 
ing to  tho  value  of  the  lands. 


INDIAN  Iti:Si:nVATI()NS. 


7(i» 


trontc'd  Tiidians,  with  tlic  sjun(>  j)miislim(Mit  applied  to 
those  wlio  liad  oHLMidc'd  Spaniards:'  And  was  tlioro 
not  a  ccdula  f'orl)iddijijjf  oflicials  to  captiiic!  Indians  in 
war  or  [)eaec,  and  were  tiicro  not  a  liniuhcd  othi'r  laws 
a^'ainst  outrajL^os  wliicli  conld  ni-vi-r  Ik;  jtrcvcntcd  ?-' 

A  law  had  loni;  since  heeii  issued  rcMiuirni"''  Indians 
to  colli'ct  in  towns,  and  A'elasco,  the  previous  \  iei^roy, 
after  his  suocessful  negotiation  with  the  wild  Chi- 
chiniees,  dutorniined  to  eai'ry  out  this  law  with  repaid 
to  all  dispersed  natives  within  the  settled  ren'ions.  I  lo 
nu!t  witii  inuelnnoriM)pposition,howevei',than  had  heeii 
antiei[)atcd,  and  with  some  heart-rcMKhuLT  seeui's  that 
all'ected  t'ven  the  most  callous  ainonL?  th(^  ollieials. 
An  Otonn',  tor  instance,  who  was  to  ho  t'oi'cihly  ro- 
inoved  from  his  miserahlt^  hovel,  evinced  his  attach- 
ment i'or  homo  hv  killiuLT  his  wife  and  children,  and 
cattle;,  and  then  hanging  himself.  This  occui'renco, 
with  others  like  it,  made  a  dee[)  im})ression  on  A'^elasco, 
and  ho  directed  his  oflicials  to  stop  further  attempts 
to  remove  the  nativc^s, 

Monterey  thought  that  l)y  a  little  judicious  sevei-- 
ity  in  the  heLjinning,  uiost  henelicial  lesults  must 
accrue,"''  and  ho  proceciUul  energetically  to  carry  out 
this  schen>c.  One  hundred  eonnnissioners,  accom- 
panied hy  as  many  missionaries,  were  ai)[)ointed  to 
decide  u})on  sites  for  new  towns,  with  instructions  to 
examine  every  promising  locality  in  each  province, 
and  report  thereon  under  oath.'"'     The  S[)anish  set- 

'"For  an  account  of  the  abuses  of  Iixliaus,  and  also  of  the  cflbrts  niatle  in 
tlu.ir  behalf,  and  ri'coniniendations  to  the  kiiij;  to  abolisli  llie  Kystein  of  rejiarti- 
niieutos,  and  to  inijirove  th(.ir  condition  in  ^^'ciieral,  Kce  CviirWum  I'rai'.,  .MS., 
i.  :)!)-4(i,  7y-!»ti,  liiO;  /</.,  iii.  'J.Vi;  iv.  17,  :{,">-,")(),  li:!-r)(i.  iMO  -JO;  l.iiniiiiu- 
(Hirr,  uMr.v.  (td'iinf.,  14S;  J,'i /larlimii  iilns,  T-i-'t,  in  J'i'-i'.  S.  I'.vniKj.,  MS.,  i.; 
Iiij'oriiie,  I4i),  ill  Id.,  viii.;  Siliia,  Ailirrt.  /iii/ioi\'.  <!oi\  Jui/.,  1-110;  Arri- 
clrlla,  Cron.  Sci-ti/iat,  'MCi;  J/aznrt,  Ki rc/nn-On.^r/tic/de,  n.  •'y'.iH-il;  (ill,  Sac. 
Mir.  (•'I'Oij.,  liolethi,  yiii.  V.y,];  Lri/rn,  I'tirid.t  Aiiif.,  .MS.,  l.");{-(!2, -'lO;  JJilrihi, 
Conrniiitiriuii,  }i\i^.,  I'J.VO;  Mnia,  dob.,  \n  I'ofhcco  inxA  ('urdaiux.  Col.  Doc, 
xi.  IS()-I).'?;  Fiijiicroit,  Vim/iriafi,  MS.,  47. 

'■""Venlad  sea,  <[ue  aunime  al  ('on<le  le  niovid  buen  celo,  fue  apretando 
niucho  la  (Jedula,  y  anailiendo  intelij^encias  d  racoiie.s,  ijue  venian  en  ellu  Lieu 
clai':'.G,  y  nianiliestaa. '  Tori/inriKnla,  i.  ()87-S. 

"  Fioni  these  preliminaries  wc  may  judge  of  the  importance  Monterey 
attiiched  to  the  matter,  particularly  as  every  one  of  tiiese  coinmisHiouers 
received  a  salaiy  of  •2,000  pesos  in  udvuucu.  'Sou  docientou  mil  TeaoH,  loa 
Hist.  ili;x..  Vol.  II.    19 


770 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CENTURY. 


tiers,  however,  were  on  the  alert,  .;ik1  wlien  a  loca- 
tion was  decided  on  wliicli  tiie  Spaniards  desired  tor 
themselves,  as  it  happened  in  most  cas(!S,  they  brihed 
the  commissioners  to  oppose  the  selection,  and  a  less 
tavoral)le  or  even  wholly  unfit  locality  was  clioscn. 
The  charge  ot*  bribery  is  j)ositively  maintained  by 
Torquemada,  who  says  tliat  lor  this  reason  "the  Ind- 
ians suilered  and  the  Spaniards  prevailed,"  protest- 
'm<f  that  he  sjieaks  not  at  rantlom,  but  of  well  known 
facts.  This  author,  himself  a  prominent  friar,  dwells 
with  a  sigh  upon  the  circumstance  that  those  mission- 
aries had  so  little  influence  in  the  matter,  "because 
now,  when  the  religious  and  ecclesiastics  in  these 
Indies  do  speak  the  truth,  it  is  looked  upon  with  sus- 
picion by  those  who  govern,  on  account  of  our  great 
snis. 

When  the  different  locations  were  finally  determined, 
another  conunission  was  appointed  by  the  viceroy  to 
enforce  the  actual  migration  of  the  natives  and  the 
formation  of  the  new  towns.  These  being  entirely 
new  men,  they  were  also  desirous  of  profiting  by 
their  office.  A  new  series  of  abuses  sprang  up;  antl 
so  matters  continued ;  for  every  device  by  government 
for  the  protection  of  the  natives  there  were  twenty  by 
the  settlers  for  their  undoing. 

It  was,  indeed,  sorrowful  when  the  commissioner 
came  to  drive  the  Indian  from  the  home  of  his  an- 
cestors, evermore  with  his  family  to  dwell  in  strange 
parts.  They  were  gathered  like  a  flock  of  sheep,  their 
dwellings  burned,  tlicir  fields  destroyed,  and  lamenting 
they  were  driven  away.  Those  who  complained  were 
not  heeded,  and  tho^e  who  bore  their  misfortune  in 
silence  were  treato(i  like  beasts.  And  though  it  was 
provided  by  the  cr(  wn  that  when  Indians  were  re- 
moved to  other  localities  none  of  the  land  thus  vacated 
should  be  taken  from  them  and  given  to  Spaniards, 
the  command  was  but  temporarily  respected,  and  soon 

que  de  ante  mano  se  gastaron  en  esta  Comision,  para  sola  la  vista  <le  los  Sitios, 
y  Pueblos,  tloude  aviu  de  ser  la  Oeute  congregada.'  Torquemada,  i.  087. 


TIIR  CONFLICT  OF  RACKS. 


(71 


nil  tlio  ancient  possessions  yioUlotl  to  the  avarice  of 
the  <-onqueror. 

Alonterey  was  not  ininiechately  aware  of  the  atroc- 
ities connnitted  hy  his  olHcials,  hut  iniau^ined  that  lie 
was  perlorniitp^'  a  pious  thity.  Complaints  grew  iinnlly 
so  loud  and  s(>  lre(juent  that  no  douht  was  lel't;  he 
therefore  countermanded  the  woi-st  part  of  his  onlers, 
and  reported  to  the  king  the  impracticability  of  tlie 
undertaking. 

In  answer  came  a  cedula  prohibiting  further  steps 
in  the  matter,  and  it  w.as  proclaimed  that  all  Indians 
who  desired  miu^ht  return  to  their  oriijinal  homes.  A 
few  took  advantage  of  the  permission,  but  the  major- 
ity, reduced  to  poverty  and  helplessness,  had  not  t!io 
courage  nor  the  means  to  return  to  their  destroy (,'( I 
honu.'S  and  begin  anew  the  cultivation  of  their  lields; 
"and  most  pernicious  damage,"  as  we  are  told  by  Tor- 
quemada,  resulted  from  the  formation  of  these  settle- 
ments."^ 


New  races  and  race  intermixtures  were  springing 
up,  however,  to  till  the  widening  ga[)s  in  native  lanks, 
and  among  them  the  negroes  and  Indian  zambos,-'^ 
the  latter  oflspring  of  Indians  and  negroes,  ai)pear(  d 
conspicuous,  not  alone  from  their  number,  but  from 
their  vicious  tendencies,  which  were  regarded  as  dan- 
gerous. The  Indian  zambos  in  particular  would  not 
ap[)ly  themselves  to  mechanical  trades  nor  cultivate 
the  soil.  Their  favorite  occupation  was  herding  cattle, 
in  which  they  coulil  load  a  free  and  roving  life;  they 
were  particularly  ibnd  of  living  among  the  Indians, 
an  association  dangerous  to  the  Spaniards  in  case  of 
revolt,  and  incentive  to  troubles.  Besides,  they  as 
well  as  fugitive  slaves  were   eonstantly  committing 

'■"I  liavc  preferred  to  follow  the  statements  of  TorqiKniifida,  who  lias  pivun 
us  the  fairest  account  of  all  the  steps  taken  in  tin;  matter  and  the  rc«iilts. 
He  had  the  best  opportunity  of  knowing,  as  he  lived  in  Mexico  at  the  time, 
and  in  company  with  other  friars  took  a  jirominent  part  in  the  endeavors  to 
protect  the  natives  from  tiie  lawless  acts  of  the  commissioners. 

-*  '  Zambo  de  indio.'  The  matter  of  race  intermixtures  and  terms  is  more 
fully  yiven  iu  Hist.  Mex.,  iii.,  this  scries. 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CENTURY. 


depredations  in  Vera  Cruz  and  its  environs,  ])ctwcen 
the  city  of  Antequera  and  Huatulco,  in  the  province 
of  Pdniieo  and  other  places;  and  to  stop  this  evil  the 
government  had  been  obliged  to  pursue  and  punish 
the  criminals;  after  which,  such  of  them  as  were 
slaves  were  restored  to  their  masters.^" 

With  each  year  the  introduct.vjn  of  negro  slaves 
increased,  as  their  services  were  needed  for  the  mines, 
and  no  better  laborers  for  tliat  purpose  could  bo 
obtained.  The  natives  were  poor  workmen,  being 
naturally  lazy,  and  encouraged  in  this  vice  by  knowl- 
edge of  existing  laws  aijainst  tlieir  enforced  labor. 
IMarriages  between  negro  men  and  Indian  women  were 
connnon,  the  latter  preferring  negroes  to  Indians,  and 
the  ncij^ro  males  being  more  fond  of  Indian  women. 
The  cause  of  tliis  reciprocal  feeling  may  perhaps  bo 
found  in  a  wise  and  humane  law,  which  provided  that 
all  offspring  of  these  unions  should  be  born  free. 

Alarmed  at  the  great  number  of  zambo  children 
boj'n  in  the  country,  Viceroy  Enriquez  had  asked 
the  king  to  decree  that  the  latter  should  bo  born 
slaves.  And  the  })opc  was  requested  to  forbid  future 
marriages  between  the  two  races,  but  the  proposals 
failed.  Meanwhile  an  officer  was  appointed  to  keep  a 
record  of  all  zambos  of  both  sexes,  to  watch  over 
them,  and  see  that  they  were  engaged  in  honest  pur- 
suits, and  to  punish  vagrants. 


31 


But  if  Count  Monterey  failed  in  some  particulars, 
in  others  he  was  eminently  successful — instance  the 
state  of  affairs  in  Michoacan,  which  under  the  ener- 
getic and  beneficent  rule  of  Quiroga,  first  as  visitador 
and  then   as  bishop,  had   been   sent    forward  on  a 


^^  A  law  of  irylS'i  forbade  the  landing  from  any  vessel  of  negroes  without  a 
license  of  the  king's  ofliccrs,  who  were  to  licep  account  of  every  ncj;ro  landeil. 
Masters  convicted  of  violating  the  law  were  to  bo  punitihed  with  loifciturc?  of 
their  vessels,  and  imprisonment.  It  was  a  crime  under  the  laws  of  I.jGS  73 
for  any  negro,  nuilatto,  mestizo,  or  other  of  mixed  breed  to  carry  weapons. 
Jierojh,  Ltd.,  ii.  301,  3(i3;  Zainora,  Laj.  U/L,  iii.  109,  iv.  401-2. 

''  See  Enriquez,  Curia  at  Jkj,  in  Varlan  dc  Jiidiun,  'J0S-3U0. 


:^1ICTI0ACAN.  77; 

broad  ma'.]  of  poaec  and  ])rospcrity,  l)rolcen  only  bv 
occa:uo:!al  di.-.turbancu  on  the  eastern  bordei-/'' 
_  As  a  jr.-ovincc  subject  to  tlic  an(!iencia  of  :\rexieo, 
it  v.-;;,;  ii;!e(!  liv  alc.Jdes  niay.ires,^-^  to  wJioni  were  an- 
.sv.'eral)le  a  number  of  lieutenants  and  chiefs,  control- 
bn-   (hilerent    tuwns    and    tribes.="      Their    residence 


T';A\sFi;n  III'  ]':pisc(ii'.\i,  S]:.\T 


cu 

tiu 


-A  ._\  u.  M  ,:.:.in,.ar..  arc  H:i!Ho  ,c  .  crn  ia  llu.  o.nvont  r.r,lo>.  tlin-o  trecn 
!;  w  f    >.';  r^''  "  T;  .]  '';  ""'■•"'■'l  '^  «r'"i'^».'  '""l  I'^^m...  1  ia  coi.,ncn.vr.: 
,„^",', '^•■^■'.'t"  'l.^  i:H'i.ni  d.u,t    ii<.m;,„n  of  tu<.  v. .„,h'i,  wli..  i„  i;.    < 

(U  1  I.,e..o.  \, .  „  ,.,1.;  .1  v.it.:  Muxcc.lo,!  l,y  l\K'iov Mov.^.,  :,Kirli:ic;;.     1  ■,  ,■  .r%. 
l"K':.on.    ^^.'"=^^onrUcrs,-nly  toll,.  c.n.uM.,•Anl,au.^,aulH:^  Hon  I'll 


:iw 


774 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CENTURY. 


M'as  at  Patzcuaro,  which  in  1554  had  been  made  the 
leading  city  by  the  transfer  of  the  episcopal  seat  from 
Tzintzuntzan."'  This  blow  at  the  ancient  seat  of 
royalty  in  favor  of  an  Indian  suburl),  as  Patzcuaro 
was  classed,  created  no  little  remonstrance,  appeals 
being  sent  also  to  the  king.  Despite  the  continued 
clamor,  no  attention  was  accorded  till  Bishop  iSIorales 
[)roposed  a  solution  by  recommending  the  transfer  of 
political  and  ecclesiastical  government  to  the  growing 
city  of  Valladolid.  This  took  effect  in  1580  or  1582, 
although  not  without  further  protests.''''  The  place 
Lad  been  founded  in  1541  by  Viceroy  Mendoza,  wh<''i 
on  the  way  to  the  Mixton  war,  and  was  occasiciill; 
termed  Guayangareo,  after  the  valley  in  whieii  it 
lay." 

Tzmtzuntzan  appears  to  have  suffered  less  from  this 

mcnt  ill  Orozco  //  flirra, Ilixf.  Aiil', 
ii.  207,  spcak.-i  of  Constantino  tm  a 
son  of  Antonio.  iSccm'jo.S'oc.  J/c.c. 
G'eci'/.,  Ilo'cliii,  ix.  i;{.')-4. 

"•'The  royal  oiikr  to  tliia  ef- 
fect liad  bcL'ii  oblaint'd  l)y  ^^':Iil•o!^^, 
while  ill  ^>p;iin,  t!u!  ])a  pal  approval 
being  (lai.e(l  .Inly  .s,  l."),;0.  Aiiou 
E.-<p.,  Jlnni  L'rx.,  J.!^^.,  ii.  ir.O-T-t. 
LcaiMiiont  gives  a  iia.ive  painting 
which  I  reproiluce  on  p.  773,  re- 
cording the  transfer,  ('rdii.  Mich., 
MS.,  app.  A  descrii)Li<)ii  of  tlio 
aiTiu  of  I'atzeuaro  id  given  in  tlio 
Bamo  l)ook. 

^^  rioreneiii  states  tliat  but  for 
the.Jcsnit.stlicIndianj  would  liavo 
foreiuiy  resisted  the  tiaiislcr.  Tliey 
were  ap])e.:seil  by  the  grant  if  a 
vencrateil  bell.    IliM.  I'r.r.Jaiw, 


'2'2rt-1.     The  pn)te:it  cf  T.iinl/un- 
tzun  appears  in  JJlch 
fcn-.lxi/rcf'i,  C  I.  J)uc., 


(hdln. 
Ml 


11. 


!1; 


Aims  OP  THE  City  op  Valladolid. 


Ali'i/ir,  ir.<t.  Camp,  ■/r.svi.i,  ii,  I 
Mii/i.,  Pni).  S.  A'fo/..'.,',  4_'.    Tlie 
objeetion  to   l'a.L,;cuaro  wag  that 
the  ecntre  (jf  biu  ine.ss  had  moved 
away  from  its  disl.iot,  and  that  it  RulTdTd  from  lRa\  y  rains  in  Kiunmer.   I'/V/a 
iSVwor,  Thoa'rn,  ii.  8.     It  had  at  this  time  lOu  Spanish  households,  tno  con- 
vents, un<l  a  Jesuit  coUejx'. 

'^''  Cuvo,  '/'irn  Si.ldn,  i.  1.^9.  Aeeording  to  Tello,  it  received  a  coat  of  arniH 
in  I'.C.i.  With  tin;  transfer  it  ree.ived  great  in)|)rdse,  and  a  costly  eathedial 
aihlcd  to  its  attractions.  Jiraiiiiioiif,  frmi.  Mhit.,  iv.  4  0,  4i'0;  v.  7A"i.  'I'ho 
coat  of  arms  given  ai)ove  is  a  fae-siniile  from  /'/. ,  M  'r ,  a]!)). ;  Mix.  Col.  Lii/i  s, 
i.,  p.  xlvii. ;  Jiuiiiciv,  ill  ibW.  Altx.  O'ccij/.,  Loliliu,  viii.  oio. 


MONTEREY'S  ADMINISTRATION". 


<!•> 


last  clian'i^c  tlinn  from  the  previous,  for  it  pn)spored 
SLilliciently  to  be  endowed  in  1593  with  the  title  of 
city.^l^  There  were  four  other  S[)anisli  towns  in  the 
province  and  aljout  three  hundred  native  towns  and 
villages."'  The  population  suffered  much  less  here 
from  the  epidemics  of  1503  and  1575-G,  thanks  to 
the^  many  hosi)itals  erected  by  friars,  and  to  which 
Quiroga  had  oiven  im[)ulso  by  his  establishment  at 
Santa  Te.'"  The  memory  of  this  good  bishop  is  to 
this  day  venerated  throughout  the  province  for  his 


Mr  .1 


■Hi. 


"% 


^1  r'^vMlAA  Ai  -yj 


'rr"'M«CUStH0RIO.CtU':;')^nj|| 


S^nSiCmA 


JIDA3L 


s 


Arms  of  the  City  of  Tzintzuxtzax. 

many  beneficent  acts  and  fatherly  supervision,  con- 
tinued until  his  death  in  1505,  the  fruits  remaining  as 
a  blight  example  to  his  successors.    Of  gigantic  stat- 

'''TIio  aliovo  cut  is  from  JJi'inmoiif,  ('run.  JUrh.,  ]\IS.,  npp.  Oovoi'iiiucnt 
bnildinys  liad  Ixeii  pfDJecU.d  tliuiv  as  early  ua  15;il.  Suliiivi-oii,  iji  I'ackcco  and 
Cfirdi i.'d'!,  (-'ill.  J,'i)<\,  XV.  4')l. 

^^  With  over  ■i\).(rA)  trilmtc-paycrs.  Tlio  SpanLsli  towns  wci^c  Sau  Miguel, 
Sail  Felipe.  Z;u'atiil.a,  mul  Cilinia.  Tiiu  \a.it  v.aj  iiiailj  a  villi  in  \"A,  m  itii 
tlio  iiaiiio  (/f  S;uitia,a  do  lei  (.'aliallenw.  It  iiuiiered  severely  I'rom  u  hurriiaiio 
and  iarlli(|uak<!  on  Xoveiiiher  11,  l.iT;].  Shipi  v.ire  built  ati  Sala^jua  or  Jilau- 
/aiiillo.  Ca jiLlau  i.j  also  siiokcii  of  as  ii  jironiineiit  (ov,  u.  Col'ina,  J.'ejiir.scula- 
c'luii,  5-7;  Iiuhi-iae.  jior  Cnhi/du  du  d'nad.,  in  Icir.buktlu,  Vol.  Due,  ii.  r>07: 
Motn  I'addln,  C.ii'/.  X.  Gal.,  -Ja?. 

<"Jie  k'lt  an  iueDine  to  support  it,  with  mstructioua  for  its  maiiagenicnt. 
JieuuihoiU,  L'rvH.  Mick.,  v.  i7'J-yi, 


1 1": 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CENTURY. 


lire,  great  strcni][tli  and  cndiiranco,  and  swartliy  com- 
])lexion,  the  prelate  was  indefatij^able  in  liis  elForts  for 
the  advjuu'einent  of  C/hi'istianitv,  particularly  nniong 
the  Indians,  whoalhuK'd  to  him  aifectioiiately  as  Tata 
Vasco.  ]Ie  visited  oven  the  remotest  parts  oC  liis  vast 
diocese,  setting  his  hand  personally  to  rude  tasks, 
erecting  churches  and  schools  j'or  children  and  ai'ti- 
sans,  and  giving  to  all  the  exann)le  of  a  humane  and 
moral  life.*^ 

jNIonterey's  administration  was  also  marked  by  the 
cxtc 's'(m  of  Si)anish  settlements  in  the  noi'th,  partic- 
ular! •,  10  region  then  called  the  Nuevo  ]icino 
de  Leoi  ,  hose  conquest  and  settlement  proper  fall 
within  this  period,  though  earlier  attem[)ts  more  or 
less  successful  had  been  made.  The  tt'rritory  was 
inhabited  partially  by  Some  of  those  wild  tribes  com- 
ing undi>r  the  general  name  of  Chichimecs  with  whom 
Viceroy  A'clasco  had  concluded  a  treaty,  and  by  others 
])roperly  belonging  to  the  adjoining  [)rovince  of  Ta- 
maulipas. 

We  are  told  that  in  tlie  year  1580  Franciscan  mis- 
sionaries came  IVom  Jalisco  to  Nuevo  Leon  in  charge 
of  Fi'ay  Lorenzo  de  (^avira;  and  after  preaching  for 
some  time  in  diiferent  places,  they  retired  to  Saltillo, 
where  in  loS'J  tlu>y  founded  the  convent  of  San  ]']ste- 
van.  (;lavira  then  returiu-d  to  Jalisco,  Two  years 
later  we  tind  established  in  the  territory  Dieu'o  de 
]\Iontc>n)ayor,  said  to  have  come  to  Saltillo  in  [oTa, 
whence    he    petitioned    Gaspar    de    Castailo,   alcalde 

*'  Ho  ilifd  ;il:i'i1  !I."i,  Mjiri'li  11,  1.")(m,  iit  l'rii;ip;m,  wliilst  diia  pastoviil  tour, 
mill  was  liiu'it'd  in  his  favurito  (dwu  of  I'atziiiard,  w  liiTc  lie  liail  ciuloui'il  tlu! 
colli'j^'iMif  San  Nii-iiliis.  At  tlic  liiiic  tlii' oallH'ilral  was  itiiidvimI  to  \'allailolicl 
the  »  hiiptcr  atti-iiipu'il  to  talio  away  the  liisliop's  ri'inailis,  but  the  ln<linu:-i  of 
I'at/cuari)  prcvt  uti  il  it;  (lie  lioius  wore  lUoserN  (.■<!  in  silk  lia!.;s  in  tlio  clr.U'i'li 
uiiicii  hail  hern  ]  laced  in  ciiaiLit'  of  llie  .lisiiits.  X'alladoiid.  now  Moielia, 
potisessi'd  the  stall  wherewith,  aeeiuding  to  tradition,  ho  sIlMU-.v  the  roek  fi'oui 
whieh  spran;^;  the  i)otal)lo  water  used  in  tluit  city;  al^^o  Ids  hat  lieariu.;;  tho 
niaiksof  iieis])iiation.  Seveial  portraits  exist  in  Mielioaean,  and  represent 
liini  as  (if  daik  eoniidexion  ami  gij^'anlie  stature.  I '/'//((  .s'M/.r,  'J'/iciim,  ii.  7 
et  se([.;  Ii'diiiiro,  in  iV'  f.  Mcr.  (•ki;/.,  /luliliii,  viii.,"i,'!S— 10;  J'/aniir'nt,  Hist.  I'mi'. 
Jis.'is,  'JIO,  'J'Jli-T;  A!i;/n\  ii.;  //.■.^^  ('I'lii/i.  ./<>».-.,  j.'i'j-;!.  Tiic  fullest  aeeount 
of  ids  life  is  j,dven  in  Moniio,  l-'raiiim  htm*  (If  In  I'idn .  .  .(If  (Jidr^/d,  Me\. 
lT<i<>,  -('-,  ;U),  written  liy  .a  eauon  of  ( Ju.'idalajara,  and  I'ontuininy  also  interest- 
ijiy  mutter  on  the  history  of  the  province. 


SAX  LUIS  roTosr. 


r77 


ninyor  of  Sail  Luis  Potr.si,  wlio  rontr()ll(Hl  all  this 
ro,L;i()ii,  for  a  o-rant  of  tlu-  lands  and  water  of  tlio 
luicieiida  San  Francisco.''-  This  petition  was  sii^ncd 
by  Monteniayor  us  royal  tivasuror,  showing  that  ovcii 
thon  ho  was  a  in-oniinent  jK'rsona<>-o. 

riio  favorahle  featuros  antl  resources  of  the  region 
soon  became  known,  and  Luis  do  Carabajal  y  (le  la 
Cueva,  a  frontieisnian,  niaile  a  contract  td  eifectually 
colonize  it  at  his  own  expense,  in  consideration  for  the 
appcjintnient  of  <,'ovcrnor.     llis  orii^inal  jurisdiction 
under  the  name   of  Nuevo  lic>ino  de   Li'on  was  to 
coni|,:yse  a  va;^niely  defined  territory,  from  tlie  port  of 
Tamj.ico  nhnv^  the  lliwr  IVuiuco'as  a  basis,  thence 
extending-  northward,  but  not  to  exceed  two  huiuh-ed 
leat^nies  either  way,  which   would  seem   to  have  in- 
cluded all  of  Tamaulijias.      To  pacily  and  coloni^'e  tho 
new  territory  Carabajal  was  allow'eil  to  employ  ()n(! 
Jiundred  soldiiMs  and  take   with   him    sixlv   maiiied 
laborers,  InehKhnL,^  their  wives  and  children!''   Aimed 
witli  this  concession   he  ajjpeared  at  .M\>xico   in   the 
early  autumn  of  laSO,  and  began  to  prepare  for  occu- 
pying his  territoi-y.      ]}ut  the  allurements  of  tho  ridi 
mining  districts  of  San  Jiuis  Potosf  and  (iiuanajualo 
tended  to  ecl!i)sc  the  more  pastoral  vistas  oHered  by 
New  Leon,  and  the  enrolment  proved  slow."    Li  I.^Sl, 
however,  he  api)ears  to  hr.ve  s(;t  out,  and  on  reachiiiLT 
the  Spanish  settlement  ahvady  establislied  at  Saiit' 
Luci'a,  in  ilstrema(hn'a  A^allev,'''  ho  dot'^-'"'"'-'  'i'"" 


iM'nmie( 


1  t! 


I  ere 


to  plant  his  ••olony,  changing  the  name  of  the  [)lace  to 

*-Tlio  prrsont  town  of   San  Francisco  dc   Aiiodaca.    Si,r.    ^f,■r    Co., 
Jiolr/ 1 II,  ',Uh,  i'[t.  i.   'j;!!. 

^^'I'li'H  cai  itiilati<,ii  was  dated  May  .'tl,  ir.TO.  r,,/V,  ,}[,.,„.  yXnf.,  104  s 
flonzalcx,  (',./.  X.  Am,//.,  p.  xvii.  (I,  the  lii.storiaii  of  the  pro\  iiic'c,  f,,ll,,'vvcd  liy 
(I  wnlcr  in  Sv.  Mr,:  (;,,■.,.,  lU.hini,  ;!da,  ,'p.  i.  -J-JI-  ,-,.  ai-ucs  si  rcnii„.i::l  v  lliafc 
(  arahajal  was  apponitcd  in  i:.(l!»,  l,ut  tliin  date  is  di^|,r..v.'d  nut  oiilv  l.y 
(  allc  M  docinhciii,  lair  l.y  the  adniiltcd  fact  tliat  CaraKijal  did  not  .ntcr  tlio 
liiovincu  till  l.iM-.-). 

*'  An  apjical  nuist  have  lieen  made  to  tlio  kinj;,  for  l.y  ii  cednlii  (.f  April 
1!),  1. .;>;:,  the  vieon.y  was  charged  to  promote  the  nndert'ahini,'  in  every  wav. 
Sue  also  liistnirr'hui,  ni  I'arlin'n  and  I'linlnint,  (',>/.  Jhjc.,  iil.   .|S0  !)!(. 

*■'  iM.iin.led  prohalily  liy  lather  (lavirii  and  l»ievode  Monlem/iyor.  Yit 
some  iiKsnme  tliat  (Icneral  Uniinolu,  senior  may  have  hrou-ht  the  wettlera 
uuro  established. 


J 


""S  CLOSE  OF  THE  CEXTURY. 

lliatof  City  of  Leon;  .■md  s,«^-,v.^ra,tiiii.-  t]u>  ivvvWary 
irom  the  junsdic<  ion  (,f  th,,  akixllc  UKiyoi-  of  San  Li-is 
J.  otosi,  he  cstaMisliccI  the  Nuw  Iviiiir,'!,),,!  „{'  Lcm    l,y 


]viN(iI)()M    ov   Xkw    Lko.v. 

virtue  of  liis  contract  witli  tli(«  cnnvn.     At  tliis  i.laco 
ho  uiuat  have  I'allen  in  with  Diego  do  Monteniayor, 


NEW  LEON. 


for  WO  find  that  on  tlic  IGtli  of  Aiiiifust  1585  tlio 
grants  extended  to  tlic  latter  by  the  alcalde  referred 
to,  were  confirmed  and  anjplitied  by  Goveinur  Cara- 
bajal/" 

Tlio  now  city  of  Leon  does  not  appear  to  have  made 
mucli  progress  under  Governor  Carabajal.  But  we 
have  no  further  data  concerning  the  province  at  this 
time,  cxcejjt  that  in  15J)l  Gaspar  de  Castano,  wlio 
seems  to  have  acted  as  lieutenant-governor  of  New 
Leon,  marched  with  about  two  hundred  men  tlnough 
that  territory  and  Coahuila,  on  his  way  to  New 
Mexico." 

Two  years  later  the  first  Franciscans  obtained  a 
permanent  foothold  in  the  province,  under  Fatlu'r 
Andres  de  Leon,  who  was  accom|)anied  by  fathers 
])iego  de  Arcaya  and  Antonio  Zalduende.  'IMiese 
friai's  were  of  the  number  who  accom})anied  the  expct- 
dition  despatched  by  \elasco,  with  the  Tlascajtcc 
families,  to  colonize  the  Chichimec  country.  Having 
reached  Saltillo,  where  tliey  founded  the  villagt;  of 
San  Estevan,  adjoining  tlie  conv(;nt  of  that  nanu>,  they 
penetrated  to  the  valley  of  Estremadura,  and  I'ouikUkI 
a  large  mission  at  a  place  known>  to-day  as  Piedi-a 
Parada,  distant  about  a  league  fi-om  Leon.  Father 
Zalduende  then  returned  and  continued  his  missionary 
labors  in  the  interior  of  Coahuila. 

Governor  Carabajal  died  about  1505,^^  and  Pedi'O 
Ilodrigui';'.,  who  may  have  been  an  al(;alde,  was  lel't  in 
char<>"e  of  the  govermncnt  when  the  colony  was  strug- 
gling  for  (existence.  In  15i)()  ])ieg('  de  i\[ontemayor 
was  made  lieutenant-governor  and  captain  general  of 

*"'  I'^.sti!  iuito  do  rcvalidncion  est.i  pucsto  en  la  (miuI.'kI  de  T^con,  del  Nifvo 
Rryiio  di;  Leon.'  (/oir.atcz,  Co'.  A'.  Lean,  |).  vi.  T).  '  llu  IuiIImiIo  .".([ill  uii  docil- 
iiic'iito.  .  .{juo  ])rnt'l)a  <)iic  el  !it"if)  do  l.'')S4  Sun  LuiH  era  viil.'i,  y  c.iiiital  do  la 
jirovincin.  lo^^ida  por  tm  ulcaldo  M.'iyof,  (|uo  lo  tra  (!:i.s[)!ir  de  ('a.'.laU'i,  cuya 
jiirisdiociDli  r.c  ostciidia  lia.sfa  <  1  Xiuvd  Ucyiiudo  i^fciii.'  Xoincntidii  i.s  iiiado 
of  tlio  |irc)(Oodiiii,'s  of  Carabajal  aftor  tiii.s,  but  it  in  not  iniprobajjlo  ho  enijiloyod 
Bovcral  yearn  in  conijilclinu;  liis  |iroj('C't. 

"  .S''wr(,  J/<w.,  in  Piiclifco  ami  CdrdcntDi,  Col.  Doc,  iv.  2.S3-.3.")4;  also  /(/., 
XV.  1'JI  2(!l. 

*'  t'allc,  ^fl■m.  y  Not.,  105.     The  exuut  timo  of  his  death  is  not  giver. 


780 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CENTURY. 


New  Leon,  and  by  special  conunission  from  Viceroy 
Monterey  he  proceeded  to  reorganize  the  government 
and  settle  the  province.  It  is  claimed  that  for  this 
]nn'pose  he  brought  thirty-four  Spanish  families,  but 
it  seems  more  i)robable  that  he  undertook  the  task 
M  itli  those  he  may  have  brought  thither  at  the  begin- 
ning, or  those  who  remained  of  Carabajal's  colony, 
and  the  Indians  gathered  at  the  mission  by  Father 
Andres  de  Leon.  There  is  no  evidence  that  Monte- 
mayor  ever  left  the  province  after  his  first  arrival. 

On  the  20th  of  September  150G  the  lieutenant- 
governor  solemnly  incorporated  the  capital  of  the 
province,  changing  the  n;vme  of  Leon  to  the  City  of 
Our  Lady  of  Monterey,  in  honor  of  the  ruling  viceroy; 
but  the  province  retained  the  name  of  New  Leon.^" 
This  act  of  incorporation  shows  tliat  ^lontemayor 
himself  was  the  first  to  introduce  disorder,  and  lay 
the  foundation  of  future  discontent,  by  giving  to  tlic 
ayuntamiento  a!id  the  church  of  the  new  city  six 
Indian  tribes  in  encomienda. 

The  civil  and  judicial  afl'airs  of  New  Leon  continued 
subject  to  the  government  of  Mexico,  while  ecclesias- 
tical matters  were  under  the  jurisdiction  of  tlie  diocese 
of  Guadalajara.  Father  Andres  do  Leon  was  the  first 
to  receive  the  appointment  to  the  curateship  [)roper 
of  jNIonterey.  Of  the  general  progress  of  that  city 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century  little 
is  known.  Durmg  the  early  years  of  the  next  cen- 
tury more  Franciscans  arrived  from  Zacatecas,  who 
founded  a  convent  in  Monterey.     Tiien  Father  Andres 

*'Tlic  (lociiincnt  of  incorporation,  or  carta  dc  fiUKlacion,  preserved  in  the 
municipal  archives  of  'Monterev,  bears  <hlte,  'en  el  vallo  de  ]'!slreinadur;v  Ojii8 
de  SMnta  Lucia,  Jnrisdiccion  tlel  Nuevo  Keyiio  dc  Leon,'  Sepieniher  "JO,  l.iiKJ, 
signed  by  Dic;;o  do  ^lonteniiiyor.  'I'lie  lirst  nnmicipiil  ollicers  were  Ah^nso 
de  Lcrrcda  and  Pedro  lfiij:;o,  alcahles  crilinarios;  Jnan  I'crez  de  log  ]!i<)3, 
Diego  Diaz  de  Verlanga,  and  Die;^o  Maldonado,  regidores;  Diego  de  ^lonte- 
niayor,  jn-oeiirador  gineral;  the  regidor  Vcrianga  acting  at  the  same  time  as 
iiotiiry  of  the  cabildo.  Soc.  Mr.r.  CUoij.,  Boh  I'm,  .Sdaep.,  i.  'J;2."):  (toir.dUz,  Col. 
N.  Lull,  S-ll.  'i'lie  following  authorities  erroneously  ]ilace  the  founding  of 
Monterey  in  the  year  luOO.  t'dvo.  Tret  Siijlon,  i.  '2',]l;  VH'aSiHi'i;  Tin  alio,  ii. 
2'JJ;  McKji'i;  Mc.c.  Aztec,  \.  17."»;  Dkc.  f/z/ic,  ix.  884.  The  article  on  'Nuevo 
Leon'  ill  the  latter  work  is  replete  with  errors,  in  facts  and  dates.  !Mota 
I'adilla  gives  the  year  1G02,  and  Arlegui  1G03. 


NEW  Mi:xico. 


781 


w.is  bettor  oiin1)ltMl  to  follow  up  his  rcHinrlous  labors, 
so  lliat  in  KJC'J  thirty-five  thousand  Indians  luxl  been 
baptized,  besides  three  thousand  who  liad  died  in  the 
mean  time.  These  luunbers  Arleujui  elainis  to  have 
taken  from  a  publie  document.  Thus  the  permanent 
colonization  of  New  IjCou  became  one  of  the  success- 
ful und«n-takinj:^s  of  Count  ]Monterey,  the  caj)ital  of 
which  province  perpetuates  his  name  to  this  day. 

Many  other  attempts  were  made  during  the  last 
quarter  of  tliis  century  to  explore  and  populate  the 
north-western  and  more  nortlieily  retjions  of  New 
Spain  as  j'ar  as  tlie  interior  of  New  Mexico,  a  fuller 
account  oi'  which  is  i^iven  in  my  Jlisfori/  of  tJic  Norlh 
Mexican  States.  After  the  exjiedition  of  Vasfjnez  do 
Coronado  in  1540-2  and  his  subsecjuent  retreat,  this 
vast  region  was  almost  forgotten  for  forty  years.  In 
158 1  the  ill-fated  priest,  Agustin  Ilodriguez, penetrated 
north,  over  two  hundred  leagues,  into  the  Tiguas  prov- 
ince,on  the  Rio  del  Norte.  Then  came,  in  tlic  I'ollowing 
year,  the  exjiedition  of  Antonio  de  ]"]sj)ejo  and  Father 
Bernardino  l^^lti-an,  vhich  advanced  thi'ough  the  val- 
ley of  liio  Conchos  up  the  valley  of  the  Itio  (irande 
to  the  Pueblo teriitory  and  heyond,  in  a  north-westerly 
direction.  There  they  found  traces  of  the  (,\)ronado  ex- 
pedition, and  after  some  exj)loriiig  in  the  vicinity  they 
returned  in  safety.  The  next  Spaniards  to  ex])lore  in 
that  direction  were  those  under  (jiasj)ar  de  Castano, 
in  151)0,  mentioned  in  this  chapter.     He  set  out  j>rob- 


ably  fi 


N. 


I 


rom  i\cw  J^eon,  and  was  suosei 


1 


(juently 


arres 


ted 


by  order  of  A'elasco.      '^fhen  came  the  expedition,  in 
1594  to  159G,  under  I)()nilla  and  Iluniaha,  in  search 
vira,  which   came  to  such  an  unlbilunate  end 


o 


f  Qui 
that  but 
liav 


one 


^l 


)amar( 


I  and 


mu 


latt( 


o  <jiri  are  sai 


d  to 


e  escai)e( 


Meanwhile  arrangements  for  the  conquest  of  New 
INIexico  had  been  completed  between  Viceroy  Velasco 


and  Juan  de  Onate,  on  August  24,  151)5.     ]\[any  and 
serious  ditKculties  arose  about  the  iiii'^.i-er  between 


7S2 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CKXTrRY. 


!^[onforov  juid  tlio  principal  loaders  of  the  oiitor|)riso, 
HO  lliat  sovural  yeara  clapsrd  hd'oro  the  cxpculitioii 
Mas  faii'ly  uiicU'r  way.  Finally,  in  tho  autumn  of  IT)'.)?, 
Onalt?  set  out  with  four  liundrcd  int>n,  one  hundred 
and  thirty  of  whom  lia<l  famihi's.  ]\Iany  wore  tlio 
hardshijis,  rovi'rses,  and  successes  of  this  important 
oxpeiHtion,  until  formal  possession  of  tiio  newly  con- 
(juered  territory  was  taken  in  tiio  name  of  the  i-rown, 
by  Juan  do  Onate,  on  April  oO,  JTjDS,  thus  addinLj 
anoth(>r  important  province  to  tiio  rapidly  oxpaiuliiiLj 
boundaries  of  Now  Spain/"^ 

Thus  terminated  the  sixteenth  century  in  New 
Sjiain,  tho  o|)cning  of  which  had  beheld  at  tlu>  zenith 
of  its  iLj;'lory  tho  most  advanced  and  powerful  empiii>  in 
America,  as  yet  undreamed  of  by  the  Spanish  adviMi- 
turors  who  wore  scourininf  the  wostorn  seas  in  seaich 
of  India.  Within  two  brief  years  it  fell,  thereafter 
to  servo  as  a  b;iso  for  the  extension  of  a  new  power. 
Tho  anciiMit  capital  of  tho  Aztecs  was  made  tho  nuv 
tropolis  of  yet  vaster  domains.  Thod(H;ado  foiiowinLJ 
tho  fall  of  ^Toxico  saw  these  Spaniards  spreading  in 
small  but  irresistible  bands  southward  over  Chiapas 
and  (Juatemala,  until,  stayed  in  Honduras  by  the  cur- 
rent of  invasion  I'rom  tho  Isthmian  ca])ital,  they  turned 
ti)  subjugate  tho  still  unti'odden  north,  advancing  on 
tho  one  side  beyond  lYuuico,  on  tho  other  to  the 
borders  of  Sinaloa,  nearly  o]H)osito  Lower  California. 
Another  decade  saw  the  conquest  of  the  peninsula  of 
Yucatan  in  tho  east,  while  in  tho  north  exploring  ex- 
])editions  disclosed  tho  other  great  peninsula,  that  of 
California,  entering  the  gulf  by  its  side,  and  ]>assitig 
through  Sonera  and  Ari/A)na  into  the  land  of  Cibola, 
and  beyond,  to  tho  borders  of  Kansas.  IMeanwhilo 
a  few  wanderer,^  had  crossed  their  track  and  traversed 
the  broad  ex})anso  of  coiitiiu'ut  from  Florida  to  the 
shores  of  tho  gulf  of  California.    The  following  dec- 


•''Tor  imrtiouliira  ami  full  nnrrative  of  (Iksc  various  expeditions,  some  of 
vliiili  lire  :il)solutt'l,v  igiioicd  l>y  moilcrn  writers,  sco  Jlint.  Avfl/i  Mtu:.  I^latcs, 
i.,  and  JJixl.  jVcic  Mix.  (uid  Aiiz,,  this  scries. 


ClTAPvArTEniiiTK'S  OF  TUF.  V.VOCU. 


7S3 


jul("s  wihu'ss  tlu"  luiniiiLC  t'\<'Ht'iiifiit  wliicli  ('(iiiniicH 
r\|)l()iati(»ii  within  tlii'  latiluilcs  of  (.^)iU'iv(;U()  and 
( "liihuiiliua,  and  the  coast  laiiLTcs  cast  and  wi'st.  I  Ici'c 
ji  nuuilu'r  ol'  nu'taHil'iTous  distiicis  and  (nwns  sprang 
U|>  undiM-  tiic  protrctinLj  \\'\\\<^  of  jtrcsidins  and  annrd 
ramps,  most  of  which  still  exist  as  I'anious  minint,' 
ccnti'cs  and  stato  and  county  ca|)i(als. 

Tlu'n  the  lonu^  and  litrnl  dream  of  treasure's  which 
had  danced  the  early  adventurers  hither  and  thither, 
l)rinL;inL!f  hlooddiounds  and  tire-to'.'liires  on  many  a 
luckless  chi(>r,  had  liec(^nic  lixi'd  and  n-alized.  And 
although  lor  a.  tinu>  the  numci'ous  mines  discovered 
])roved  the  chief  attraction  and  the  morc^  immediate! 
source  of  wealth,  i^n-adually  atti'idion  was  tui'iied 
to  the  more  endiuinLj  foi-ms  of  pi-osperity,  ai;iicul- 
iuro  and  manufactures,  which  will  more  clearly  \h) 
ljrou<>ht  to  liii'ht  in  the  succcediu'''  volumes  of  this 
lustory. 

Ami  all  alonjjf  throui^h  the  <'entury  wo  have  seen 
oxj)loi'ers  and  con(piei'ors,  city-huilders  and  miners, 
side  by  sidc^  with  self-denyiuj^  and  e\em|)lary  iViars, 
M'ho,  whiK'  replacing  a  ci'Uel  and  dehasinn"  worshi|> 
uith  a  n'entler  faitli,  sought  to  ameliorate  the  condi- 
tion of  their  charge,  ever  mysteriously  fadiniL;  into  tho 
immaterial  hefore  their  jtityine' eyes. 

jNleanwhiK^  ahle  men  ap|)ea.r  at  tln^  1u>ad  of  (M'cIc- 
siastica!  all'airs,  and  the  i-hurch  I'iscs  into  powei',  i;ain- 
inii;'  for  tho  millions  lost  in  the  Old  World  millions  in 
the  Nt!W.  (lovi'rmnent  hcconies  organized;  conciuer- 
ors  o'ivo  way  to  enconienderos;  adelantados  to  audi- 
cncias  and  viceroys,  who  l>y  nmtual  aid  and  I'cslraint 
foi-m  an  administration  which  with  a,  few  exceptions 
may  hi;  called  hem-licial.  Society  impi'o-"-<,  wealth 
and  ri>linement  come,  education  advai;  ■  ~  and  tho 
aboriginal  culture  is  r(>placed  by  ji  hiiL;her  ci\  ili/.ation. 
As  with  incri-asiuij^  a_L;o  tlie  conscience  of  IMiilip  he- 
comes  yet  more  tender,  n'radually  fall  the  shackles  of 
an  enslaveil  peo[)le;  symj)athizers  of  the  suj)erior  class 
bora  upon  the  soil  conic  to  their  sup[)ort,  and  from 


7S4 


CLOSi:  OF  TIIR  CKXTt'RY. 


this  union  sjirini^s  a  uvw  jicojiIl'  distiiicil  iu  time  to 
revive  the  Itulecl  glories  of  the  |)a.st. 

Moxicaii  history  (luriiig  tin?  viccT(>L;al  nili;  Ima  one  attriU'tiou  not  j)o.MS('».si.tl 
liy  the  iMccodin^'  iinnnls  of  thu  coiuincHt,  that  of  novj-lty;  Hiiici",  as  1  liavo 
iiitiiiiatfil,  no  nairativi's  of  this  |u'rio(l  I'xist  in  ImiuH.-*!!  hryond  va;,'U('  p'niT- 
iili/ations  and  liaic  fra;^niiiitaiy  outlines,  in  conncitiun  witii  treatises  on  mod- 
trn  Mt'xieoand  its  resmirees.  I'lven  tiie  woiks  in  Spanisii,  liy  ( 'avo,  Ijilit  la,  ami 
Zaniacdis,  are  most  unsati-^faetory,  espei'ially  for  tlie  sixteenth  eentury,  wliieil 
is  treated  in  a  Ijiief.  uneven,  and  fragmentary  manner.  This  is  eliielly owiiig 
to  their  ne^h'ct  of,  and  want  of  aeii'ss  to,  the  voinniinons  (hnimients  in  dif- 
firent  aneient  and  nioih'rn  eoUeetions,  and  even  in  a  numher  of  (jnitt^  attain- 
alile  eiuonieU's  and  histoiies.  The  hiek  of  research  is  augmented  liy  ft 
iiej^leet  of  gi  neializatuni,  of  institutional  tojiics,  of  local  annals,  and  of  tho 
eritit'al  and  iihilosoiiliieal  treatment  ol  sulijeits  so  essential  to  i>roiier  history. 

Tho  sonrees  for  'Material  on  the  jieriod  sulisei|iient  to  the  fall  of  Mexieo 
I'liungo  as  the  din  of  hattle  eeuses,  and  the  eross  taki's  iiossessinii  of  tlie  Held 
opened  for  it  ^  laliois.  l''or  a  whilo  it  advanees  side  hy  side  witli  the  sworcl  ;  at 
times  it  even  lireomes  the  preoursor,  and  linally  the  jieaeefal  syndxil  lieromes 
dtiniinant.  ^'et  soldier-ehroniclui-s  eontiiuie  for  some  years  as  leailing  narra- 
tors of  ivents,  not;d)l\'  (^ortes,  in  his  clear,  eoneisi!  Cartiis,  suiiideniented  liy 
Ovii^dovith  testimony  from  dill'ei-ent  souries,  whiit'  Las  Casas  fninishes  views 
from  the  other  side,  oxaggi'iated  though  they  may  he  from  excess  of  zeal. 
(Jossippy  I'u'rnal  Diaz,  so  full  and  thorough  for  tin;  earlier  }ieriod,  liecm 
fragmentary  and  less  relialile,  descriliing  now  this  expedition  from  per- 
cxperience,  now  a  uundier  of  others  from  vague  hearsay;  or  he  jots  ow. 
events  as  they  occur  to  his  fatling memory,  (ioinara  eoneeiitrales  hiseoloiing 
«ij)Oii  the  closing  achievements  of  his  paildu,  while  disclosing  many  important 
jioints.  lint  llerrera,  who  so  far  had  followed  him  pretty  closely,  maintains 
an  even  tcnoi',  horrowing  now  from  more  varied  .sources  wlierewith  to  till  his 
haltl  and  stulted  decades.  Despite  his  false  method,  want  of  lireadth,  and 
lironounceil  Castilian  tendencies,  he  stands  forth  lirimful  of  facts,  the  most 
complete  general  wiiter  on  American  events  for  the  lirst  half  of  the  centiiry. 
Klegant  Solis,  like  philosophic  C'lavigero,  sto])swith  dramatic  tac'  at  the  fall, 
lint  a  successor  aiises  in  Salazar  y  Olarte,  a  man  who,  in  undertaking  to  con- 
tinue his  narrative  from  the  nuiterial  oil'cretl  in  a  few  jirinted  versions,  seeks 
also  to  clothe  it  in  Uorid  language  belitting  the  original,  only  to  degenerate 
into  a  verhose  and  spiritless  declaiuier  who.sc  word-painting  excites  derision. 
Ikobertsou's  attractive  outline  dwindles  into  a  brief  philo.sophic  review  of 
jirogress  in  Sp-onish-Anicnean  colonies,  and  Prescott  lieeomes  after  the  fall 
merely  the  liiograjihcr  of  his  hero,  and  his  allusions  to  contemporary  history 
»lo  not  pretend  to  be  more  than  a  culling  from  a  few  accessible  authors. 

The  places  gradually  vacated  by  soldier-ciirouiclers  and  their  followers 
arc  occupietl  by  civilians,  visitadores,  judges,  viceroys,  and  municipal  bodies, 
who  in  voluminous  reports  or  less  complete  letters  disclose  political  unfold- 
ings  and  factions,  dwell  on  the  development  of  settlements  and  mines,  and 
discourse  on  local  all'airs  and  social  features.     Singly  they  furnish  but  frag- 


r:ino\.rL::i:s  oi-  jwi:  ri::.ion. 


7.s:, 


niri'.f.'u-y  <'vii1i'iifi\  jointly  tiny  cover  tlicir  liild  Kati.sf  ictoiily,  .-is  uill  1'.'  fomiil 
I'V  tlir  invislii^itMr  w  Iid  jinticiuly  soMnhis  lliiuii;:li  l!ic  iiinny  iiinl  Nuluiniiiuiis 
cnUci  iimiM  iiiiii  w  lii.  li  Ihrii-  wiitiiigs  liiivi'  lifcn  j^allii'icil,  as  ( 'dn-cinn  ih  I>oi-h. 
Ill' I'/iii  III,  il'itii-*,  in  ovir  .")l)  voliiiiU's;  I'urh  c"  iiiiil  Canli  ii'in,  i'nlirrUiii  ili'. 
Jhicmii'  iilim,  ill  ovrr  -10;  Ihii-ininiilun  /laril  lli^li'fhi  tic  Mi  x'lni,  in  over  'JO;  V'  /•• 
mni.r-i  '(iiiijiiiii.^,  I'l //a /cv,  iinil  otlur  issiii'M,  in  iimii'  tli.in  "Jll;  tin'  I'Vi  n  liiiwo 
lmli;y  Snrinl'iil  Mi  rirm.ti  i/r  (I'ln'inij'in,  llu'ilui,  tin'  cnlli'rtiol's  of  N.iviirrtc, 
li;i/liiilc(.t:i,  llainirc/,  llaklnyt,  I'uvilias,  ('fiiiiti  ilr  /luliii--,  An-'ilnt  Mr.riritiii), 
I'hirida  Colirchiii  ih  /'undnniloM,  V.m  uiiiiiiu'.  N'/ir'i  (•".>■  MSS.,  in  over  'j!i  vd- 
tunes;  tin*  oii'.'iniil  ininntos  niul  nrcnli  in  <'(>ii<\liii.f  /'rurli:ciii!(ii,  MS.,  anil 
J'lij'ili.^  I'nniri^cdiiii.i,  MS.;  lliu  {'nrinus  niatiiial  in  Mmiiiiiicntoii  <lf  In  Ikniii- 
iHtddii  K<ii(u'iuln,  MS.;  /(/.,  Ili-'ilvric'S  ij I'oUlif'x,  .M^^.,  nnil  l.ihro  ilr  Ctihi/ilo, 
MS.;  tiio  c•(llltM•ti(ln^4  iMi'l  HUUiniariL'S  of  law.s  in  J'li'/ii,  Ciilnlnrio,  (if'liiir.i  ib: 
li  CurniKi,  M.S.,  (111(1  l!,nhit  Onlcm.i,  MS,,  bolli  in  a  iiinnlii.:!'  of  vohimi'.s,  ia 
Jin'ojiildi'hiii  lie  liHllti<,  Mimh  iiKii/m;  and  Zituim'ti,  and  no  furtli. 

Xi'Vcrllulc.s.s  Ukiv  ivnii.in  many  iVaturcs  i:ut  IouiIrmI  l)y  I'ivilian.s,  such  as 
llu'  w  iili-.-i'iiiid  lal)(.r.i  of  rcligioUM,  who  to  a  gn-at  extent  aeted  al.-(oas  peace- 
fid  eiiiiniieidrs  (if  vast,  I'loviiife.s,  and  as  ridera  in  tlu  ir  di. Uriels,  giiidin;.;  tin) 


ilestin 


if  iiiilliiin.-'.     'I'lio  laliors  and  lll^'*el'v,ui(■n.^  of  tlie.-;o  uien  \vei(dn 


liorated  in  ni(iil.(  liinnieh  s,  \Mitt(ii  in  many  instaneoa  hy  theln.■^elv(■.■^,  and 
tlio  lietter  known  liy  fiinnally  I'lilKiinted  hi.stmian.s  fur  tlu;  onler.s  and  judv- 
inee-i  eoneeriicd.  \Vliilo  their  alteiiti'ii  in  I  lit  eliielly  on  leii,L'ioiis  tDjiiiM, 
miiaelcs,  and  l)io;.;rapliioa  tif  fiiais,  they  iiinrato  al.so  politieal  and  Iwndird 
toiiic-i,  a'dhoiiLli  not  v.itii  niiieh  eoimeetion,  thoi-oii;'Iini's.-<,  or  iiniiainialiiy. 
'J'iiey  iievi  rtliele:i.s  form  a  eheek  v\\  Ktaleincnts  friiii  the  o]l]lo^itl•  hide,  and  in 
tills  lh(  ir  Very  ant.iioni.-in  heeomes  vahiaMis  to  the  .stmh'iit  in  .siftill.H  liie  tri;lU 
from  variid  ti-sliinony.  ,\moii;,'  th(^  earliest  of  ehl'onieleiM  sl.ind.s  Motoliiii.i, 
w  hose  ///.v/ ■(■/(f  (/(■/'•.'■• /;,7//(),'(  relates  in  ramhliii;,'  and  n.ijv(^   iiiainier   the   ]ier- 


iial   CNl'.erii    H(!  oI   a    luiinder  ot    th 


ranei.scaii  orilir  in 


X( 


dull! 


al.^o  iiron  the  ril:i 


itioli  lielween  ehiireh,  fiiar.- 


d  .-^tati 


S|':iiii,  ami 
d  the  treat- 


i.unt  of  his  ii.itive  iniitei^i's.  Ili.s  follower,  Meiuliet;!,  Ma.s  an  ei|iially  anh  nt 
(hfeiid(  r  liolli  of  his  onlt  r  and  of  the  natives,  yet  more  tali  nled  a.s  a  u  liter, 
.^11  miieh  Ml  tlial  lu!  was  ;i|ii)oiuteil  ollieial  historian  of  hi-:  provinee,  and  Ui 


unei 


j^'reat  (list 
of  reliL;ioi 
of   these    1 


I 

inetion.     J  lis  J/i.<l'ii-!'t  L'rU's!iisf!rii  ;_dves  tiie  most  thorough  aeeount 
■s  lahor.s  for  tlu^  irreater  j'art  of  the  si.xteenlh  «inliiry.     Ni  il 

d    'rol.|liem;id:l 


ler 


uslories   was 


]iiihashed,   however,   till  of  lati 


stei'iied  forward  to  a\ail  iiiinself  v(  them,  in  eoimeetion  with  a  m;iss  of  other 
mateiial  in  print  and  niamiseript,  preseiitin;,'  in  his  MuiKininUi  linl'mna  i\\i.'. 
most  eoinplelo  ;l'i  iie'al  history  for  the  century  of  ecclesiastical,  political,  and 
Indian  ali'airs.  J  le  is  eoiisei|ii(  ntly  copied  hy  a  numlier  of  hoth  ^'eiieral  and 
local  writers,  Mich  .'is  \  riancurt,  \\  ho,  w  hile  less  full,  adds  a  mass  of  informa- 
tion on  orders,  churches,  cities,  and  other  topics,  in   his  nnmeroiis  histories 


d  tre.itises.     I'le.iumont  lii:iirf.s  in  hi.s  ( 'r(;;/(c 


Mi.hi 


the  historian 


of  a  Mcsturn  province,  yet  ho  covers  in  a  very  complete  manner  all  t'ciieral 
allairs  of  New  Sjiain  that  lead  up  to  or  arc  connected  wiiii   hi.s  district. 


'J'.lh 


111  .Mota  raililhi  \\y\\.c 


the  farther  mirthwest,  New  (lalicia,  thou.'li 


lerill^'  iiiori'  closely  to  their  particular  .sections,  and  A:rici\it.i  and  A 


rle_'lll 


continue  th"  link  eastward.     ( 'oL'oUudu  in  the  same  manner  stiilul.s  furwarJ 


Iili-r.  JIi.:;.,  Vol.  11. 


7SG 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CENTURY. 


aa  a  very  tlioroiigh  historian  of  Yucatan,  the  farthest  cast,  while  Villaguticrrc, 
llemcsal,  and  llurgoa  complete  the  circle  in  the  south,  for  Itza,  Cliiaiias,  an<i 
Oajaca,  respectively,  llcmesal  represents  also  the  Dominican  order,  vhich 
in  Chiapas  held  sway,  and  otlier  orders  have  their  sjiecial  liistoriaus,  such  as 
Grijalva,  the  Angustinian  chronicler;  Garcia,  who  records  Ijctldehcmito  deeds; 
I'hiloponus,  the  Ijcncdictine;  Alegre  and  Florencia,  the  Jesuit  annalists,  and 
so  forth,  while  the  church  itself  found  historians  in  Feri.andez,  Gonzalez 
Da  Vila,  and  llazart. 

In  connection  with  the  monks  figures  a  new  class  of  writers,  natives  ami 
mestizos,  who  were  educated  at  tlie  convents  or  Ijocame  members  of  orders, 
and  imbilicd  from  teachers  the  love  for  writing,  llcpelled  to  a  certaint  extent 
liy  the  proud  Siianiard,  they  cling  more  closely  to  their  own  race,  and,  while 
seeking  in  its  glorious  records  a  balm  for  their  sorrow,  they  feci  a  yearning  to 
preserve  them  and  to  advocate  the  claims  of  their  jieople.  Among  these 
writers  I  have  already  spoken  of  Camargo,  who  in  connection  with  material 
on  aboriginal  history  and  customs  gives  a  brief  sketch  of  events  during  Span- 
ish nile.  There  is  also  Chimalpain,  who  besides  liis  translation  of  Gomara, 
to  which  he  adds  several  valuable  features,  is  crjditcd  with  works  on  ancient 
and  ouiqtiest  times.  Ixtlilxochitl,  the  native  Cicero,  writes  more  fully  on 
the  coming  of  the  Spaniards,  with  whieli  the  achievements  of  his  o\vn  family, 
the  main  topic  of  his  works,  aio  so  closely  bound  up,  and  he  frecpiently  ven- 
tures to  throw  light  on  incidents  wherein  the  conquerors  appear  to  little 
advantage.  His  son  Manuel  Alva  issued  several  translations  of  Vega's 
comedies  together  "vith  jdaticaH  against  native  superstitions.  The  native  Jesuit 
Juan  Tovar  wrote  on  ancient  history,  but  the  works  of  tlie  mestizo  friar 
Duran,  so  largely  used  by  Acosta,  have  been  wrongly  credited  to  Tovar  by 
hasty  modern  historians.  Antonio  Tovar,  Cano  Montezuma,  Francisco  I'i- 
mcntel  Ixtlilxochitl,  the  mestizo  Cristobal  Castillo,  Saavedra  Guzman,  the 
author  of  El  Pcrc'jtino  Iitdiano,  1599,  Pedro  Gutierrez  de  Santa  Clara,  I'edro 
Fence,  Tozozomoc,  Juan  Bautista  Fomar,  Tadeo  de  Xiza,  Gabriel  de  Ayala  in  his 
Cumentarios,  Cristobal  Castaneda,  •niio  WTotc  on  Michoaean,  and  Juan  Ven- 
tura Zapata  y  !Mendoza,  the  TIascaltcc  annalist,  arc  among  the  noted  writcis 
of  native  or  mixed  origin,  whose  productions  on  ancient  and  conquest 
perods  have  cither  been  published  or  incorporated  in  the  works  of  Torque- 
mada,  Votancurt,  Clavigero.  and  others. 

Torquemada,  as  I  have  shown,  must  bo  regarded  r^  the  leading  chronicler 
of  New  Spain  for  the  sixteenth  century,  giving  as  he  does  a  comprehensive  ac- 
count of  political  as  well  as  ecclesiastical  and  aboriginal  afi'airs,  compiled  for 
tlie  first  half  of  the  century  from  a  number  of  versions  ext^mt  in  manuscript 
and  print,  and  the  reni.aindcr  written  to  a  great  extent  from  pei'sonal  observa- 
tions. For  this  work  he  w--?'  p.irtic.ilarly  veil  fitted  by  his  training,  attain- 
ments, and  position.  Born  in  Spain,  he  cime  at  an  early  age  to  Mexico, 
where  be  assumed  the  Franf'i.-can  robe  and  studied  philosophy  and  theology 
I  nder  the  famous  Juan  Bautista,  whose  love  for  the  Mexican  language,  his- 
tory, and  antiquities  ho  readily  imbibed.  His  ability  was  early  rccognizctl, 
and  ho  became  defhiidor,  guardian  of  Tlatelulco  college  and  of  Tlascala  con- 
vent, and  provincial  »if  his  order  in  Mexico,  holding  the  latter  ofllcefrom  Kill 
to  1017.     To  this  position,  or  to  the  iulluence  which  gained  it,  may  be  duo 


BIliLIOGRAPIIICAL. 


7C7 


■l.T 

ac- 
jfor 

lU'* 
Iva- 
lin- 
Ici), 


tlic  success  wliioli  so  many  prcdocossora  failcil  to  achieve,  the  piihlication  'if 
hia  great  work,  Lcm  Vciiite  i  vn  Ldiras  Ji'ituuku  i  Mouarchid  Indiana,  con  tl 
ori'jen  y  (jiterras  de  loi  Indios  Ocidcntales,  de  utia  I'oblacioncs,  etc.,  fii'st  issued 
at  .Seville  101.'),  in  3  folio  volumea.  Antonio,  Bib.  ll'd.  Norn,  iii.  73S.  Pinclo, 
followed  by  Tt^ruaux-Compaus,  says  lOin;  but  this  ia  an  error,  as  shown  by 
the  fact  that  the  permission  to  print  was  issued  only  in  May  1013.  The  i.sHi'.o 
of  tlieso  bulky  vohnnes,  full  of  notations,  must  have  taken  some  time.  Tlio 
greater  part  of  the  edition  was  lost  in  a  shipwiccif,  and  tlie  renuiiniug  copies 
disappeared  so  rapidly  that  Solia  could  not  obtain  cue.  Iiulced,  a  ccntuiy 
after  tlio  imprint  date  only  three  copies  could  be  traced.  The  importance  nf 
tlie  Work  had  meanwhile  become  so  appreciated  that  a  new  edition  was  issued 
at  Madrid  in  17-.'l,  corrected  from  the  original  ^.lanuscript  which  had  been 
discovered  in  Gonzalez  do  "J")arcia's  library.  Several  parts  had,  however,  liecu 
cut  out  by  the  censor,  such  as  the  lirst  chapter  to  the  second  book,  containing 
the  'key  to  the  idea 'of  tho  migration,  which  is  similar  to  tliat  given  iit 
Garcia,  Ori'jfn.  As  indicated  by  tho  title,  the  work  consists  of  21  books,  in 
tiuee  volumes,  of  which  tho  lirst  book  treats  of  cosmogony  and  oi'igin  of  Ind- 
ians, the  second  and  third  of  aboriginal  history,  the  fourth  of  the  conquest, 
nud  the  fifth  of  tho  events  in  New  Spain  from  tho  fall  of  Mexico  to  lOI'i. 
This  last  book  is  unevenly  treated,  the  midillc  period  being  very  brief  as  com- 
pared with  later  decades.  The  second  volume,  with  nine  books,  ia  devoted 
to  abori;^ii.al  niytholo<'-y  and  customs;  tho  third,  with  seven  books,  to  tho 
progress  of  conversion,  the  condition  of  the  natives  nnd'T  the  new  rule,  the  his- 
tory of  the  church,  and  particularly  of  the  Franciscans  in  Xew  Spain,  with  ;t 
number  of  chapters  on  aU'airs  in  tho  Antilles,  Philippines,  and  elsewhere. 

The  instructions  issued  to  Torqucmada  in  1000  directed  him  to  collect  and 
use  all  existing  m  itcrial  for  the  work  in  question,  and  ho  certainly  .showed 
no  hesitation  ia  obeying  the  order  to  tho  letter.  Indeed,  Motolii'ia,  Saliagun, 
Mendieta,  Acosta,  Ilcrrera,  and  others,  have  been  literally  copied  to  a  great 
extent.  The  conquest  and  subsecpiL-nt  events  for  several  decades  are  alnrnvt 
\\  holly  from  the  last  named,  while  Mendieta  is  called  upon  to  supply  the  re- 
ligio'.is  history.  According  to  Juan  liautista,  Advicnfo,  prologue,  to  whom 
!Menilicta  had  intrusted  his  manuscript,  it  had  been  decided  at  one  time  that 
Tonjuemada  should  embellish  it  with  his  lore  and  argunuuts.  As  it  was,  ho 
absorbed  the  contents,  softening  the  condemnatory  language  so  freely  poured 
forth  by  tho  fi^arlesa  Jleiulicta  wherever  he  thought  it  necessaiy.  IJesidca 
the  sources  mentioned,  Tonpiemada  used  several  narratives  by  writers  of 
Indian  extraction,  a  mass  of  material  from  public  and  private  archives, 
together  with  his  own  diaries  and  observations.  lie  had  spent  over  fourteen 
years  in  gathering  this  material,  and  seven  in  pre])aring  for  his  w  ork,  callcil 
to  it  Ijy  a  literary  taste,  and  a  sympathy  for  the  subject,  stimulated  by  his 
predecessors,  so  that  his  volumes  wee  already  \\ell  advanced  before  the  olii- 
eial  order  came  for  him  to  write  them.  His  superiors  evidently  •  .luned  tho 
Work  beforehand,  a^nl  recognized  his  fitness  to  undcrta!:o  it;  a  fitness  alriady 
ruiih;  uuinifest  in  a  previous  publication,  the  VIda  del  Sanlo  Fr.  Stlxinflan  ilc, 
Ajiaricio,  lOO.j;  I'lmh,  Lpilnmc.,  ii.  o-l),  and  in  his  vast  store  of  bibliial  ami 
classical  lore,  which  he  scatters  throughoiit  the  pages  in  lavish  profuslim, 
and  frecpicnlly  >\ith  little  regard  for  the  appropriate,     ^\'hile  more  prudent 


788 


CLOsn  OF  Tin:  ci:xtuiiy. 


tliiin  tlio  lint-licalnl  Mcniliota,  ho  is  loss  clear-si ;;litc;l,  and  rnriily  led  into 
L'liui's;  ho  fairly  rcvols  in  I'.iiraolos  ami  saintly  ilisHurtatioiis,  ami  losos  himself 
ill  wordy  ur^uinciits  lor  liin  theiiio  iiml  cloth,  often  with  Ktrikin;^  simplioity. 
Keverthloss,  his  work  merits  admiration  for  its  laborious  thoroiiLjhness,  wliieli 
liaa  deservedly  iiiaclo  it  thu  standard  history  for  its  period  and  Held;  for  its 
comparatively  excellent  plan  and  order,  and  for  its  clearness  of  stylo;  in  all  of 
vliicli  'ripn|iiemada  stands  preeminent  amonj,' contemporaries,  justly  (>n(it!<il 
ti>  w  h.it  a  modern  Mexican  writer  calls  Idm,  the  J^ivy  of  New  S[iain.  Tlie  claim 
of  the  Moiiartiiua  Iiiilidiia  as  a  standard  authority  is  enneeded  in  the  fi-ccpunt 
and  copious  use  made  of  it  by  /general  and  local  writeis;  and  liy  tho  ahseiieo 
till  C.ivo's  time  of  a  comprehensive  histury  for  the  century,  ^'et  tlie  latter  is 
liiief  and  unsatisfactory,  giving  in  his  vohimo  on  the;  tliive  centuries  .>f  Span- 
i:ili  rule  hut  one  sev'entli  to  this  carlii'r  and  more  imi)ortant  period.  A  liUle 
fuller,  yet  eipially  unsatisfactory,  as  before  remarked,  is  i\n\  more  modeiii 
liiliera,  while  Zamacois,  wlio  dwells  on  tlu!  Spanish  eoloui.-.l  period,  l.'iJl- 
lS21,  ill  seven  respectable  volumes,  accords  but  a  little  mo.  e  ihau  one  of  them 
to  thi^  sixteenth  century.  'J'ius  imevennej-s  ajiiilies  also  to  th(;  subjeet-matlei', 
Mliieti  is  compiled,  and  carelessly  so,  from  a  few  of  the  most  aeees.nlde  booU^ 
liinl  i-eeords,  so  that  a  number  of  iiiterestlii;,'  periods  and  incidents  are  eitlier 
V,  lioliy  overlooked,  or  treated  in  bare  outline. 

Besides  these  general  works,  a  number  of  treatises  on  special  cpisode-i  and 
states  have  been  edited  or  written  bj  such  .Mexican  writers  ;is  Alaman,  Itnmi- 
re/,  Icazbaleeta,  Orozco  y  lurra,  IV.istamanle,  Ibunero,  (iil,  I'rieto,  and  a 
luimber  of  others  whoso  luimcs  liiiuro  in  tho  voluminous  Jiu/ctin  of  the  Mex- 


ican (Ieo;;rai 


Ideal  Soci(!tv.     Stil 


other  class  of  e<'ntributions^  is  to  be  foind 


ill  the  narratives  of  travellers  and  navigators,  mIio  report  not  only  on  ali'airs, 
society,  and  resources  as  observed  by  them  in  the  couiitriea  visited,  but  add 
inueli  to  the  knowle<];,'o  of  their  earlier  hi»t(U-v  from  hearsaj'  or  research. 
I'his  materi.d  is  seattcri'il  throughout  avast  number  of  collections  of  voyages, 
II  class  of  books  to  which  liamusio  may  pro[)erly  claim  tiile  as  fomider,  a.i  I 
have  shown  elsewh're. 


Herewith  I  give  broader  references  to  some  authorities  consulted  for  tho 
pveceding  eha]ilers;  Ti.r<iHi  ))t(nlit,  i.  olJli-dTO,  and  iii.  I'.'J'J-t;;!!,  passim;  t'<iif 
(■:i!o.t  yVoc,  MS.,  i.  ;M-;c2();  il.  SD-IOO;  ili.  1-I.m;  iv.  CT;  Mr.i:,  .bY./.i  /'rir., 
MS..  -l.'i-S,  02-170;  Aincri'd,  J)('Kcri}>.,  MS.,  ISO;  Pti/i'  'i :<  I'Vdiiri.Kriiini^^  MS., 
i.  ;!-JS-7};  ravluro  and  I'dnlciian,  Col.  J)oi:,  iii.  4S()-'.)I,  ."..'iV;!:);  iv.  ;5i;;t-77, 
4l;)-(L\  4!)1-.")17;  vi.  (io,  ISl'  :i,  4,').")  I!;  xi.  .)-•_'!),  U)_>  bS,  li);)-'JII;  xiv.  101  :i, 
]!)>  'JOl;  .\v.  417-(10;  xvi.  I4J-S7,  :!7t)-4(;();  xvii.  "),•;_';  xviii.  liJ  i  'M),  4,T.-7; 
xix.  .''tj-,"i;  xxiii.  rr_'0-47;  Jlimiod,  (icoi/.  J'<srri}>.  (hijiwd,  i.  \\\  11)4,  pa'-sim; 
ii.  •JOJiiS.S,  passim.  410-11;  /</.,  rdhxtra  I/is>..r,-;-VM,  bS'.t  -JOl), -JCO  :!;  A'/'././.s- 
liomini/i'ti  il/c.c.  Aiillii.,  v.  l.")7-^>;  vi.  l,'!;!;  ix. 'JS4-!K>;  d'oiiidrd,  //iff.  /int.,  Vi'.\; 
Jicr.oiii,  ^/oinlo  A'ruro,  !),'!-!;  Cdrtas  (/<•  Inilld^,  10S-S()7,  passim;  /Utoji.  (/c 
LiiVntx,  i.  r.l--_'i.'l,  passim,  Tiitl,  (iOS;  ii.  .'!!),  4S-(!4,  Vll,  lUII  'JDO,  :iSI;  r'.w.'rs, 
i:.irrl/v.'<  Siiclto.1,  10-..';  /(/.,  J)(-</i<;t,-/i,:%  :i!l;  Cdll,',  Mim.  y  Not.,  W^;););  J/..r., 
l/ivniiiliij)/i.  Jll.-it.,  III!,  l'J(l-7,  b>7;  i'lKjolh-do,  l/'mt.  Ytifdl/idii,  S-7'' I,  pa^^sim; 
Jl'riidi'Dldz,  m.if.  l'(r/«(/.,  •Jl)-4, 'Jlii-.SO;  I'lijiKron,  ]'iii<lirid.'<,  .MS..  47.  ."I, 
74;  nd/Jr}it's  Vol/.,  iii.  :{!»(•  7,  4(l!M)r),  od!^-!,  (;02-:t.  ,S14-l."i;  S</ii:,-r\'<  MS."!., 
X.  I,  5;  xiii.  4;  xix.  .'!!»  4-J;  xxi.  I  ll;  xxii.  1,  .'(,'1,  101  IbVlO;  .S'-/;.t,  //;,'. 
JIix\,  i.  74 -S;  Oriiilo,  iii.  HIS;  Snii  Ffdiicifiro  dr  Mr.r.,  aIS,,  1,  ">,  iM'!;  iSV.)., 
Jhn:  UliI.,  -MS.,  i.  1(>-I;t;  /."n  fV;.«,,v,  //;,s'.  /,„/.,  iv,  ;.74  (I,  4(i:":  (i,  477,  ■'■-■; 
V.  I-.,;  V(/. ,//,'(>.'.  ,l/M>/(.;/.,  MS., 'Jo-U;   IcUciiriit,  .)ici;oliij.,',i   l.u;  lii.,(iii\iu. 


FUnTTIRR  REFr.nKXCES. 


780 


Sail.  /:iY',.).7.,2t  0,  4n-(5.  "■'■:-n'2;  /./.,  Tnit.  .Vriv,  10-11,2-2-.T.,  ni  4;  r);/7'v/'« 
J  III.,  "js;!  DO,  ;w.'.,  ;!;)();  I'mrintz,  (,'hroii.  </<•  (.'m/.,  1 11 -S,  17i)-!St),  -JJT,  "JTl-N, 
r.;[.VS;  (',,/.  />or.  J„nl.,  i.  liXS  4;  xvii.  "Jl  '.Vi,  174  S-J;  1.  ni?  VJ;  Ivii.  I  -JI, 
111.  r.'i-'JT,  •-'-.■);  Iviii.  I-'.',  101,  lOS,  I4l-:il'.t,  ;iS_'  .-.i;{;  Mvmlhta,  nut.  Kclrx., 
;i47-Sr),  4>S7-!)I,  ni.Vlil,  r.4l-(;:{,  (i;!D-7(i.');  /'<  .Vr  .M,ir/i/r,  Ih  Orhe  A'oro,  Cil,  71 ; 
Lo]i(Z,  JJ( {■/(irnridii,  MS.;  I'nir/tnn,  11  ti  I'ilijriiiuM,  i,  r>_',  (V,\-~t;  M(  In  I'wtil/d, 
t'niiij.  \.  aal.,'2:u,-2:)0i  JJiu-.,  J>i>r.  /lisl.,yi:^.,;ii}  \,  lO!)  O;  JJoc.  J.'i-'.n.  Mer., 
MS.,  i.  No.  v.;  is'.  No.  v.;  Moniimfutoa  l>(iiiin>.  J:'s/i.,  MS.,  ,S-I!(i,  (iv),  S>-!)l, 
'Jll!  7,  ;».'i;)-S,  ;?()'J:  Midina,  V/tniii.  S.  JJi<''jii,  8- '_'.').">,  iinssiiii;  (>r(l<ii(tinti.t 
J'liilcii,  MS.;  MoiiloiKti/or,  Srmnrlo^,  l-'2,  \l',i  IJI,  114,  422;  X.  Mi.i\,  l)oc. 
JJist.,  jSIS.,  4',)(»  S;  y.r.yc.s-.  \'<tr'ui.'<  Aiiot.,  MS.,  (i,  l.'i.S  ()_',  'JIO;  J>'!riJu,  Con- 
i::i'iitcioii,   MS.,  1,V>-S.'»,"  "JIOIS,  "JSl-,"),  ;i()l,  ;!ll;   l!iiiii:-i<il.  Ill-it.  C/i>ri/ir(,  r>7, 

ri'M-H,  r>:',2-r),  v,2C,,  (ico,  710-17;  Morrin,  Jhsii Xorioi-h.s,  iKi  4,  ii;o,''Joi,  22.1, 

ill  !-.">,  lil),"),  ;!()'.),  .■il>7;  I'l'ii'i,  Cididiirio,  40-'_'l.'{,  i);is.-,im;  lUanuHiiit,  Croii. 
Mich.,  V.  10J-r)S',l,  p;\.s.sim;  MS.,  14,  (W.")-!  l.V,),  j)as:um;  (Ir'jahia,  ('rthi., 
S'l-'JKl;  I'lijiclc.i  J<'fiiii!(i.%  MS.,  No.  .v.;  I'ror'nh  nvkix  lintlrs,  .MS.,  (»7-!', 
'_';7-!';  /'/■!"■.  iSV/«/.  Krniiij.,  No.  i.,  iii.,-i\.  viii.  x.  xii.  xiy.-xvi.;  IIiikI,),  In/., 
ill  I'iiiftrt,    Col.  Doc.   Mc.c.,  ;iSl)-7;  Oniiics  ilc  la  doruno,    MS.,    ii.    127-40, 

U'zJ)dn!ii,  Tcnff"   /•''•/,  ^      i     rii   .11     <)i 


1:.,)- 


\22  :!4;  iv.  jit.  i. ;   (/ 


Krlc 


:il    II,   DO  h 


u.  ;{- 


l/r 


!•> 


(i;  y>^ 


/•/  iiiiih ,  ;■>,} 


S;  On/, 


( /»'.s'  /iiini,  .1  f(/v(). 


lie  J iidi'is,  \i).  iv.,  4;   LWini  i\-yi  Scfir 
.s,  l-'Jl;   /',<(•;/,(  I'ftdd.K.  nisL  lend.  Mc, 


110-11,  177-2!),  •-'::4-7-',  :ii:>  <)i,  4(;i-(i4!i;   /.'-(/ 


lliiiriic'ui.   Hist.  I'riir.  Jr 
ST-!),  IlS-lOl,  ll-_'  l.->,  1.-); 


C>. 


.")■_',   •2:)-_>-4(t',);    /;;•/ 


Hist.    Hu 
d,~.,  I 


il.sl. 


rdc 


14-S-.'; 
01, 


',»,    IS  I;    l!i(xf<(iiiiii)lc,  I. 


icmi'cii 


I. id, 


iv.    1    14;  Id. 


iciKtliul  tic  la  I'll 
r-OS,  !■_'.-)  !)■_>,  'J.'il! 
]it.  ii.  1!)-'.: 


.SI  -44!t;  Jifii.-i.iciir  dc  lloiirlioiin/,  Hi-it.  Xiit.  C'ir.,  iv. 


iriiiiiiiliiit, 


;\\\ 


d.^\ 


oil. 


,  xi'i\.  l!).'i  (1;  Ixxxi 


I.' 


I.t. 
;)-.■)();  ./ 

.4/ 


■d,.-<  Ai 
i,2  :i;  cA 


'.)4, 


.',) 


/' 


'/'• 


r 


(/((/•/•(W,  Hunt.,  1. 


xvii.  jit.  II.  (1;  Aoiiril'c-t  J. 


A I 


II 


K.-<s„H\,l. 
iii.  10!»-  1.-) 


1. 


!I7; 
i;!(i-ll; 


70-:ii: 

111),   4S7-!):);  X,ii. 


Ill  nt  L'.ijimiii, 


iritii,  Criiii.  .Sent/.,  .'i!(i;   Ihimhnldt, 
,  nUi.  I.c I.  It'll.,  i.    140 


4.il   S,  4S-J-!)S; 


!;->,)-;)j,  r)}',i-oi;  Suiuo^,  cin 


47"i;  .SV.  M-.c.  (.'coij.,  Hull  till,   i.  222,  .'ilO;  vii.    l')-2-(;,  4l'J-i:!;  \iii.  4i;s-70, 


4',);!,  r>-l.); 


Di-n 

0; 


xi.  not)  I;  Id.,  "Jilii 


20!),   417 


•1,  01:1  -2; 


•44- 


.•Jclil 


toni.  X.  4").")  07 


'■!'• 


'270  '2;  'l'cni(iiiu--( 


rii!  ii.  toin.  ii.  .'fliO;  /citz'udccta.  Col.  Hoc.,  ii. 


72!)- 

'Olll/ll 


47 


17,  .-)l.">-44;  Cortr.i,  I  list.  X.  /,',<;).,  1.")   IS;  !;//.(  Xwh/;-,  Tlnntro,  ii.  H-O,  204,'2!).1 


»;)u;  A. 
;t(il- 


J)i. 


iii 


.\XXIV. 


4so-(; 


,//... 


//'■■',    Miiiiilt,    llJ.id, 


l/r 


iiliz.  Colli]!.  dcQj.  Mich.,  10- 17,  142  ;!;   /.iiniiif'dii  re,    Mu:  it 
Omit.,  ."i4-7,  14S;  Ornzcij  1/  Jl'  rcii,  Hi-l.  ' '  m;/.  ,  72-r)0."»;  .S'lwi,  F.jiiiC.  Mcr.,  1!)- 
42;  Sitii-iiiii,  l/Ai 
iii.  11 


A',1 


J)i.<crl.,  ii.  !»7-12l.  l.").V!),  1712,  l!ll,  210  2<); 


pp.  1.')  20;   I'cr.illii,  X<4.  Ilisl.,  112  :ilS,  |i;is.miii;   /.'•//> 


.1/. 


i.  174; 


'.<  Hi-it.  C.tth.  Church,   OS-!),   7i)  '^'-'>;    I'orli.s'  dd.,   !)-10;    l)}c.  Uii 


i.-x.,  iiiissiin;  Curo,  Tn h  Si'j'oii,  i.  100-21,"),  passim;  ^\ll>l 


'do  A  I 


!)'>,  1.V2  70,   210-7:!,   4;;.")-40;    Mr 


Xot.  Ciiiiliiil,  70,    i;!;t,  2:1:1- 4;    Mi'i'i-'i.i 


1.0 


CC'IOII,     I. 


!)7-!);»;  Ch' 


lllllilUIII  K 


Oil. 


2.");  Cnrrdio,  li-ilndiuK,    l;i-ll; 


/■/.,  llcVicc,  iv.  2."iS;    MiiHi 


/iCisrn 


J/c.L-.,   iii.    ISO;   Cii.stillo,  l)icc.   Hit.,  71, 


J'lii-S,  172,  1S.">,  212;  Ciirriid-',    j:.tliidlo.-<    Hist.,  K\-l;    'fui/lnc'.-i  Cid.  l>i.-< 


MS.,  1S:)-212;   March  11   Lidr.nx,    Hid.  .1/ 


/; 


:ilO-ll;   .MoiitniiiH, 


.\  II I 


Wnrcld,    102,   211;    Mcr.  Col.  I.i  ijcs  (Mcx.  ISOl),   i.    li,i.-li 


.Me., 

Ilaciciiila.  /.'>',"»,  o;    Mich.,  i'ror.  S.  Xi'i)lii<,  K)  2I'>,  Jiassiin  ;    I'idijc 

I'liir.,  xxvi,  .">2()-(!;  Dnih'.-t  l.ij', ,  7;  I'micoiirt's  Hist.  Yiic,  ilj.i  70;  Florid, 1 


Cnl.    Do 


1.-)   l!t;   /; 


III  V,  rddd,  (I 


Dc 


rrij 


cit.  Hist,  llu 
I.  Am.,  ISO;  Do 


nil,   i.   2I)7-;>S7;  ii.  "i-llS;   Dci'ci'hh  dfi 


rh,  Hi--<t.  .Mix. 


!!),  2.)4  S;  /•( 


ulo 


Jli-tt.  7'..«M,  i.2.');  Frost'K  Hist.  .M,.v.,  i: 


/. 


'  /■(  /)  /( 


(I'oodriidi'n  Mill. 


Icz.  Zil 


11  pi 


the  Sen,  2'u\:   Hollo,  HondnrH  llln 


■r.Col.  VoiJ.,  i.  140    I,  l" 


II.  207 


vnri 
Jiiiriifi/ 


-S,  ,'(.■>;  Ciiz.  Mcr.  (1781-.")),  i.  77;  (,'ottl'rlcir.t  X, 


.i  J)i.s-c,ir.  South  Sen,  i.  li;i-l."),  .'Ml;  ii.   S.V!!;  (loir.nicz,  C 


0;  /!, 

n<it, ; 

X.  Lei 


^t.    V.    (!,    11,   .■i72  :t;    l'oii.-<-siii,  I'lii.isiiiicc  Aiiii'r.,   i.   .'U.ViS;  Id.,  iJiir.-itioii   dr. 


Ori'iioii, 


I 'hit. 


lima 


x,  /;.!•/.  Ill-it.,  1 


J 


roreso  coiitrd  Ai/iimo 


MS.,  Ill 


'<!•;  Slcjihi  ii'/i  Yiic,  ii.  204  7;   Siijii'iizn  y  iioi,ijurii,  J'ariii/.io  Ucc,  5-24, 


790 


CLOSE  OF  THE  CEXTURY. 


4a-128;  Sfilnzar,  Mcx.  en  155/,,  71,  Cni-S,  318-21;  Samnnlorin,  Rr?.,  104;  Ifnr.- 
p/icrson's  All.  Com.,  ii.  122,  154;  Aiimim,  Ilhl,.  Yuc,  iii  104-i:i;  Arrutih, 
ViUvro,  r)4-U9;  Id.,  Hist,  y  Cron.,  110-22,  327-8;  Alcedo,  iii.  323;  v.  2!)]; 
A/cjrc,  Hint.  Cornp.  Jems,  i.  83-380,  pussim;  Oiierra,  Rev.  K.  Enp.,  30'j-8, 
577-004;  Arjiirto,  Trnctailo,  190;  Alhuin  Mex.,  ii.  38,  480,  519;  MusvoMex.,i\\. 
101,  341-2,  395-0,  451;  Arh'alo,  Compciid.,  237:  Ainkrso-.i's  Conim.,  ii.  102, 
139;  Aplano,  Cosmorj.,  34,  73,  75-0;  IJazurt,  Klrcheii-Chsrhkhte,  ii.  534-59; 
JfarHs'  Col.  Toy.,  i.  20-7;  Tourov,  Ili.-t.  Gen.  Am.,  vi.  170-200,  222-0,  238-40. 


81-470,  passim;  vii.  473-5;  Orklivs,  Thmt.  Orb.,  1-2;  Zamacois,  HM. 
Mrj.,  iv.  41;  V.  40-383,  passim;  x.  910,  1151-2,  1325-34;  x.,  npp.  35,  43; 
Jlolmcs'  Annals  Avi.,  i.  107;  Piedrnlilta,  IJltt.  Gt'u.,  589-94;  Mosaico  Afrx., 
iii.  319;  iv.  317-19;  v.  001-4;  Mai/cr's  Mex.  Aztec,  i.  151-85;  Mendoza,  Jli-t. 
China,  132-3,  290-4,  310-12;  /(/„  Nocloiies  Croiiol.,  101-2;  Murray's  Hist. 
Discov.  N.  Avi..  ii.  80-3;  Orlis,  Mex.  Jndep.,  182-3;    '  "    ' 


0-15,  151-08,  312-10,  324-7,  343-5. 


Ljlcstaa  y  Convenios, 


